John Curwen and Tonic Sol
John Curwen and Tonic Sol
The Tonic Sol-fa method of teaching vocal music was codified by an English Congregational
minister, the Reverend John Curwen (1816-1880) who drew upon a number of earlier European
and English music teaching systems including an indigenous English music teaching method known
as Norwich Sol-fa (Rainbow, 1967, pp.150-151). The Norwich method had been devised by Sarah
Glover (1785-1867) of Norwich in the English county of Norfolk who, until recently, had remained
largely unrecognised for her significant contribution to the development of the moveable do music
reading system (Bennett, 1984, p.64).
As a young minister in his first pastorate, Curwen recognised the moral and religious value of
hymn singing for his Sunday school children and, having experienced considerable difficulty
himself with music reading music from staff notation, he became interested in Glover's method.
Her method utilized movable solmisation syllables as an aid to sight reading and also a sol-fa
notation which she had devised as a stepping stone to reading music from the staff.
Figure 1. From The Standard Course of Lessons on the Tonic Sol-fa Method of Teaching to Sing
(pp.19-20)
by J. Curwen, no date (circa 1866), London, England: Tonic Sol-fa Agency.
Gambar 1. Dari Standar Kursus Pelajaran dari Tonic Metode Sol - fa Pengajaran ke Sing ( pp.19-20 )
oleh J. Curwen , tidak ada tanggal ( sekitar tahun 1866 ) , London , Inggris : Tonic Sol - fa Agency.
He also made use of Glover's Sol-fa Ladder which he adapted into what he called The Tonic Sol-fa
Modulator. Later still, Curwen incorporated French time names (adapted from Aime
Paris's Langue de durees) into his method (Rainbow, 1974, p.151) and devised the pitch hand
signs (see Figure 2) which, in a slightly modified form, are familiar to most contemporary music
educators as part of the currently-popular Kodály method.
Dia juga menggunakan Glover Sol - fa Tangga yang ia diadaptasi menjadi apa yang disebut The Tonic Sol - fa
Modulator . Kemudian masih , Curwen dimasukkan nama waktu Perancis ( diadaptasi dari Aime Paris Langue
de durees ) ke metodenya ( Rainbow , 1974, hal.151 ) dan merancang tanda tangan lapangan ( lihat Gambar 2 )
yang , dalam bentuk yang sedikit dimodifikasi, yang akrab untuk sebagian pendidik musik kontemporer sebagai
bagian dari metode Kodály saat - populer .
Figure 2. Curwen handsigns.
One of the means Curwen used to propagate his method was the publication of a number of
textbooks and songbooks including The Standard Course of Lessons on the Tonic Sol-fa Method of
Teaching to Sing which was first published in 1858. However in the 1872 edition of The Standard
Course, Curwen allowed the tonic sol-fa notation to overstep its former function as a mnemonic aid
to sight singing from the staff and to become an end in itself. He took this decisive step by totally
excluding the staff system of notation from the tonic sol-fa course, henceforth relying solely on his
own notational system in the publication of textbooks, vocal music and even instrumental music
(see Figure 3 for an example of Tonic Sol-fa notation). It was this isolation from the mainstream
of music printed in staff notation which was to lead to the eventual decline of tone sol-fa as a
choral singing method.
Salah satu cara Curwen digunakan untuk menyebarkan metodenya adalah penerbitan sejumlah buku pelajaran
dan buku nyanyian termasuk The Standard Kursus Pelajaran dari Tonic Metode Sol - fa Pengajaran ke Sing
yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1858. Namun dalam edisi 1872 dari The Standard Course , Curwen
memungkinkan tonik notasi sol - fa untuk melampaui mantan fungsinya sebagai bantuan mnemonic untuk sight
bernyanyi dari staf dan untuk menjadi tujuan itu sendiri . Dia mengambil langkah ini menentukan secara
menyeluruh termasuk sistem staf notasi dari kursus sol - fa tonik , selanjutnya hanya mengandalkan pada sistem
notasi sendiri dalam publikasi buku teks , musik vokal dan bahkan musik instrumental ( lihat Gambar 3 untuk
contoh Tonic Sol - fa notasi ) . Itu isolasi ini dari arus utama musik dicetak dalam notasi staf yang mengarah ke
penurunan akhirnya nada sol - fa sebagai metode menyanyi paduan suara .
