938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB...

Page 1 of 26

Cerrar SIS

Pantalla anterior

Producto: WHEEL LOADER

Modelo: 938G II WHEEL LOADER RTB00763
Configuración: 938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine

Operación de Sistemas
3126B Engines for CaterpillarBuilt Machines
Número de medio -SENR9580-04 Fecha de publicación -01/04/2008 Fecha de actualización -07/04/2008

i02186540

Fuel System
SMCS - 1250

Illustration 1 g01106937

Diagram of components for the Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector(HEUI) fuel system

(1) Unit injector hydraulic pump

(2) Oil filter

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 2 of 26

(3) Oil cooler

(4) Engine oil pump

(5) HEUI Injectors

(6) Injection Actuation Pressure Control Valve (IAPCV)

(7) Injection Actuation Pressure (IAP) sensor

(8) High pressure oil

(9) Fuel supply rail

(10) Fuel transfer pump

(11) Fuel filter

(12) Fuel tank

(13) Fuel pressure regulator

(14) Back of cam gear

(15) Speed/timing sensors

(16) Fuel/water separator

(17) Electronic Control Module (ECM)

(18) Inlet air pressure sensor

(19) Batteries

(20) Coolant temperature sensor

(21) Inlet air temperature sensor

(22) Oil temperature sensor

(23) Atmospheric pressure sensor

(24) Fuel pressure sensor

(25) Data link

(26) Oil pressure sensor

The operation of the HEUI fuel system is completely different from any other type of fuel system that
is actuated mechanically. The HEUI fuel system is completely free of adjustment. Adjustments to the
components that are mechanical can not be made. Changes in performance are made by installing
different software in ECM (17) .

This fuel system consists of six basic components:

• Injectors (5)

• ECM (17)

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 3 of 26

• Unit injector hydraulic pump (1)

• IAPCV (6)

• Fuel Transfer Pump (10)

• IAP sensor (7)

Note: The components of the HEUI fuel system are not serviceable. These fuel system components
must not be disassembled. Disassembly will damage the components. If the components have been
disassembled, Caterpillar may not allow a warranty claim or Caterpillar may reduce the warranty
claim.

Component Description
Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector

The HEUI fuel system utilizes a hydraulically actuated electronically controlled unit injector (5) .

All fuel systems for diesel engines use a plunger and barrel in order to pump fuel under high pressure
into the combustion chamber. This fuel is pumped into the combustion chamber in precise amounts in
order to control engine performance. The HEUI fuel system uses engine oil under high pressure in
order to power the plunger. All other fuel systems use a fuel injection pump camshaft lobe in order to
power the plunger. Because the HEUI fuel system is much different, a technician must use different
troubleshooting methods.

The HEUI uses engine lubrication oil that is pressurized from 6 MPa (875 psi) to 27.5 MPa (4000 psi)
in order to pump fuel from the injector. The HEUI operates in the same way as a hydraulic cylinder in
order to multiply the force of the high pressure oil. By multiplying the force of the high pressure oil,
the HEUI can produce injection pressures that are very high. This multiplication of pressure is
achieved by applying the force of the high pressure oil to a piston. The piston is larger than the
plunger by approximately six times. The piston that is powered by engine lubrication oil under high
pressure pushes on the plunger. This engine lubrication oil under high pressure is called the actuation
pressure of the oil. The actuation pressure of the oil generates the injection pressure that is delivered
by the unit injector. Injection pressure is greater than actuation pressure of the oil by approximately
six times.

Low actuation pressure of the oil results in low injection pressure of the fuel. During conditions of
low speed such as idle and start, low injection pressure is utilized.

High actuation pressure of the oil results in high injection pressure of the fuel. During conditions of
high speed such as high idle and acceleration, high injection pressure is utilized.

There are many other operating conditions when the injection pressure is between the minimum and
the maximum. Regardless of the speed of the engine, the HEUI fuel system provides infinite control
of injection pressure.

ECM

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 4 of 26

ECM (17) is located on the left side of the engine. The ECM is a powerful computer that provides
total electronic control of engine performance. The ECM uses data from engine performance that is
gathered by several sensors. Then, the ECM uses this data in order to make adjustments to the fuel
delivery, injection pressure and injection timing. The ECM contains programmed performance maps
(software) in order to define horsepower, torque curves and rpm. This software is commonly called
the personality module.

Some engines use ECM (17) with a replaceable computer chip. The software has already been
installed in the replaceable computer chip. The engine does not have a replaceable personality
module. The engine's personality module is a permanent part of the ECM. The personality module can
be reprogrammed. Reprogramming of the personality module requires the use of Caterpillar
Electronic Technician (ET). The flash function of Cat ET will be used during the reprogramming.

ECM (17) logs faults of engine performance. Also, the ECM is capable of running several diagnostic
tests automatically when the ECM is used with Cat ET.

