PRACTICAL VOCATIONAL

TRAINING REPORT
On

Report on Hydraulic Structures built on

Sharda Main Canal and Sharda Power House
Lohiahead, Khatima
. 
 
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelors of Technology in CIVIL
ENGINEERING

By
Apoorva Joshi

Id No. 54821 GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

Under the supervision of

Er. Gopal Singh
Executive Engineer (Civil) Sharda Power House,
Lohiahead 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
I express my satisfaction on the completion of summer
training program and project report submission as a part of
the curriculum for the degree of Bachelor of Technology,
Civil Engineering. The training opportunity I had with
UTTARAKHAND JAL VIDYUT NIGAM LIMITED (UJVNL),
Khatima was a great chance for learning and professional
development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky
individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a
part of it. I would like to express my special gratitude and
thanks to the officers in office of Executive Engineer (Civil)
for giving me such valuable knowledge and time. 

Date:
Apoorva Joshi
THE SHARDA CANAL
 UJVN Limited
The history of Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited can be
traced back to erstwhile U.P. State Electricity Board (In short
UPSEB). The erstwhile U.P. State Electricity Board was
trifurcated pursuant to enactment of U.P. Electricity Reforms Act,
1999. U.P. State Electricity Reforms Transfer Scheme, 2000 was
promulgated for execution of the trifurcation of erstwhile UPSEB
into U.P. Power Corporation Ltd. (In short UPPCL), U.P. Jal
Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (In short UPJVNL) and U.P. Rajya Vidyut
Utpadan Nigam Ltd. By operation of the aforesaid Scheme all
the Hydro Electric Projects earlier owned and operated by
UPSEB were transferred to UPJVNL (a Govt. Company existing
prior to the said trifurcation) in addition to other projects owned
and operated by the UPJVNL previously. 
The State of U.P. was bifurcated by enforcement of U.P.
Reorganization Act, 2000 as a result thereof the State of
Uttarakhand came into existence. The Govt. of India issued an
order dated 05-11-01 u/s 63(4) (a) of the Reorganization Act
whereby assets and liabilities between UPJVNL and UJVNL were
divided. By operation of this order all the Hydro Power Assets of
UPJVNL located in the State of Uttarakhand were transferred to
UJVNL. Since then UJVNL is operating all these hydro power
plants. 
Consequent upon the change of name of the State from
Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand, the company was renamed to
Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited on 02.07.2007. 
UIVN Ltd. is a wholly owned Corporation of the Government of
Uttarakhand. Today, UIVN Lid. operates hydropower plants
ranging in capacity from 1.5 MW to 304 MW, totaling to 1292.10
MW. UJVN Ltd. is committed to develop new power stations in an
early and efficient manner for economic well-being and growth of
the State and its people. 
 2. Hydroelectric Project

2.1 Brief overview of Khatima Hydroelectric Project

Khatima Hydroelectric Project is erected on the Main

Sharda Canal situated in Lohiahead Village, Udham
Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand in India. The power
project is commissioned in 1956 with a total installed
capacity of 41.4 MW. The hydroelectric basin, where the
power plant is situated is Ganga Basin. The type of
power house is Surface and the status of power house is
Operational. The source of water for the generation of
power in the plant is Sharda River. The power project is
owned by State Government and the operator of the
power plant is Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited
(UJVNL). The beneficiary state of the power project is
Uttarakhand. The power project is completed and started
its generation of power in 1956. There are three turbines
and each turbine has a capacity of 13.8 MW. The type of
turbine used in the plant is Kaplan. 
2.2 Components of Sharda Power house

I. Forebay
A forebay is a basin area of hydropower plant where
water is temporarily stored before going into intake
chamber. The storage of water in forebay is decided
based on required water demand in that area. This is
also used when the load requirement in intake is less. 

II. Intake Structure

Intake structure is a structure which collects the water
from the forebay and directs it into the penstocks. There
are different types of intake structures are available and
selection of type of intake structure depends on various
local conditions. 

Fig1: Sharda power house power House Intake

III. Trash Racks

Trash racks are provided at the entrance of penstock to
trap the debris in the water. If debris along with water
flows into the penstock it will cause severe damage to
the wicket gates, turbine runners, nozzles of turbines
etc. These trash racks are made of steel in rod shape.
These rods are arranged with a gap of 10 to 30 cm apart
and these racks will separate the debris form the flowing
water whose permissible velocity is limited 0.6 m/sec to
1.6 m/sec.

Fig2: Trash Rack at

Power House intake

IV. Penstock 
Penstocks are like
large pipes laid with
some slope which carries water from intake structure or
reservoir to the turbines. They run with some pressure
so, sudden closing or opening of penstock gates can
cause water hammer effect to the penstocks. 