Figure 3. An example of Tonic Sol-fa notation.
Nevertheless, it was not until after the turn of the century that any real manifestation of this
decline was to become apparent. Indeed the growth of tonic sol-fa as a choral singing method in
Britain surpassed that of any other choral singing method during the nineteenth century. From
modest beginnings and an estimated 2,000 tonic sol-fa-ists in 1853, the movement was able to
claim 315,000 followers by 1872 (Curwen and Graham, n.d., pp.21,23) and to spread throughout
the British Isles and to far outreaches of the British Empire including the Australian colonies, New
Zealand, South Africa and Canada as well as to the United States. It was also introduced by
missionaries to their converts in India, Madagascar, China, Japan and the South Sea Islands.
As a school music teaching method, the tonic sol-fa system was officially recognised by the
English Education Department in 1860 and by 1891, two-and-a-half million children in Britain were
receiving instruction in tonic sol-fa in elementary schools (Curwen and Graham, n.d., p.33). The
tonic sol-fa method was also officially adopted by educational authorities overseas, one of the
earliest to do so being the Council of Education in the Australian colony of New South Wales in
1867 (Stevens, 1980, p.81).
Two of the principle means that Curwen used to dissimate his Tonic Sol-fa method were firstly the
Tonic Sol-fa College and secondly J. Curwen and Sons, Music Publishers. The Tonic Sol-fa College
was founded in 1879 as the Tonic Sol-fa School with a building at Forest Gate on the east side of
London. During its early years, the Tonic Sol-fa College instituted a system of certificate and
diploma examinations (see Figure 4 for an Elementary Tonic Sol-fa Certiticate). In 1944 the
College moved to Queensborough Terrace, W 2 and took on the name of' the 'Curwen Memorial
College'. More recently the College was reconstituted as the Curwen Institute under the auspices
of The John Curwen Society.
Namun demikian, hal itu tidak sampai setelah pergantian abad bahwa setiap wujud nyata dari penurunan ini
adalah untuk menjadi jelas. Memang pertumbuhan tonik sol-fa sebagai metode menyanyi paduan suara di
Inggris melampaui bahwa dari metode menyanyi paduan suara lain selama abad kesembilan belas. Dari awal
yang sederhana dan diperkirakan 2.000 tonik sol-fa-man pada tahun 1853, gerakan itu mampu mengklaim
315.000 pengikutnya dengan 1872 (Curwen dan Graham, nd, pp.21,23) dan menyebar ke seluruh Kepulauan
Inggris dan penjangkauan jauh Kerajaan Inggris termasuk koloni Australia, Selandia Baru, Afrika Selatan dan
Kanada serta Amerika Serikat. Hal itu juga diperkenalkan oleh misionaris untuk bertobat mereka di India,
Madagaskar, Cina, Jepang dan Kepulauan Laut Selatan.
Sebagai metode pengajaran musik sekolah, tonik sistem sol-fa secara resmi diakui oleh Departemen Pendidikan
Bahasa Inggris pada tahun 1860 dan oleh 1891, dua-dan-a-setengah juta anak di Inggris menerima instruksi
dalam tonik sol-fa di sekolah dasar ( Curwen dan Graham, nd, hal.33). Tonik metode sol-fa juga secara resmi
diadopsi oleh otoritas pendidikan di luar negeri, salah satu yang paling awal untuk melakukannya menjadi
Dewan Pendidikan di koloni Australia New South Wales pada tahun 1867 (Stevens, 1980, p.81).
Dua dari prinsip berarti bahwa Curwen digunakan untuk dissimate metode Tonic Sol-fa-nya yang pertama yang
Tonic Sol-fa College dan kedua J. Curwen and Sons, Penerbit Musik. The Tonic Sol-fa College didirikan pada
tahun 1879 sebagai Tonic Sol-fa Sekolah dengan bangunan di Forest Gate di sisi timur London. Selama tahun-
tahun awal, Tonic Sol-fa Tinggi menerapkan sistem sertifikat dan diploma pemeriksaan (lihat Gambar 4 untuk
SD Tonic Sol-fa Certiticate). Pada tahun 1944 College pindah ke Queensborough Terrace, W 2 dan mengambil
nama dari 'the' Curwen Memorial College. Baru-baru College dilarutkan sebagai Curwen Institute di bawah
naungan The John Curwen Society.