Unit Injector Hydraulic Pump

Unit injector hydraulic pump (1) (high pressure oil pump) is located at the left front corner of the
engine. The unit injector hydraulic pump is a piston pump that has a fixed displacement. The unit
injector hydraulic pump uses an axial piston. The unit injector hydraulic pump uses a portion of the
engine lubrication oil. The unit injector hydraulic pump pressurizes the engine lubrication oil to the
IAP that is required in order to power injectors (5) .

IAPCV

IAPCV (6) is located on the side of unit injector hydraulic pump (1). Under most conditions, the
pump is producing excess oil flow. The IAPCV discharges excess pump flow to the drain in order to
control the IAP to the desired level. The IAPCV is a valve of high precision that controls the actual
actuation pressure. The performance maps of ECM (17) contain a desired actuation pressure for every
engine operating condition. The ECM sends a control current to the IAPCV. The control current
should make the actual actuation pressure equal to the desired actuation pressure.

IAPCV (6) is an actuator. The IAPCV converts an electrical signal from ECM (17) to the mechanical
control of a spool valve in order to control pump outlet pressure.

Fuel Transfer Pump

Fuel transfer pump (10) is mounted on the back of unit injector hydraulic pump (1). The fuel transfer
pump is used in order to draw fuel from fuel tank (12). Also, the fuel transfer pump is used in order to
pressurize the fuel to 450 kPa (66 psi). The pressurized fuel is supplied to injectors (5) .

Fuel transfer pump (10) is a single piston pump that is spring loaded. The shaft of the unit injector
hydraulic pump provides power to the transfer pump through an off-center bearing. There are two
check valves in the fuel transfer pump. The inlet check valve opens in order to allow fuel from the
tank into the pump. The inlet check valve closes in order to prevent fuel leakage back to the fuel tank.
The outlet check valve opens in order to supply fuel to the fuel supply passage. The fuel supply
passage is located in the cylinder head. The fuel supply passage supplies fuel to injectors (5). The
outlet check valve closes in order to prevent pressurized fuel leakage back through the pump.

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 5 of 26

IAP Sensor
IAP sensor (7) is installed in the high pressure oil manifold. The high pressure oil manifold supplies
actuation oil in order to power the HEUI injectors. The IAP sensor monitors the IAP. The IAP sensor
sends a continuous voltage signal back to ECM (17). The ECM interprets the signal. The ECM is
aware of the IAP at all times.

Low Pressure Fuel System

Illustration 2 g01108097

Low pressure fuel system

(1) Unit injector hydraulic pump

(2) Oil filter

(3) Oil cooler

(4) Engine oil pump

(5) HEUI Injectors

(6) IAPCV

(7) IAP sensor

(8) High pressure oil

(9) Fuel supply rail

(10) Fuel transfer pump

(11) Secondary Fuel filter

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 6 of 26

(12) Fuel tank

(13) Fuel pressure regulator

(14) Back of cam gear

(15) Speed/timing sensors

(16) Fuel/water separator

The low pressure fuel system serves three functions. The low pressure fuel system supplies fuel for
combustion to injectors (5). Also, the low pressure fuel system supplies excess fuel flow in order to
cool the HEUI injectors and the low pressure fuel system supplies excess fuel flow in order to remove
air from the system.

The low pressure fuel system consists of four basic components:

• Fuel pressure regulator (13)

• Secondary Fuel filter (11)

• Fuel tank (12)

• Fuel/water separator (16)

• Fuel transfer pump (10)

Fuel is drawn from fuel tank (12) and flows through fuel/water separator (16). Fuel transfer pump
(10) is mounted on the back of unit injector hydraulic pump (1). The fuel transfer pump pushes
pressurized fuel out of the outlet port and the fuel transfer pump draws new fuel into the inlet port.

Secondary fuel filter (11) has a rating of two microns. Fuel flows from fuel transfer pump (10) to the
secondary fuel filter (11). An inlet check valve in the inlet port of the fuel transfer pump opens in
order to allow the flow of fuel into the pump. After the fuel flow has stopped, the inlet check valve
closes in order to prevent fuel flow out of the inlet port. Fuel flows from the inlet port in the pump to
the outlet port, which also has a check valve. The outlet check valve opens in order to allow
pressurized fuel flow out of the pump. The outlet check valve closes in order to prevent pressurized
fuel leakage back through the pump.

Fuel flows from secondary fuel filter (11) to the fuel supply passage in the cylinder head. The fuel
supply passage is a drilled hole which begins at the front of the cylinder head. The fuel supply
passage extends to the back of the cylinder head. This passage connects with each unit injector bore in
order to supply fuel to HEUI injectors (5). Fuel from the transfer pump flows through the cylinder
head to all of the HEUI injectors. Excess fuel flows out of the back of the cylinder head. After the
excess flows out of the back of the cylinder head, the fuel flows into fuel pressure regulator (13) .

Fuel pressure regulator (13) consists of an orifice and a check valve under spring pressure. The orifice
is a flow restriction that pressurizes the supply fuel. The check valve opens at 35 kPa (5 psi) in order
to allow the fuel which has flowed through the orifice to return to fuel tank (12). When the engine is
off and no fuel pressure is present, the valve closes. The check valve closes in order to prevent the
fuel in the cylinder head from draining back to the fuel tank.

