By Vishal sir

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 By Vishal sir

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Dear Students,

In these times of immense competition, success is not something that’s easier to

achieve. You have to excel in your preparation and perform exceptionally well at various
stages. And to achieve this you need the best material present out there.

With an initiative to provide you with the best, Vishal Parihar has come with this new
book ‘DESCRIPTIVE Writing Book’ for all competitive exams. DESCRIPTIVE Writing Book in
this series are the most useful content in English. They were found by analysis of a collection
of different previous year papers from different competitive examinations like SSC CGL, SBI,
IBPS, RBI Grade-B, NABARD Grade-A & Other Exams. Each essay in this book is a high-
frequency content. This means that the effort in understanding the essays is well repaid by
the number of times learners have a chance to encounter or answer them. You can rely on
this book to improve your writing ability that will help you to achieve better scores in the
examinations.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank our team (Bhavesh Patni, Aanchal Singh,
Rishika Jain) for their relentless efforts towards the design and the quality content of the
book.

Good Luck!

Vishal Parihar

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Dedication

I dedicate this book to "my parents

and my family" for their relentless

support. Hope this book will help

students to achieve their goal.

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The information you will find in this book and any publications or other study materials published by Vishal

Parihar is for information only, which is to be used for learning English grammar.

Tips, strategies, methods of study, lessons and all the resources are only recommendations for the aspirants,

and reading any information in this book is provided ‘as is’.

The whole book is made keeping in mind, all the previous years questions asked in bank & other
relevant exams and expected to be asked in the upcoming exams. The author has made reasonable efforts to
provide current and accurate information to his readers. The author will not be held liable for any
unintentional errors or omissions that may be found.

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Essay Writing How Long Is a 200 Word Essay?

When you are given the task to write this type of essay, you have already been limited to
the word count - up to 200. We will try to orient you in more detail, what size of the text
you need to follow.

We can talk about the length of the essay in two parameters:

 the number of paragraphs;
 the number of pages

No matter how many words an essay has, it should have a standard structure. That is,
the text should consist of an introduction, central part, and conclusions. You can divide
the main part into two or three paragraphs. So if you are interested in the number of
paragraphs in such an essay, we can talk about three to five ones. It depends on the
writing style and length of the sentences you choose.
The quantity of pages depends on several factors. This is the font size and the selected
spacing. It is also important whether the work is handwritten or printed. Of course, a
printed essay will take up much less space than a handwritten one. Basically, the
printed text will be placed on about half or 2/3 of the page.

Basic Elements of a Short Essay

There are some elements that you cannot do without when writing a short essay.

Thesis Statement
The thesis is the main statement around which your entire text is built. It should be
controversial, complex, and specific; it should combine your composition's whole
essence in one phrase.
If you have correctly formulated the thesis, you will have a lot of material for the essay,
since the idea is usually challenging to substantiate.
An interesting thesis on a topic that can cause questions and controversy will make it
easier for you to write an essay. If you lack in volume, revise your thesis by making it
narrower and more complex.

A 200-word essay thesis should be precise and narrow.

 For example, when writing an essay on universities' sports life, a weak thesis will
look like this: "The sports life of universities is very controversial." It's too blurry
to tell your position. The reader may not understand what you are trying to
prove.
 Here is an example of a strong thesis for the same topic: "University athletes
should receive monetary rewards." So you state the subject in question. It is
narrow enough for you to see in two pages.

Prompt: Imagine the thesis is a tabletop. Your essay should support it because, without
this support, the table will turn into a pile of rubble. Key arguments, rationales, and
references to other people's statements are the legs that hold your essay in place so that
it takes shape.

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Opening Sentences
The main thing you need to remember is that each paragraph of your essay should start
with a thematic phrase. This is one opening sentence, the primary and most important
argument you will develop in the paragraph.
Many teachers insist that a five-paragraph structure is an optimal form for presenting
an essay.
This structure implies at least three reasons and usually looks like this:
 Introduction, description of the topic, a summary of their ideas, thesis.
 A paragraph describing the first argument.
 A paragraph describing the second argument.
 A paragraph describing the third argument.
 A short conclusion summarizing everything that has been said.
Since we are talking about a 200-word essay, you can limit yourself to 3 paragraphs. In
this case, the diagram will look like this:
 Introduction, description of the topic, a summary of their ideas, thesis.
 A paragraph describing the argument.
 A short conclusion that summarizes everything that has been said.

Supporting Phrases
After the introductory sentence, there should be a supporting example in every
paragraph. Do not use long, complex constructions in short essays; argue your thoughts
clearly and specifically.

Concluding Section
The conclusion should tie all the threads of the argument together. In some case you can
include a call to action. You can also go back to the opening sequence or example in the
introduction to keep your work perfectly symmetrical.
It is also essential to make sure that you support the central thesis with clear and well-
reasoned arguments.

200 Word Essay Writing: Useful Information

The structure of the essay, the style, your opinion on a particular issue, and your
vocabulary's richness are important. Each of these factors will affect the final result of
evaluating your essay. But what if you've followed all of these rules, but haven't met the
word count? This is the next part of our article.

Eliminating Extra Details

Brevity is the soul of a talented writer. Writing succinctly forms a pleasant first
impression of talent. Moreover, brevity should not conflict with information richness
and actual presentation.
We agree that putting all your thoughts in 200 words is a real challenge for many
students. But it is vital to learn how to eliminate unnecessary things, cut like a knife.

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How Do You Make the Text Shorter?

1. Let the text rest.
Very often, what seems to you to be an essential part of the content when writing loses
its charm a couple of days later, and you can see what is in the text gist and what is a
husk.

2. Down with all the introductory and uncertain words.

All this “in general,” “it seems,” “probably,” is most often verbal rubbish, which gives
nothing to the content but adds volume to the text. Go through your text carefully and
cross out unnecessary words. Most likely, the text will not lose anything in meaning but
will gain in the narrative's density and clarity.

3. Simplify.
Heaped up complex sentences, and even with complicating elements, are also a path to
lengthening. They confuse both the author and the reader; they often create
unnecessary volume as well. Rebuild your complex in 2 simple ones - and you will see
that the text is reduced.

4. Focus on the essentials.

Take a fresh look at your text. And try to identify the most critical thoughts as
objectively as possible. Now delete everything else. Get rid of even those parts of the
document that you think are well written. You just have to connect the main sentences
literally. This is one of the best ways to keep your essay concise.

5. Sort out your text.

Read your text meticulously - is everything you said related to the main point? Are there
unnecessary "lyrical digressions" and thoughts "about something else"? If this is
present, cross out the excess.

What Shouldn't You Do?

 Don't take difficult essay topics. Don't try to demonstrate that you understand a
complicated idea when you really don't.
 Don't use conventional clichés: they show that you cannot express ideas on your
own.
 Don't use too many quotes. They give the impression that you do not have your
own opinion.

Petrol price

Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution
problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree? What other measures do you
think might be effective?

There is no doubt that traffic and pollution from vehicles have become huge problems,
both in cities and on motorways everywhere. Solving these problems is likely to need
more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.

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While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in
traffic and pollution, higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers for
long. As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very
unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads. But there are various other
measures that could be implemented that would have a huge effect on these problems.

I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed. The
technology is already available to produce electric cars that would be both quieter and
cleaner to use. Persuading manufacturers and travellers to adopt this new technology
would be a more effective strategy for improving air quality, especially in cities.

However, traffic congestion will not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle
people can use. To do this, we need to improve the choice of public transport services
available to travellers. For example, if sufficient sky trains and underground train
systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the
roads would be dramatically reduced. Long-distance train and coach services should be
made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.

In conclusion, I think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on
educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public
money to construct and run efficiently.

Online meetings

Recent research has shown that business meetings and training are increasingly
taking place online. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?

Many businesses today choose to hold meetings and do training online, rather than in
person. While this has certain drawbacks related to interpersonal relationships, I still
feel this is a positive trend because of its positive impact on employees with families. In
this essay, I will discuss both sides in detail.

Conducting the majority of business meetings online has a potentially negative effect on
the social dynamics of a company. The preference for online communication sacrifices
essential elements of human interaction in the name of a more efficient, utilitarian
process. When people sit in a room together, for training or a meeting, they are more
likely to form strong interpersonal bonds. They will be able to see each other’s body
language better and there is a good chance they may socialise in person afterwards. For
example, employees might go for drinks or even just have a private chat about the
meeting or training while still at work. This is much less likely to happen when people
are working from home or a remote location and using online tools like Skype to
communicate.

Companies that choose to do more training and have more meetings online are making
life more convenient for their employees with families. At some point in their lives, most
people must face the challenge of working and having a family. If both the mother and
father work, then one of them might have to give up their job to stay home or they will

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have to hire an expensive caretaker to look after their child during the day. If more
meetings and training took place online, this could free up time for people in certain
jobs, such as IT workers, to work entirely from home and look after their children
during the day. They will still have to make time for the training and meetings but at
least they won’t waste valuable time commuting to the office.

The move towards increased online training and meetings may sacrifice some of the
social aspects of work but this is more than made up for by the convenience it allows
working families. In many families today, both the mother and father have to work to
make ends meet and we should support any efforts to relieve their financial and
physical burdens.

Dependency on technology

We are becoming increasingly dependent on computer-based technology. How do

you think it will change in the future? Is it good for us to rely so much on
computers?

It would be difficult to imagine life without computers. Over recent years in particular,
their use and potential have grown at an incredible rate and I strongly believe that this
growth will continue as more innovative ways to use them are developed. Although
there are definitely some downsides to their use, I do believe the positives outweigh the
negatives.

Computers enable us to do a wealth of tasks that would have been unthinkable for
previous generations. We can bank online, book holidays, do our weekly shopping – the
list of labor-saving activities is almost endless. Given the speed at which they have
evolved and altered the way we do things; I am convinced that this evolutionary trend
will continue. Take, for example, the rise of virtual reality. We can already do amazing
things with it, and, as a computer-based technology, it is only in its infancy. It has so
many practical applications, from improving gaming to providing training for doctors or
pilots to handle real-life situations. As computer processing power increases, so will its
potential to enhance everything we do.

Despite this, there are dangers in relying quite so heavily on computers. So much of our
daily lives is controlled by them, that without them, modern-day life as we know it
would be impossible. Furthermore, computers store all our important data and the risk
of hacking exposes us to crimes such as fraud. However, I would argue that the
technological advances made possible by computers have improved our world in so
many ways. I believe that most people would argue that any negative aspects of
computers are outweighed by all the benefits they have brought.

In conclusion, I believe we will probably become more dependent on computers but

that our lives will improve as the technology improves. While there is a negative side to
such a dependency, there are many more positives that we can focus on.

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Alternative energy

Alternative energy sources that use the natural power of the wind, waves and sun
are too expensive and complicated to replace the coal, oil and gas that we use to
power our cities and transport. To what extent do you agree or disagree with
this?

Alternative energy is thought by some to be the answer to our reliance on fossil fuels, as
sources of alternative energy are low emitters of CO2 and are a sustainable means of
providing electrical power. Critics of 'green energy' contend that current technologies
are either too costly or impractical to realistically replace our current energy needs.
The advantages of 'green energy' are obvious. There is no need to worry about
dwindling supplies of progressively more expensive resources. Solar power will never
run out and, once initial costs are paid off, the electricity is basically free. These sources
of energy have another major benefit in the shape of their low emissions. Although
there are emissions costs in the building of wind turbines or hydroelectric power
stations, there is no further air pollution or the risk of environmental contamination.

This notion of a perfect world of free and non-polluting energy does draw criticism,
however. It is obvious that solar power won't work at night or that not every country
has a coastline, rivers or windy hills. It is also a problem that replacing our current
energy supply will entail expensive research and development, which, in turn, involves
government cooperation. One last obstacle to the adoption of ‘green energy' is nuclear
power. Many countries see the huge energy production from this power source as a
more practical solution than messing around with the wind and waves.

In conclusion, there is little doubt that we will soon need to wean ourselves off fossil
fuels and on to an alternative fuel source. The only real question is whether we risk the
costs and delays of green energy or choose the productive, but potentially dangerous,
nuclear option.

Free education and healthcare

All education and healthcare should be funded by the government and free for
everyone. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Healthcare and education are both essential services that can be extremely expensive
and, as a result, unaffordable for those on a limited budget. Nevertheless, it is important
to establish just who is responsible for funding them. The health of a country's citizens
is vitally important, without adequate healthcare, people of all ages can become
extremely ill and thus unable to earn a living or take care of themselves. So it is essential
for governments to provide well-equipped hospitals as well as highly trained staff to
run them. There is also a need for appropriate emergency services. Furthermore,
without a good public education system, people may find they are limited in their work
choices. If education is not provided free to all. those born Into poverty may find
themselves unable to rise above that level.

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We may all wish for these essential services to be provided free of charge, but the
government needs to obtain the funds for them from somewhere. Even when they are
provided free of charge, there has to be some way of recouping the costs. One way of
acquiring the necessary funds Is by Imposing taxes. Alternatively, access to welfare can
be means-tested and based on personal levels of income. The Irony Is that, in
democratic societies, where a government Is elected based on its promises, It Is often
the political party that promises tax cuts that is elected to office.

It seems clear that poorer members of our society need this type of aid and If these
costs are covered, at least partially, by the government, then we need to accept that our
taxes will be used to fund them.

Preserving cultures

Some believe that people today have no interest in maintaining the traditional
culture of their country or region. Others believe that it is still important to
people that we preserve a traditional way of life. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.

Today we live in a globalized world and the development of global culture is often at the
expense of local traditions. There are certainly many people who show indifference to
local customs in favour of embracing global ideas, but there are still many who see the
value in maintaining them, myself included.

It is easy to argue that people are strongly influenced by the effects of globalization.
Technology in particular seems to dominate the leisure time of young people, whether it
be gadgets or the Internet. As a result, there are trends which can be described as global
in all aspects of culture. For instance, many people now prefer listening to music by Ed
Sheeran or Beyoncé rather than the traditional music of their country, which is often
seen as outdated by comparison. Similarly, many would rather try exotic ‘foreign’ foods
than use traditional recipes, which they might see as dull or old-fashioned.

However, it would be a mistake to think that everyone thinks this way. Older people
especially feel nostalgia for how things used to be done. For example, in the UK, the
Royal Family are as popular as ever, and thousands of people turn out to see them
herever they go. It should also be remembered that any of today’s global pop stars were
themselves inspired by more traditional genres of music. Ed Sheeran, for example,
embodies many musical traditions, such as folk music and busking. In the same way, it is
still common to see performances of more traditional forms of music, such as classical
and jazz.

My own opinion is that there is truth in both views. There are certainly people so
focused on global trends that there is so space in their lives for, or interest in,
preserving the past. On the other hand, there are many who prefer to live in their lives
more nostalgically and value the traditions that have been handed down. I would say
that I belong more to this second group of people, although I admit I would struggle
without the Internet.

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Newspaper versus the Internet

Some people think that newspapers are the best way to learn news. However,
others believe that they can learn news better through other media. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.

Newspapers have been considered the most reliable news source for more than a
century but in recent decades newer forms of media have supplanted their influence.
Some feel that these new sources of news are better but in my opinion, newspapers are
by far better because of the amount of time and research that writers put into their
articles.

The main reason that many people prefer newer media outlets is that they deliver news
more quickly across a variety of convenient platforms. The most notable example of this
is online news. The vast majority of people get their news from Facebook and other
social media websites which aggregate articles from various online publishers,
including the online version of print newspapers in some cases. The problem here is
that websites are solely concerned with increasing traffic and getting news up as fast as
possible. It is a common occurrence for a website to publish news quickly in order to
beat others to the scoop before it has been properly verified or even thoughtfully
analysed. The result is hordes of people clicking on links to amuse themselves for a
minute without casting a critical eye over the veracity of the news. These articles are
then shared online or by word of mouth and false information spreads rapidly.

Despite the conveniences of online media, the news that is printed in newspapers has
been better researched and verified in most cases. Newspapers frequently devote entire
departments to long-term investigative journalism. A standout example of this would be
the Boston Globe’s years long investigation into sexual abuse by the Catholic church.
They carefully interviewed victims and put together a convincing case which led to
long-lasting reforms and convictions of some individuals. They also published stories on
the topic for over a year which allowed for detailed and thoughtful analysis of the
problem, suggestions for solutions, and articles on wider societal implications. This type
of reporting is anathema to the fervent pace of online media.

In conclusion, even though newspapers are a dying industry I think they are more
informative and trustworthy than the largely online institutions that are replacing them.
This trend is irreversible and will have consequences for the future of democracies
around the world as people become less informed.

Sporting events

Some people think that it is a waste of money for countries to host big sporting
events like the world cup, and that the money would be better spent on other
things. However, others think that hosting large sporting events has a clear,
positive impact on a country.

There is fierce competition between nations to host major international sports events
like the World Cup or Olympics as it is a unique opportunity to boost the national

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reputation of the host nation. In spite of its undeniable benefits, I believe that the costs
are too great and therefore governments should prioritise other key issues to better
benefit their citizens.

On the one hand, becoming a host nation for global events such as the World Cup or the
Olympics brings a number of economic and infrastructural benefits. During these
events, there is an influx of tourists from all over the world who need places to stay,
restaurants to eat in and traditional products to purchase. The efforts made to cater to
these tourists will remain long after they have gone. The cost of renovating a hotel
might pay for itself during the event and then begin turning a large profit in later years.
The other main area of development is related to the rapid expansion of quality
infrastructure. Nations will be forced to invest in new sports facilities like swimming
pools and stadiums as well as make renovations to pre-existing infrastructure like roads
and airports. For example, China used the Beijing Olympics as an opportunity to
modernise old buildings and roads.

On the other hand, these competitions use up tremendous resources from the host
nation for a temporary competition. To ensure the success of these prestigious events,
governments must waste a large percentage of the nation budget in the years leading up
to the competition, oftentimes in the billions of dollars. The newly constructed facilities
usually fall into disuse after each tournament. A salient example of this is Brazil as many
of the swimming pools and sports facilities that were used in the 2014 Olympics are
currently abandoned and becoming decrepit. Meanwhile, there are other pressing
issues that have been festering including the need for new schools for underprivileged
students and quality healthcare for the elderly population. If the government had
prioritised these issues the country would be in a better position and its citizens would
have a higher standard of living.

To summarize, due to the exorbitant costs, I am of the belief that the government should
not allocate such a large percentage of its financial resources to hosting global events
with negligible long-term impact. Instead these events should be hosted in the same
countries year after year so that the new infrastructure pays for itself over time.

Economic progress

Economic progress is often used to measure a country's success. However, some

people believe that other factors are more important.
What other factors should also be considered when measuring a country's
success? Do you think one factor is more important than others?

The relative success of different countries is usually defined in economic terms. There
are several other factors, apart from the economy, that could be used to assess a
country, and in my opinion education is the most important of all.

Standards of education, health and individual human rights should certainly be

considered when measuring a country’s status. A good education system is vital for the
development of any nation, with schools, colleges and universities bearing the
responsibility for the quality of future generations of workers. Healthcare provision is

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also an indicator of the standard of living within a country, and this can be measured by
looking at average life expectancy rates or availability of medical services. Finally,
human rights and levels of equality could be taken into account. For example, a country
in which women do not have the same opportunities as men might be considered less
successful than a country with better gender equality.

In my view, a country’s education system should be seen as the most important

indicator of its success and level of development. This is because education has a
considerable effect on the other two factors mentioned above. It affects people’s health
in the sense that doctors and nurses need to be trained, and scientists need to be
educated to the highest level before they can carry out medical research. It also affects
the economy in the sense that a well- educated workforce will allow a variety of
companies and industries to flourish, leading to trade with other countries, and
increased wealth.

In conclusion, nations can be assessed and compared in a variety of ways, but I would
argue that the standard of a country’s education system is the best measure of its
success.

Punishments to drivers

Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to
reducing traffic accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be
more effective in improving road safety.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

People have differing views with regard to the question of how to make our roads safer.
In my view, both punishments and a range of other measures can be used together to
promote better driving habits.

On the one hand, strict punishments can certainly help to encourage people to drive
more safely. Penalties for dangerous drivers can act as a deterrent, meaning that people
avoid repeating the same offence. There are various types of driving penalty, such as
small fines, license suspension, driver awareness courses, and even prison sentences.
The aim of these punishments is to show dangerous drivers that their actions have
negative consequences. As a result, we would hope that drivers become more
disciplined and alert, and that they follow the rules more carefully.

On the other hand, I believe that safe driving can be promoted in several different ways
that do not punish drivers. Firstly, it is vitally important to educate people properly
before they start to drive, and this could be done in schools or even as part of an
extended or more difficult driving test. Secondly, more attention could be paid to safe
road design. For example, signs can be used to warn people, speed bumps and road
bends can be added to calm traffic, and speed cameras can help to deter people from
driving too quickly. Finally, governments or local councils could reduce road accidents
by investing in better public transport, which would mean that fewer people would
need to travel by car.

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In conclusion, while punishments can help to prevent bad driving, I believe that other
road safety measures should also be introduced.

Books & Reading

Ruskin calls books, "Kings' Treasures" -- treasuries filled, not with gold and silver and
precious stones, but with riches much more valuable than these -- knowledge, noble
thoughts and high ideals. Man has secured a life-long source of pleasure, instruction and
inspiration by acquiring the habit of reading the books. Poor indeed is the man who
does not read, and empty is his life.

The reading habits confer the many blessings. We should choose the right kind of books.
The reading gives the highest kind of pleasure. When we are tired or the brain is weary
with serious study, it is healthy recreation to lose ourselves in some absorbing story
written by a master hand.

As we need plain, wholesome food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the
mind. We can choose reading the books according to our taste. There are many noble
books on history, biography, philosophy, religion, travel and science which we ought to
read. The reading of books will give us not only pleasure but an education. Books are
the most faithful of friends. Our friends may change or die, but our books are always
patiently waiting to talk us. No wonder a reader becomes a "book-lover."

Child Labour
Child labour' is violation of human rights and is considered to be a ‘necessary evil’ in
any country in the whole world. It hampers their normal and natural physical, mental,
spiritual, intellectual, emotional, moral and social development. Children are doing
work as domestic servants. They are employed in hotels, workshops, service stations,
shops, construction sites and pulling rickshaws etc. They are even working in hazardous
and unhygienic forms of labour in manufacturing factories.

Article 24 of the Constitution of India, 1950 says, “No child below the age of fourteen
years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or employed in any hazardous
employment”. Indian legislature has also enacted the Factories Act, 1948, The Children
Act, 1960, The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 etc. for the
protection of rights of children. Article 45 of the Constitution of India, 1950 casts duty
on the State to endeavour to provide free and compulsory education to the children.
Article 25(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights also states about the special
care and assistance for the motherhood and children.

There may no other opinion that child labour should be restricted and if possible
completely vanished. It is a socio-economic national problem, which requires close
analysis and practical solutions to meet with this burning question.

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Freedom of Thought
The most important thing is that we should have “freedom of thought.” This is not as
easy as it sounds, for everyone likes to have this freedom for himself, but is not ready to
give it to others when they express different opinions.

