NeCOMOMNOON

sm
I. Kirchhoff's law

current Law
A. Kirchhoff's (KCL) - the the
algebraic sum of currents at

node of
any junction or an electric circuit
is zero.

·
current towards the node, positive (t)
· current
away from the
node, negative it

B. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KUL) - the algebraic sum of the emfs

and the resistance voltage drops (i.e., products of current

and resistance) any
in close loop zero.
is

·
In voltage source:

if loop enters on minus and goes out on plus,

positive emf.
-
If loop enters on plus and goes out on
minus,

negative emf.
· In resistance:
-
if loop direction is same as the current direction,
negative resistance voltage drop.
~ if loop direction is opposite to the current

direction, positive resistance voltage

drop.
#. Maxwell'sMesh Method. Involves a set of currents assigned
independentloop
to as
many meshes as it exist in the which
circuit are employed in

connection appropriate resistances

with when KVL
equations are

written.
<F, Fa
EXAMPLE: m m

Ry R2

E, I
opABsBropB ea
 By KVL:
100pA:E. -

It (R, R3) + -

IBRz 0
=

loop B: Ea -
IB(R2+83) -

IAR3 = 0

I1 17+)
=

12 (IB) =
Is 1FH
=
IB
+
/

#· Superposition Theorem -
in a network resistors and
of
containing more than

branch is
one
source, flowing
the current in
any equal the algebraic
to sum of

the currents that would flow in that branch it acted

each source
separately.
Note:If a source (either a or voltage
current source) acting
is alone,

the other current sources are open circuited while the other

voltage sources are short circuited.

EXAMDLE:
>I, I2<
N m

Ry R2

E, R3E IEz
v7.

#1 is acting alone:
> I, >It
N m

Ry R2

E,
Δ

R33
vI,
Δ

EC is acting alone:
I" < I")
am m

Ry R2

IEz
Δ

R33
v7,
Δ

I 11i-I)
-
Ic 10 E/ =

Is lstIs"
 number
# Nodal Node Method - a circuit with "n" nodes, has a solution with only in equations
of

needed.

EXAMPLE:
> I) (Fo I5L
a I
Wh W M
R1 R3 R5
↑

E = PBFE
E -
Ea

= = == = ====
common node

There are three (n 3) =

modes, therefore the number of

equations needed solve this

to is two (2).

By KC at node a:
F =

Ic Is +

Eva a re = +

By KCL at node b:I4 13 + 15 =

-P
=

yy +V
E
R5

I. THEVENIN'S
THEOREM -
the in
current
any
branch of a network is that
which would if an e.M
result
equal voltage across a break
to the
made the branch, were
in introduced the branch, all other e.m.f.s
into

being removed and represented by the internal resistances of the sources.

procedure when using thereins

theorem:
1. remove the resistance R from that branch.
2. determine the voltage,
open-circuit I, across the break,
3. remove each source of e.m.f. and replace them by their

internal resistances and then determine the resistance, I,

↑looking-in" atthe break.

4. determine the value of from

current the equivalent arcuit
 thevenin's Equivalent circult:
↑ R
M m

I
R
>

I =

E I

#1. Norton'sTheorem - The current that flows in any branch of a network is the same

as which would flow in the

that branch if it
were connected across a source of electrical

of
energy, the short-circuitcurrent which is equal to the that
current would flow in a short-circuit

across the branch, and the internal resistance of which is equal to the resistance which appears across

the open-circuited branch terminals.

Procedure when using Norton's Theorem:

1. short-circuit branch AB,

determine the short-circuit
current Isc in
2. flowing the branch,
3. remove all sources of emf and replace them
by their
Internal resistance (or, if a source
current exists, replace
with an open-circuit), then determine the resistance r, "looking-in"
at a break made between Hand B.

4. determine the current flowing

I in resistance R from the Norton Equivalent
CrcuH

Norton'sEquivalentCircuit:
A

lr)
A
Is r3 - R3 I=
(CDT)
↓
~

B
#ll, Millman's Theorem
-

When any number of voltage sources of arbitrary

generated voltage and finite internal resistance different

from zero are
connected in parallel, the resulting voltage across the parallel combination
is the sum
algebraic the
of currents that each source delivers
individually
when circuited
short to the algebraicsum of the internal conductance.

Equivalent circuit:
Millman's

= = = = = === a
=
= =

i=
=

EF+Ect.... Ien
= = =

R13R23R33
-
Vab =

E, IEa En I
-----------------------;
............---------

#III. Source Transformation Method

A. Voltage source
source to current

Rg3

I
Eg A
3 Rg
Eg

B. current source to voltage source

Rg3
1
Ig 3Rg
IgRg I
#
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem - The power transferred from a

source its
maximum when the resistance of the load
supply is at

is equal the internal

to resistance of the source.