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 7 of 26

Injection Actuation System

Actuation Oil Flow

Illustration 3 g01108377

Flow path of the injection actuation oil

(1) Unit injector hydraulic pump

(2) Oil filter

(3) Oil cooler

(4) Engine oil pump

(5) HEUI Injectors

(6) IAPCV

(7) IAP sensor

(8) High pressure oil

(10) Fuel transfer pump

The injection actuation system serves two functions. The injection actuation system supplies high
pressure oil in order to power HEUI injectors (7). Also, the injection actuation system controls the
injection pressure that is produced by the HEUI injectors by changing the actuation pressure of the
oil.

The injection actuation system consists of five basic components:

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 8 of 26

• Engine oil pump (4)

• Engine oil filter (1)

• Unit injector hydraulic pump (1)

• IAPCV (6)

• IAP sensor (7)

Oil from engine oil pump (4) supplies the needs of the engine lubrication system. Also, oil from the
engine oil pump supplies the needs of unit injector hydraulic pump (1) for the fuel system. The
capacity of the engine oil pump has been increased in order to meet the additional flow requirement
that is necessary.

Oil that is drawn from the sump is pressurized to the lubrication system oil pressure by engine oil
pump (4). Oil flows from the engine oil pump through engine oil cooler (3), through engine oil filter
(2), and then to the main oil gallery. A separate circuit from the main oil gallery directs a portion of
the lubrication oil in order to supply unit injector hydraulic pump (1). A steel tube on the left side of
the engine connects the main oil gallery with the inlet port of the unit injector hydraulic pump.

Oil flows into the inlet port of unit injector hydraulic pump (1) and the oil fills the pump reservoir.
The pump reservoir provides oil to the unit injector hydraulic pump during start-up. Also, the pump
reservoir provides oil to the unit injector hydraulic pump until the engine oil pump can increase
pressure.

The pump reservoir also provides makeup oil to the high pressure oil passage in the cylinder head.
When the engine is off and the engine cools down, the oil shrinks. A check valve in the pump allows
oil to be drawn from the pump reservoir in order to keep the high pressure oil passage full.

Oil from the pump reservoir is pressurized in unit injector hydraulic pump (1) and the oil is pushed
out of the outlet port of the pump under high pressure. Oil then flows from the outlet port of the unit
injector hydraulic pump to the high pressure oil passage in the cylinder head.

The high pressure oil passage connects with each unit injector bore in order to supply high pressure
actuation oil to HEUI injectors (5). Actuation oil that is under high pressure flows from unit injector
hydraulic pump (1) through the cylinder head to all of the injectors. Oil is contained in the high
pressure oil passage until the oil is used by the HEUI injectors. Oil that has been exhausted by the
HEUI injectors is expelled under the valve covers. This oil returns to the crankcase through oil drain
holes in the cylinder head.

Actuation Oil Pressure Control

Unit injector hydraulic pump (1) is a fixed displacement axial piston pump. The pump is designed in
order to generate adequate flow under the conditions that are the most demanding.

Under most operating conditions, unit injector hydraulic pump (1) is producing excess flow. This
excess flow must be discharged to a drain in order to control the system's pressure. IAPCV (6)
regulates system pressure by discharging the precise amount of oil to the drain. This discharging of oil
is required in order to maintain the desired actuation pressure.

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(SEB... Page 9 of 26

There are two types of actuation pressure:

• Desired actuation pressure

• Actual actuation pressure

Desired actuation pressure is the IAP that is required by the system for optimum engine performance.
The desired actuation pressure is established by the performance maps in ECM (17). The ECM selects
the desired actuation pressure. The ECM bases the selection on the signal inputs from the pressure
sensors, the temperature sensors, and the speed/timing sensors. The desired actuation pressure is
constantly changing due to changing engine speed and due to changing engine load. The desired
actuation pressure is only constant under steady state conditions (steady engine speed and load).

Actual actuation pressure is the actual system pressure of the actuation oil that is powering the
injectors (5). IAPCV (6) is constantly changing the amount of pump flow that is discharged to the
drain. The pump flow is discharged to the drain in order to match the actual actuation pressure to the
desired actuation pressure.

Three components operate together in order to control IAP:

• ECM (17)

• IAPCV (6)

• IAP sensor (7)

ECM (17) selects the desired actuation pressure. The desired actuation pressure is based on both the
sensor input and the performance maps. The ECM sends a control current to IAPCV (6) in order to
change the actual actuation pressure. The IAPCV reacts to the electrical current from the ECM in
order to change the actual actuation pressure. The actual actuation pressure is changed when the
IAPCV discharges pump flow to the drain. The IAPCV acts as an electrically controlled relief valve.
IAP sensor (7) monitors the actual actuation pressure in the high pressure oil passage. The IAP sensor
reports the actual actuation pressure to the ECM by sending a signal voltage to the ECM.