John Curwen established the firm of J. Curwen and Sons (previously the Tonic Sol-fa Agency) as
the music publisher for the Tonic Sol-fa movement in 1863 (see Figure 5 for the Building occupied
by the Tonic Sol-fa Agency and then J. Curwen and Sons and Figure 6 for J. Curwen and Sons
printing works c.1896). Aside from its publication of music in Tonic Sol-fa notation and later
during the twentieth century in staff notation, J. Curwen and Sons were publishers of the Tonic
Sol-fa journal under the successive titles of The Tonic Sol-fa Reporterand The Musical Herald. The
firm then changed its name to the Curwen Press and continued up until the mid 1970s when it
finally ceased operations.
John Curwen mendirikan perusahaan dari J. Curwen dan Sons ( sebelumnya Tonic Sol - fa Agency) sebagai
penerbit musik untuk gerakan Tonic Sol - fa pada tahun 1863 ( lihat Gambar 5 untuk Bangunan diduduki oleh
Badan Sol - fa Tonic dan kemudian J. Curwen dan Sons dan Gambar 6 untuk J. Curwen dan Sons pencetakan
bekerja c.1896 ) . Selain dari publikasi musik di Tonic notasi Sol - fa dan kemudian selama abad kedua puluh
dalam notasi staf , J. Curwen and Sons adalah penerbit jurnal Tonic Sol - fa bawah judul berturut-turut The
Tonic Sol - fa Reporterand The Musical Herald . Perusahaan kemudian berubah nama menjadi Curwen Tekan
dan terus sampai pertengahan 1970-an ketika akhirnya menghentikan operasinya .
Figure 6.
Although the tonic sol-fa system was not as widely employed as a school music teaching
method nor was it as prominent in church and community choral singing as it was in
Britain, it was "not without influence in the United States in the nineteenth century"
(Tellstrom, 1971, p.247). The method was propagated in America chiefly by Theodore
Seward from 1879, but even prior to this, Lowell Mason had made use of the tonic sol-fa
modulator in his teaching method and many other music educators of Mason's generation
"accepted and used, consciously or unconsciously, much of the Tonic Sol-fa teaching of
tone relations" (Birge, 1966, p.106). Later, John W. Tufts and Hosea E. Holt made use of
Curwen's sol-fa hand signs in their Teacher’s Manual for the Normal Music Course
published in 1884 (Tellstrom, 1971, p.83). Moreover, the issue of the relative merits of
the tonic sol-fa and staff notations virtually monopolised discussion at annual meetings of
the Music Section of the National Education Association during the late 1880s (Birge, 1966,
p.234).
Meskipun tonik sistem sol-fa tidak secara luas digunakan sebagai metode mengajar musik sekolah juga bukan
sebagai terkemuka di gereja dan paduan suara masyarakat menyanyi seperti itu di Inggris, itu "bukan tanpa
pengaruh di Amerika Serikat pada abad kesembilan belas" (Tellstrom, 1971, p.247). Metode ini disebarkan di
Amerika terutama oleh Theodore Seward dari 1879, tetapi bahkan sebelum ini, Lowell Mason telah membuat
penggunaan tonik sol-fa modulator dalam metode pengajaran dan banyak pendidik musik lain dari generasi
Mason "diterima dan digunakan, secara sadar atau sadar, banyak dari Tonic Sol-fa mengajar hubungan nada
"(Birge, 1966, p.106). Kemudian, John W. Tufts dan Hosea E. Holt memanfaatkan sol-fa tanda tangan Curwen
di Pedoman Guru mereka untuk normal Musik Course diterbitkan pada tahun 1884 (Tellstrom, 1971, hal.83).
Selain itu, isu manfaat relatif dari tonik sol-fa dan notasi staf hampir dimonopoli diskusi pada pertemuan
tahunan Seksi Musik dari Asosiasi Pendidikan Nasional selama akhir 1880-an (Birge, 1966, p.234).