This is particularly the case when the differences of opinion arise on such important
matters as religion or politics’. But if we refuse to let other people hold their opinions on
these matters, and specially, if we try to force them to accept our own, progress is
impossible. If everyone went on thinking the same things as his ancestors thought,
progress would come to an end because, as the Buddha said. “What a man thinks he
becomes”.

So if we think exactly what our forefathers thought, we shall remain in the Condition in
which they were. Our thought depends a great deal upon what we read and what we
talk about. Therefore, if we want to think new thoughts, we must try to study all sides of
the topic that comes before us, and not be content only with what we read in
newspapers or what others say.

Importance of Newspaper
Newspaper, as we know, is an essential part of our life. For a newspaper reader, it is the
first and foremost thing that he would like to have early in the morning. It connects us
with every field and every part of the world. Be it politics, entertainment, sports, films
etc.

Newspaper provides information about the burning topics from all over world and
keeps us well informed. Though news is also displayed on television and radio, there we
don't have an option to choose. It results in wastage of time, as the news is repeated
over and over again and is followed by a number of advertisements.

Apart from the information newspaper provides, it can be useful in a number of ways.
The puzzles given in it develop the thinking ability. The job vacancies column helps the
people. A regular reader can improve his knowledge of language in which language he
reads the newspaper. Newspaper also tells us about the different policies introduced by
the Government and makes us aware about everything happening around us.

We can conclude by saying that the newspaper broadens our outlook and is an
enormous source of information. Therefore, one must develop the habit of reading
newspaper every day.

Indian Culture
'Indian culture' is the Mother of all cultures, be it art of living or apparently the rich
knowledge of Science and Music. All the regions and religions of the world have their
own culture with many customs, traditions and refined qualities. It is a culture of love,
respect, honouring others and humbling one’s own ego so that the inner nature, which
is naturally pure and modest will shine forth.
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Respect and reverence for elders is a key stone of Indian culture. This genuine
acknowledgment of seniority is demonstrated through endearing customs, like, not
sitting while they are standing, even serving their food first. We find the youngsters
never using the proper names of their elders. In respect, we touch the feet of all elders,
holy men and women in recognition of their great humility and attainment. A student
touches the feet of his teacher. Purity in mind, body, speech, thought, word and deed is
vitally important for us. The concept of Zero and the primordial sound of 'Om' was given
by India.

We should never use harsh, angered and indecent language and keep our body healthy
and clean. Giving things with the left hand to others is considered a subtle insult. One
must not sniff flowers picked for offering to the Deities. It is very important for a
cultured Indian to apologize immediately if one touches someone with his shoes or
sandals. The same applies inadvertently if you bump into each other. Thus our Culture is
unique and irreplaceable and places responsibility of preservation on the current
generation. Thus, a Nations culture resides in the hearts and souls of its people.

Man Made Disaster

A disaster is a hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant
physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment.
Disasters fall into two major categories. These include man made and natural disasters.
Man-made disasters are disasters due to result of human intent, negligence or involving
a failure of a man-made system that leads to human suffering and environmental
damage. Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards.
Fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/
radiation are some examples resulting the human hazards. Man has cut forests
recklessly to clear the land for cultivation and along with this environmental
degradation has taken place, which also affects human life.

Man-made hazards or disasters are sometimes referred to as anthropogenic. Man-made

disasters can be divided into different categories. As with natural hazards, man-made
hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters
are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an
event. The rising population has resulted in high fuel consumption and reduction of
natural resources. Over population also affects our social environment. Another type of
disaster that falls in this category is nuclear bomb. Other types of man-made disasters
which are just as catastrophic include chemical spill, oil spill, arson and terrorism.

Protect Atmosphere, Save Life

The Atmosphere is a transparent envelope of gases and suspended particles that
surround the Earth. Without Chemical processes involving several of the atmospheric
gases, life could not exist. Even the physical processes that operate in the atmosphere
are of vital importance because they are responsible for the Earth's varied climates. The
Atmosphere is composed almost entirely of Oxygen and Nitrogen.

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The Atmosphere is the source of every living thing in the world. It plays a very
important role in serving the world's needs. It provides ventilation to the Earth, as the
atmosphere filters the ultraviolet rays, coming from the Sun. Thus, it acts as the Earth's
protective armour without which all living things in the world would die. The ozone
layer is a matter of tremendous concern as it profoundly influences the environmental
conditions on the planet’s surface. The Atmosphere provides the air we breathe, the
food we eat, the water we drink and above all it supports LIFE.

Atmosphere is very imperative to sustain life on Earth. To protect the atmosphere, it is

possible and simple, avoid polluting the air and water basically. Fight global warming by
planting more trees and keeping your surrounding clean. You can reduce fuel
consumption by using energy efficient appliances. We can preserve the atmosphere by
practicing and encouraging good hygiene, reducing green-house gases and emissions
that are going into the air. Thus there are several solutions and ways that we can
practice to protect the Earth's atmosphere. Effort is the key in life to your success.

Preservation of Health
Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity. Health is thus a level of functional efficiency of living
beings and a general condition of a person mind, body and spirit, meaning it is free from
illness, injury and pain. It is a resource of everyday life and a positive concept
emphasizing physical capabilities.

Good health is a secret of every happy man. There is an old saying, 'Health is Wealth'.
Staying healthy for children is vital for proper growth and development of mind and
body as they need to focus in the class and fully participate in the activities on the field.
Parents must take their children for medical check-up and learn from experts about
their development in terms of height and weight, as it has a huge impact on their overall
performance and efficiency. If you are strong and healthy, you can be a shining example
to others and teach them how to achieve vibrant health.

Good health is a matter of great concern, to maintain it, healthy living and a disciplined
life is a must. One of the best ways is to drink plenty of water as it reduces the risk of
infection, keeps your skin healthy, reduces the risk of heart attack, burns body fat and
regulates our body temperature. We should sleep well as it relaxes our body and
reduces stress. We need to have a balanced diet and go for long, brisk walks. Our motto
should be to keep our body clean in order to remain healthy. We must laugh more as
laughing is a therapy and a secret of good health. The government should include
integrated health programs into their public policies and control specific health
problems.

Wildlife
'Wildlife' is a term that refers to animals that are not normally domesticated. They are a
living resource that will die and be replaced by others of their kind. Wildlife plays an
important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural
processes of nature. It can be found in all ecosystems, desert, rainforests, plains and

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other areas. India's wildlife is both rich and varied, it includes all flora and fauna,
animals, plants and macro organisms.

Wildlife is important for its beauty, economic, scientific and survival value. It helps to
maintain the ecological balance of nature and maintains the food chain. It provides
useful substances and wild animal products like ivory, leather, honey, tusk etc. Besides
being a country's cultural asset it also provides aesthetic value to man. We largely
depend on wildlife for every elementary requirement in our life eg. the clothes we wear
and the medicines we consume.

Wildlife conservation encompasses all human activities and efforts directed to preserve
wild animal from extinction it involves both protection and scientific management of
wild species. Wildlife and nature have been largely associated which humans for
numerous emotional and social reasons. Wildlife plays an essential role in the ecological
and biological processes that are yet again significant to life. The normal functioning of
the biosphere depends on endless interaction among animals, plants and micro-
organisms. Wildlife has occupied a special place of veneration and preservation in
various cultures of the world.

RURAL UPLIFT PROGRAMME IN INDIA

In free India, rural uplift programmes were initiated in the year 1952 under community
development programme. These were aimed at changing the face of the countryside,
and building a new outlook among the village folk. Under the Five Year Plans, a high
priority is being given to these programmes. Much is yet left to be done as most of the
people live in villages. However, a new awakening is growing among the people living
in villages.
The goals of the community development programme are quite ambitious. With the
advent of scientific methods of agriculture, increased production of wheat, rice, barley,
cotton and other crops has been achieved and efforts go unabated in this direction. Co-
operative credit societies have sprung up to cope with the increasing demand of capital
by small farmers and workers engaged in cottage industries.

An important aspect of the community development is the Panchayati Raj which has
been introduced in all the provinces. The panchayat system has been thought necessary
to decentralize and democratize the administration of community development. The
system envisages a far reaching change in the structure of local administration and rural
development. Its chief purpose is to involve all the people living in rural areas to work
for their own development and betterment. Banks have also been pressed into service
to help entrepreneur from villages to start new projects and generate job opportunities
in the countryside.

The village uplift programme is poised for a bold advance. Much, however,
remains to be done. Prosperity has, no doubt, percolated to villages. But the landless
agricultural labourers are still a neglected lot. Red tapism and unscrupulous and
dishonest officers are blocking the roads to the prosperity of villages. It is time that
village people recognized their new role in the new set-up and managed their
affairs. Let us hope that villages in India regain their old glory, health and prosperity.
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Advertisement or The Age of Advertisements

Today, the craze of advertisement of manufactured goods is on the increase. The art of
advertisement is, in fact, a modern development. It has revolutionised the modern
trade. Modern life is highly complex and mechanical. People have no time to go into the
soul of things. They want to buy largely advertised goods. The manufacturer, in his
turn, wants to popularize his goods before these are manufactured. Such is the craze for
advertised goods. We are living in the age of advertisement. No wonder, one sees
shining and multi-coloured bill-boards hung on poles displaying goods advertised. The
city walls are found lettered with eye-catching advertisements of products that are
manufactured today.

Advertisements has now developed both as an art as well as a science. Several

universities in the country have introduced academic courses leading to some degree or
diploma in the art of advertisement. No wonder, these graduates from the universities
are coming out with newer and newer ways of advertising things.

The world of advertisement is very large. It is a run between the manufacturer and the
consumer without wickets. Certain advertisements are catching while others are
repulsive to hear or to see. In fact, there is going on a mad race in dress materials
advertised in words becoming or unbecoming and very often the advertising agency
crosses all limits of decency and propriety.

Role of Judiciary in the Country Today

The role of judiciary became the object of discussion when, a few years ago, several top
leaders and bureaucrats of the country were arraigned and made to face trials in
various courts of the country on different charges involving huge amounts of public
money. Every country stands safe on three important pillars that sustain it – the
political leadership, the executive machinery and the judicial system. Each of these
three systems is not only complementary to the other two but is also a sort of watch-
dog to ensure that the other two systems do not go astray.

The role of judiciary was brought into focus when several cases and scams involving
VIPs and VVIPs were brought to light either by the CBI or through some public interest
litigations. In spite of several constraints, the judiciary continues to play its role to the
best of its ability. Many corrupt leaders, politicians and officers continue to be brought
before the court on various charges.

Judiciary is the only hope of the country. There is no doubt that politicians and
bureaucrats have failed in their duty to give this country a clean, honest government
answerable to the masses. It is judiciary alone that can assert itself and call a spade a
spade without fear or favour. The law of the land must be allowed to prevail. This is

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possible only if the judiciary is made stronger. Quick and efficient administration of
justice must be ensured to one and all.

Reservation for Women in Legislative Assemblies and Parliament

“Men have already made a mess of the world. Let them quit the field and make way for
women.” This is what a lady member of the Lok Sabha said one day during a discussion
on the Women’s Reservation Bill. There has been a strong demand from a section of the
society to reserve at least 33 per cent seats for women in the legislative bodies like the
Panchayats, Municipal Corporation, State Assemblies, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya
Sabha.

Apart from the women themselves, several political parties are also strongly supporting
this idea of reservation of seats for women. They argue that ever since the creation of
this world, women have always been at the receiving end. They have been exploited
and burdened with the household duties. All this has led to a strong feeling that women
should be given their proper place and status in the society. This can be possible if they
are given some powers to control their own destiny. That is why the demand for
reservation of seats for women in the state assemblies and the parliament is gaining
strength day by day.

Those who oppose the idea of reservation for women say that family life in the country
would be totally upset if women are called upon to work in such large numbers. Some
women who are already occupying top positions in the country openly say that they do
not need the crutch of reservation and that they would go ahead in life on their
own. Some people express the fear that if women are given thirty-three per cent in the
open competition on their own merit. Although some believe that the presence of
women in the decision making bodies would lend them grace, decency and decorum,
others say that it would only bring in glamour, indecency and scandal mongering.

The debate is continuing. It is not a healthy sign for any nation to be divided so sharply
on the issue of the status of a particular sex. Men and women are both complementary
to each other like the two wheels of a vehicle. None can work without the support of the
other. They must enjoy equal status and none of them should have any grudge against
the other.

The Coalition Politics

India is a land full of diversities. People in different states of the country have their own
ways of life, their languages and political views. This has led to a growth of regionalism
in the country where every region thinks it number of regional political parties in
different parts of the country. As a results, no single party in the country is able to win
an absolute majority in the 540-member Lok Sabha. As soon as the elections are over,
different parties with their respective strengths start closed door meetings to form a
group that constitutes a majority. This gives rise to a coalition government at the
Centre.

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Experience has now shown that a coalition government can run as smoothly as any
single party government. The only requirement is that the coalition partners have to
stick to a code of conduct. Every coalition party has to own the responsibility for all
government policies or actions. No partner is expected to air the views of a particular
group in public. All differences must be referred to the coordinating group set up to
coordinate and accommodate the views of the coalition partners. No party or person in
a coalition government must also act like the head of a family and respect the views of
all the parties making up the coalition.

The successive coalitions at the Centre, the NDA and the UPA have proved that the
working of coalition governments is difficult but it is not an impossibility. For sheer
survival, the partners have to continue to work together even where there are serious
differences. In spite of all these problems, the coalition governments are doing well in
the country, both at the state as well as the national level. There is, however, no denying
the fact that a single party government is always better than a coalition government.

Global Terrorism- The Fight Against Terrorism

The world is today witnessing a rise of terrorist activities in different parts of the
world. A number of groups, owing allegiance to some political ideology or some
particular religious beliefs, have chosen the path of violence and terror to achieve their
objects. These vested interests are rabid fundamentalists or fanatics having no sanctity
for life. The know no principles or values. They believe in the power of the gun and
want to achieve their objects overnight.

While some of these groups are fighting for control over some pieces of land, others are
fighting for spreading their own ideology or religious philosophies. They choose to defy
public opinion and refuse to see reason. They think that their own view point or stand
is the only right view point or stand, and that they have a right to convert other people
to their thinking by force. For this avowed purpose they do not hesitate from
committing the worst of crimes including murder of innocent citizens, looting or
burning property, kidnapping people, hijacking planes and creating terror in one way or
the other.

The UNO has, in a resolution, called upon various nations to join hands and work as
United Alliance to face this threat of terrorism anywhere at any time in the world.
It is a shame that even as the human civilization is marching ahead, some people are
bent upon pushing the world back to the age of barbarism and brutality full of chaos and
indiscipline. The law of the jungle will take us nowhere. We can only pray for good
sense of prevail so that the world is able to share and enjoy the blessings bestowed
upon mankind by new leaps in the field of science and technology.

FEMALE FOETIDICE- ACULTURATE BLEMISH

We are all the citizens of a country which can rightly boast of a proud past, a past, a
culture in which there was never any discrimination on the basis of sex. Woman in this
country has always been looked upon as more important than man. Look at our

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nomenclature: Sita — Ram, Radhey –Sham, the names of the women take precedence
over those of men. No auspicious ceremony is supposed to be complete without the
presence of a woman.

The practice of female foeticide is a curse on our intellect, our wisdom and our total
ethos. It is a sin, a blasphemy against our ancient cultural values. It is fraught with
dangerous consequences. The Act, 1994 states that the determination of the sex of an
unborn child is illegal. “The Pre-Natal Diagnostic the doctor, the woman and the
motivator is three years imprisonment, Rs. 10000 fine and suspension of the doctor’s
licence.” But in spite of all the measures like this, the sex-ratio of girls versus boys is
decreasing with every passing decade. This national ratio has come down from 945
females to 1000 males in 1991 to 927 females to 1000 males in 2001. In Punjabi it has
fallen from 882 in the year 1991 to 875 in the year 2001.

It is unfortunate that the Indian psyche appears to be heavily loaded against the birth of
a female child. Somebody has to have the guts to change it. Why can’t some bold
reformers declare that their last rites would be performed only by their daughters, not
sons? What’s wrong in that?

Information Technology is a developing technology

Information Technology is a developing technology that aims at obtaining the maximum

information with minimum of resources, labour or time. The technological progress
during the past sixty years has brought about an explosion in knowledge. Today we
have super computers imitating the human brain and even beating it in various fields
like fast data processing, huge memory storage and quick retrieval capacity. This
wonder machine called computer has revolutionised life in a big way.

The Information Technology today is rightly called the Technology of the Century as it
has found its application and use in every walk society of the world. Distances no
longer exist and the world appears to have shrunk into a Global Village. The wisdom of
the wisest is today available to the stupidest of the person thus ushering in an era of
real equality of opportunity to all. It is really a landmark achievement that more than
six billion population of the world will soon be living in a virtual village, as compact as
any small Indian village of a fun thousand population.

Information Technology, as expected, has brought about a sea change in the functioning
of this world. It has proved to be a great boon to industrial productivity. Internet
makes all the information available regarding product design, product quality, latest
technologies, market survey, financial conditions and the like at any given point of time
on a continuous basis at any place in the world. Systems like Supply Chain Management
(SCM) and Enterprises Resources Planning (ERP) and coming up fast to provide mutual
help and information to producers, buyers, distributors, and consumers all over the
world.

In short, every aspect of the human life under the sun will see a vast change. We used to
talk of a utopia, a heaven of our dreams. I am sure it is coming. We are soon going to

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witness an age where every head will be high, where every heart will be happy, where
every hand will be busy.

Freedom of Speech
The phrase “Freedom of Speech” has been misinterpreted by some individuals who
either do not actually understand the meaning of the phrase completely or have a totally
different agenda in mind altogether. Every democratic country gives its citizens this
freedom. The same is guaranteed by the Constitution of India too. Irrespective of your
gender, religion, caste, or creed, you are guaranteed that freedom as an Indian.

Indians stand out for their secularism and for spreading democratic values across the
world. Thus, to save and celebrate the democracy, enforcing freedom of speech in India
becomes a necessity. Freedom of speech is not only about the fundamental rights, it’s
also a fundamental duty to be done by every citizen rightfully so as to save the essence
of democracy.

In developed democracies like the US, UK, Germany or France, we see a “freedom of
speech” that is different from what we see in authoritarian countries like China,
Malaysia or Syria and failed democratic countries like Pakistan or Rwanda. These
governance systems failed because they lacked freedom of speech. Freedom of press
gives us a yardstick to gauge the freedom of speech in a country. A healthy, liberal and
strong democracy is reflected by a strong media presence in a country, since they are
supposed to be the voice of the common people. A democracy that has a stomach for
criticisms and disagreements are taken in a positive way.

Cultural Diversity in India

Indian culture is an amalgamation of diverse cultures and traditions influenced by the
great Indian history. India is the second most populated country in the world and is also
a culturally diverse country. India comprises of 29 different states rich in their own
cultures and traditions. Indian culture is the heart of the country and its people. Its
diverse religions and communities mainly influence Indian culture. India’s diversified
culture gathers people of various communities and cultures to celebrate festivals with
brotherhood and love.

India is a hub of many multicultural and multi-traditional festivals like Holi, Diwali,
Christmas, Guru Nanak, Ganesh Chaturthi, Dussehra, Ramazan, and many more. Each
Indian festival unfolds its own cultural and national tale and significance and is
celebrated with different customs. In India, Deity is an essential part of every person’s
life. Indians hold different prayers, beliefs, and values. The Hindu tradition and belief
system worships and respects Cows, Banyan tree, Neem tree, and Peepal tree as their
religious connotations. India comprises many rivers such as Ganga, Bramhaputra,
Yamuna, Narmada, Godavari, and Tapti River, which holds great religious significance
and sentiments. The people occasionally worship these rivers.

India homes many sacred and religious places like the Amarnath temple, the Haridwar
temple, Vaishno Devi, Badrinath, and Varanasi, which are located in the northern part of
the country. However, in the southern region, one can visit the Rameshwaram temple,
Sabrimala, and Sringeri that hold great significance. India holds other significant
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religious places such as the Somnath Temple and the Dwarkadish Temple in Gujarat.
The Siddhi Vinayak Temple in Mumbai is another pure Indian beauty. The famous
Golden Temple, located at Amritsar, holds great beauty and importance on the Sikh
pilgrimage site in India. Thus, India is enriched with traditional and modern culture.
People have the freedom to practice or follow the religion of their choice.

Start Up India
Start-up India stand-up India is an initiative launched on January 16, 2016 with its full
work plan. However, this plan was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during
his Independence Day speech in 2015. This program is a new gift to the youth by the
Indian government of 2016. This will help them to establish their new businesses or
innovative projects. In this way, almost all the youth of the country will be encouraged
and their new innovative ideas will be used to create jobs. It will prove to be very
helpful in improving the country's economic growth and the development of the career
of the youth.

To make this initiative successful, through online connectivity, we want to take part in
almost all the major higher education institutions in India. This program will help India
make the start-up capital of the world. The entire plan of the scheme has been started
with the start of the start-up India standup India campaign. While establishing a high-
level inter-ministerial panel also went planned to create a favorable ecosystem after
innovation, as well as to ensure that the evaluation of the startup proposals that are
eligible for incentives or not.

This initiative is an effective effort by the government to help startup new business
ventures, especially for people with innovative ideas and skills. It will help in improving
the situation of small and new entrepreneurs and create new job opportunities for
others. There is no shortage of talented and skilled youth in India with innovative plans,
but they need some effective support to encourage and move forward without fear of
failing. All Indian IITs, Central Universities, IIMs, NITs and other institutions were
associated with each other for successful launch of this campaign.

Violence in India
Violence is the expression of physical or verbal force against self or different, compelling
action against one can on pain of being hurt. The word violence covers a broad
spectrum. It will vary from physical words between 2 beings, wherever a small injury
could also result, to war and killing, wherever millions might die as a result. Violence
could be a comparatively common form of human behaviour that happens throughout
the globe. Individuals of any age could also be violent, though older adolescents and
young adults are presumed to interact in violent behaviour. Violence features various
adverse effects on those that witness or expertise it, and youngsters are particularly
liable to its damage. As luck would have it, numerous programs are productive in
preventing and reducing violence. Human is a peaceable entity, but greed, passion,
misguidance, etc. lead an individual to adopt violent behaviour. Violence has created

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mayhem throughout the planet. Each country within the world faces some reasonable
violence or the opposite.

Violence may be an international development leading to the deaths of over one. Six
million folks annually, creating it one of all the leading causes of death worldwide.
Violent crimes square measure usually divided into four main classes, supported the
character of the behaviour: killing, assault, theft, alternative varieties of violence
overlap with these classes, like kid sexual and violence.
Sexual violence will occur at associate degree social or collective level. Sexual violence
incorporates non-consensual sexual contact and non-consensual non-contact acts of a
sexual nature, like paraphilia and harassment.12 Acts qualify as sexual violence if
they’re committed against somebody unable to consent or refuse, as an example,
attributable to age, disability, misuse of authority, violence, or threats of violence.

Women safety in India

Women safety in India is widely discussed everywhere nowadays. It has now become a
major issue. The crime rate is on the spike. Women travellers from other countries are
also in a dubious state while thinking about coming to India. However, this fear cannot
keep them away from any kind of social activity. There are laws but there should be
proper safety measures which we have to follow strictly to protect the women from
violence.