The control system for the IAP operates in a cycle. ECM (17) selects the desired actuation pressure.
Then, the ECM sends an electrical current to IAPCV (6) that should produce that pressure. The
IAPCV reacts to the electrical current from the ECM by changing the pressure relief setting, which
changes the actual actuation pressure. IAP sensor (7) monitors the actual actuation pressure and the
IAP sensor sends a signal voltage back to the ECM. The ECM interprets the signal voltage from the
IAP sensor in order to calculate the actual actuation pressure. Then, the ECM compares the actual
actuation pressure to the desired actuation pressure in order to adjust the electrical current to the
IAPCV. The IAPCV responds to the change in electrical current by changing the actual actuation
pressure. This process is repeated 67 times per second. This cycle of constant repetition is called a
closed loop control system.

Most of the high pressure oil flow from unit injector hydraulic pump (1) is used in order to power
HEUI injectors (5). Excess flow is the amount of pump flow that is not required in order to meet the
desired actuation pressure. The excess flow is returned to the drain through IAPCV (6). Excess flow
from the IAPCV flows upward through a U-shaped tube in the pump reservoir. The excess flow
travels through a drilled passage to the front of the pump. Drain oil flows out of the front of the pump
over the pump drive gear and flows down the engine front gear train to sump.

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 10 of 26

Operation of the IAPCV

Illustration 4 g01108092

IAPCV

(1) Drain port

(2) Valve body

(3) Control orifice

(4) Spool chamber

(5) Armature

(6) Valve spool

(7) Spool spring

(8) Reduced pressure oil

(9) Poppet

(10) Push pin

(11) Solenoid

The IAPCV is an electrically controlled pilot operated pressure control valve. The IAPCV is used in
order to maintain selected actuation system pressure. The selected actuation system pressure is
maintained regardless of engine speed, pump flow, and variable oil demand of the HEUI injectors.
The IAPCV consists of six basic components:

• Armature (5)

• Valve spool (6)

• Spool spring (7)

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 11 of 26

• Poppet (9)

• Push pin (10)

• Solenoid (11)

The IAPCV operates by using a variable electrical current from the ECM in order to create a magnetic
field in the solenoid (11). This magnetic field acts on armature (5) and the magnetic field generates a
mechanical force. This mechanical force pushes armature (5) to the left. The mechanical force travels
through push pin (10) to poppet (9) .

The magnetic force that is holding poppet (9) closed is opposed by reduced hydraulic pressure inside
the spool chamber. The reduced hydraulic pressure inside the spool chamber is trying to open poppet
(9). This reduced hydraulic pressure increases until the reduced hydraulic pressure overcomes the
mechanical force of solenoid (11). When the reduced hydraulic pressure overcomes the mechanical
force of solenoid (11), poppet (9) opens. The open poppet allows a flow path to drain for some of the
reduced pressure oil (8). Discharging part of reduced pressure oil (8) to drain lowers the hydraulic
pressure. When the hydraulic pressure of reduced pressure oil (8) decreases below the magnetic force
on poppet (9), the poppet closes again.

When the engine is off, there is no pump outlet pressure (1) from the pump and there is no current to
the solenoid from the ECM (2). The spool spring pushes the spool valve completely to the left. When
the spool spring pushes the spool valve completely to the left, drain port (3) is completely blocked.

Valve Operation for a Engine That is Off

Illustration 5 g01108093

Operation of the IAPCV (engine off)

(1) Pump outlet pressure (none)

(2) Current from ECM (none)

(3) Closed drain port

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 12 of 26

(4) Poppet (open position)

Valve Operation for Engine Cranking

Illustration 6 g01108094

Operation of the IAPCV (engine cranking)

(1) Pump outlet pressure

(2) Current from the ECM

(3) Drain port (blocked position)

(4) Poppet (closed position)

During engine start-up, approximately 6 MPa (875 psi) of IAP is required in order to activate the unit
injector. This low IAP generates a low fuel injection pressure of about 35 MPa (5100 psi). This low
fuel injection pressure aids cold starting.

In order to start the engine quickly, the IAP must rise quickly. Because the unit injector hydraulic
pump is being turned at engine cranking speed, pump flow is very low. The ECM sends a strong
current (2) to the IAPCV in order to keep the spool closed. With the spool in the closed position, all of
the flow to drain port (3) is blocked. The flow to drain port (3) remains blocked until the actual
actuation pressure of 6 MPa (875 psi) is reached. The HEUI injectors are not fired until the 6 MPa
(870 psi) actual actuation pressure is reached.

Note: If the engine is already warm, the pressure that is required to start the engine may be higher
than 6 MPa (875 psi). The values for the desired actuation pressures are stored in the performance
maps of the ECM. The values for desired actuation pressures vary with engine temperature.

Once the HEUI injectors begin to operate, the ECM controls the current to the IAPCV. The ECM and
the IAPCV maintain the actual actuation pressure at 6 MPa (875 psi) until the engine starts. The ECM
monitors the actual actuation pressure through the IAP sensor that is located in the high pressure oil

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 13 of 26

manifold. The ECM establishes desired actuation pressure by monitoring several electrical input
signals and the ECM sends a predetermined current to the IAPCV. The ECM also compares the
desired actuation pressure to the actual actuation pressure in the high pressure oil passage. The ECM
adjusts the current levels to the IAPCV in order to make the actual actuation pressure equal to the
desired actuation pressure.