R r
=

where;
r internal resistance of the
=
source

R resistance
= of the load

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
resistance and another battery of
1. A AV battery of 0.05 or AV

and 0.075 resistance power

supply to a are resistor. is
What

the current
throughthe load.
SOLUTION:

a ↳ a

|
I
↑
1 If y
1
30.052 ⑤ 0.075c

12V I
RE.52n. I 12V

d e f

Using plain Kirchhoff'slaw:

By KCL:
I, I2 IL
+ =

I, Fc
+
I=
-
0 (1)

"dabed":
By KUL on
loop
12-0.051, 212 0
- =

0.051, 2I 12(2)
=
+

By KUL on loop" fober":

12 -

0.0757z
-
2F2 = 0

0.0757y 2Fz12(3)
+
=
set I=x, Ez 7,
=

Izz
Using Calculator Mode (5,27:

= 1
I 5.q) +

Using Maxwell'sMesh Method:

a ↳ a

|
I
↑
1 If
y
1
30.052 3 0.075-

12V I A.I.S.n· I
B I 12V

d e f

"dabed":
By KUL on
loop
12 -
11 10.05 +2) -

2IB 0
=

2.0577 2IB + =
1 ()

By KUL on loop"fobet"
12 -
IB(0.075 2) + -

21A =

2IA 2.075IB
+
=
12(2)

set II X,
-
BY =

Using Calculator Mode (5,1)

 #A =
x E20
=

It 1 FA FBI
=
+

IB y
=
=
480
-
203
A
=

1220 200) + =

2000 A
I=5.91A
+

Using Superposition theorem :

a ↳ a

|
I
↑
1 If y
1
3 0.052 ⑤ 0.075c

IL -
52n
12V I I 12V

d e f

If E, is acting alone:
a ↳ a

I! 1 1
30.052 ⑤ 0.075c

It .52e Ic.!
E=12V I

↑
d e f

By KCL: I=Ez+1
1
I
-
II -
Ii 0(1) =

By KVC on loop "dabed":

12 =

0.05) -
2I 0
=

0.051, 2I
+
12(2)
=

By KUL on loop "dactd":

12 -0.051, -0.075I 0 =

0.051, + 0.07572' 12(3) =

 = =
F, =
Set
x, Ic X, Ii z

Using Calculator Mode (5,2) :

Ii
720
z =

A
=

If Ez is
acting alone:
a ↳ a

1 F 1
3 0.052 ⑤ 0.075c

I.! d
It 52n -

e f
I E =
12V

By KCL: Fc" I," +Iv =

I" Fa" I"=0(i

+-

By KUL on loop"fcbet":
12-0.07512" 2I" -
0
=

0.07572" +2IL" 12(2) =

loop"fradf":
By KVL on

12-0.07572-0.05F," 0
=

0.051," 0.075Iz" 12(3)

+ =

"

set
I," =
x, F2
=

1, F" z
=

using Calculator Mode (5,2):

IV" z
=
180 A
=

203

I (Ii +Ic"1
=

1200 0 2200
= + =
=

NA,
Using Nodal Node Method:
a ↳ a

|
I
↑
1 I2 1
1
3 0.052 ⑤ 0.075c

IL -
52n
12V I I 12V

d e f

By KCL on b:I1 +
12 F2=

tbe W2
e
Ve
=

0.075

set
Vbe=x, using Calculator shift solve.

2400
Vye x=
=
-
v
203

2400 #0A
Ez
b
=
=
- c

=
=

203 103

2
F
5.91 A =

Using Thereain's Theorem:

↳
a a

↓
|
I
↑
1 If y
1
3 0.052 o ⑤ 0.075c

12V I I 12V

d e f

E = +5+ 0.075
12V
=

-5 075 +
 a ↳ a

3
1
0.052 ! 1
⑤ 0.075c

!
!
r

↑ ↑
d e f

r =

5(0.075) .n

Therenin's Equivalentcircuit:
0.03 2
M m
E
I=
IL
-
7
r R
+

12 I

t
=

I
-
Using theorem:
Norton's

a ↳ a

| 1 1 1
I
↑
I2 1

30.052 o ⑤ 0.075c

12V I
Is I 12V

d e f

By KCLon b:I, 10 Isc

+
=

KUL loop "dabed":

By on

12-

0.0511 0 =

I1 240 A
=

0.05

By KUL on
1000 "faber":
12 0.07512 0
-
=

12 1875
=

160A
=
 Isc 1,
=
1
+

z
24
=
+160

Esc 400A =

a ↳ a

1
3 0.052 ! 1
⑤ 0.075c

!
!
r

↑ ↑
d e f

r
=

5(0.075) .n

Norton's Equivalent Circuit:

IEEE
A
1
400A 0.0323 3 2r
I TO
0.03 2
+

E
5.91A
(
Using Millman's
Theorem:
a ↳ a

|
I
↑
1 If
y
1
3 0.052 ⑤ 0.075c

IL -
52n
12V I I 12V

d e f
12
↳ -

2
0.075

+
Vbe =
= v

0.75 z +
 Ez
e 2000 At
=

1
-

2. Solve for I using Source Transformation method.

I <

Wh W m
4e 1-h 2r

623 825
+

24V -
Lov

solution:

convert to current source:

I
W

1 1-h
1
⑮
24 I 42
3623 813223 1120 10A
=

DA
=

1 1
the parallel-connected
simplify resistors

I
W

1 1
6A
I
#(3)
4 +3
2.42
=
scocce 10 A

1 1
convert Voltage source:
to

I
W W W
2.41 12 16-

(2.4)(6) I
(16)(107
+

10V
·

14.4V
 Apply
EanT+ 032A
KN 10

144
: -

3. lead
A storage battery rated
is 12 volts. If the Internal
resistance is 0.010, what is the maximum power
thatcan be delivered to the load?

solution:

0.0123 ↓ R
0.0123 ↓
1aV 1aV
1
No therefore E 12V
circulating current, =

1 v0.0/2
=

for max power Rr =

0.0123

↓
m

↑V
1 0.0123 v
R 0.0122
=

IL
1aV

In -

2700 600
=

Pmax IR =

=
6002(0.01)

- =
3600
W,
REFERENCES:
·
1001 solved Problems in Electrical Engineering by Romeo A. Roas Jr.

Electrical
·
Engineering know it All by Maxfield et.al

By:Engr. Jaymel Hiloma