V. Surge Chamber
A surge chamber or surge tank is a cylindrical tank
which is open at the top to control the pressure in
penstock. It is connected to the penstock and as close
as possible to the power house. Whenever the power
house rejected the water load coming from penstock the
water level in the surge tank rises and controls the
pressure in penstock .
 
VI. Hydraulic Turbines
Hydraulic turbine, a device which can convert the
hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy which
again converted into the electrical energy by coupling
the shaft of turbine to the generator. 

The mechanism in this provided at the center and it

causes generator case is, whenever the water coming
from penstock strike the circular blades or runner with
high pressure it will rotate the shaft to produce electrical
power. Generally hydraulic turbines are of two types
namely 

• Impulse turbine (e.g. Pelton Wheel) 

Reaction turbine(e.g. Kaplan turbine, Francis Turbine) 

VII. Power House

Power house is a building provided to protect the

hydraulic and electrical equipment. Generally, the whole
equipment is supported by the foundation or
substructure laid for the power house. In case of
reaction turbines some machines like draft tubes, scroll
casing etc. are fixed within the foundation while laying it.
So, the foundation is laid in big dimensions. When it
comes to super structure, generators are provided on
the ground floor under which vertical turbines are
provided. Besides generator horizontal turbines are
provided. Control room is provided at first floor or
mezzanine
floor. 

Fig3: Lohiahead power house

Diffuser: The diffuser in a turbine machine is the

alternate path or gate provided to ensure the outflow of
water even when the machine is not working. This is
done to avoid backflow of water so that flood can be
avoided.
 
VIII. Tailrace
The water after having done its useful work in the
turbine is discharged to the tailrace which may lead it to
the same stream or to another one. The design and size
of tailrace should be such that water has a free exit and
the jet of water, after it leaves the turbine, has
unimpeded passage.

Fig 4. Tailrace of Lohiahead powerhouse

Fig 5: Transmission towers of Lohiahead powerhouse

Fig 6.. Schematic Diagram of Hydroelectric Power plant 

Dam:
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of
surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs
created by dams not only suppress floods but also
provide water for activities such as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and
navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction
with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be
used to collect or store water which can be evenly
distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the
primary purpose of retaining water, while other
structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as
dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into
specific land regions.

Barrage:
A barrage is a type of low-head, diversion dam which
consists of a number of large gates that can be opened
or closed to control the amount of water passing
through. This allows the structure to regulate and
stabilize river water elevation upstream for use in
irrigation and other systems. The gates are set between
flanking piers which are responsible for supporting the
water load of the pool created.

Dam is built for water storage in a reservoir, which

raises the level of water significantly. A barrage is built
for diverting water, and raises the water level by only a
few feet.

Cross Head Regulator:

A cross regulator is a structure constructed across a
canal to regulate the water level in the canal upstream of
itself and the discharge passing downstream of it for one
or more of the following purposes:

1. To feed off taking canals located upstream of the

cross regulator.
2. To help water escape from canals in conjunction with
escapes.
3. To control water surface slopes in conjunction with
falls for bringing the canal to regime slope and
section.
4. To control discharge at an outfall of a canal into
another canal or lake.

FIG 7: Canal structures for flow regulation and

control
 FIG 8: Cross head regulator at Sharda Power
House

Sharda canal:
The Sharda Canal is the longest canal in Uttar
Pradesh along with its several branches it form a
network of canals. Sharda Canal is located in the Pilibhit
district and has a total length of 938 Km including all
branches. This canal originates at Banbasa from Sharda
river near the India Nepal border. This river is also
known as Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand. Construction of
Sharda Canal started in year 1920 and completed in
year 1928. Water is diverted from the Barrage to the
Sharda Right Bank Canal, (with a capacity of about 396
m³/s), for irrigation in India. In addition to the irrigation
facilities, India also generates hydropower with an
installed capacity of 41.4 MW from the canal head
power station.
Bye pass Canal:
Bypass canal is provided to facilitate the outflow of water
during the times when powerhouse is not functional. It is
also used when excess discharge flows through the
river, which is more than the machine capacity to eject
the excess water through a safe channel.
The length of the bypass channel of Sharda Canal is
12.95 km and its discharge capacity is 8000 Cusecs.