Oil Flow for Engine Cranking

Pump outlet pressure (1) enters the end of the valve body and pump outlet pressure acts against the
valve spool. The pump outlet pressure tries to push the valve spool to the right (open). A small
amount of oil also flows through the center of the spool, through the spool control orifice and into the
spool spring chamber. The current from the ECM (2) causes the solenoid to generate a magnetic field
which pushes the armature to the left. The armature exerts a force on the push pin and the poppet
which holds the poppet closed. The poppet is the only path to the drain for the oil in the spool spring
chamber. Pump outlet pressure (1) flows through the spool control orifice and into the spool spring
chamber. This flow of pump outlet pressure allows spring chamber pressure to build up. Because the
spring chamber path to the drain is blocked by the poppet, the pressure in the spring chamber is equal
to pump outlet pressure (1) .

The combination of spool spring force and spring chamber pressure hold the spool to the left. When
the spool is held to the left, the drain ports are closed. All pump flow is directed to the high pressure
oil manifold until an actual actuation pressure of 6 MPa (875 psi) is reached.

Valve Operation for Running Engine

Illustration 7 g01108095

Operation of the IAPCV (running engine)

(1) Pump outlet pressure

(2) Current from the ECM

(3) Drain port (open)

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 14 of 26

(4) Poppet (open)

(5) Reduced pressure oil

Once the engine starts, the ECM controls the current (2) to the IAPCV in order to maintain the desired
actuation pressure. The IAP sensor monitors the actual actuation pressure in the high pressure oil
passage in the cylinder head. The ECM compares the actual actuation pressure to the desired actuation
pressure 67 times per second. When these pressures do not match, the ECM adjusts the current levels
(2) to the IAPCV in order to make the actual IAP equal to the desired IAP.

The amount of current that is sent to the solenoid regulates the amount of magnetic force that is trying
to hold the poppet closed. The solenoid, the armature and the push pin simulate a variable spring that
is electronically controlled. Increased current results in increased force. Decreased current results in
decreased force.

The magnetic force that is applied to the poppet holds the poppet closed. When the poppet is closed,
the pressure in the spool spring chamber increases. When the pressure in the spool spring chamber
exceeds the magnetic force that is holding the poppet closed, the poppet (4) will move to the right.
When the poppet (4) moves to the right, some of the pressure oil in the spool spring chamber escapes
to the drain. This causes the pressure in the spring chamber to drop. When the pressure in the spring
chamber drops, the poppet closes. When the poppet closes, the pressure again begins to increase and
the cycle is repeated. This process controls the reduced pressure oil (5) in the spool spring cavity. The
reduced pressure oil (5) in the spool spring cavity acts on the spool. The reduced pressure oil (5) in
the spool spring cavity tries to move the spool to the left. When the spool is moved to the left, the
drain port (3) is blocked.

The combined force of the mechanical spring and reduced pressure oil in the spool spring chamber try
to move the spool to the left in order to block the drain port (3). When the drain port is blocked, pump
outlet pressure (1) rises and the increased pump outlet pressure moves the spool to the right (open).

Because the mechanical spring has a fixed spring rate, the reduced pressure oil (5) in the spool must
be adjusted in order to control pump outlet pressure (1). The reduced pressure oil (5) in the spool can
be raised in order to control pump outlet pressure (1) or the reduced pressure oil (5) in the spool can
be lowered in order to control pump outlet pressure (1). The reduced pressure oil (5) is controlled by
the amount of electrical current from the ECM (2). Most of the time, the poppet and the spool operate
in a partially open position. The poppet and the spool are completely open or completely closed only
during the following conditions:

• Acceleration

• Deceleration

• Rapidly changing engine loads

Oil Flow for Running Engine

When pump outlet pressure (1) enters the end of the valve body, a small amount of oil flows into the
spool spring chamber through the control orifice in the spool. The pressure in the spool spring
chamber is controlled by adjusting the force on the poppet (4). Adjusting the force on the poppet (4)

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 15 of 26

allows the poppet to drain off some of the oil in the spool spring chamber. The force on the poppet is
controlled by the strength of the magnetic field that is produced from the electrical current from the
ECM (2). The spool responds to pressure changes in the spool spring chamber. The spool changes
positions in order to balance the force on the spool. The spool tries to make the force on the right side
of the spool equal to the force on the left side of the spool. The spool position dictates the amount of
the surface area of the drain ports (3) that is open.

The open area of the drain port controls the amount of oil that is drained off from the pump outlet.
The oil is drained off from the pump outlet in order to maintain the desired actuation pressure. The
process of responding to pressure changes on either side of the spool occurs so rapidly that the spool
is held in a partially open position and pump outlet pressure (1) is closely controlled. The IAPCV
allows infinitely variable control of pump outlet pressure (1) between 6 MPa (870 psi) and 27.5 MPa
(4000 psi).