Women’s life is endangered due to violence and discrimination and kept them away
from participating in any social activity. Women are caged in the houses previously, but
urbanization forces them to break these jails and show their talent to the world at par
with men. Women showed their talent in every sector from the taxi driver to the CEO of
multinational corporate companies. People must shrug off the idea that women can't do
anything by going out of the house. They should admit that she has set foot on the moon
too.

Violence is widely observed in public transports, so she should try to avoid travelling
with public transports at night, and if it's not possible then make sure you travel with
enough crowd. If she is driving alone, don't give a lift to strangers, because we are not
sure about their intentions. Using a smartphone wisely can provide a bodyguard in
emergencies. Precautions are always better than cure! To protect women from domestic
violence ‘The Parliament of India’ passed ‘The Protection of Women from Domestic
violence Act 2005’.

Naxalism in India
The Naxal movement also presents the greatest overall concern to India in the future, as
it highlights various underlying weaknesses of India’s governance, political institutions
and socio-economic structure. Naxalism is the biggest problem that India is facing today
because it affects several areas including the economy, security and foreign affairs, its
citizens and rule of law. Because of the multi-dimensional aspect of the Naxal problem, a
three-pronged approach should be taken in dealing with the threat. It calls for a balance

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between military forces, social and economic development, as well as dialogue between
all parties.

The Indian Maoist movement, popularly known as the Naxal movement, arose from the
broader communist movement in India. The words Naxal/Naxalism/Naxalite owe their
origin to the Naxalbari village of the Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal, from
where the peasant insurgency led by the Maoists began in 1967. The Naxal uprising was
led by Charu Majumdar (chief ideologue), Kanu Sanyal (peasant leader) and Jungel
Santhal (tribal leader).

The success of the Maoist movement is deeply rooted in the weakness of some parts of
the Indian state to fulfil its ideally functions and responsibilities. Although India, in
comparison to other former colonised states, was able to develop a powerful apparatus
of state, state control remains in large parts precarious in terms of its conception. State
administration is especially in those areas sparsely developed which are most affected
by Naxalite violence.

In 2013, the government identified 26 districts in the country as highly Naxal-affected

with 80% violence in the last three years being reported from there. The districts are
spread over seven Maoist-hit states – Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal. There was some debate in India on number of
districts or the area in the country that is affected by Naxalism. These numbers have
been varying from 60 to 200 plus depending on the intensity of violence. At the same
time allotment of special funds for development and security by the Planning
Commission as well as the Ministry of Home Affairs had led to declaration of even less
affected districts as under Naxal control by states, 83 such districts in the country had
been identified, mainly in the seven most affected states as mentioned.

Schemes of Government of India

The social welfare services of the Government of India are intended to cater to the
special needs of persons and groups who, because of some handicap, or social, economic
and physical reasons are unable to avail themselves of the amenities and services
provided by the community. These weaker sections include women, children,
handicapped, aged and infirm, SC and STs etc. Social welfare activities in the country
find their inspiration in Constitution which postulates the goal of welfare state. Article
38 of the Constitution says that the steps of government shall strive to promote the
welfare of the people by securing and protecting their interests.

India adopted a mixed economy, where state took initiative to develop the masses. This
initiative included establishment of Planning Commission which was nodal agency for
flagship programming. Various programmes and schemes of government can be
categorised as (i) Rural Development Schemes, (i) Child Welfare Schemes, (iii) Women
Empowerment Schemes, (iv) Employment Schemes etc.

Indian Government’s intention to provide assistance to poor and their upliftment is

clear, but at the implementation part government fails. The reason of inefficiency can be
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attributed to improper monitoring, lack of accountability, corruption and misalignment

of incentives. According to CAG Report 2013, the scheme MGNREGA has failed in Bihar
and Karnataka due to misappropriation and subversion of funds. Making a policy and
implementing it as a scheme are two totally different aspects; if either of them is not
done efficiently, the policy will be a total failure.

There are a number of schemes launched by government focused on a range of public

services. Among them, 10 big flagship programmes like MGNREGS, Make in India, Digital
India, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan etc. account for 90% of the resources, leaving other small
programmes to only increase administrative burden. It significantly affects the
implementation of even bigger schemes. Government should prioritise schemes and
should go according to the administrative capacity of implementation. Proper surveys
should be done before formulating a scheme. There is also a need of better coordination
among Centre and State Governments.

Corruption in India
Corruption refers to a form of criminal activity or dishonesty. It refers to an evil act by
an individual or a group. Most noteworthy, this act compromises the rights and
privileges of others. Furthermore, Corruption primarily includes activities like bribery
or embezzlement. However, Corruption can take place in many ways. Most probably,
people in positions of authority are susceptible to Corruption. Corruption certainly
reflects greedy and selfish behavior.

First of all, Bribery is the most common method of Corruption. Bribery involves the
improper use of favours and gifts in exchange for personal gain. Furthermore, the types
of favours are diverse. Above all, the favours include money, gifts, company shares,
sexual favours, employment, entertainment, and political benefits. The graft is a global
form of Corruption. Most noteworthy, it refers to the illegal use of a politician’s
authority for personal gain. Furthermore, a popular way for the graft is misdirecting
public funds for the benefit of politicians. Extortion is another major method of
Corruption. It means to obtain property, money or services illegally. Above all, this
obtainment takes place by coercing individuals or organizations. Hence, Extortion is
quite similar to blackmail.

One important way of preventing Corruption is to give a better salary in a government

job. Many government employees receive pretty low salaries. Therefore, they resort to
bribery to meet their expenses. So, government employees should receive higher
salaries. Consequently, high salaries would reduce their motivation and resolve to
engage in bribery. Tough laws are very important for stopping Corruption. Above all,
strict punishments need to be meted out to guilty individuals. Furthermore, there
should be an efficient and quick implementation of strict laws. Applying cameras in
workplaces is an excellent way to prevent corruption. Above all, many individuals
would refrain from indulging in Corruption due to fear of being caught. Furthermore,
these individuals would have otherwise engaged in Corruption.

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To sum it up, Corruption is a great evil of society. This evil should be quickly eliminated
from society. Corruption is the poison that has penetrated the minds of many
individuals these days. Hopefully, with consistent political and social efforts, we can get
rid of Corruption.

DIGITAL INDIA
The “Digital India” campaign was launched by the government of India to uplift the
usage of technology in India. The objective was to make the Government services easily
available to the citizens electronically by improving its online infrastructure all over the
country. The process would be structured to increase internet connectivity to make the
country digitally empowered. It helps to reach out to the masses and encourage them to
use technology in their daily lives. Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi launched the
campaign on July 1, 2015. The initiative aims at connecting rural India with the help of
high-speed internet connectivity.

With the Digital India Programme, the Government of India is hoping to achieve an all-
round growth on multiple fronts collectively. The awareness of the importance of
technology has been successfully created among the masses of India by the Digital India
campaign. There has been a vast growth in the usage of the internet and technology in
past few years. The Panchkula district in Haryana was awarded the best and top
performing district under the Digital India campaign on the 28th of December 2015.

Technology giants from all over the world paid attention to the Digital India campaign
and are readily and happily supporting the initiative. Even Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of
Facebook, had changed his profile picture to support Digital India. He started a trend on
Facebook and promised to get the WiFi Hotspots in rural India working. Google started
on its commitment to providing broadband connectivity at 500 railway stations in India.
Microsoft agreed on providing broadband connectivity to 500,000 villages in the
country. Microsoft is also making India its cloud hub via the Indian data centres. Oracle
planned on investing in 20 states to work on Smart City initiatives and payments.

Disaster Management in India

Disaster management refers to the response to an emergency. Due to its unique
geographical conditions, India is prone to natural disasters. Some of the major natural
disasters that India has often faced are floods, landslides, earthquakes, droughts,
storms, and so on. Each year, some areas of the country are facing these dire situations
and the government is taking steps to manage these disasters.

Due to natural disasters, our country suffers enormous losses of public and private
property and many lives are also lost during severe natural disasters. The National
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was created by the Indian National
Government to respond quickly to disasters caused by nature or otherwise. The
National Disaster Management Academy has been equipped with all the tools and
training needed to provide disaster relief.

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For many years, the National Disaster Management Authority has dealt with natural
disasters, but it needs to be regularly updated with modern equipment to handle
disaster situations much more effectively. If not all, but some of the natural disasters
were due to infrastructure developments. Several jungles have been cut to build cities
and industries. The river belts have been modified to ensure that development in the
neighbouring region is faster. Pollution becomes a major problem that negatively affects
the environment. Pollution in the form of solid, liquid and gas harms the environment at
an alarming rate. If these development problems are not dealt with tactfully, we will
create a serious imbalance in the global environment that will cause global warming
and increase the frequency of natural disasters.

Whatever the modernity of our response to natural disasters, if we are unable to create
a balance in our environment, we will face the dullness of nature. In summary, it is
important to modernize our response to disaster management by purchasing
equipment, training and state or art techniques. However, it will be much wiser to
reduce the natural imbalance to reduce natural disasters.

Smart cities in India

The project of ‘Smart Cities’ was announced soon after the Narendra Modi led
government came into power. This was considered as a step in the direction of urban
India’s renewal. Over the past few years, the urban cities have been witnessing an
increase in migration of population from rural to urban India. This influx has posed a
number of challenges for the natives, migrants as well as the government. Smart cities
are considered as a solution to cope with the challenges of urbanisation. ‘Smart city’ is
an urban region that is environment friendly, technologically well-equipped and has an
efficient core infrastructure along with market viability. The core infrastructure of a
smart city includes adequate water supply, assured electricity, sanitation, solid waste
management, efficient public transport and affordable housing, especially for the poor.
Robust IT connectivity and digitalisation, e-governance and citizen participation, safety
and security of citizens are some of the additional components of the core infrastructure
of a smart city. With the availability of ‘real-time data’, computers can ensure nearly
perfect operations such as synchronisation of traffic signals during the peak traffic
hours, striking a balance between the demand and supply of electricity networks etc. As
the premise of a smart city is based on the market drivers of demand and supply, these
cities promise benefits to the businesses, citizens, environment and the government
along with sustainable development.
Ever since the launch of this project, government’s think tanks, ministries and private
firms have been working together to make this dream project a success. As of now, the
government has announced an initial target of 100 smart cities in the next five years.
Instead of building brand new cities, the government plans to develop and build smart
towns on the lines of smart cities in the vicinity of the existing urban areas, upgrade the
existing mid-sized cities, and build settlements along the industrial corridors. The smart
cities are expected to have ‘special investment regions’ along with a modified tax
structure in order to attract foreign investments. These cities are considered to be the
magnets for investments which will eventually lead to the creation of a large number of
jobs in the region. The project will witness a large number of ‘public-private
partnerships’ in its due course.
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Role of Media in India

Media is the means of communication that reaches or influences people widely, has a
significant place in the statecraft machinery especially in the age of information
revolution. It is the source of information for a society regarding any issue be it local,
regional or global, people rely and even trust on what is presented to them by media.
The media has become an important tool of the statecraft in the modern era. It is the
'fourth estate' which helps the state to further its interests, objectives and goals.
Therefore, media act as an influential and instrumental tool with regards to building
confidence or promoting mistrust among people on issues related to national security.

It is, therefore necessary to ensure that the media is prompt, responsible, sensitive,
accurate and objective in its presentation of news. In the context of maintenance of
public order, the role of the media could go a long way in preventing rumour mongering
and incorrect or mischievous coverage by a small section of the media which could be
supportive of partisan elements. The central issue is how to have an effective interface
with the media. Given the technological environment in which the media functions
today, the fact that there is no monopoly over sources of information and the need to
have an informed public, control measures are neither feasible nor desirable To ensure
that government officials interact with the media in a professional manner, media
management modules should be integrated in various training programmes.

Ideally, media should be impartial and free from the propaganda mechanisms. It should
provide balanced account to the people. Media educates and keeps the public informed
about the national and international political and other human realities taking place in
everyday life.

However, the potential of media as a force multiplier and a weapon of war must be
realized. Failure to recognize and counter enemy’s usage of media could lead to
unprecedented military and national failures. It must be realized that today decisions
are no longer based on events but on how the events are presented.

Unemployment in India
Unemployment is a very serious issue not only in India but in the whole world. There
are hundreds and thousands of people out there who do not have employment.
Unemployment refers to a situation in which a skilled and talented people wanted to do
a job. But cannot find a proper job due to several reasons. In a country like India, there
is much reason for a large section of the population for being unemployed. Some of
these factors are population growth, slow economic growth, seasonal occupation, slow
growth of the economic sector, and fall in the cottage industry.

Moreover, these are the major reason for unemployment in India. Also, the situation has
become so drastic that highly educated people are ready to do the job of a sweeper.
Besides, the government is not doing his work seriously. Apart from all these, a large
portion of the population is engaged in the agricultural sector and the sector only
provides employment in harvest or plantation time. If things will go on like the current

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scenario then unemployment will become a major issue. Apart from this, the following
things happen in an economy which is an increase in poverty, an increase in crime rate,
exploitation of labor, political instability, mental health, and loss of skills. As a result, all
this will eventually lead to the demise of the nation.

The government has taken the problem very seriously and have taken measures to
slowly reduce unemployment. Some of these schemes includes IRDP (Integrated Rural
Development Programme), DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme), Jawahar Rozgar
Yojana, Employment Assurance Scheme, NRY (Nehru Rozgar Yojana), Training for self-
Employment, PMIUPEP (Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication
Program), employment exchange, Employment Guarantee Scheme, development of
organized sector, small and cottage industries, employment in forging countries, and
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana and few more.

To conclude, we can say that the problem of unemployment in India has reached a
critical stage. But, now the government and local authorities have taken the problem
seriously and working on it to reduce unemployment. Also, to completely solve the issue
of unemployment we have to tackle the main issue of unemployment that is the vast
population of India.

Caste Based Reservation In India

Reservation is a controversial and highly debatable topic in India. Furthermore, the
main aim behind the reservation was the empowerment of the weaker sections of
society. So, let’s learn all about it with this essay on reservation in India. Reservation in
India refers to the practice of reserving a certain percentage of seats in government
institutions for people belonging to backward and under-represented communities.
Furthermore, reservation in its essence is a type of quota-based affirmative action. The
primary beneficiaries of the reservation policies under the Constitution are the
Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
Furthermore, this concept was made part of the Constitution in order to let the deprived
classes come at par with the privileged classes.

Today, the division of the Indian society has taken place into Hindu, Muslim, SC, ST, OBC
etc. Furthermore, demands for newer reservation are also coming from Christians, Jats,
Pandits, Tribals etc.
Unfortunately, there has been the failure of the policy to achieve its aim to uplift
the marginalised classes. Rather, the reservation policy has become a political tool in
the hands of politicians. Furthermore, the rift in the caste system is becoming deeper.
The 93rd Amendment stirred the anger of the youth, in general, all over the country.
Furthermore, protests took place from various sections of society. Moreover, the reason
for the anger of the youth was that the development of one section of the society cannot
take place at the cost of the other sections.

Reservation in India has been playing a major role in the politics of India. Furthermore,
it has now become an integral part of Indian society, in spite of the criticism it had to
face. Overall, it can be said that while the intention behind reservation cannot be
blamed, it is the faulty implementation that has been the main problem.
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Climate Catastrophe
Billions of tons of CO2 are released into the atmosphere every year as a result of coal,
oil, and gas production. Human activity is producing greenhouse gas emissions at a
record high, with no signs of slowing down. According to a ten-year summary of UNEP
Emission Gap reports, we are on track to maintain a “business as usual” trajectory.

The last four years were the four hottest on record. According to a September 2019
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report, we are at least one degree Celsius
above preindustrial levels and close to what scientists warn would be “an unacceptable
risk”. The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change calls for holding eventual warming
“well below” two degrees Celsius, and for the pursuit of efforts to limit the increase even
further, to 1.5 degrees. But if we don’t slow global emissions, temperatures could rise
to above three degrees Celsius by 2100, causing further irreversible damage to our
ecosystems. While technology has contributed to climate change, new and efficient
technologies can help us reduce net emissions and create a cleaner world. Readily-
available technological solutions already exist for more than 70 per cent of today’s
emissions. In many places renewable energy is now the cheapest energy source and
electric cars are poised to become mainstream.

In the meantime, nature-based solutions provide ‘breathing room’ while we tackle the
decarbonization of our economy. These solutions allow us to mitigate a portion of our
carbon footprint while also supporting vital ecosystem services, biodiversity, access to
fresh water, improved livelihoods, healthy diets, and food security. Nature-based
solutions include improved agricultural practices, land restoration, conservation, and
the greening of food supply chains. If governments, businesses, civil society, youth, and
academia work together, we can create a green future where suffering is diminished,
justice is upheld, and harmony is restored between people and planet.

Demonetisation
Demonetization refers to the act of stripping a currency as legal tender. In
demonetization, the current form of money is removed from circulation and retired.
Furthermore, the replacement of this form of money occurs with new notes or coins.
Sometimes, a nation completely introduces a new currency in place of old currency.
Most noteworthy, demonetization is a move in which a government bans the notes or
coins of a certain denomination.

First of all, demonetization significantly reduces corruption from taking place. It

certainly puts a full stop to corrupt practices. Demonetization significantly hampers
individuals dealing in black money from carrying out their evil ideas. Most
noteworthy, corrupt people in the future will feel scared of hoarding cash.
Demonetization improves the banking system significantly. Moving in the cashless
direction would mean better access to credit and revamping of financial operations.
Demonetization will lead to fewer instances of tax avoidance. This certainly is a massive
advantage of demonetization. Money that is deposited will be taken track of by income
tax authorities. Therefore, people will hesitate to use tax avoidance tactics.

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Cash shortage is a natural consequence of demonetization. The scarcity of cash can

certainly lead to chaos. This is exactly what took place during the 2016 Indian banknote
demonetization. Furthermore, people face various difficulties in depositing or
exchanging the demonetized banknotes. Also, the ATM’s can run short of cash for many
weeks or months. Rural areas face huge trouble due to demonetization. This is because
rural areas and the agricultural sector highly depend upon cash. Furthermore, these
people lack the financial literacy to handle the situation. Moreover, most people in such
areas are ignorant of computing technology and the cashless economy.

To sum it up, demonetization is certainly a revolutionary step in a country’s economic

system. It is something that has been practiced by countries from time to time.
Furthermore, the objectives for demonetization remain more or less the same the world
over. Most noteworthy, the decision to demonetize should come by keeping the national
interests at the forefront.

Farmers’ Suicide in India

Farmers are an important part of our country. After all, India is an agricultural country.
We depend highly on our farmers. However, unfortunately, the case is that farmer
suicides are a common issue in our country. Each year we see so many cases of these
suicides due to a number of reasons. The government of India needs to take measures to
prevent this issue. We need to save our farmers from this misery as they are the ones
who feed us. Even the citizens must be aware of this issue and not pay them less so they
suffer loss.

There are a lot of reasons as to why farmer suicides happen in our country. All these
reasons come together to make this worrying issue prevalent. One of the main reasons
is droughts. When the crops do not get sufficient rainfall they do not yield much
produce. This, in turn, poses as a great loss to the farmers as their money gets wasted
and they go in debt. Areas that have frequent droughts have higher cases of farmer
suicides. Similarly, floods are also as dangerous as droughts. The crops of the farmers
erode away and they do not get any product from those crops. Furthermore, the high
debt which the farmers have to pay for the land is another major factor. As they take
heavy loans for growing crops and fail to do so, they kill themselves as they do not have
money to pay their debt back. In addition, family pressure is too high for farmers. They
fail to make ends meet and thus commit suicide because of this failure. Moreover,
capitalization is a very big reason for farmer suicides. Nowadays, people most
favor privatization and capitalization. These big firms capitalize on the crops and sell
them using marketing strategies.

The government must take measures to tackle this issue at the earliest. It must set up
exclusive agricultural zones that allow specifically agricultural activities. Moreover,
there must be certain programs that teach farmers about modern techniques related to
farming. It will help in enhancing the production of crops. Most importantly, the
weather risk management system must be introduced. This way the farmers can be told
beforehand about the upcoming extreme weather conditions. This will help them
become cautious and also minimize the loss to a great extent.

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Global Warming
Global warming is a dangerous effect on our environment that we are facing these days.
Rapid industrialization, increase in the population growth and pollution are causing a
rise in global warming. Global warming refers to the increase in the average
temperature of the earth's surface during the last century. One of the reasons why
global warming is dangerous is because it disturbs the overall ecology of the planet.
This results in floods, famine, cyclones and other issues. The most evident causes of
global warming are industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, sophisticated human
activities.

Global warming is certainly an alarming situation, which is causing a significant impact

on life existence. One of the reasons behind global warming is the extreme release of
greenhouse gases stuck on the earth surface, resulting in the temperature increase.
Although we are almost late in slowing down the global warming rate, it is crucial to
find the right solution. From individuals to governments, everyone has to work upon a
solution for global warming.

As a citizen, it is best to switch over to the hybrid car and to use public transport. This
will reduce pollution and congestion. Another significant contribution you can do is
minimise the use of plastic. Deforestation is another thing to consider that will help in
controlling global warming. Planting of more trees should be encouraged to make the
environment go green. Industrialization should be under certain norms. Hefty penalties
should be levied on such sectors contributing towards global warming.

The effect of global warming is widely seen in this decade. Glacier retreat and arctic
shrinkage are the two common phenomena seen. These are pure examples of climate
change. Similarly, marine life is also widely getting affected due to the increase in global
warming. This is resulting in the death of marine species and other issues. These effects
will take a steep rise in coming years, bringing the expansion of species to a halt.
Moreover, humans too will witness the negative impact of global warming in the end.

Intolerance
Intolerance is the state of refusal to acknowledge or admire any belief system or ideas of
another group, or person’s religion, caste, culture, or traditions. Intolerance leads to the
path of destruction of an individual or a society. Mythology and History are, by far, a
great example of such an asynchronous act. People can tolerate such actions, but slowly
it leads to the feeling of irritation. Some people react to intolerant behaviour, practices,
or beliefs through fight after a certain point. An intolerant person never listens to
other’s ideas on Intolerance and is impotent to make any right decisions.

Intolerance is a transgression, which leads to society, nation, or a country towards

escalation. It is an act of failure that influences people to dislike certain beliefs, religion,
culture, caste, and traditions belonging to another set or group. An example is in
Intolerance between the Israeli Jews and Palestine, which leads to the rise of violence.

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Intolerance originates in a society comprising politically charged and economically

depressed groups, or individuals who tolerate differentiation, or harm. In such cases,
violence, discrimination, dehumanization, or repression of individuals take place.
Subsequently, it leads to a situation with permanent separation between two or more
groups, caste, religion, cultures, and traditions.
Intolerance is a grave matter of concern in a society, or an action, as it gives rise to
violence among people belonging to different communities. This situation leads to a
boycott of those communities that are treated differently based on their indifference.
For instance, the Muslims boycotted the non-Muslim population and vice versa.
Intolerance narrows a person’s mindset. This prevents him/her from accepting any
reforms that would help the development of a society or the nation. Intolerant people
possess a high level of destructive power and put the entire nation at stake. Therefore,
the act of Intolerance should be prevented in any country, community, or society.