Sharda Sagar Reservoir:

The reservoir is about two and a half kms in width
and around 17 kms in length. Sharda Sagar data was
reported at 72 % live storage capacity in Nov 2021
which has been consistent with previous year data. This
reservoir is the source for irrigation water to Pilibhit and
other parts of the north of Uttar Pradesh. The Sharda
Sagar is 25 square kilometer in size of which the
majority lies in Uttar Pradesh and some part in the
northern side is in Uttarakhand.
Taking reference of Sharda River at the point where the
canal diverges, At 15.8 km a channel diverges from the
main canal which further diverges into two channels
namely NAGLA ESCAPE CHANNEL(7500 cusec, length
2.01 km which supplies water to Nepal) and a Feeder
channel (1100 cusec) which provides water to the
Sharda Sagar Reservoir. Thus, during the lean period,
water is provided by the reservoir for irrigation and other
purposes to Uttar Pradesh.

Silt ejector.
 It is sometimes also known silt extractor.
 It is a device by which the silt laden water which has
already enter the main canal somehow, is extract.
 This is a construct in the canal at some distance
D/S of the head regulator.
 It consists of curved tunnels, locate across the
canal.
 Curved tunnels start along the axis of the canal, and
then take turn towards a bank.
 The bed of the canal, where tunnels for silt ejector
are to be locate, is lightly depressed.
 The tunnels are cover by an R.C.C. roofing slab like
silt excluder.
 The top of the roofing slab is kept slightly above the
bed level of the canal.
 The height of tunnels is kept about 60 cm for sandy
rivers and 1.20 m for boulder stage rivers.
 The velocity of flow is maintain at about 3 m/sec.
 All the tunnels are provided with gates at the exit
end.
 The silt ejector is locate at a point where the main
canal is crossing some natural drainage.
 The water from the silt ejector is discharge into the
drainage, which leads this water back to the river
somewhere D/S.
 In order to accelerate the velocity of flow in the
tunnels, the sectional area of the tunnels is reduce
by streamline vanes.
 The radius of bend of the tunnels varies from 10 to
15 times the tunnel width.
 Bottom layers of heavily silt-laden water of the
canal, enter the tunnels and get separate from top
layers of water, having comparatively less amount
of silt.
 The silt water entering the tunnels is led out of the
canal and discharge into the natural drainage by
opening the gates.
 Silt ejectors are usually design for 20% of the canal
discharge.
Recently, on the Sharda canal bypass, silt has been
ejected so as to use the bypass canal to its full
capacity.
FEEDER CHANNEL:
A feeder channel is constructed to feed two or more
other canals or branch canals. Following are the
Feeder channels in Sharda Canal.
1. Old S.D. feeder channel (1250 CUS, Length 10.46
km)
2. N.S.S Feeder (1100 CUS)
3. New S.D. feeder channel (1400 CUS, Length
15.79 km)

Lining of Canal:
 Canal lining is the process of reducing seepage loss
of irrigation water by adding an impermeable layer
to the edges of the trench. Seepage can result in
losses of 30 to 50 percent of irrigation water from
canals, so adding lining can make irrigation systems
more efficient.

Fig Lining of canal

Types of canal lining are:
Canal linings are classified into two major types
based on the nature of surface and they are:
1.Earthen type lining
2.Hard surface lining
Earthen Type lings are again classified into two
types and they are as follows:
 Compacted Earth Lining
 Soil Cement Lining
Hard surface lining is sub divided into 4 types and they
are:
  Cement Concrete Lining
 Brick Lining
 Plastic Lining
 Boulder Lining
Advantages of Canal Lining
1. Seepage Reduction
2. Prevention of Water Logging
3. Increase in Commanded Area
4. Increase in Channel Capacity
5. Less Maintenance
6. Safety Against Floods
In Sharda canal, lining is NOT provided.
Culvert:
A culvert is a structure that channels water past an
obstacle or to channel a subterranean waterway.
Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a
culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or
other material. Technically, a culvert and bridge may
look similar, we usually define a bridge as being 20 feet
or longer, otherwise it is a culvert. Taking Sharda Canal
as reference point, at 8.23km Sonia culvert is located
and at 10.4 km Gorkha Culvert is located.
Siphon:
Siphon tubes are a basic implement used in irrigation to
transfer water over a barrier (such as the bank of a
raised irrigation canal), using the siphon principle. The
simplest siphon tubes are operated by simply filling the
tube with water (by immersion in the canal, or other
means), keeping one end in the canal and with the other
end sealed, placing it in the area to be irrigated. The
seal can then be removed and the water will siphon
transferring the water from the submerged higher end to
the lower end. For tubes of up to 150mm diameter and
several meters. An effective seal is produced using a
hand - with a rapid enough action there will be sufficient
water in the tube to start the siphon effect.
They can be used to either flood, or drain, as required.
Benefits: The main benefit of siphon tubes is that they
are relatively inexpensive, and do not require any
engineering to put into place (unlike say a sluice gate
embedded in the bank of the canal). They are easily
relocated from one bay or field to another as the
required water level is reached.