Components of the HEUI Injector

The HEUI injector serves four functions. The HEUI injector pressurizes supply fuel from 450 kPa (66
psi) to 162 MPa (23500 psi). The HEUI injector functions as an atomizer by pumping high pressure
fuel through orifice holes in the unit injector tip. The HEUI injector delivers the correct amount of
atomized fuel into the combustion chamber and the HEUI injector disperses the atomized fuel evenly
throughout the combustion chamber.

Illustration 8 g01108079

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 16 of 26

Component of the HEUI injector

(1) Solenoid

(2) Armature

(3) Upper poppet seat

(4) Poppet valve

(5) Lower poppet seat

(6) Intensifier piston

(7) Plunger

(8) Plunger cavity

(9) Barrel

(10) Nozzle assembly

The HEUI injector consists of five basic components:

• Solenoid (1)

• Poppet valve (4)

• Intensifier piston (6) and plunger (7)

• Barrel (9)

• Nozzle assembly (10)

Solenoid
The solenoid (1) is an electromagnet. When the solenoid is energized, the solenoid creates a very
strong magnetic field. This magnetic field attracts the armature (2) which is connected to the poppet
valve (4) by an armature screw. When the armature moves toward the solenoid, the armature lifts the
poppet valve off the poppet valve's lower seat (5). Energizing the solenoid and lifting the poppet valve
off the poppet valve's lower seat is the beginning of the fuel injection process.

Poppet Valve
The poppet valve (4) has two positions which are opened and closed. In the closed position, the
poppet is held on the lower poppet seat (5) by a spring. The closed lower poppet seat prevents high
pressure actuation oil from entering the unit injector. The open upper poppet seat (3) vents oil in the
cavity that is above the intensifier piston (6) to the atmosphere. The oil is vented to the atmosphere
through the upper portion of the unit injector. In the open position, the solenoid (1) is energized and
the poppet valve is lifted off the poppet valve's lower seat. When the poppet valve is lifted off the
poppet valve's lower seat, the lower poppet seat opens allowing high pressure actuation oil to enter the
unit injector. When the high pressure actuation oil enters the unit injector, the high pressure actuation
oil pushes on the top of intensifier piston (6). The upper poppet seat (3) of poppet valve (4) closes and

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 17 of 26

upper poppet seat (3) of poppet valve (4) blocks the path to the drain. Blocking the path to the drain
prevents the leakage of high pressure actuation oil from the unit injector.

Intensifier Piston

The surface area of intensifier piston (6) is six times larger than the surface area of plunger (7). This
larger surface area provides a multiplication of force. This multiplication of force allows 27.5 MPa
(4000 psi) of actuation oil to produce 162 MPa (23500 psi) of fuel injection pressure. When poppet
valve (4) moves away from lower poppet seat (5), high pressure actuation oil enters the unit injector.
When the high pressure actuation oil enters the unit injector, the high pressure actuation oil pushes on
the top of intensifier piston (6). Pressure rises on top of the intensifier piston and the pressure pushes
down on intensifier piston (6) and plunger (7). The downward movement of the plunger pressurizes
the fuel in plunger cavity (8). The pressurized fuel in the plunger cavity causes nozzle assembly (10)
to open. When the nozzle assembly opens, the fuel delivery into the combustion chamber begins. A
large O-ring around the intensifier piston separates the oil above the intensifier piston from the fuel
below the intensifier piston.

Barrel
The barrel (9) is the cylinder that holds plunger (7). The plunger moves inside the barrel. The plunger
and barrel together act as a pump. Both the plunger and the barrel are precision components that have
a working clearance of only 0.0025 mm (.00010 inch). These tight clearances are required in order to
produce injection pressures over 162 MPa (23500 psi) without excessive leakage.

Note: A small amount of controlled leakage is required in order to lubricate the plunger which
prevents wear.

The engine's fuel system has a unique feature that is called PRe-Injection MeteringPRIME. PRIME is
a feature that offers a significant benefit in lower emissions.

The barrel (9) also contains the PRIME spill port.

The PRIME spill port is a small hole with a high precision tolerance. The PRIME spill port is
machined through the side of barrel (9) into plunger (7). This port momentarily vents fuel injection
pressure during the downward stroke of the plunger.

Nozzle Assembly of the HEUI Injector

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 18 of 26

Illustration 9 g01108080

Nozzle assembly

(1) Inlet fill check ball

(2) Case

(3) Check

(4) Tip

(5) Tip orifice holes

The nozzle assembly is similar to all other unit injector's nozzle assemblies. Fuel that has been
pressurized to the injection pressure flows from the plunger cavity through a passage in the nozzle to
the nozzle tip (4). Fuel flow out of the tip is stopped by check (3), which covers the tip orifice holes
(5) in the end of the tip (4). The force of a spring holds the check down in the closed position. This
prevents the leakage of fuel out of tip (4) and this prevents the leakage of combustion gas into the unit
injector when the cylinder fires.