Ransomware attacks
Ransomware is malicious software that takes over a single or multiple PC/ PCs and
large complex networks like servers and threatens to leak or erase the data present in
them unless a certain ransom is paid to the perpetrators. It superficially prevents the
digital property user from accessing the system or data by locking the display screen or
using simple/ advanced encryption methods.
The attacks are generally carried out using infected files like a Trojan disguised as an
authorized and permissible file. The user is essentially tricked into downloading the file
and opening it from the email attachment via which these files are usually sent.
However, many types of Ransomware can travel between systems without the need for
user authentication or interaction.

Ransomware attacks are generally delivered using malicious spam emails with
attachments that are booby-trapped in PDFs and Word files. These files contain links to
malicious web sources leading to the attack. Some attacks are also delivered as
downloadable payloads carried by malicious pages, malware, mal-adverts, or exploit
kits.

Modern Ransomware is categorized as crypto-ransomware, where the users/ victims

can recover the affected system/ data with a decrypt key upon paying the ransom. The
ransom prices vary based on the type of Ransomware attack complying with digital
currencies’ exchange rates. Specific Ransomware attacks also demand the ransom via
iTunes pay cards and Amazon gift cards.

There is no single defense or protection to stop Ransomware attacks, although users

can take various multi-layered approaches to protect their systems from eventual
attacks. Avoid visiting untrusted web sources or websites without using a VPN. Using
proper cloud email-gateway security solutions can prevent malicious emails.

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Rivers
Rivers are the backbone of human civilizations which provide freshwater that is the
basic necessity for human life. We cannot live without water and rivers are the largest
water bodies for freshwater. In fact, all civilizations in the past and present were born
near river banks. In other words, they are veins of the earth that make life possible.
Through an essay on rivers, we will take a look at their importance and how to save
them.

We refer to rivers as the arteries of any country. No living organism can live without
water and rivers are the most important source of water. Almost all the early
civilizations sprang up on the river banks.
It is because, from ancient times, people realized the fertility of the river valleys. Thus,
they began to settle down there and cultivate the fertile valleys. Moreover, rivers
originate from mountains which carry down rock, sand and soil from them. Most
importantly, rivers help in agriculture. In fact, a lot of farmers depend on rivers for
agricultural purposes. Rivers have the ability to turn deserts into productive farms.
Further, we can use them for constructing dams as well.

As pollution is on the rise, it has become more important than ever to save rivers. We
must take different measures to do so. First of all, we must use biodegradable cleaning
products and not use chemical products for body washing.

Rivers are essential as they are nature’s blessings for human beings. It provides us with
so many things but nowadays, they are being polluted on a very large scale. We must all
come together to prevent this from happening and saving our rivers for a better future.

Black Money
Black Money is the money on which income tax is not paid. This money is earned
through corrupt practices and not declared fearing legal action. Black money is collected
by corrupt officials, politicians, businessmen, criminals, smugglers and any other
individual trying to evade taxation. Thus, Black money is one of the major drawbacks in
a nation’s growth.

There are various sources of generating black money one of them is the government
sector. Corrupt government officials authorized to make policy and financial decisions
and get perks/bribe in return. This money obviously cannot be declared and is
purposely hidden from the tax net; though, it is invested in a new venture through shell
companies or money laundering. Thus, the money which should be taxed and the taxed
amount utilized for public welfare schemes, escapes the tax agencies, having a
deteriorating effect on the overall economic health of a nation.

The logic used in this method is to manipulate the price of the transaction between two
parties, so as to deceive tax agencies and benefit both the parties. Though the money is
not earned by dishonest means, it is purposely hidden from tax authorities to evade
taxation and is still considered black money. Anti-national, anti-social and criminal

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activities are also the sources of black money. Anti-national activities also mainly
depend on black money.

Black money severely affects the progress of a nation and generate economic and social
imbalance. Money earned by illegal means slowly corrupts the whole system. It leaves a
nation in a state of economic and social disturbance. It is a fight that no government can
fight alone. The people also must be cooperative and vigilant to fight against any kind of
financial fraud or illegal activities. Also, it is the duty of the people to immediately
report any information about any kind of illegal transactions to the concerned
authorities.

Corporal Punishment
The term, ‘corporal punishment’ means ‘physical punishment’.it is a kind of punishment
that affects the human body adversely. It could be in the form of beating, thrashing or
even whipping. Thus, punishment of this kind is physical torture to a student and should
be condemned and stopped immediately. Moreover, such kind of punishment may
sometimes physically impair a student for his whole life. Psychologists are of the
opinion that such a punishment can affect a student mentally, for a very long period of
time.

In India corporal punishment has become a common feature in schools. several

incidents of physical assault have been reported in the newspapers. Making a student
kneel down or stand for hours, pinching and slapping are all set to be banned under
plants to widen the definition of corporal punishment in school. The national
commission for protection of child rights has suggested a code of conduct for teachers in
school. The main feature of the code is a total ban on corporal punishment. Some states
in India have banned corporal punishment. Corporal punishment is just another form of
physical violence and has no place in an enlightened society.

Teachers should realize that children at the school level are at an impressionable age. If
they are subjected to such kind of physical torture, they may develop a fear to approach
or meet a teacher, or even attend school. They will never respect and love their teachers
which is very essential for the overall development of student personality. This is
because a guru or teacher is role model for a student. He must set an example for his
students through his behaviour and actions. He must deal with is students patiently,
advising and guiding them to excel in every sphere of life such as academic, sports,
music and various other extracurricular activities.

To conclude it must always be borne in mid that teaching is one of the noblest
professions where one imparts knowledge totter. The teacher must consider his
students as his own children and treat them as lovingly and caring as possible. He
should praise a student’s achievements, and help him to overcome his shortcomings by
motivating him to pursue his interests.

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Here are some of the sample Essays by our old students who are
already working in different banks around the country.

Behavioural changes due to work from home concept

This year with the outbreak of pandemic we have seen many changes in various sectors
of life. This has also led to changes in the workforce behaviour and the concept of work
from home is gaining attention.
Although many companies already had this concept but it can be overwhelming to
manage a large of employees remotely in such short span. There’s a bit of loneliness and
there’s lack of motivation. And if you’re working with a team, there’s just a lot more
chaos. The constant back and forth between team members can lead to
miscommunication. Ensuring everyone on the team is on the same page while working
remotely can be a challenge in itself.
One cannot work with a healthy mind and give his full to work also the productivity
decreases you cannot discuss the ideas and take opinions. As a solution we can fixed the
hours of work so that everybody’s personal space is not hindered and to cope with the
miscommunication gap they can discuss every bit of detail.
By Radha Paneri

Issuing bank license to payment banks

RBI with an objective of widening the spread of financial services to small business,
low-income households, migrant labour workforce in secured technology-driven
environment formulated the payment banks It is an attempt to make sure that all
sections of society, including people living in remote and rural areas, have access to
banking facilities. These banks can accept a restricted deposit and cannot issue loans
and credit cards. Payments banks can issue services like ATM cards, debit cards, net-
banking and mobile-banking and operate current and saving accounts. Out of the
initially licensed payment banks only few are fully operation many have either shut
down or on the verge of shutting down.
It would be tough for such a bank to produce significant returns on the deposits alone.
Giving bank license to such banks would improve their profitability. they could charge
higher rates on loans and give less interest and make profit, also they would be eligible
to invest in various instruments and sell insurance credit card mutual funds pension
products and it would also be helpful for the rural development program.
But as said with high profit comes high risks if there is any panic situation among the
depositors in the rural area liquidity crisis may occur and extra funds would be required
to run the bank. High losses from bad debts / loan defaults is also a risk factor and due
to this Credit rating of bank would decline and its share price falls. These also lead us to
think over the issuing of bank license to the payment banks.

By Radha Paneri

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Loss of Education: Zero year

From workplaces to work from home, from get-togethers to social distancing, from
schools to digital devices this has been a year of the new normal. But the new normal
has pushed our education towards zero academic year despite noteworthy efforts from
our government.
Our educational process is structured such that it progresses from one stage to other.
Each academic year, the abilities that the student acquires form the basis for the next
year. Therefore, it is imperative that every student pass through each step. If students
are not able to successfully complete an academic year, it deprives them the basics to
progress to higher and as an alternative we have moved towards online education.

The problem with online education is that syllabus has to be cut short, young students
don’t get the required environment and also the availability of digital devices therefore
in the current situation evaluation should be done not to see whether the students have
memorized the content but to see if the student has acquired the concept.
The time has come for the educational authorities to start working on reconstructing
the syllabus and the evaluation process. If learning can be reconstructed in this way,
then we can convert zero academic year into no progress but an active academic year.

by Radha Paneri

THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INDIA

Covid-19 has accelerated the evolution of the way work is done. Many countries
including India are experimenting with innovation using emerging technologies such as
artificial intelligence (AI) From Farming to Finance, from Transportation to Telecom AI
has revolutionized every possible sector and industry
Agriculture Banking education and healthcare are some of the leading sectors for AI
application in India. For example, a healthcare start-up in Hyderabad launched AI-
powered low-cost ventilators that can capture patient information to make medical
decisions. AI algorithms are being used to monitor crop and soil health. AI can help in
early diagnosis hence reducing pressure on hospitals. AI can help predict traffic and
help in smart city planning.
While there are a few good AI success stories in India, overall, less than 25% of Indian
enterprises have deployed AI solutions thus far.AI requires an initial investment which
is yet to scale up in India There is limited infrastructure to develop important AI
applications. The AI Sector seriously lacks in both Human and capital resources
required to exploit it
As Abraham Lincoln famously said ‘The best way to predict the future is to create it’. AI
will play a big role in creating this future for India. New Education Policy2020
addressing the need to inculcate AI in the curriculum is the right strategic steps in this
direction to encourage core and applied research

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BY RADHA RANERI

Industrial houses or corporate should / should not be allowed to access to open

banks

The banking system of any country is of critical importance for sustaining economic
growth. As our banking is struggling to meet the demand of growing economy and there
is only one Indian bank in top 100 bank globally by size we need to bolster our banking
if we wants to grow on fast clip and so the recommendation by the RBI should be seen
as a welcome move
Just as India needs many more roads, ports, factories and hospitals, it needs many more
banks. There are thousands of bank accounts opened under the financial inclusion drive
that soon become inoperative therefore we need to bring financial inclusion not just in
letter but also in spirit. Some Industrial houses are well-capitalized and widely held.
some Industrial houses are well-capitalized and widely held. They have a proven track
record and a vastly experienced team at the helm..
Critics may argue that there have been instances of RBI’s bad experience with certain
industrial groups that had promoted banks. However, extrapolating some instances to
the entire class is inappropriate. It is vital to have the right corporate structure and
regulatory framework
Given the primary objective of new banks is financial inclusion, giving new licences to
industrial and non-industrial houses must come with conditions about new branches in
very small cities and rural areas, and the commitment of a certain share of business
from such under-banked areas.
By Radha paneri

WORK FROM HOME A NEW NORMAL

As the pandemic rolled in 2020, there was disruption in economies, businesses, and
lives of common people. Then the work from home became the rational and more
convenient option for many professionals and organizations given the mandate of social
distancing. There are various pros and cons of work from home. one of the greatest
positive points of it is that it provides flexibility to the employee working. Employees
feel safe from getting infected during this pandemic. Here people work from home so
they don’t have to wait long hours in the traffic and also keep themselves away from the
pollution.
However, this work from home concept is not going to be sustainable in the long run.
There are various jobs that cannot be professionally completed in a domestic setting. As
we look through the employer lens about the practicality of work from home, then
technology may be the biggest enabler but the communication gap and lack of a working
environment leads to less productivity. Most of the employees face high levels of
physical and physiological strain on their health. Bad postures and elongated working
hours lead to frustration and they remain less focused on the work. One of the facts is
also that the brain has to work harder to grasp all those virtual interactions.
By HOMA AZIM

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Work from home concept is now a new normal.

The year 2020 showed many phases to the world during the period of pandemic one of
them is the lockdown. The lockdown changed the life cycle of the whole world, then
people start doing work from home to maintain a balance between home and office
work.
There are some advantages of doing work from home like the flexibility, freedom, in
which people can maintain temperature, environment, lighting during the work
according to their mood and need, which feels them relax and light. During the work
from home, people are spending more time with family to feel less stress they also
saving some hidden expenditure like fuel, road tax, parking charges, transportation fare.
There are many cases of disadvantages, like the absence of working atmosphere,
employees who have less experience or newly joined how they will deal with this kind
of the situation, without the office atmosphere and colleagues communication they
become less productive. In the case of work pressure, people have faced stress, anxiety,
distraction, which are the cause of many health issues, and when they doing work, they
need some space where nobody can disturb them but sometimes this kind of space
makes them isolated and lonely.
So for working from home, we should have a lot of dedication, self-control, mental
fitness, and discipline to motivate ourselves. working from home is beneficial and non-
beneficial both, but working with the team is much better as always.
By Vishakha meena

Measure to Prevent Environmental Damage

Undoubtedly humans are the main source of environmental destruction through
various means. we know the concept of reduce, reuse and recycle but in real we don't
follow it. Several measures can be taken like, most people have the habit of leaving
electronic appliances on, we should always close them as it will create less burden on
generating electricity. We should reduce the use of paper as massive deforestation is
done for paper making.
Also, plastic related products should be completely banned as it takes years to break
down and chemicals used in making plastic create serious damage to our environment.
we should use public transport instead of personal as it will create less pollution, we can
use bicycle or can have walk which will help in our health too. Also, we can use products
that are recyclable as it is the best source for reducing environmental damage. So, it's
the time to wake up and say bye to our selfish behavior towards the environment and
make home planet live able for future generation.
By Gajendra alloy

RECAPITALISATION OF BANKS IS NEEDED AFTER PANDEMIC:

"Banking system is an act of faith it survives only for as long as people believe it will"-
Michael Lewis Recapitalization of bank means infusing more capital in PSBs so that they
can meet the capital adequacy norms. Dur to covid-19 pandemic our economy gets

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totally disrupted since march 2020 and is on staggering track. The main cause of NPA in
PSBs is their liberal credit card policies, loose terms, conditions of loans, deficiencies in
the credit sanction and disbursement of loans. NPA increased in PSBs and they started
making losses. Higher NPA means higher provision in the part of banks. PSBs accounted
6.8 trillion NPA at the end of FY 2020. Most of the investment went into infrastructure
and areas related to- telecom, power, roads, steel etc. Government using different
instruments, infuses capital into banks those of facing shortage of capital. Government
is also the biggest shareholder of banks infusing amount either buying shares or by
issuing bonds. One immediate action that is required to resolve NPA is that government
must infuse at whatever additional capital is needed to recapitalize the banks. This is
the welcome step as it would increase cash in hand of businesses and bank can target
the relief where it is most desperately needed. Action needs to be taken to strengthen
the functions of banks.
However, there will be improvement in current structuring process in banks and boom
in our India economy.
By Renu Singh

Export growth contracts but market seems it all time high

Economy is one of the most severely affected sectors in India during the pandemic.
Growth has contracted in many sectors due to the nationwide lockdown induced by the
covid-19 pandemic. Even before the pandemic our GDP was not so good, which has
further exacerbated due to lockdown.
Contraction refers to the phase of the business in which the economy as a whole is in
decline. The main reason for the contraction is that the household consumption has
declined. Because of the global recession export sector has severely impacted.
According to the NSO report, the GDP has contracted by 23.9% in the Q1 followed by
7.5% in Q2. This data show that Indian economy has entered into a recession. It mainly
results in higher unemployment and lower wages, because of the less demand in the
market.
However, it is surprising that the market is at its all-time high when Finance Minister
Nirmala Sitaraman announced a cut in corporate taxes and all additional levies in new
manufacturing companies. The country’s economy is recovering faster than many
economists have expected it would be. In effect, Investment has improved now. This can
boost the economy.
In final words, the government should take proper measures in the recent budget to
invest in the rural sector and infrastructure. This will boost the demand growth and also
attract the FDIs in India.
By SUBHASHREE PANDA

Work from home concept is a new normal

Work from home (WFH) is a growing trend in today’s environment in which employees
can plug in from just anywhere they are. Corona virus pandemic has sparked a
revolution in the work from scenario. WFH provides flexible hours of working to the
employees which helps them to concentrate more and their productivity gets increased.
It helps us to keep the productivity of the employee at the same time the employee
being with family or handling some personal work. It enabled many companies like IT
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industries to remain productive at the time of pandemic. There is a lot of savings with
respect to cost of infrastructure like spaces, electricity bills etc. and also there is a huge
saving in time which people spend in travelling as peak hour traffic congestion is the

biggest challenge that employees face every day. Indeed, work from home is the only
practical solution to deal with it.
Although WFH provides a great productivity however there are many problems also
associated with it. The major problem is with monitoring of work and the
communication between employees. It becomes hard to monitor how they work, or
their deliverables Face-to-face interaction is generally lost, and there’s no substitute for
this during some activities, especially those more collaborative in nature. Video
conferencing can sometimes offset this, but it’s not a perfect replacement. It also
increased the working hours of employees which impacts their physical and mental
health as social connect is very less due to pandemic.
There are both advantages and disadvantages with this work from home concept.
However, we can overcome the problems associated with it over time and can move
forward with a new working module.
By Pooja Sahjalan

CRYPTOCURRENCY GOOD OR BAD?

"Cryptocurrency" a topic of contention and discussion. A cryptocurrency is a digital or

virtual currency, it is secured by cryptography. Digital currencies are decentralized,
which means it is not controlled by anyone, neither government nor individual. It works
on only the principle of demand and supply. One of the digital currencies is Bitcoin. It is
said that it was the idea of a Japanese citizen Satoshi Nakamoto. As it is legitimate in
India from 2020 it has seen a sudden growth in terms of investment. As per the data on
January 2021 value of a bitcoin has reached more than 15 crores. Many insurance
companies have invested in bitcoin, banks have legitimized it. But the question is, is it
secure? NO, because firstly it has end to end encryption. Data of the person who has
done the transaction and the person on the other side is encrypted in codes and it is
nearly impossible to trace the actual name and information regarding a person. It might
be okay in some terms but what about terror financing, black money and any other
illegal activities. Bitcoin will be a shelter to black money and no one will even know
from where and to where it is sent. In many criminal activities like kidnapping, contract
killing a person might ask for money in bitcoins, it will become more difficult to trace
and track the data. Secondly, its value fluctuates on the basis of demand and supply,
which may create a bubble. A Bitcoin can be good as a whole but only if there are strong
currency policies.
By Manisha Sharma

“Recapitalization of bank is the bank is needed after the pandemic.”

RBI has always been a conservative central banker, and its norms have mostly been
more stringent than the Basel norms. For instance, against the Basel norms of minimum
CRAR (Capital-to-risk Weighted Assets Ratio) of 8%, RBI prescribed a 9% CRAR for
Indian banks. At present, the minimum CRAR prescribed by RBI is 9%; in addition to

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that, banks are required to have 2.5% capital conservation buffer—mandatory capital
that banks are required to hold in addition to other minimum capital requirements.
In this fiscal year 20-21 due to the pandemic, a bulk of responsibility falls on the public
sector bank. Government increases the moratorium period to pay the instalment. So, the

number of NPA (Non-performing assets) accounts are continuously increasing.

Moreover, many banks are not able to maintain the CRAR.
The idea behind the budgetary provisions for capital infusion is the merging banks
could be in losses and their NPA situation may not dramatically improve and this may
disturb the healthy capital base of the anchor banks. Currently the Indian Overseas
Bank, the Central Bank of India, Uco bank and United Bank of India are under prompt
corrective action framework due to their poor balance sheet and capital positions.
As government is the biggest shareholder in the public sector banks, the responsibility
of bolstering banks capital reserves lies with the government.
By Manika Karmakar

IS RECAPATILISATION OF BANKS IS NECESSARY?

Indian banking system is a robust banking system compare to other countries banking
systems of the whole world. Despite big shocks (as NPA NIRAV MODI, VIJAY MALYA
etc.) it has managed to survive.
The term Recapitalization refers to the infusion of capital or other assets needed for the
smooth functioning of this robust financial system. During the pandemic period when
the market clashed and people forced to lose their livelihood, at that time our honorable
prime minister came with financial assistance in form of not collateral loan schemes as
PMSVA Nidhi scheme, MSME structured loan schemes etc. which in turn emerged as the
main cause for the bank NPAs.
NPA estimated round 13.5 % of in September 2020 from 7.5% of previous estimates of
September 2019.
so, this becomes obligation and the necessity for the time to invest capital by
government in banking structure. So that this & quote; robust system & quote; tag of our
banking system can be retained and bank can pay for their NPAs.
By MOURIC GOAR

Is zero a complete zero year for education?

Covid-19 pandemic affects every one’s life. Specially on student’s life as we know in
India youth percentage is more. So, on the education sector pandemic affects more. In
march suddenly lockdown star and all activity is stop. offline student’s education
paused and after few month later some teacher start teaching online but for the online
education, we need electronic gadget. in India very few families afford laptops and
mobiles. as we know every in-family child is not able attempt online class at time.
because limited electronic gadgets are their so their loss of education those students
who are no able to have them.
In pandemic there are teacher who teaches online but the environment like in class
are not able to maintain at houses. although government are trying to encourage
student for student for that they create online platform like Tamil nadu launch DISHA
app for study they can learn and asked their doubts. Like in Kerala in school laptops are
distributed in students so that they can study.
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Now come to sport academy education don’t have an alternate option for them this year
is completely zero year. From now government should prepare for such pandemic to
reduce loss of education.
By Rupali bele

Recapitalization of banks is needed after the pandemic.

Yes, Recapitalization of banks is needed after the pandemic.

As after the COVID-19 came, the life cycle of the economy has drastically changed. It
affected the lives of many people across the globe. Every citizen across the country
faced financial problems which in turn also affected the working cycle of the banks.
Many people borrowed loans from the banks but due to financial crises they were not
able to pay the loans which burgeoned the NPAs in the banks, faced losses and banks
were unable to provide credit facility to consumers.
According to the current scenario, the Government should infuse funds in the Public
Sector Banks which help them to overhaul their debt and in stabilizing their financial
crises. This will also enable the banks to regulate their working properly, maintaining
reserves and surplus as per the RBI regulations act and facilitate credit facilities to the
consumers. That will help in boosting economic growth at a great pace.

By Sudhanshu Limbodiya

Export growth contract but market seems all time high.

Covid 19 has affected the world economy badly and India also cannot remain unaffected
from this pandemic. The pandemic has shrunken the economy by huge margin, and it
will take some time to revamp it again. Due to the pandemic many businesses have been
forced to shut down their operations, many people have lost their job, new startups
faced funds crunch. It has also affected the Inter world trade business and developed
the uncertainty about the GDP growth. Different-different agencies have predicted the
highest level of contraction in the GDP growth. The main reason behind the contraction
is low purchasing power parity. People don’t have sufficient money to invest in the
market, it reduces the demand and results in low economic growth.
However, from the last few months, a tremendous correction has been seen in the
Global market Index. In India also Sensex and Nifty have touched their all-time high.
This has surprised many investors and market experts. Experts are speculating
different- different reasons for the recent market growth. Some are saying it may be due
to corona vaccine, some says it may be due American presidential election and some are
saying it may be due to the coming parliament budget session in which there is a
speculation that government may announce some big relief to the creditors who are
unable to pay their loans and a huge package to infuse the money into the market to
rejuvenate it as it was earlier.
At the end whatever be the reason but this is a good sign and we all can hope that it
should be like this and keep growing also boost the economy by attracting investors

By SHEKHAR

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Export growth contract but market seems all time high.

Covid 19 has affected the world economy badly and India also cannot remain unaffected
from this pandemic. The pandemic has shrunken the economy by huge margin, and it
will take some time to revamp it again. Due to the pandemic many businesses have been
forced to shut down their operations, many people have lost their job, new startups

faced funds crunch. It has also affected the Inter world trade business and developed
the uncertainty about the GDP growth. Different-different agencies have predicted the
highest level of contraction in the GDP growth. The main reason behind the contraction
is low purchasing power parity. People don’t have sufficient money to invest in the
market, it reduces the demand and results in low economic growth.
However, from the last few months, a tremendous correction has been seen in the
Global market Index. In India also Sensex and Nifty have touched their all-time high.
This has surprised many investors and market experts. Experts are speculating
different- different reasons for the recent market growth. Some are saying it may be due
to corona vaccine, some says it may be due American presidential election and some are
saying it may be due to the coming parliament budget session in which there is a
speculation that government may announce some big relief to the creditors who are
unable to pay their loans and a huge package to infuse the money into the market to
rejuvenate it as it was earlier.
At the end whatever be the reason but this is a good sign and we all can hope that it
should be like this and keep growing also boost the economy by attracting investors
By Himanshu Shekhar

Recapitalization of banks is needed or not

Banks are considered backbone for a country's economy. If banks will be in loss,
country's economy can be imbalanced.
Many banks in India are in loss. They are facing financial problems. Bad assets, NPAs,
and many big scams have made, banks week. If government does not heed on them, they
will have closed and banks mergers are example of this situation. Mergers are happened
only because of lack of capital. Banks have no capital for given loans and financial work.
Seeing these problems, recapitalization should do because banks have no money to
work. If a bank has capital, it can do its financial work, like give loans etc. They can
improve their conditions and get profit. By recapitalization they can sort out their
stressed assets problems and can extent their credit.
If banks are in good condition, country's economy will enhance. In many countries’
recapitalization is successful and banks are enhanced their profit. In last year’s
recapitalization was successful in India and will surely successful in future.
By Manju Suthar

Export growth contracts but market seems all time high.

Export (in terms of a country) refers to sale of goods to other countries. When country
export increases then revenue also increases which leads to market growth.

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Every country wants to increase its export which leads to market growth but, now a
day, it is seen that market growth is all time high but export growth contracts. It is really
confusing and disconcerting at the same time. It can be the result of many malpractices.
One of which is misinformation of market given to common people who are not experts
in market by some group of people who want to increase their profit by capital gain.

It increases the possibility of sudden collapse of confidence of investors in financial

sector which leads to financial losses, social losses in term of money, moral, mental
peace and of course great loss for a country in term of GDP.
So, it is imperative for Government and Regulatory authority of a country to watch over
market carefully and try to spread awareness about market risk to common people.
Government should also try to boost export by taking some innovative steps, so that it
can be reaped in real growth.

Work from home is now a new normal

It’s been one year of the COVID19 pandemic and many of us manage our occupations
from home while many of us get back to their respective places. During this one year we
have seen a lot of changes in our daily routine out of which one is our work. Like before
we don’t have to get ready for the office but to open the laptop only. we can manage
many things while working and finish many works which was pending since long time
also giving time to family and personal attention to our children and their studies which
was not possible earlier but every coin has two side and the other side of this new
normal is people become less productive, lazy and incompetent on an average they
work only two hours comparing with six hours earlier. Many published reports say
people get frustrated which is the reason of being in the same place they want some
changes so that they can relax their mind and soul. Companies should offer moral and
practical support where it needed. All said and done companies have to understand the
need of the hour and understand the feeling of their employees and make the work from
home concept optional. So that their employees choose it as per their desire and gives
best output to the company.
By Shubham Kushwah

VACINATION HESITENCY:

We are living in a dynamic world, where one can’t predict that what is going happen in
the coming next
second. The so-called pandemic in the name of CORONA, again taught us the lesson of
necessity for change.
But as a human when have finally got the solution of this pandemic in the form of
vaccines as COVAXIN by Bharat biotech and COVIDSHIELD by a strangeness and oxford
still we are in a deep thought of efficiency of the vaccination. Emergency trail run put by
our honorable prime minister shri Narendra Modi created a wave of questions in the
mind of a common man that whether this is going to be a ultimate solution or just a
hurry to secure top position in the run to provide vaccine to world. Every vaccine has to
clear three tier trial system of accuracy for approval which is not in case of these two
vaccines.
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The question of the hour is that to wait for 100 % cure which is much more expensive
then these two alternatives and a developing nation like Indian can’t even afford it for
around 131.5 cr. population or just put at a trail these vaccines at world level and ready
for the circumstances.
By MOURIC GOAR

Recapitalization of Banks

Recapitalization of a banks means infusing money into state-run banks in order to meet
capital adequacy ratio, lessen their losses and provide relief. As the government is the
biggest shareholder in the public sector banks, the responsibility of bolstering bank’s
financial condition lies with the government.
As per the RBI guidelines, banks have to maintain some amount of minimum capital. But
in India, banks are struggling with burgeoning NPAs in which there is large proportion
is of scams. It increases because State-run Banks also have to disburse so much amount
according to government policies, portion of which also results in making NPAs. State-
run banks account for 70% of the overall market share in terms of asset size of Indian
Banking Industry, and if these banks will fail to sustain in the market, then it will be a
big blow for Indian economy as well people’s trust. So, it becomes important to help the
banks to sustain. Healthy Banks are also important to make people trust on banks which
make them deposit their surplus money in the banks.
So, Recapitalization of banks is the need of the hour and it is so important to keep the
flow of Indian Banking Industry smooth.
By Rishabh Rakhecha

Impact of GST
GST is goods and service tax which was launched on July 1st, 2017 that combined all
ongoing taxes into a single comprehensive tax. With this tax reform the government
achieved the aim "One nation One tax".
The objective of the government to bring GST was to eliminate all indirect taxes, remove
all cascading tax effects, to increase tax payers and diminish tax evasion and corruption.
The government divided GST in 3 types, first CGST central goods and service tax"
second SGST state goods and service tax" and third IGST "integrated goods and service
tax".
After the coming of GST, all indirect taxes combined into a single tax structure which is
now convenient in evaluation and calculation, it also increased the high productivity as
now consumers have to pay less tax, also export got increased as due to GST cost of
production and custom duty has decreased.
With the implementation of GST all multiple taxes have been eliminated and now the
overall tax system has become easier, also it is assumed that now Indian business will
establish itself in the global market.
By Gajendra aloy

Recapitalization of bank is needed after the pandemic

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The term "recapitalization" denotes the capital infusion of the banks to improve their
balance sheet. The government infuses capital either by buying new share or by issuing
bonds. Recently we have witnessed the growing NPA in our banking system which have
huge impact in our economy and the covid-19 pandemic add insult to injury. As the
lockdown was imposed each and every sector was severely affected as the business
remained shut down for many months and this dragged the economy in the recession.
Now it's time to recover our economy as the unlock phrase has been started. The
government has introduced lots of scheme to boost the economy and encourage banks

to lend to the affected sectors but the banks lacked the ability to do so unless they
received significant recapitalization. The situation is challenging for banks like PNB,
Canara as they have to manage the crisis while managing the recent mergers. Apart
from that we have witnessed lots of frauds have been seen in public sector banks
compare to private sector banks that's why NPA is rising by leaps and bounds in day
after day in public sector banks. Private sector banks however considered to be in
better shape. Impact of recapitalization can be bad on fiscal deficit of India as it may
increase the fiscal deficit gap. The recapitalization in the short term can help the banks
but this practice should not be repeated. However, in the aftermath of the pandemic our
first priority should be "asset quality stress management and capital preservation".
By Priyanka Dey

WORK FROM HOME IS NOW A NEW NORMAL: PRONS AND CONS

During pandemic everyone was forced to work from home as a result lockdown was
enforced and social distancing began an important norm. As most of our time spend at
home everyone got time to be with their families and relatives. Schools and Colleges
were shut down so online education became an alternative to prevent any loss of
education to students. There were some companies who follow the concept of work
from home before pandemic as they find it profitable and the companies like all PSUs
and government organizations who were following the traditional concept of working
after pandemic, they also followed the same concept as it serves as savior to them
because their business was facing extreme loss. As working from home makes one feel
comfortable, social distance is maintained and also saves time of travelling. But the
environment which we get in office makes one work with full concentration and energy
which lacks at home. People also faced mental illness staying at home for long time. It is
hard time for all of us so every organization and individual should come together to
build a culture that will be less disruptive and more beneficial to both of them.
By Anu Narang

Severe impacts of lockdown to some factors.

In the early 2020, India came face to face with a deadly virus known as the Coronavirus.
Its first case was registered in the month of February and slowly it started spreading
across the country. Amid the rise in the cases of Covid-19, Government took a huge step
to curb the pace of the Covid-19 Cases. On 24th March, 2020 the government declared a
21-day lockdown in the country to curb the spread of covid 19. All schools, Colleges,
Institutes, government offices, shops other than (grocery stores) were shut down.
The lockdown severely impacted the economy. India experienced a sharp decline in its
GDP. The worst hit was the migrant labor sector of the society as they worked on daily

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wages. These migrant workers were employed in the construction sector, domestic
work, textile, due to lockdown there was no work so they had to leave as they had little
savings of their own. They didn’t have any choice but to return back to the village. The
tourism sector was also one of the worst affected sectors due to covid-19 crisis, in India
the tourism sector contributes a good percentage in the economy. Places like Jammu
Kashmir, Gulmarg, Son Marg, Rajasthan and many more are famous tourist places but
due to lockdown these places were completely closed and the small business in these
places had to face a huge loss.

For any activity there has to be a supply side and a corresponding demand side. The
absence of either party will create an imbalance and the activity will be stopped. With
people staying at home, there had been a substantial dip in the supply side of the
economic chain. The decrease in the labor participation on account of lockdown, the
productivity had declined as there were no workers running factories, mills and no
carriers to take the finished goods to the consumers. This problem of lack of carriers
had already resulted in wastage of many essential commodities although the country
tried its best to keep the production and its supply chain intact.
The outbreak of Coronavirus which had taken the form of pandemic had affected more
than 100 countries across the globe. It affected everyone in one way or the other and
had bought the country to a halt.
By Mandeep Khosla

RECAPITALISATION OF BANK IS NEEDED AFTER THE PANDEMIC. WHY?

Recapitalization of Bank means infusing more capital into the banks so that banks can
meet adequacy norms. Bank recapitalization helps bank to improve their balance sheet
and credit crunch.
After the pandemic economic growth is declining and NPA (Non-Performing Assets
means loan default) is rising. When NPA is rising it hits the capital. To stabilized banks
capital, it needs to be recapitalized. Most of times due to improper tally of balance sheet
banks NPA is rising. To meet debts, expenses, etc. banks need to be recapitalized.
Government has launched many schemes and incentives to recapitalize capital of bank
such as Indra Dhanush Scheme. To clear balance sheet as well as to boost economic
system Recapitalization is needed. COVID-19 pandemic has hit hard to the economic
growth which is in negative. Economic growth is declining in pandemic because of
reduction reduce in number of products, reduction in exports. The decision of
Government to recapitalize bank is always welcome as it not only helps in clearing
balance sheet but also helps in boosting economic growth.
Government has to take decision as soon as possible to boost economic growth. To
improve banking system recapitalization is necessary.
By Priyanka Shah

Recapitalization in Banks

The Indian banking system has been under severe stress due to NPAs and has faced a
capital crunch forcing it to curtail lending.

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Due to this, the government of India has announced, recapitalization plan for state-
owned lenders weighed down by bad loans. There is a concern that recapitalization only
address the symptoms and not the roof of the problem of NPAs as companies will be
more tempted to default due to writing off of loans by banks.
Recapitalization of banks may result to be a temporary relief rather than a solution. But,
if see, on the other hand the decision of government to recapitalize banks is a good step
a up to certain extent, as it will not only help in cleaning up of balance sheets but also
help in boosting private investments in the economy.

Thus, it is required that all the resolution measure must be taken together promptly for
the improvement in banking system for efficient result of this recapitalization.
By Radha Verma

IS 2020 A COMPLETE ZERO YEAR FOR EDUCATION? If yes/no write an essay with
200-word limit.

As we all know 2020 emerges to be a bad year. Due to the pandemic, there are many
problems that came in common man’s life. One of the biggest problems is lack of
educational resources and facilities. Due to lockdown all the institutions including
schools, colleges, coaching were closed. Although many online institutes came forward
to give education to students but many students who belongs to remote areas and
students who do not have availability of gadgets are unable to take benefit of online
education. Also, many teachers who do not know how to operate gadgets are suffered
due to this lockdown.
There are many students who are unable to adopt the environment of online education
as they are more comfortable with the physical interaction with educator. Many schools
are there who are successful in adopting digital education but also there are many who
do not able to do so.
Now after the pandemic there is a new phase as many learners or students who got
shifted to digital education are now more comfortable with it rather than offline
education. Now the next step of government should be to provide facilities of internet,
smartphones, etc. to the remote areas where there is no such facility.
By Devansh Saxena

Is 2020 a zero year in Education?

As the heavy lockdown imposed in many countries because of COVID, everything was
stopped and shut completely including educational institutes. Because of this education
was completely stopped in schools, coaching institutes and colleges which resulted in
zero year in education.
Somehow, they find a way to face the problem by giving online education to students
but this was not enough because of many reasons. The reasons can be unavailability of
gadgets as everyone could not afford it, low internet connections, environment not
suitable for study and many others. Students shifted to online classes but this was not
okay for each type of student. Like school kids they were not much familiar with virtual
teachings and also teachers. Teachers also have faced problems while teaching like
students may or may not be supportive in the class along with that network
connectivity issue and how to place mobile while teaching. Teachers showed their best

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possible way but it wasn’t effective. The excitement to go for school was lost among
students. It might take more time to get the feeling of going to school after a pandemic
in students.
In spite of all the difficulties, teachers tried to maintain contact with the students
through online coaching but weren't able to create that environment when they used to
be in classrooms. So, for some students who are able to manage their resources for
study cannot be considered 2020 a zero year but for those who didn’t for them it was a
zero year.
By Pranay Sayam

Role of Small and Payment Banks in financial inclusion

GOOD THINGS COMES IN SMALL PACKAGES

As per above, Small and Payment banks can become good choice for financial inclusion.
Small banks are the next big thing in financial inclusion, they are much smaller than the
commercial banks and do not perform all the work as the commercial banks do but they
only provide basic facilities like accepting deposits and lending money. They are prone
to rural areas only where big commercial banks cannot reach properly as they lend
money to micro industries or for agriculture, farming, so they help for the upliftment of
rural people and hence the economy.
Similarly, Payment banks such as Airtel payment bank, Feno payment bank also play a
major role in the financial inclusion as their services are based on technology and
mostly with mobile phones which are in reach of every individual. So, one can easily
connect with their services. Moreover, these banks are not substitute of commercial
rather they are a complement of these banks as they become intermediaries among
people and big banks. They can distribute insurance products of banks, provide cash
transaction services at doorstep but they cannot lend money and their interest rate on
savings is higher than commercial banks such that more people attract towards them
and consider them for their savings which ultimately increase liquidity.
Both provide low-cost banking services as they are tech prone and can easily help in
financial inclusion in the economy. That's why RBI also promoting these.
By Pragya Goel

Why do maximum times public banks encounter scams?

“There are three things in the world that deserves bio mercy- hypocrisy, frauds and
tyranny”-
-Frederick William Robertson
The saying signifies how dangerous frauds are for the society, especially in financial
terms and on the other hand the number of scams in public sector banks is increasing
with the passage of time and technology.
There are major inadequacies in in system that leads to frauds. Starting from the lack of
proper legal verification of documents and deeds by legal experts, then inadequacy in
end use monitoring, improper collateral management, lack of related party checks and
so on. fraudster find one or another loophole for their misdeeds. Besides these factors,
lack of training, overburdened staff, low competition and low level of compliance of
policies formulated by the reserve bank are also main factors behind banking scams. So,
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to prevent these frauds there should be timely and proper audits and investigations, a
proper framework for fraud detection and risk management should be implemented by
setting up of a special surveillance and investigation cell with trained staff will help a lot
in early detection and prevention.
At the end it can be said that though adoption of technology comes with evolution of
time but protection of public money and people is the greatest challenge and
responsibility of the modern-day banks.
By DIVYA SINGH

2020 is a zero year as well as a positive year for education. After the nationwide
lockdown all schools, colleges, universities were closed all over the nation so

Roll of small and payment bank in financial inclusion: For growth and progress of our
nation banking services are must. Banking and other financial services so Sanjoy Jana
Severe impact of lockdown to some sectors: After nationwide lockdown for coronavirus
pandemic many sectors have been badly affected. It effects on Sanjoy Jana
Work from home concept is now a new normal:
After COVID-19 pandemic work from home is new normal. After nationwide lockdown
many companies have allowed their employee to do their work from home.
In this new concept there are many pros and cons. In work from home employees can
save their travelling time and this time they spend in their work. Employees now can
spend more time with family members and beloved ones. They now can work without
pressure and smoothly.
But there is some problems. In this new concept employees cannot get sufficient work
environment in home as they get in office. Their mind cannot expend because they
cannot communicate with office colleagues and other people. This concept is bad for
their health because whole time they spend in their bed. They cannot proper exercise
and this harmful their health. But after this problem’s employees accept this work from
concept because they have no choice. If they not took new this new concept they fired
from job.
By Sanjoy Jana BHAVANA ARORA

WORK FROM HOME IS NOW NEW NORMAL: PROS AND CONS?

COVID-19 lead work from home became a new normal. During nationwide lockdown
almost everyone started working from their home.
Work from home gave so many benefits to employees like now people can work
according to their convenience. Like some people prefer working late at night and some
early in the morning. Now everyone can work at their preferred time. Secondly it gave
everyone time to take care of their families. It leads saving of time and cost of travelling.
Women now can work more comfortably at their home late at night without thinking
about their security, of which they have to think while working in office.
But as we all know that “Everything has its advantages and disadvantages”. Similarly,
there are also some drawbacks of work from home. One of those is lack of efficiency due
to non-office environment. This is because of communication gap between employees
while working from different places and thought process of a person lag behind because
of this. The other drawback is work pressure which automatically increases with their

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working hours which also causes diseases like hypertension, stress, headache, anxiety,
etc.
So somehow Work from home is new normal now but for taking proper advantage of
this some measures should be taken, like employer should cooperate with his
employees in their working hours and can give incentives for extra working hours. By
doing this efficiency of employee will increase and correspondingly company will also
grow at a faster pace.

Why Recapitalization of banks is needed after pandemic

"The modern banking system manufactures money out of nothing" -Josiah Stamp
Bank recapitalization means infusing more capital in private and public sector banks so
that they meet the capital adequacy norms. As govt. is biggest shareholders of banks
infuses capital in banks through purchasing bonds, shares etc.
The economic impact of coronavirus pandemic may lead to higher non -performing
assets and capital erosion of banks. Raising capital in banks in such a situation a
situation becomes imperative to strengthen the financial intermediaries of country
against risks and to ensure credit flow in market.
The current crisis of coronavirus pandemic has rocked the financial system. This crisis
may leave a longer impact on Indian economy. A recapitalization plan for public sector
bank and private banks has therefore becomes necessary. Minimum capital
requirements of banks which are based on historic loss events, may no longer be
considered sufficient to absorb losses. According to RBI projection the gross non-
performing assets ratio and net non-performing assets ratio of all banks stood at 8.3%
and 2.9% in march 2020 compared to 9.1% and 3.7% a year back.
India is neglecting bank recapitalization as it focuses on debt moratorium and interest
waivers for borrowers amid covid 19. This neglection can adversely affects Indian
financial system. According to RBI projection Indian banks are saddled with over $120
billion in bed debts. This adversely affects Indian economy.
So govt. must take steps for recapitalization of banks through various means like
purchasing of shares, bonds so that banks can meet their working capital needs.

By Kanak Sharma

Vaccine hesitation-A growing challenge for immunization programmed

Vaccine hesitancy means people delay or refuse vaccines for themselves or their
children. Vaccine hesitancy presenting a growing challenge for countries seeking to
immunization gap.
Vaccines can only improve health and prevent deaths if they are used and immunization
programmed must be able to achieve high vaccine update rests. Concern about vaccine
safety can be a big reason for vaccine hesitancy. But this is only one reason among many
other factors like negative beliefs of people based on myths for example-that
vaccination of women leads to infertility, misinformation, mistrust in the health care
system, the role of influential leaders, casts and concern about vaccine safety.

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Vaccines are one great achievements of medical sciences and the only way to save
millions of lives from various diseases. It is estimated that vaccines save between 2-6
million lives each year. Vaccine hesitancy in this state can lead greater damage of lives.
It is noted that internet and social media platforms like fakebook, twitter etc. plays an
important role in spreading fears about vaccine safety.
Govt should initiate awareness programmer related vaccine safety among public to
provide information about importance of vaccination. Govt should make strict rules for
social media companies to stop fake news about vaccine and strict actions should be
taken against those who spread fear about vaccine safety.

By Kanak Sharma

Work from home is now a new normal concept

After announcement of lockdown in all over the world work from home concept comes
into trend. All tech companies around the world directs its employees to work from
home for avoidance of physical interactions of people to stop the spread of corona virus.
Even after the lifting up of lockdown most of tech companies like twitter, Facebook,
google etc. directs its employees to work from home permanently.
Work from home concept has its own benefits like job satisfaction among employees
this helps in reducing turnover rate of employees. Employees can set up their own
schedule of work on their own comfort. Saving of time in transporting between office to
home and home to office is another benefit of work from home concept. It’s also reduces
transportation costs.
Greater productivity among employees can be seen under work from home concept
because now they can easily manage their personal and professional life which helps in
reducing stress level of employees. Employees can spend more time with their family
under work from concept. Work from home concept helps women to balance their life.
They can also attend their family with their work.
Everything has its pros and cons. Cons of work from home concept are employees have
fear of lack of career advancement opportunities from this working concept. There may
be concern among employees that they will not be considered for promotion if they
work from home this affects their productivity. Data security of company's sensitive
information is also a barrier in front of work from home concept. If employees are not
well trained then it is difficult for them to obtain work. Lack of equipment at home also
affects the productivity of work.
After analysis of various points, we can consider that work from concept is in its
developing state and have growth aspects in near future.
By Kanak Sharma

Work from home pros and cons

As we know novel corona virus is going on. All works in country, stopped. We cannot go
outside to work and need we do our work at home.
We can do work at home properly. Doing work at home we can save our time and
money also. If we are not gone outside with bike or any vehicle, we can save our money
and environment. Work from home gives us flexibility in our work. We can do our work
with comfortably. We reduce traffic and crowd stressed. From home we do us without

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tension of time. At home we do our work with cool mind, so our work efficiency and
creativity can increase and we can give more best in their work. We can give more time
to our family.
But there are many problems that we cannot do our work at home. At home we have not
all those instruments, which are we want. Laziness can increase among people. May be
time wasting can increase. A person cannot get quiet time to work. Sometimes they
need help of their senior and junior, but they could not contact with them at the time. In
remote areas, internet connectivity is less, and it can become a problem.
We can do work at home and not also. Everything has a good thing and a bad.