When the injection pressure increases to approximately 28 MPa (4050 psi), the hydraulic force that is
pushing on check (3) becomes greater than the spring force that is holding the check down. When the
spring force is overcome by the hydraulic force, the check moves away from tip (4). When the check
moves away from the tip, the check is in the open position. The amount of pressure that is required to
open the check is called the valve opening pressure. The fuel flows out of tip orifice holes (5) in the
end of the tip and the fuel flows into the combustion chamber. The check remains open and fuel

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 19 of 26

continues to flow out of the tip until fuel injection pressure drops below 28 MPa (4000 psi). When the
pressure drops, the check closes and fuel injection is stopped. The amount of pressure that allows the
check to close is called the valve closing pressure .

Note: valve opening pressures and valve closing pressures vary among applications and horsepower
ratings in order to meet exhaust emission standards. The above values were used as illustrations only.

The inlet fill check ball (1) unseats during upward travel of the plunger in order to allow the plunger
cavity to refill. The inlet fill check ball seats during the downward stroke of the plunger and the inlet
fill check ball seals during the downward stroke of the plunger. The inlet fill check ball seals during
the downward stroke of the plunger in order to prevent fuel injection pressure leakage into the fuel
supply.

Operation of the HEUI Injector

There are five stages of injection with the HEUI injector:

• Pre-injection

• Pilot injection

• Delay

• Main injection

• End of injection

Pre-Injection

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 20 of 26

Illustration 10 g01108083

HEUI injector (Pre-injection)

(1) Upper poppet seat (open position)

(2) Closed lower poppet seat

(A) Drain (atmosphere)

(B) Fuel supply pressure

(C) Actuation oil pressure

(D) Moving parts

All of the internal components have been returned to the spring loaded position during the pre-
injection. The solenoid is not energized and the lower poppet seat (2) is closed. When the lower
poppet seat is closed, the lower poppet seat blocks high pressure actuation oil from entering the unit
injector. The plunger and the intensifier piston are at the top of the bore and the plunger cavity is full
of fuel. Fuel pressure in the plunger cavity is equal to the fuel supply pressure. The fuel supply
pressure is approximately 450 kPa (66 psi).

Pilot Injection

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 21 of 26

Illustration 11 g01108085

HEUI injector (Pilot Injection)

(1) Upper poppet seat (closed position)

(2) Lower poppet seat (open position)

(A) Drain (atmosphere)

(B) Fuel supply pressure

(C) Actuation oil pressure

(D) Moving parts

(E) Injection pressure

(F) Fuel flow

(G) Mechanical movement

When the ECM activates the unit injector, the ECM sends a current to the unit injector solenoid. The
current causes the solenoid to produce a strong magnetic field which creates a pull on the armature.
The armature is mechanically connected to the poppet valve by a screw. The magnetic pull of the
solenoid overcomes the spring tension that is holding the poppet valve closed. When the poppet valve
opens, the poppet moves away from the lower poppet seat.

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 22 of 26

When the poppet valve opens, the upper poppet seat (1) blocks the path to the drain and the lower
poppet seat (2) opens the poppet chamber to incoming high pressure actuation oil. High pressure oil
flows around the poppet. The high pressure oil flows through a passage onto the top of the intensifier
piston. High pressure oil acts on the top of the intensifier piston. The piston and the plunger are
pushed down by the high pressure oil. The downward movement of the plunger pressurizes the fuel in
the plunger cavity and nozzle assembly. When the pressure reaches valve opening pressure of
approximately 28 MPa (4100 psi), the check lifts up from the seat in the tip. When the check lifts up
from the seat in the tip, injection begins.

PRIME

PRIME offers a significant benefit in reducing combustion noise. While other fuel systems deliver a
single large quantity of fuel into the combustion chamber, PRIME injectors break the delivery into
two separate quantities. The first quantity is a small pilot injection which is followed by a short delay.
Then, the injector delivers a large main injection. The pilot injection is not intended to produce power.
The pilot injection is intended to establish a flame front. The pilot injection will help the larger main
injection burn more completely and the pilot injection will help the larger main injection burn in a
controlled manner.

Under certain engine operating conditions, when fuel is delivered in one large injection, the fuel tends
to explode instead of burning in a controlled manner. This results in engine knock. When fuel
explodes rather than burns in a controlled manner, engine knock and excess NOx emissions result.

The PRIME feature produces a small pilot injection that is followed by a brief delay. The brief delay
gives the pilot injection the time that is required to start burning. The main injection follows the pilot
injection and the main injection is delivered into the flame front that was established by the pilot
injection. The main injection is immediately ignited. The main injection burns smoothly and the main
injection burns completely. This complete combustion significantly reduces particulate emission
(soot) and NOx. This complete combustion also reduces combustion noise from the engine up to 50
percent. This reduction of combustion noise from the engine results in noticeably quieter engine
operation. The actual operation of PRIME is described in the following information.