By Manju Suthar

Topic: Work from home is now a new normal- pros and cons
During the time of COVID-19 pandemic, work from home concept has become a new
normal for all the organizations across the world. It has helped the employees and
organizations to keep their work on track even in adverse conditions.
This concept helped the employees save a lot of time and efforts of travelling to the
workplace, which can now be utilized by them to do some other work. It made them
overcome the barrier of place as employees were able to connect virtually with anyone
and at any place in no time with the help of internet. Also, they have much more time
flexibility to complete their work efficiently.
But, as every coin has two sides, work from home concept also has some disadvantages.
This concept has reduced the productivity of employees because of lack of
concentration while working at home. It has disturbed the daily schedule of most of the
people due to which they are not able to maintain the balance between household and
office work. Also, a person is able to provide better and innovative ideas while working
in groups because they practice brain storming activities.
Keeping all the pros and cons in mind, organizations can use combination of regular
concept and work from home concept to increase the productivity and efficiency of
employees as well as the organization.
By Shreya Grover

Fake News in our society

"IF A LIE IS REPEATED ENOUGH TIMES, YOU WILL BEGIN TO BELIEVE IT IS TRUE "
We make decisions based on information we got, but how will the decision be best if the
root information we have is fake. Distorted and wrong data impact the society severely
as one will share his/her misinterpreted views to others and the process continues
further.
This process of fake news does not begin from a few years but it prevails in society
from various decades but social media and new technology has now provided it wings.
Technology has made it so easy to create whatever because it is cost efficient rather
than previous methods of spreading news from magazines or newspapers which takes
too much cost for printing and press or studios. Reasons why one wants to spread all
this can be: Firstly, Distorters want to intensify social conflict to people's faith in
demographic development and their ability to work. Secondly, they want to distract
people from main issues such that any problem remains unresolved. For Instance, the

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effect of fake news can be seen at the time of demonetization when many people were
believing that new notes will have certain types of chips or whatever. But it was not so.
Need of proper awareness among people before believing any news is must. They must
check the source of particular news and should always consider authentic sources.
Journalists and media also need to help people to curb all such issues to make a healthy
and peaceful environment in society.
By Pragya Goel

During pandemic our lives revolve around plastic giving way forward to waste
management.

“Be a part of the solution, not a part of pollution.”

The year 2020 was filled with shocks and deaths for the whole world. Everyone had big
plans for this year but covid-19 came out of the blue and shook the whole world. This
year we experienced many fatalities and most of them were because of covid-19, Gloves,
sanitizers, and masks were our only weapons to fight this deadly virus. However, in this
brutal fight between man and a virus, we forgot about our dear planet, about how we
were damaging it without even noticing.
Our only goal was to save ourselves from this virus and we ended up damaging our
planet by the extreme use of plastic. The worldwide lockdown during pandemic initially
led to many positive changes such as reducing in air pollution and road transport
brought significant drop in the co2 emission level across the globe, however and
unsurmountable challenge occurred as countries stockpiling the PPE kit to prevent the
spread of covid-19. Amid lockdown, many households had also been hoarding essential
groceries which came in single use plastic packaging. Hand gloves, PPE kits and masks,
as the consumption of these have become an everyday norm for us, uncontrolled
disposal of these plastic products have become a serious question for us. Hazardous PPE
kits and empty sanitizer bottles pull up in landfills or oceans, further adding to the
existing plastic pollution and threatening the ecosystem.
It is true that preventing the spread of covid-19 is not a child’s play for the government,
but it should not forget about the environment and how it is getting destroyed by the
extreme use of plastic since the onset of covid-19. Government should keep in mind the
goals and targets that were set to reduce pollution while importing or manufacturing
the plastic-based life saver kits, as in one way they are beneficial for humans but in
another way, it is a hidden virus for our planet.
By Mandeep Khosla

Globalization: - Pros & Cons

Globalization describes a process or an action of international integration of countries

arising from the exchange of world's views, commodities, ideas, technologies and other
aspects of culture by which national and regional economies, societies and culture have
become integrated through the global network of trade, communication, immigration
and transportation.

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The phenomenon has intensified competition and interdependence between economies

in the global market leading to a overall growth of India's economy in global area.
Globalization has resulted in financial consolidation, growth in foreign exchange
reserve, increased foreign investment and to a considerable extent, control of inflation.
It has also created employment opportunities as multinational companies are now
making big investment in India.
On the other hand, globalization has also contributed to the suffering of low-income
groups resulting in poor health, deplorable working conditions and bondage. Humans
have turned into machines to make returns and be competitive in global market which
is a difficult task. Agriculture sector also facing the negative impact of globalization as
owning to the need to increase in production to meet the growing demand of global
market.

Globalization also have badly affected the domestic industries as multinational

companies operates in a large level uses modern technologies for production which
leads to good quality products at low price.
Globalization have both impacts positive and negative but with compliance of rules it
can be beneficial. In this govt can play important role by making rules to safeguarding
the domestic industries and agriculture sector of country.
By Kanak Sharma

Privatization of banks pros and cons

Banks are considered as key to drive the economy smoothly and efficiently. As we know
two major sectors of the bank are private and public, but what if all the banks are
privatized. As the government is planning to keep only 4 banks as PSB. There are 12 PSB
working currently, to make them 4 either merger or privatization can be done. Well, this
concept of privatization comes with advantage and disadvantage.
Firstly, if we talk about pros there are many, like private banks are more obedient and
focused towards their work while in PSBs there is a lack of punctuality. Private banks
are strict against loans and advances, and this is the reason why there is less NPA in the
private sector. Its main objective is to earn profit and there is less political interference.
PSBs are less competitive as compared to the private banks.
Secondly, coming to cons like the objective of PSBs is to focus on welfare with profit,
private banks will keep poor below the radar, and it will make them poorer. PSB worked
well in financial inclusion and most of the population trust and believe in PSBs. PSBs
give a platform to Govt welfare schemes to inject finance.
Privatization might be a good step to stop the increasing number of bad loans, but it is
not the perfect solution. In banking sector reforms are needed instead of privatization.
Disinvestment in PSBs is not a panacea. Less political interference and more stringent
rules against loans are the way forward measures that should be taken by the
government.
By Manisha Sharma

Online vs offline education

With the coronavirus pandemic, we saw a desperate rush towards a new environment
to continue teaching - learning process. The only solution was to shift towards virtual

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classes. Although online learning has become the need of time, it is important not to
dismiss the benefits of offline learning.
Benefits of online study:
1. Flexibility of time, plenty of choice, cost benefits, comfortable environment to study
and learn at your house. 2. New apps being launched for learning on the go. This is
highly beneficial to students as it explains concepts anytime & at any hour of the day. 3.
Save time of travelling to the institutes. 4. Online teaching increases engagement
between the students that may be shy and doesn't have to worry about the query being
an important one or not. 5. It provides networking opportunities to students from
different countries and cities as well.
Benefits of offline study:
1. Classroom teaching enhances students' critical thinking skills, providing them an
opportunity to engage in live discussion.

2. It encourages and motivates collaborate

learning, that increases students' self-awareness. 3. students learn social interactions
with peers, make friends and establish rapport with teachers. 4. Helps in evolving
conflict resolving skills, presentation skills, team spirit and to get along with those from
different cultural backgrounds. 5. The physical presence of teacher in the classroom
keeps students active & also initiates participation in activities.
By Ayushi Prakash

Is New National Education policy more competitive than ever before, give your
opinion?

The New National Policy introduced by the Education Ministry has a different structure
in
comparison with the previous one. We can say that it is more competitive, more
learning and robust. The earlier 10+2 concept has been revised and not the new one is
5+3+3+4.
So, what is this 5+3+3+4 concept? This is a new way of learning in our India Education
system with different stages. Earlier, in 10+2 concept, students were guided under the
vigilance of the government for only 12 years but it has been increased to 15 years now.
Now the main focus is not only education but also the mental and physical growth of a
child. The New National Education Policy aims at giving every child a better
environment and a broad area of interest, so that children can grow and learn according
to their interests. The new policy allows a child to opt whichever subject and an
additional language according to their interest. Even at Graduation and Post- graduation
level, it has been diversified.
The New National Education Policy is designed after much research and experiments. A
specific committee was formed under the chairmanship of well experienced people. The
government has tried to build a robust education policy for the coming generation so
that they can become pillars of the country and take it to the new heights. However,
every policy has some pros and cons, but it is important to revise and update it timely,
so that it can work smoothly.
Education has the power to transform the world. We can reach any milestone with the
power of education. It plays a very important role in our life and this sector needs to be
very effective for the growth and development of our country.
By Sarvesh Gupta

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Vaccine Hesitancy: A Growing Challenge for Immunization Program

Vaccine Hesitancy means unwillingness to get inoculated due to some fear, thoughts and
myths. Vaccine Hesitancy is presenting a big challenge in front of government who
wants to vaccinate every citizen as soon as possible.
Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of medical science. Every year vaccines
immunize so many people from getting infected from viruses and saves so many lives.
But at this time, vaccine hesitancy is not allowing people being vaccinated. It is mainly
because of concerns about vaccine’s harmful effects. But there are many more reasons
of hesitancy like misinformation on social media, old myths of losing sexual power, lack
of trust on scientists, believe on misleading elements of society, etc. There is big

problem for Muslim community who thinks that gelatin (extracted from pork) is used in
the vaccine, which they are not allowed to consume. These all-increases hesitancy in
public.
As we all know, social media plays an important role to affect the mindset of a person.
So that, government can initiate awareness programs on social media by which
everybody will supposed to get genuine and real information and government should
also curb fake news by making stringent laws against fake news spreaders. Government
can also use ‘lead from the front’ tactic by vaccinating their senior political leaders
which can develop trust of public on vaccine so that a person will feel less hesitant while
getting vaccine.
By Rishabh Rakhecha

Foreign direct investments beneficial in India.

“to maintain sustainable development, we need to shift from speed to Quality.”- by

Raghuram Rajan
FDI is an investment made by a firm or an individual of one country into the business of
another country. FDI takes place when an investor opens a business in a foreign country
or acquires foreign assets of that country. However, it does not only mean investing in
other countries, its definition also encompasses the international movement of
elements that are complementary to capital such as skill, process, management,
technology.
The economic fallout of the covid-19 pandemic is making the valuation of the Indian
market attractive. India has not been on the forefront of raising capital as much as China
in the past, but the current pattern of the economic shift has taken a turn and made
India a favorable pace for Foreign Investments. It is known that India is the second
country in the world with the largest populations which makes India a very attractive
place, because of its huge and diversified customer base. The massive middle-class
population makes it a great consumer base for most of the foreign companies and their
products.
Market size is the most important benefit in FDI for India. The government of India has
rationalized its policies and made it a little easy for foreign companies, making India an
attractive place for investment. India is a very talented country with young and highly
educated people that can solve the problem of human resource for any company
establishing a business in India. It is a relatively cheaper place as compared to other

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developing nations for many reasons which include huge labor workforce availability
and access to Asian markets. India has also experienced a strong economic growth over
the past few years in the sectors of information technology and business process
outsourcing.
For any developing nation like India, foreign direct investments play a crucial role in the
development and growth of that country as it generates employment and brings
economic stability. To support such investments, the government should bring reforms
in the foreign regime by easing some restrictions with minimal supervision.
By Mandeep Khosla

Importance of FDI.

FDI is important to the robust the growth of every developing country.

FDI or foreign direct investment is a investment where the investors are from other
countries and they invest in any other country for their benefit. They are not just the
investors; also, they have the ownership over the company. They involved in the
company and then the company would provide them funding.
Through FDI country which is developing can robust its growth, it has several
advantages which can take the country towards the progress.
Provides many employment opportunities to those who are looking for the job.
Uplift backward areas of the country where the investors are investing.
It is helpful for the production of goods which can lead to promote the main area of the
country.
Increase economic growth and capital inflows in terms of money and materials.
By Pinki Ahlawat

Pros and cons of Blockchain technology when used in election.

Blockchain technology is a digital technology. Using this technology govt. can conduct
elections. But everything has good as well as bad outcomes. There are some pros and
cons of this blockchain technology are as follows-
PROS- Our country is a democratic country and we all have right to cast our votes. But
sometimes many people don’t go to cast their votes because of many reasons. They may
be out of town, may be their problem is of waiting long time etc. Also, today around the
world are facing problems like privacy, violence, corruption etc. Blockchain system is a
convenient process of voting by which anyone can cast their votes from anywhere. It
reduces the risk of manipulation. Its result is immutable and it is more secure and also it
is a cheaper way of conducting elections.
CONS- The data entry process into the system is highly secure as the blockchain system
is a secure process. We should use biometric ID on our smartphone or computer. To use
this system all the voters must have a smartphone or computer and high internet
connectivity. It is more challenging to get the solution to every single citizen. Especially
in countries where internet connectivity, mobile access and awareness is low. It is not
the proper solution to get more people to vote. It is about controlling the votes.

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Everything has good and bad sides. But if we focus into its good side and try to improve
this process, then the problems like privacy, violence, corruption can be reduced.

By MEGHALI NATH

Importance of FDI

Foreign direct investment is investment by an individual or company from another

country. A foreign direct investor can invest in a company for merger or acquisition or
by setting up a new venture. The economic liberalization in 1991 opened the Indian
economy to foreign investments. FDI is important for robust growth because FDI can
create higher output and jobs. In this process the recipient country will benefit from
improved knowledge and expertise of foreign companies. Investment from abroad
could lead to increase in salaries and better working conditions. It can lead to increased

productivity; it will increase government revenue. In the recent union budget finance
minister, Nirmala Sitharaman says that in most of the sectors India started to increase
FDI. When more investment comes for all sectors then all sectors will provide more jobs
and many industries will be opened. It is more necessary for Indian economy to
increase Indian capitalization. We need to open more ways to start new FDIs and attract
investors to invest more in India.
By Deep Singh

Pros and Cons of Blockchain technology when used in election

Nowadays Blockchain Technology is very popular around the globe. Every country is
trying to use this technology and make us aware about this.
Blockchain is an internet based, distributed public ledger of information which is used
across various nodes on a "peer-to-peer" network for the purpose of ensuring integrity
and verifiability of data stored on the ledger. This technology is traditionally been used
as supporting structures for cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin etc. However, their use in
non-cryptocurrency applications too has seen a steady rise, allowing companies to
legally binding "smart contracts", enabling detailed monitoring of network chain and
enabling remote voting and elections.
While keeping in mind the conduct of safe and fair voting and elections process,
government and election commission officials are exploring the potential of using
Blockchain technology to enable remote voting.
The advantages of using this technology are to overcome geographical hurdles in voting,
security, voter registration integrity, poll accessibility and this is also a cheaper method
to conduct elections.
"Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done."
The limitations of this technology are vulnerable to cyber-attack and other security
vulnerability. These could cause vote manipulation, paper trail erasure or electoral
chaos. Blockchain technology solutions rely heavily on the proper implementation of
cryptographic protocols. If any shortcomings exist in an implementation it might stand
to potentially unmask the identity and voting preferences, or it allow an individual to
cast the vote as someone else.

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As this technology is as good as bad, the government needs to try this technology-based
voting first as a mock exercise in some locations on a small scale. Then it can go onto the
next level where people can vote through electronic voting machines for their real vote.

By PARUL SONI

Title-Pros and cons of Blockchain technology

Blockchain technology is a structure that stores transactional records, also known as

block, of the public databases, known as chain and distributed these without edited.
Pros-Blockchain is distributed. In many cases data stored on the blockchain is kept
across thousands of devices. Because of this distribution, the data systems are
incredibly resistant. Due to extreme stability, once a piece of data is registered to it, it is
near impossible to change or remove it. It is also a trustless system. When utilizing this
technology, an intermediary is not necessary. The distributed node network verifies this
transaction through processes known as mining.

Cons-The block chain revolution depends on the public key cryptography, also known
as asymmetric cryptography. This provides ownership over blockchain data when
combined with private key. If a user loss their private key, the data is effectively lost to
them. Apart from this those who are using Proof of Work which is the original
consensus algorithm in a block-chain network are usually inefficient.
Despite its potential disadvantages, block chain technology has incredible application in
business world. Larger companies are heavily invested on this technology into their
systems.
By Simanta Kusum Deka

Use of blockchain technology in elections, pros and corns

Blockchain technology is a structure in which transaction records are stored in virtual

list called blocks and these blocks are linked with cryptography, means, each block
contains transaction data of previous block. Blockchain system is decentralized, it
means all the records will not be found in a central place and the information of records
will be known to every participant, we can say that it is data modification resistant, that
data in any block will not be altered without alteration of all subsequent blocks.
As we know, today elections around the world face problems like violence, corruption
long waiting time etc. Blockchain system provides safe data storage and the data will
have visible to all participants and this system is quite helpful for those people who live
very far from their voting centers and the people who are handicap. they can cast their
votes through mobile phone.
But even if we can be guaranteed that the data is stored safely and securely in this
system, a blockchain based voting system also need to assure that, the data being fed
into the system is correct or not because it could be possible to enter fake data into the
system and there could be a risk of hacking as people cast their vote through their
phones.
After concluding all pros and cons we can say that blockchain system is solution of
many problems .it is time saving, transparent and safe but the risk of using blockchain
based voting system also need to be taken seriously in order to decrease security
vulnerabilities.

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By Anamika Soni

Why FDI is Important to robust growth

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment made by one individual in one country
into business interest located in another. Generally, FDI take place when investor
establishes foreign business in a foreign company. FDI is important to robust growth
because it has many benefits including increased employment, economic growth, etc.
FDI creates a new job, as investor build new companies and creates new opportunity in
a target country. This leads to increase income and more buying power to the people
which is lead to economic boost. FDI also important for development of backward area.
When investor establish business in backward area they help for growth of that area, by
increases employment and also increases human resources by providing training for
labor. Not all FDI develops for domestic consumption some are global markets that
increases in export, it also helps for growth of country.

As we know FDI plays crucial role for development of countries so it's also helps to
robust growth
By Shweta Bhagat

Why is FDI important to robust growth?

Economic growth is commonly measured in terms of increase in aggregate market value

of additional goods and services. It can be influenced by various factors such as human
resources, physical capital, natural resources and technology. Among these factors the
role of FDI is as crucial as theirs.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to when a company takes controlling ownership
of a business entity in another country. FDI is important for various reasons some of
them are mentioned below:
It helps companies to expand their funding and expertise in one or more areas. It also
paves the way for setting up of many industries and business firms, including remote
areas, which generate employment on a large scale and also contribute to the overall
development of that particular area. The people employed by these industries or firms
tend to get enough money to spend which in turn creates additional tax benefits for the
government.
FDI not only provides financial assistance but also introduces the domestic country to
the new or upgraded technologies and skills. It gives neck to neck competition to the
existing markets and hence pushing them to innovate and create better products. FDI
also plays a vital role in balancing the exchange rate of the country and in its increment
of exports.
All these points mentioned above, directly or indirectly, contribute to the economic
growth and development of the country. Hence, it becomes very important to promote
FDI to robust growth.
By Urvashi Yadav

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

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Many policy makers and academics that foreign direct investment (FDI) can have
important positive effects on a host countries development effort. FDI can be a source of
valuable technology.
Although the theoretical work on FDI points to advantages, conceivably, spillovers could
nevertheless be small. on the other hand, it. could be that we are looking in the wrong
places. Mostly due to data limitations control for the sector in which FDI is involved.
This paper revisits the FDI and economic growth relationship by examining the role FDI
inflows play in promoting growth in the main economic sectors.
It is difficult to construct accurate and comparable measure of FDI data by sector for a
broad cross-section of countries over several decades, particularly for developing
countries detailed information on FDI by sector for OECD countries is available in
OECD`s international direct investment satisfy yearbook 2001.
FDI flowers to many factorings seem to have a positive effect on growth. Indeed, most of
the theoretical work on the benefits associated with FDI tends to be related to the
manufacturing industry sector.
By Ashok Kumawat

What is blockchain technology? Write its uses in conducting an election.

Blockchain is a system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or

impossible to change, hack or cheat the system. It is a type of DLT (distributed ledger
technology) in which transactions are recorded with and immutable signature. It has
three parts hash, data and previous hash. Hash is a unique identifier if we change data
then automatically hash will also change, in previous block hash we make a chain
through the chain we can be connect our last previous data.
So finally, we can say blockchain is a near real-time peer to peer distributed immutable
database.
Uses-:
Now a days blockchain is using in many fields like payment processing and money
transfers, digital identities, data sharing, digital voting, tax regulation and compliance
and etc. Blockchain is using for election all over the world. It helps to find fraud voter in
election. Voters can effectively submit their vote without revealing their identity on any
reference to the public. In blockchain, information can't be lost and there are no central
points for Cyber-attacks such as database election for denial-of-service attack. While
there are numerous companies working on blockchain solution in voting only a small
number have built the technology and systems and binding election.

By Aeshwarya Verma

WHY FDI IS IMPORTANT FOR GROWTH OF A NATION

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an inherent part of almost all the nations
globally. FDI is when a company takes a partial or full control or have a strong say in a
company located abroad. It is like a controlling ownership that a company acquires by
purchasing bonds, shares or debentures. FDI is usually a long-term agreement and the
company can participate in the day-to-day activities of the company in which it has a
stake.
FDI is very important in overall growth of a country and also in the world capital. It can
save dying economies out of cash crunch. With the advent of liberalization and the

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leniency in the trade norms across the globe every country is trying to provide
incentives to the investors. FDI promotes stable and long-term lending. When foreign
companies invest into a company or acquire a company, they create a healthy
environment of competition thereby forcing the domestic companies to expand their
businesses which in turn mitigates the problem of unemployment. With the foreign
investment also comes the technology and advancements. FDI particularly benefits
those nations with limited domestic sources and restricted opportunities to raise funds
in the world's capital markets. Another big advantage of FDI is the increase of the target
country's income. Larger corporations would usually offer higher salary levels than
what you would normally find in the target country. India is definitely a lucrative place
for FDI but there are certainly some areas of improvement. Until these areas are
improved to perfection India will not become number one place for FDI.

By ARPAN SINGHAI

Why FDI is important to robust growth?

FDI also known as foreign direct investment is a type of investment in which foreign
companies invest their capital in another country's business by purchasing share of a
company, acquisition of business or by establishing its own business. FDI plays an
important role to push the economy of a country to a greater level. Whenever a foreign
company establishes or operates in another country, it invests capital in that country.
Foreign companies have to pay a fixed amount to government as a charge. This leads to
the direct income to the government. The government provides subsidy or other
incentives to companies which establishes its businesses in backward areas. With the
establishment of a company there will be an increase in employment as personnel is
required for work. With increased employment the standard of living of people
increases this will result in more revenue to the government. There has been a lot of
policies by the government to encourage direct foreign investment so that they can
happily invest in the country. Many companies do invest as they see it as a great
opportunity for earning huge profits. We can clearly state that the FDI put great effect
on the development of a country's economy and we can conclude that FDI acts as shot in
the arm for the robust economic growth.
By Nitesh Sharma

Pros and Cons of Blockchain Technology

Blockchain is a system that provides safe data storage since any changes to data that is
stored are made visible to all the participants in the network.
‘’The Ballet is stronger than the Bullet’
The Govt. is considering changing the method of conducting an election to Electronic
Voting System. This means that if someone interfering with data in the system can be
detected that is the reason blockchain technology is considering a safe way of storing
elections. It could solve some of the problems of elections face today like not giving
equal access to all because they are handicapped, distance to voting places are far from
their home and especially the older ones. Countries like India face the problem of

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corruption when counting and recording votes if it is possible for people to have their
votes recorded directly or to check whether their vote has been correctly recorded.
But even if it guaranteed that the data is stored safely and securely in a blockchain this
system needs to be assuring that the data fed into the system is correct. It is possible
that fake data could enter because it’s a blockchain people can vote from their phones
so there may be a chance of hacking. So, Govt. should take precautionary steps to
safeguard it. Overall, it’s a good technology that promises new opportunities from
securing transparency.
By NEHA

Why FDI is important to robust growth?

The contribution of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to economic growth is possibly one
of the widely examined topics in the last few decades. Few studies have examined both
the short-run and long-run impacts on developing and emerging markets, during the
period of economic turmoil that includes the global financial crisis.

Economic growth is one of the main focuses. FDI also helps to reduce the gap between
saving and investment. On the other hand, previous studies show that in the short-run
the impact of FDI on economic growth is negative but long-run the effect is positive. The
FDI increases the exporting capability in the host country and leads to profit increases
in developing countries. It also helps the provision of funds for domestic investments,
the creation of new jobs, growth in the technology transfer, and improves the balance of
payment and healthy competition. FDI hinders economic growth so should not overly
dependent on it such as foreign investors are volatile, tax evasion, harms domestic
companies, increase in dependency.
Through FDI is a very good option to move forward and would lead to a more
comprehensive integration of India into the worldwide market where India can make a
strong position to exporting its quality products and services.
By RAKTIMA SAHA

Pros and cons of blockchain technology when used in conducting Elections.

In a democratic country every vote is count but many adult citizens don’t go to cast their
votes on the election date. Some might go because they feel and belief that their vote
doesn't count because of the unfair election results. In the current system voting is
generally done either by writing your opinion on the paper or by electronic voting
machines. Replacement of this traditional system is necessary to limit the voting frauds
and to making voting more transparent by entering blockchain.
Blockchain can help to implement an electronic voting system that is immutable,
transparent, and can't be hacked into in order to change the results. Blockchain voting is
effective means to conduct fair election. Blockchain based voting system is to validate
the identity of the voter, it is very important to ensure that someone's identity is not
being fake, because here every vote is count and equally important. The voter is needs
to submit his identity information which gets verify by the organization conducting
these elections. The organization is verity that the person is eligible or not and all the
information of the voter will be securely added into the voter blockchain. When a smart
contract is executed only when he cast their vote. It ensures that the voter doesn't vote
multiple time. If the user's vote is valid the polling station accept the vote and in case

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vote is invalid the vote is gets reject by the polling station. The voter will be even
provided with the option to print the receipt as a proof of casting the vote. By
blockchain results can be declared immediately after the election is over. It provides
flexibility to a voter to login and vote for any part of the world. Is just needs a phone and
active internet connection. This would encourage more and more people to vote. But at
last, it is definitely a cheaper way of conducting election compare to the current way of
conducting elections at a national level.
By Shivani Jain

EXPLANATION OF SCIENCE

We are happy in the succession of science, and looks as an agent. Science may be a
botanist, geologist, astronomer, an agriculturist and study under different things like
herbs and flowers, rocks, comets and galaxies, and agriculture. As science is an agent
not a cause. It is the goodness and mercy of the infinite intelligence.
TITLE: - SCIENCE AND SCIENTIST
To called scientist, you need to masters in science. You have been a scientist since you
were born. Because science means only observation, experimentation, formulation,
verification etc. When you were a child, you observed things like birds and insects and
acted as an amateur scientist. Science is only to keep your eye and ear open and
observed things.
By Abhay Gupta

New rules for OTT platforms: digital media, news media.

Now a days the issue of new rules for ott platform is rising day by day. The center has
issued new rules for ott platforms for content confirmation and registration for new
platform to launch their new web series, episodes. Now there is an issue that arisen by
many on social media and news media that is someone says it will be beneficial for all
besides someone says abuse of power.
Pros of new rules,
Now, beginning of this center can curb on rumor mongering. Rumors that get share by
anyone on social media that make a cause of issue. From this center will deploy some
govt. employees those will be decide thar information that shared is it exploitable or
not.
CONS of new rules,
Some person thinks from its opposite, they think that if it will execute then govt. officials
will be abuse of their power that is provided to keep there on a right path by center.
Besides some person think that they will not be share their experience about
government on media, duo to evade from sedition case.
Now, the new rules bring by center is slightly lacking. If in this has a rain in for officials
for customers’ privacy this was good. Govt. should relook in rules and see if there is any
correction required. It should decide a limit to not cons the sedition law, by which
customer can express its words. Govt. should assure people they will not be affected by
this and they will can be express theirs words. Besides this govt. can correction in rules
ensure the age of candidate to see a web or episode and this can be in form of 5, 15, 25
and above 25.
By Monu Sharma

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Gaurav Barnwal

Blockchain in electoral system: pros and cons

In any country democratic voting is the most important event that allows its citizens to
exercise their power by voting and electing their representatives and to protect the
right of citizens and conducting fair election is very crucial for any countries. But
sometimes persons are out of their cities and they don’t cast their vote and sometime
people don’t cast their vote because of their ill-belief that their vote will not be count
because of the unfair election. In the current system voting is generally done either by
ballet system and by EVM machine. Replacement of these system is necessary to limit
the voting frauds as well as the voting system more transparent. Further a system is
required that convenient for the voters even when they outsides from their towns and
during travelling abroad. We are in a society that prefers everything online like ordering
our food, cab booking, online shopping then why can’t we cast our vote and select our
representatives with a few taps and clicks on a screen.

It is more comfortable than traditional method and it will reduce the cost of conducting
election. Blockchain will be really a good initiative and the effective mean to conduct a
fair election. it provides immutable, transparent and no risk of hacking and validation of
every voters. It will ensure the users doesn’t vote multiple times and once the vote is
casted it can’t be modified. The voters will be even provided with the option to print the
receipt as a proof.
But there is many reasons why blockchain is not good for voting because, there is no
malware in the voter’s computer and if someone find a way to hack in the blockchain
everyone’s vote becomes public and also this technology could not standup to use by
the general voter due to many reasons like not having its source, lack of internet
connection.
Apart from these issues, when it will come, voting result can be declared immediately
after the voting is over rather than it takes days for the election result in present
scenario. Subsequently, this would encourage more and more people to cast their vote
and by this system the valuable vote won’t get wasted.
By Aayush Srivastava

Blockchain Technology based Election Voting

Blockchain technology is software for the secure transaction of values (money,

property, contracts, credential identity, etc.) via the internet without requiring a third-
party. It is like a database or ledger where the user’s or owner’s data is stored.
Cryptocurrency like Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc; is an example of blockchain technology.
The use of blockchain in real estate, healthcare, banking, music, voting, etc; is more
transparent and economically beneficial. The problems faced due to EV machine are
waiting in a queue for a long time, distance of voting place, difficult for handicap to
reach, etc. and also conducting the election is more expensive in India. Using blockchain
technology, it would be easier and more accessible for people to cast their vote no
matter where they work or live. If there is any tampering with the vote records; then the
cryptographic hash of the current block mismatch with the previous block; which
implies that there must be any interfering with the data. So, no fraud regarding vote
count occurs.

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The major disadvantage of this technology is that it requires internet, the places where
there is no or less internet facility, this technology doesn’t work. Also, the fake data can
also be fed into the system. The citizens who are voting from their personal phones
need to take a step to protect their devices from being hacked.
So, blockchain technology is cheaper, secure, transparent, accessible and safe and can
overcome many problems faced through the EVM voting system. We hope that a better
step would be taken to introduce this technology.
By Aayush Srivastava

FDI {foreign direct investment}

FDI means the investment made by foreign companies in other countries, ex-a company
of USA opening its company in India is called FDI.
Impacts of FDI’s are they setup a new office/factory/manufacturing point in other
country which increases the revenue of other country, they import new and updated

technologies like machine producing units which gives other country a new idea to
produce that type of machines or to take a idea from those machines.
They also give employment to many peoples for office works, production work etc. They
recruit a large no. of unemployed peoples
They also build the infrastructure of other county like the railways made by bruisers for
their convenience are till now used as transportation of many items.
As far as the positive impacts FDI have negative impacts also: sometimes they take their
employees/staff along from their country which results in no change in employment,
they use capital intensive techniques rather than labor intensive technique which
results in no change of employment.
They also invest in multiple small companies or we can say they acquire small
companies which results in disinvestment of another country.
By akshay kumar grover

PROS AND CONS OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN VOTING

Blockchain technology is an online transference system either for money or for data. It
was first introduced in 2013 mainly for the transaction of bitcoin. Since than it has
evolved again and again, and was used in several types of transaction and transference.
Using this technology also in the voting system by replacing the EVM or Ballot box
technique may develop the existing method. Firstly, it would be much beneficial in case
of election’s expenditure which is invested in a large amount to conduct a national or
state election. As it is an internet based fast process, it can also reduce the wastage of
time during the election. Where transparency is the most important and noteworthy
subject of an election, blockchain can help to conduct it more transparently and
credibly. Despite all these it has some defective effects too. For being a completely
internet-based method there always remains a hacking threat that could badly affect the
voting. And what is the most important thing in an election is the public satisfaction. In a
case of national and state election there are a large number of people who cannot adapt
themselves with this system. But it can be hoped that with the growing use of
technology our government will make it accessible in near future.

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If we use this blockchain technology in election it must be very helpful for all of us
because of its transparency, highly secure system. Introducing of blockchain system
may stop the chance of fraud regarding vote cast. It provides facility to the people of no
need to leave the house for vote, they give their vote through online by submitting their
ID and because of transparency people verify that their vote is reached only to their
selective candidate. But as we all know; with advantages some disadvantages also occur.
Due to digitalize system of blockchain technology urban and literate people access this
system without any problem but for illiterate people and those rural areas where reach
of internet doesn't exist may be suffer. The illiterate people don’t know how this system
work because this system need digital knowledge and computer skill. if suppose a
skilled person help them to vote in election then how the unskilled person know that
their vote is reached only to their selective candidate may be skilled person make some
changes in his vote. there must be a chance of fraud is occurred in that way.
so, in my conclusion blockchain technology is very much useful in election but before
implementation government need to aware people with this technology which is a very
difficult task. By Subrata Dutta

New rules for OTT platforms: digital media, news media

'Over the top platform' which is commonly known as OTT platforms such as Netflix,
amazon prime videos, hot star etc., have become very popular during this period of
pandemic. Anybody can use this OTT platforms only they need is Internet.
It is well said that, "Every coin has its two faces", so as the OTT platforms.
On one hand, people are switching more to OTT platforms because of so many reasons
such as, anybody can enjoy its service just by buying a monthly subscription, it can be
easily accessed in any t.v, smartphone, tablets etc. Any kind of content can be released
here without censor's permission, any kind of talent can be widely spread, even content
might get famous on an international level.
But on the other hand, with all these benefits there are some drawbacks which cannot
be ignored. So in October 2020 new rules related to OTT platform have been released.
Which says, any content that provokes violence, disrespect any religion, encourages
terrorism etc. would be banned.
With these new rules’ government has power to control things as per their wish.
At times government might misuse their powers.
Therefore, it is important that there should be a neutral body that decides what is to be
streamed and what is to be banned in order to maintain a good standard of OTT
platforms.
By KUHELI CHAKRABORTY

New rules for OTT, Digital and news media: PROS AND CONS

Over the top (OTT) platforms in today's age and especially during pandemic had
become the paradise for content creators. Many creators opted to push their content to
run on these OTT 's and still got an overwhelming. But some of creators make them a
platform of disinformation. They misuse social media in unethical manner, instances
use of abusive language, defamatory and absent contents and disrespect to religious
sentiments.

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New rules brought by government can minimize the spread of disharmony, sexual
abuse and incitement of violence. The idea of intermediaries like Grievance officer who
shall remove or disable these contents within 24 hours is a good step.
But there is one concern about the rule which tells about messaging platforms shall
enable Identification of the first originator of the information. This rule will give right to
the owners of the apps to read messages which is end to end encrypted will become a
privacy concern.
But over all, these rules can become a revolutionary step to fight against fake news.

By Anjali Negi

Government’s new rules to regulate digital media and OTT platform

The Central government has recently announced various rules and regulations under IT
Act, in which an social media and OTT platforms has to create an Grievance Redressal
mechanism and has to appoint Grievance Redressal Officer.
There are various pros and cons are as followed

Pros
In this mechanism the government can stop any misinformation, falsified statements
and hate speech which is against the country's law and may cause any anti nationalism
activity.
Government can get to know information about the first person who spread
misinformation.
Because of this mechanism it helps to solve grievance of customer within 24hours
It also helps parent to understand which content is suitable for their kid and they can
lock Content which is not suitable their kid over OTT platform
Government can implement any new government scheme properly by reducing any
misinformation spread on social media and other digital media platforms like fake news
spread by news website over internet
Corns
Government can misuse their power over digital media depress question raised against
government
Digital media companies have to appoint various officers to solve complaints within
24hours.
Improper implementation Grievance Redressal mechanism person who is not done any
mistake can face problem in case of social media account of person get hacked by other
person.
But this is an important step taken by the government to stop spreading false
information rather than shutting down of internet and this will definitely help in
reducing spread of false information
By Chauhan Tushar

Needs to sell PSUs

A state-owned enterprise in India is called public sector undertaking (PSU) or a public

sector enterprise. These companies are owned by union government of India or one of
the many state or territorial governments or both together in parts.

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Sums are assets and daughters are liabilities. No wonder we are live in an era of NPAs is
said by Saumya Khare. Public sector units are not well performed that is called NPA. It is
given to loss in large amount. Non-performing assets are listed on the balance sheet of a
bank or other financial institution. After prolonged period of non-payment, the lender
will force it. And non-performing assets loan payments have not been paid for a period
of time. Then, government needs to sell it for paid of debt and its development.
Therefore, government needs to sell its share from most of PSUs.
By Rakesh Verma

New rules for OTT, Digital Media, News Media and Social media: Pros and Cons

In the modern world, Social platforms are playing a crucial role whether it is in
awareness or in entertainment and communication. News channels and Over-the-top
(OTT) platforms i.e., Netflix, Amazon prime videos, alt Balaji etc. have provided
unlimited content of any type of movie and news whose effect can be both negative or
positive. For restricting the impact first time the government, under the Information
Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) rules 2021, has
notified the guidelines for digital platforms. No doubt these new guidelines have pave
the way of some good changes and also become the reason of some frauds.

Pros: - The strong regulation of new rules over the OTT platforms has a threat hit for the
content published on these platforms. Recently we show that some web series i.e.,
Tandav and a suitable boy have come under serious controversy for their irrelevant and
provoking scenes which could hurt religious sentiments. With the help of these
guidelines news media and entertainment world would cautious about their content
and avoid to make inflammable scenes and set age limit according to guidelines.
cons: - With the arrival of these rules the confrontation between the government and
Digital media sites has also come up because these guidelines cover all microblogging
sites and big tech and it also affect their businesses. the distorted use of rules for their
benefits is not new in the social scenario.
With the optimistic hope these guidelines have been issued but most of the OTT
platforms don't support this move. In their view this move will violate the freedom of
speech and expression. However, the government has cleared that this initiative has
issued with some reasonable restriction due to this digital world could provide and we
perceive good quality content.
By Neetu singh rajput

New Rules for OTT Platforms, Digital news media, Social Media: Pros and Cons

"Social Media is the ultimate equalizer. It gives a voice and a platform to anyone willing
to engage."
In twenty first century, social media, OTT platforms, and digital news media are the
parts of our modern lifestyle. We are totally engrossed by these things.
Social media like twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp etc. are the platforms where people can
easily and unhesitant share their opinions, thoughts, emotions and also interact with
any person about related topics. Through digital news media we can update ourselves
time to time. On OTT platforms like Amazon prime video, Netflix etc. we entertain
ourselves by watching movies, videos, web series.

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But nowadays these platforms are getting filled up with fake news, irrelevant
comments and criticism. In our democratic country we have a right to freedom of speak
but some antisocial elements take the advantage of the situation by spreading fake
news. That is why when the real news come out that cannot spread like that and
because of that people cannot get aware about the actual fact and the situation become
worse. On OTT platforms to show realistic scenarios and grab attention of public
interests sometimes content creators create their content with some irrelevant plots
which are not for every age group of people.
For these reasons GOI takes some steps to regulate these platforms. According to
the new rule GOI deploys some officers to investigate the origin of fake news and who is
the creator to stop spread of that. In new rule & regulation in OTT platforms creators
and producers must keep in their mind their content must be classified according to
given age division and parents can control it. These steps are really appreciable.
However, if GOI handles the whole things in very careful way it might be alright
and helpful to stop all the things and beneficiary for public without breaking the public
rights.
By Sutapa Maity

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PRECIS WRITING

THE KEY ELEMENTS OF PRECIS WRITING

Precis writing samples with answers can only be appreciated properly when you’re
aware of what exactly characterizes a precis:

1. CLARITY
Clarity doesn’t mean that you oversimplify the original passage or try to insert your
own interpretations. It means that you retain the essence of the passage without
making your precis an exact but shortened copy of the original.

2. IMPROVISATION
If you look at some of the best examples of precis writing, you’ll see the authors
have invariably improvised on the vocabulary. This improvisation means that you
use words that can substitute the words in the passage most effectively, as you can’t
copy exact sentences or words into your precis.

3. STRUCTURE
When you study precis writing samples with answers, notice how each of these
examples of precis writing maintains a compact structure that caters to all the
crucial parts of the original passage.

TIPS TO REMEMBER DURING PRECIS WRITING

Precis writing examples with solutions tell you what to do, but not always how to do it.
This part about “how to do it” can be best understood by going through the list of tips
for mastering precis writing instead of merely looking at examples of precis writing:

 Make the precis one-third of the original passage in size

 Before writing your precis, make a list of the important points you want your
precis to cover
 Try to retain any statistics or figures mentioned in the passage in your precis
 Always use indirect speech in your precis

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Dos & Don’ts in Precis Writing

Dos for Precis Writing
 Begin with the basic idea of the passage to make the precis convenient to read.
 Give a clear idea pertaining to what the reader is about to read.
 While reading the passage, make a note of all the important points and include
them in the precis.
 Follow the main idea of the passage with the facts/points of improvement/
methods,, etc. as mentioned in the comprehension.
 Include all the important keywords and terms which are used in the passage.
 Keep a track of the tenses you use. Data related to historical events of the past
must be described in the past tense only.
 There must be a relation between the data you are writing in the precis. It should
have some common links.
Don’ts for Precis Writing
 The length of the precis must be shorter than the length of the passage.
 Do not overcomplicate the precis and use easy vocabulary.
 Do not make assumptions or add information in the precis as per your own
imagination.
 Do not give your own opinion or criticism over the comprehension.
 Avoid using abbreviations.
 Do not enter statements in the question format in the precis.
 Don’t focus on any one point for very long. Keep the information as precise as
possible.
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The above-mentioned dos and don’ts will help candidates get a better idea of the
concept and also learn the correct approach with which the precis needs to be written.

PRECIS WRITING EXAMPLES WITH SOLUTIONS

To better understand how the best examples of precis writing manage to extract the
main substance from a larger passage, let’s go through the following precis writing
examples with solutions.

1. ORIGINAL TEXT: (THE MYTH OF FREEDOM BY YUVAL NOAH HARARI, THE

GUARDIAN, SEPTEMBER 14, 2018)

Liberalism is founded on the belief in human liberty. Unlike rats and monkeys, human
beings are supposed to have “free will”. This is what makes human choices the ultimate
moral and political authority in the world.

If you happened to be amid the riots in Washington on the day after Martin Luther King
was assassinated, or in Paris in May 1968, or at the Democratic party’s convention in
Chicago in August 1968, you might well have thought that the end was near. While
Washington, Paris and Chicago were descending into chaos, the Soviet system seemed
destined to endure forever. Yet 20 years later it was the Soviet system that collapsed.
The clashes of the 1960s strengthened liberal democracy, while the stifling climate in
the Soviet bloc presaged its demise.

PRECIS WRITING SAMPLE

Human liberty defines liberalism. The concept of “free will” is exclusive to humans and
gives us moral and political authority.
During the 1960s, liberalism was undergoing a crisis in the West. Contrasted with the
chaos in liberalism, the illiberal system in the Soviet Union seemed to be flourishing.
However, in a matter of two decades, it was the Soviet system that collapsed, while
liberal democracy strengthened by adapting itself.

2. ORIGINAL TEXT (INDIAN SUMMER: THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE END OF

AN EMPIRE BY ALEX VON TUNZELMANN, PG 277)

On 28 July, Mountbatten held a reception at which he, Patel and V.P. Menon joined
forces to bully the princes. The Maharajas stood around nervously to watch this
daunting triumvirate at work. Mountbatten would not be able to provide Patel with a
completely full basket of apples, but it is striking that he managed to secure as many as
he did.

Most of the princes would disappear quietly into estate management or gin palaces, as
they pleased. But an impressive number of exceptions ran for office in the new
democratic India. Whatever may be said about Mountbatten’s tactics or the
machinations of Patel, their achievement remains remarkable. Between them, and in

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less than a year, it may be argued that these two men achieved a larger India, more
closely integrated, than had 90 years of the British raj, 180 years of the Mughal Empire,
or 130 years of Ashoka and the Maurya rulers.

PRECIS WRITING SAMPLE:

Mountbatten held a reception with the purpose of bullying the princes in tandem with
Patel and V.P. Menon. As the princes speculated, Mountbatten went about persuading
them, providing Patel with far more accessions than he should have been able to.

Many princes became irrelevant after accession, but some ran for office in independent
India. But between themselves, Mountbatten and Patel achieved something remarkable,
constituting an India at the time of independence that was greater and more closely
integrated than ever before.

Comprehension Passage 1:
Everybody knows what a “good” man means and how he should be. Our definition of a
good man is the one who does not smoke, or drink or avoids the usage of bad language.
A good man is ideally expected to converse in front of men as he would in front of
women. He is also expected to attend the Church regularly and have correct opinions on
all subjects. He has a wholesome horror of wrong-doing and realizes that it is our
painful duty to reprimand sin. He is not anticipated to have wrong thinkings and has the
authority to protect the young. His duties are not just restricted to the professional front
but also needs to spend quality time doing good deeds. He must be patriotic and a keen
believer of military training, he should promote industry, must be sober and have virtue
among wage earners and their children. He must be a role model for all and it is
expected that he leads a way which the younger generation would willingly follow.
Above all, of course, his “morals” in the narrow sense must be admirable.