Injection Delay

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 23 of 26

Illustration 12 g01108087

HEUI injector delay

(1) Upper poppet seat (closed position)

(2) Lower poppet seat (open position)

(A) Drain (atmosphere)

(B) Fuel supply pressure

(C) Actuation oil pressure

(D) Moving parts

(E) Injection pressure

(F) Fuel flow

(G) Mechanical movement

The plunger continues moving downward and the plunger continues to inject fuel into the combustion
chamber. Until the PRIME groove in the plunger lines up with the PRIME spill port in the barrel, the
plunger continues to inject fuel into the combustion chamber. When the groove in the plunger aligns
with the spill port, high pressure fuel under the plunger can flow upward. The high pressure fuel flows
through three holes in the bottom of the plunger. Then, the high pressure fuel flows out of the groove
of the plunger and the spill port and the fuel flows back into the fuel supply passage. This loss of high
pressure fuel causes injection pressure to drop below Valve Closing Pressure (VCP). The spring force

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 24 of 26

overcomes the hydraulic force of the reduced injection pressure. When the spring force overcomes the
hydraulic force of the reduced injection pressure, the check closes and fuel injection stops. This is the
end of the pilot injection and the start of the short injection delay period.

Main Injection

Illustration 13 g01108090

HEUI injector (Main Injection)

(1) Upper poppet seat (closed position)

(2) Lower poppet seat (open position)

(A) Drain (atmosphere)

(B) Fuel supply pressure

(C) Actuation oil pressure

(D) Moving parts

(E) Injection pressure

(F) Fuel flow

(G) Mechanical movement

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 25 of 26

While the solenoid is energized, the poppet valve remains open. While the poppet valve is open, high
pressure oil continues to flow. The flow of the high pressure oil pushes downward on the intensifier
piston and the plunger. The injection pressure fluctuates between 34 MPa (4950 psi) and 162 MPa
(23500 psi). The injection pressure depends on the engine's requirements. Injection continues until
either the solenoid is de-energized or the intensifier piston hits the bottom of the bore. When the
solenoid is de-energized, the poppet spring is allowed to close the poppet valve. When the poppet
valve closes, high pressure oil is shut off.

End of Injection

Illustration 14 g01108091

HEUI injector (End of Injection)

(1) Upper poppet seat (open position)

(2) Lower poppet seat (closed position)

(A) Drain (atmosphere)

(B) Fuel supply pressure

(C) Actuation oil pressure

(D) Moving parts

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020
938G II Wheel Loader RTB00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3126B Engine(S... Page 26 of 26

(F) Fuel flow

(G) Mechanical movement

The end of the injection cycle begins when the ECM stops the current to the unit injector solenoid.
The magnetic field of the solenoid breaks down and the magnetic field is unable to overcome the
spring force of the poppet. The poppet returns to the lower poppet seat which closes the poppet valve.
When the poppet valve closes, high pressure oil is stopped from entering the unit injector. As the
lower poppet seat closes, the upper poppet seat opens to the drain. When the upper poppet seat opens
to the drain, the actuation pressure of the oil drops off.

Fuel injection pressure under the plunger exerts an upward force on the plunger and the intensifier
piston. As the pressure of the actuation oil above the intensifier piston drops off, the downward force
on the intensifier piston drops off. The upward force of the fuel injection pressure under the plunger
suddenly becomes greater than the downward force on the intensifier piston. The downward motion
of the intensifier piston and the plunger stops.

The exhaust oil on top of the intensifier piston can flow to the drain through the open upper poppet
seat. Then, the oil flows through a vent hole to the rocker arm compartment under the valve cover.

When the downward travel of the plunger stops, fuel flow also stops. While the check is still open, the
remaining fuel pressure pushes a small amount of fuel out of the orifice holes. This causes a large
pressure drop which lowers injection pressure below Valve Closing Pressure. Spring tension on the
check now reseats the check into the tip and injection stops.

When the check closes, injection stops. When injection stops, the fill cycle starts. The area above the
intensifier piston cavity is open to atmospheric pressure through the upper poppet seat. Pressure drops
very rapidly in the cavity above the intensifier piston to near zero. The return spring of the plunger
pushes up on the plunger and the intensifier piston. As the plunger and the intensifier piston move
upward, oil is forced around the upper poppet seat. After the oil is forced around the upper poppet
seat, the oil is forced out of a vent hole.

As the plunger rises, pressure in the plunger cavity also drops to near zero. The fuel supply pressure is
450 kPa (66 psi). Fuel supply pressure unseats the plunger fill check in order to fill the plunger cavity
with fuel. When the intensifier piston is pushed to the top of the bore, the fill cycle ends. When the fill
cycle ends, the plunger cavity is full and the inlet fill check ball is reseated. Pressure above the
intensifier piston and the poppet chamber is zero. The fuel injection cycle is complete and the unit
injector is ready to begin again. The unit injector is now back in the pre-injection cycle.

Copyright 1993 - 2020 Caterpillar Inc. Wed Aug 26 20:10:03 CST 2020
Todos los derechos reservados.
Red privada para licenciados del SIS.

https://127.0.0.1/sisweb/sisweb/techdoc/techdoc_print_page.jsp?returnurl=/sisweb/sisweb... 26/08/2020