Precis Writing:

Title: Attributes of a Good Man

The characteristics of a good man are known and he is expected to be religiously

profound, must not smoke, drink or use bad language. His behaviour must be the same
for all genders and he is expected to be a role model for the young ones. He must know
his duties and avoid taking up the path of sin. He must be good not only in the
professional space but also help people in need. He must be someone who can be
admired and is praiseworthy.

Comprehension Passage 2:

Capitalist policies are based on the precipice of allowing capital holders the freedom to
proceed with production activities as they please. There are minimal restrictions
governing land and labour allowing capitalists the upper hand when it comes to
production decisions. While this might be a great incentive to boost production and
subsequently, economic growth in the country, it is often cited as the biggest criticism of

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the capitalist system. It gives maximum leverage to the capital holders, who can
determine the course of production completely without having to take into account
ethical dilemmas like workers conditions, compensation, environmental safeguards etc.
There is a clear advantage to owners of capital, be they self made or inheritors of
wealth. Thus, the rich have ample opportunities to make profits while employing the
poorer sections of society who labour away at low salaries. Because production
activities are fuelled by the desire to make money, there is no guarantee of welfare in
such a setup.
The point being stressed upon here is that capitalism does not focus on furthering
equality among various income groups. The rich continue to make large sums of money
due to the conducive environment in the economy while the lower income groups have
to make do with fixed monthly wages. Hence, the gap between the rich and poor
continues to broaden without any help from government regulations. Such inequality in
distribution of wealth and power in the economy leads to societal imbalance which has
immediate and often extreme reactions from the masses.
The socialist school of thought considers capitalism to be irrational owing to the
great inconsistencies and inequalities brought about by such a system. Revolutionary
tendencies rise among the majority of the population which should be a great cause of
concern for the government of such a nation. The most recent example of such a
situation arising in the modern world is the ‘Occupy Wall Street’ movement in New
York. It began in one city as a protest by the masses against the mass hoarding of wealth
by the elite who compose only one per cent of the population. This gradually spread to
other parts of the world which follow a capitalist system of economy. This is a serious
matter with long lasting ramifications and constitutes one of the biggest disadvantages
of capitalism.
A capitalist economic system allows enough freedom for property holders to
establish their influence in the markets without much restriction on the extent of this
spread. This leads to monopolisation of markets by one or a few major players. This
permits a handful of firms to dominate the market and govern prime factors like prices,
quantity supplied and quality of product without any opposition from other
competitors. This also creates barriers to entry for other players in the market due to a
high degree of control being exercised by the firms monopolising the markets.
Since a capitalist society is seen as the diametrically opposite end of a socialist
society, it suffices to say that the former does not consider the social needs of the nation
as its primary objective. Stimulus to economic growth is the prime purpose of such a
market setup. This overlooking of the needs of the masses leads to problems like
unemployment, poverty and exploitation of labour. Labour unions are squashed and the
general needs of the workers could be overlooked in such a setup. This causes some
degree of social unrest among the section of the population which does not have access
to capital or property. As highlighted above, such a situation could have greater and
more serious ramifications for the government.
In summary, the main disadvantages of capitalism revolve around the high degree of
inequality which stems directly and indirectly as a result of it. That being said,
capitalism has proven itself to be a stable economic system which is being applied by
numerous developed nations around the world. Hence, it might be premature to state
that the disadvantages of capitalism are enough to make it fail as an effective economic
system as predicted by Marx, the “father of socialism”. It is a strong system which allows

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the freedom to fulfill human desires and will continue to remain in the world for a long
time to come.

Precis Writing:

Title: Disadvantages of capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system that allows capital holders to have the freedom to
control their production activities. As the production activities are controlled by the
capitalists, the main purpose of these activities is profit making. In this capitalistic
approach, economic growth is maximised but the working conditions and compensation
of the low wage workers is compromised in order to gain more and more profit.
Capitalism leads to higher inequalities in distribution of wealth and resources. In
capitalistic economy, the poor is exploited by the rich and therefore social inequality
and wealth gap increases. Monopoly is another evil which is introduced by this system.
Large firms have a huge influence on the market and therefore it becomes inevitable to
stop monopolisation of the market. Capitalist system is the opposite of socialism. In a
socialist society, the social needs of the people are of prime importance. Labour unions
are powerless in capitalist economy. These unions are unable to protect labourers from
exploitation. So the main drawback of capitalism is the inequality that it creates.
Capitalism is adopted by many developed nations .Even after having so many
disadvantages, this system is very stable and continues to remain the popular choice
among the developed economies. Socialists view this system as a failure but it continues
to thrive.

Comprehension Passage 3:

To understand the schism, we need to look in detail at the complexities of Tibet’s

history and theology as it will give us an insight on what actually transpired which
resulted in the schism. Tibet adopted Buddhism during the earliest days of its recorded
history in the seventh century. According to Buddhist belief, the legendary Indian yogi
Padma Sambhava had converted Tibetan local spirits to be protectors of Buddhism,
creating the transcendental foundation for the introduction of monasteries. This earliest
form of Buddhism came to be known imprecisely but commonly as “Red Hat Buddhism.”
Following the example of Padma Sambhava, the adherents of the “Red Hat Buddhism”
endorsed an intellectual approach that rejected linear thought process making as well
as social rules and restraints in their search for enlightenment. As a way to break
through this linear thinking process, the Red Hat Buddhists practiced esoteric rites that
sometimes clashed with the ordinary notions of social conduct.
In response, the Gelukpa order came into existence in the 15th century as a reform
movement that gave importance to monastic discipline and a scholastic understanding
of the tenets of Buddhism. At its inception, it was nonsectarian (not involving or relating
to different religious sects or political groups), adopting treatises from a wide array of
Tibetan philosophical schools. However, its members though not in large number
believed that some of the practices of the Red Hat Buddhists were less effective and

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potentially harmful for spiritual cultivation. Although it was a minor sect at first, it soon
gained popularity and started becoming popular because of the philosophical
vigorousness and the strict discipline of its monks. A lineage of reincarnated lamas, later
to be known as the Dalai Lamas, was a source of influential figures and learned clerics
within the order.
In the 16th and early 17th century, Tibet suffered from political conflicts and sectarian
fighting among its Buddhist orders, though doctrinal differences among the sects were
not necessarily at the core of this unrest. The unrest continued for centuries as the
Buddhist monasteries and local Tibetan nobles set up alliances for the pursuit of wealth
and power, consequently clashing with others seeking the same. With the assistance of
some noble clans and Mongolian military support, the Gelukpa were able to gain
political power in 1642, with the Fifth Dalai Lama as its paramount leader.

Precis Writing:

Title: The Historical Background for the Schism

Comprehending the schism lies in examining the intricacies of Tibet’s history. Indian
Yogi Padma Sambhava was believed to have converted Tibetian local spirits to be the
protectors of Buddhism, thereby laying the metaphysical foundation for the earliest
form of Buddhism, imprecisely called “Red Hat Buddhism”. The Red Hat Buddhists
rejected conventional thinking and practiced esoteric rites instead which clashed with
mundane morality. The Gelukpa order then came in the 15th century and emphasized
monastic discipline. However, few members doubted the order’s effectiveness and it
soon grew into popularity due to philosophical vigorousness and strict discipline. Dalai
Lamas was a prominent figure within the order. Tibet suffered from political disunity
and sectarian fighting around 17th century which continued for centuries and halted
eventually in 1642 when the Gelukpa with Mongolian military support were able to
assume political authority with the Fifth Dalai Lama as its paramount leader.

Comprehension Passage 4:

Even as the Uttarakhand high court recently declared Ganga and Yamuna rivers as living
entities, bestowing on them legal rights of a person, an RTI query has revealed that the
waters of the Ganga along Haridwar are not even fit for bathing. Tests were conducted
at 11 locations in Uttarakhand over a distance of 294km along the river, taking into
account four main indicators of river water quality – temperature, dissolved oxygen,
biological oxygen demand and coliform (bacteria).
On most of these indicators the Ganga failed to meet acceptable standards, showing high
levels of bio-pollutants and toxic materials. There’s no denying that rivers in India are
highly revered. Considered as sources of life in a largely agrarian country, rivers have
cultural, spiritual and religious connotations. However, it is also a fact that physical
protection of rivers in India is very poor. With greater industrialisation and
urbanisation, rivers have increasingly become depositories of urban waste and
industrial effluents.
The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) has seen more than Rs 1,800 crore spent over three
decades on cleaning the Ganga with little improvement. The current government

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intends to spend around Rs 20,000 crore over five years on the NamamiGange Project.
But apart from minor variations on GAP, the new project offers more of the old focus on
sewage treatment plants. The problem with this top-down approach is that it fails to
account for the lack of coordination among the various states through which rivers flow.
In fact, coordination on this score is often mired in Centrestate and state-to-state
politics. Given this scenario, it would be far better to push a bottom-up approach where
people living along rivers become primary agents of change. This is best exemplified by
the case of a village panchayat in Kerala’s Alappuzha district reviving the Kuttemperoor
channel of the Pamba and Achankovil rivers. It’s time to translate our reverence for
rivers into actual conservation efforts.

Precis Writing:

Title: Rivers- Time for bottom up approach.

Rivers in India inspite of being culturally, religiously and spiritually important are
treated as urban and industrial waste depositories. River Ganga lagged behind on key
indicators of river quality inspite of the Rs.1800 crores spent on Ganga Action Plan, a
top -down approach for revival, for the last three decades due to lack of coordination
among states and centre -state politics. A bottom-up approach, where the inhabitants
are the key change maker, would be effective as seen in Kerala's I Allapuza district
where village panchayats have revived the rivers.

Comprehension Passage 5:

THERE are many misconceptions about how flows of black money are generated. One
prominent misconception is the apparent belief among policymakers that much of it is
because of the existence of the “informal economy”, which relies heavily on cash-based
transactions. By contrast, it is believed that the formal economy, in which payments are
made through cheque or in the digital mode, is somehow much less amenable to
corruption and tax evasion. Indeed, this is the chief justification provided for the
aggressive pushing of cashless exchange that is now being touted as the main
“achievement” of the drastic demonetisation exercise.
This simplistic equation between non-formal, cash-based activities and some sort of tax
evasion or criminality is a complete misunderstanding of the nature of the informal
economy in India. The formalisation of the economy is a desirable goal (although it
cannot be achieved almost at gunpoint), but lack of it hardly indicates that all those who
are not lucky enough to be employed in formal, registered economic activities are
thereby engaged in some subterfuge or corrupt or criminal activities. In India, close to
half of the national income is generated by informal activities, and more than 90 per
cent of the workers in the economy are either self-employed or working on informal
contracts. The close, symbiotic interdependence between the formal and the informal
sectors also means that a strict dichotomy between the two cannot be made.
Further, most illegal or tax-evading strategies do not necessarily rely on “informal”
economic arrangements—rather they are based on manipulation and misstatement of
recorded activities, mostly within the formal sector. All the major scams that have
occurred in India over the past decade provide justification for this.

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Indeed, an anti-corruption approach defined by clamping down on cash transactions

rather than dealing with the plethora of non-cash methods can hardly be justified even
within the government. The fact that it persists at all speaks volumes about the poor
institutional memory that characterises policy discussion in India today. After all, just
five years ago, in 2012, a White Paper of the Ministry of Finance made it clear that one
of the main ways in which black money in the form of tax evasion is generated is by
hiding, or wrongly reporting, transactions and then seeking to hide the audit trail. This
occurs through various methods such as underreporting revenues or receipts or
production; inflating expenses; and not correctly reporting workers employed so as to
avoid statutory obligations for their welfare. For companies involved in imports and
exports, trade misinvoicing is a major source of financial wrongdoing. Note that none of
these is dependent in any way on cash transactions—indeed, they can be easily and
effectively carried out in cashless modes.

Precis Writing:

Title: Rivers- The real black money

“Generation of Black money” often constitutes a number of misconceptions, one notable

of them being - having belief that the flow of black money is due to the existence of
informal economy which profoundly anticipates cash-based transactions. However,
another belief that formal economy is much less susceptible to corruption and tax
evasion is a vague justification as more than 90 per cent of the workers are engaged in
non-formal activities and help in initiating almost half of the national income. In fact,
both these sectors are interdependent and hardly draw any line of distinction.
Moreover it is interesting to note that most of the major scams that got highlighted over
the past one decade in the country vindicate the role of formal economy in illegal or tax-
evading strategies through manipulation and misstatement of recorded activities and
thus nullifying any such claims against informal economy.
Suppressing cash transactions rather than dealing with non-cash methods as an anti-
corruption approach questions the potency of India’s policy developing ability.

Comprehension Passage 6:

Almost every organism has the tendency to react to certain stimuli for survival. This
reaction to each and every situation has an evolutionary basis of adaptation. The study
of human emotions dates back to the 19th century and psychologists have since then
discovered many reasons for every emotion, yet these are just theories. The arousal of
emotions and their assumed structures is said to occur due to repeated encounters with
a situation followed by the adaptation of the encounter. Human emotions have been
linked to adaptively regulate emotion-gathering mechanisms. The emotion of fear which
is associated with ancient parts of the brain has presumably evolved among our pre-
mammal ancestors while the emotion of a mother’s love called the ‘filial emotion’ has
seen to evolve among early mammals. Various emotions work as manipulative
strategies that favours survival. Feigning emotions by an accused person may help him

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be saved from the punishment. An exaggerated display of anger is also associated with
manipulating or threatening someone.
Despite there being several emotions for various events, ironically the most interesting
emotion is the emotion of disgust. Disgust is aroused when the body senses a danger to
the immunity or the physiology of the human. The disgusted memory is associated with
alerting the brain of a potentially dangerous substance. A few studies have shown that
the encoding triggered in adaptive memory for problems is stronger than any other
behaviour. This makes us instantly have a disgusted expression at the sight of
something that makes us uncomfortable or uneasy. These expressions are also closely
linked to self-protective communication.

Precis

Title: Human Evolution and Emotions

The emotions that humans express and react to stimuli in the environment have an
evolutionary basis. Emotions are assumed to be a result of repeated encounters with a
certain event.
According to evolution, emotions like fear, love, feigning, anger, and disgust are results
of consistent reactions in particular situations. Some expressions are often built up or
adapted as a form of self-protection.
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Comprehension Passage 7:

The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) will start working closely
with banks to kick-start the government's Start-Up India initiative in both rural and
urban India. Commerce and Industry Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the government
would ensure that startups don't run out of money and that their equity requirements
don't go unattended. The minister was talking to the media on the sidelines of a FICCI
event. The department is spearheading the Start-Up India initiative announced by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi in his Independence Day address. Sitharaman said DIPP would
work with banks across the country, especially in rural areas. "If each of these (bank)
branches gives tribal or Dalit population something to start up with, it would take the
whole startup and innovate India (initiative) thought to district level," she said.

DIPP is also working on ways to reach out to the urban educated and the deprived
section of the society to build entrepreneurship. "All over the country, youngsters are
coming up with ideas of entrepreneurship. They don't have time to wait, we don't have
time to lose," Sitharaman said. The commerce minister said there is a need for greater
participation of industry in driving ahead the movement of Skill India. "India needs an
ecosystem where talent and skills can be nurtured. Through our 10,000 crore fund of

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fund for startups, we will provide soft loans, capital to those who want to start fresh
enterprises," she said.

The skill development and entrepreneurship ministry currently offers certified training
in 31 different sectors under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana. Sitharaman, in
another event organized by the Confederation of Indian Industry, said India, which
ranked 142 in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report this year, is likely to fare
better next year since the government has initiated certain reforms to improve the
standing.

Precis Writing:

Title: ‘Entrepreneurship: The Future of India’

The government has understood the importance of entrepreneurship and development

of new ideas to make the country industrially developed. It has launched several
programmes to support the youngsters financially by helping those getting loans
without much hassle as well as with skill development in various disciplines. The
government is also ensuring that both the rural and urban areas get the benefit of these
schemes. This will make the new ideas sustainable in the long run because the young
generation will be encouraged to take up entrepreneurship initiatives with fresh ideas.
This approach of the government is expected to make India a better destination in the
world to do business.

Comprehension Passage 8:

Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they themselves stand in the sun
and endure the scorching heat, they produce the fruit of which others profit. The
character of good men is like that of trees. What is the use of this perishable body if no
use is made of it for the benefit of mankind? Sandalwood, the more it is rubbed, the
more scent does it yield. Sugarcane, the more it is peeled and cut up into pieces, the
more juice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart do not lose their qualities
even in losing their lives. What matters whether men praise them or not? What
difference does it make whether they die at this moment or whether lives are
prolonged? Happen what may, those who tread in the right path will not set foot in any
other. Life itself is unprofitable to a man who does not live for others. To live for the
mere sake of living one’s life is to live the life of dog and crows. Those who lay down
their lives for the sake of others will assuredly dwell forever in a world of bliss.

Precis Writing:

Title: A key to altruism

A noble person, like a tree, make use of its life for the profits of others. Praise does not
matter to them till they die even they make each moment of their life for the sake of

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other’s benefit. They don’t lose their quality as tree and lead their life in the right path
and stay forever in the world of bliss.

Comprehension Passage 9:

It is physically impossible for a well-educated, intellectual, or brave man to make money

the chief object of his thoughts just as it is for him to make his dinner the principal
object of them. All healthy people like their dinners, but their dinner is not the main
object of their lives. So all healthy minded people like making money ought to like it and
enjoy the sensation of winning it; it is something better than money. A good soldier, for
instance, mainly wishes to do his fighting well. He is glad of his pay—very properly so
and justly grumbles when you keep him ten years without it—till, his main mission of
life is to win battles, not to be paid for winning them. So of clergymen. The clergyman's
object is essentially baptize and preach not to be paid for preaching. So of doctors. They
like fees no doubt—ought to like them; yet if they are brave and well-educated the
entire object to their lives is not fees. They on the whole, desire to cure the sick; and if
they are good doctors and the choice were fairly to them, would rather cure their
patient and lose their fee than kill him and get it. And so with all the other brave and
rightly trained men: their work is first, their fee second—very important always; but
still second.

Precis Writing:

Title: Work or Money

Undoubtedly, money is the need of an hour however it is not the primary purpose for a
well-educated, intellectual, or brave man. Healthy minded people primarily, enjoy
winning or completing their work rather than aiming for making money from it. Be it
soldier, who wishes to win the battle first instead of getting paid. Be it clergyman, who
preaches because he loves doing it instead of getting paid for his preaches. Be it a
doctor, who desires to cure his patient first. Thus for all well educated person work
comes first.

Comprehension Passage 10:

English education and English language have done immense goods to India, inspite of
their glaring drawbacks. The notions of democracy and self-government are the born of
English education. Those who fought and died for mother India's freedom were nursed
in the cradle of English thought and culture. The West has made contribution to the
East. The history of Europe has fired the hearts of our leaders. Our struggle for freedom
has been inspired by the struggles for freedom in England, America and France. If our
leaders were ignorant of English and if they had not studied this language, how could
they have been inspired by these heroic struggles for freedom in other lands? English,
therefore, did us great good in the past and if properly studied will do immense good in
future. English is spoken throughout the world. For international contact our comrherce
and trade, for the development of our practical ideas, for the scientific studies, English-is
indispensable "English is very rich in literature," our own literature has been made

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richer by this foreign language. It will really be a fatal day if we altogether forget
Shakespeare, Milton, Keats and Shaw.

Precis Writing:

Title: Importance of English Education

In spite of its defect, English language and English education have done immense good
to India. English education gives an idea of democracy and self-government. Our leaders
were inspired by Western thoughts, culture and the struggles for freedom done by
different countries. Their heroic struggles give us freedom. Not only in the past English
education is necessary for making our future bright. Being spoken thought-out the
world English is necessary for international contact, trade, commerce and science.
English is rich in literature and the work of its great author cannot be ignored.

Comprehension Passage 11:

When we survey our lives and efforts we soon observe that almost the whole of our
actions and desires are bound up with the existence of other human beings. We notice
that whole nature resembles that of the social animals. We eat food that others have
produced, wear clothes that others have made, live in house knowledge and beliefs has
been passed on to us by other people though the medium of a language which others
have created. Without language and mental capacities, we would have been poor indeed
comparable to higher animals. We have, therefore, to admit that we owe our principal
knowledge over the least to the fact of living in human society. The individual if left
alone from birth would remain primitive and beast like in his thoughts and feelings to a
degree that we can hardly imagine. The individual is what he is and has the significance
that he has, not much in virtue of the individuality, but rather as a member of a great
human community, which directs his material and spiritual existence from the cradle to
grave.

Precis Writing:

Title: Human being: A social animal

Being a social animal, we are bound up with our actions and desires with others. Our
food, clothes, residents and beliefs are interconnected. Without the use of languages
created by others, we would have been mere an animal. If we had not been a social
animal, we would have been primitive and beast like in thoughts and feelings. Thus,
society plays a significant role in a person’s life.

Comprehension Passage 12:

These are two considerations which deserve at least a word in any discussion of the
future of the Indian theatre. The first is the rapid development of the cinema as a
competitive for prophesied favor. At first, in the early flush of cinematic triumph
people—some of whom might have been expected to, know better— prophesies the
extinction of the theatre. It is now clear that though here and there, temporarily, the

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theatre may be affected, the cinema cannot hope to replace the stage and elbow it out of
existence. Experience in the West has shown that the stage will always be required as a
federal studio. For the technique is different and great stage actors have, always, to their
disgust, discovered that film acting is at least only second best to them; it cannot mean
to them what the stage means. Something is lacking in the human touch. In the theatre
heart responds to heart and mind acts on mind in a way unknown to the cinema. Thus
there is no danger of extinction to the theatre. On the other hand, the rivalry of the
screen ought to and will put theatre to a new test and give it a new stimulus that may
well lead to still higher planes of artistic achievement. Finally, a word about a national
language spoken, written and thought might do for the theatre in India.

With the new awakening in social life the need of a common tongue is being increasingly
felt. Much work is being done to bring out a common linguistic medium. The day when,
it is accepted will be a great day for the Indian theatre, as it will be for all art in the
country. But the theatre, because its life blood is spoken word, will gain most. With a
common tongue, with a live national consciousness, the theatre will become to its own
as definite instrument of national unity reflecting the national mind, interpreting the
national heart and dreaming national dreams for the future.

Precis Writing:

Title: Stage Vs Screen

When we think of the future of the Indian theatre, two things are to be contemplated.
The first is the rivalry of cinema. At one time it was thought that the cinema might oust
theatre. But now it is admired that the stage must always be there as a feeder for the
studio. Besides the great stage actors do not like the inhuman techniques adopted by
the cinema. On the other hand, its challenge might make the theatre rise even to greater
heights. Secondly, the adoption of a language may do much for the Indian theatre. Such a
language is being formed. When adopted, it will enable the stage to keep the cause of
national unity by dramatizing the national consciousness.

Comprehension Passage 13:

Misers are generally characterized as men without honor or without humanity, who live
only to accumulate, and to this passion scarifies who live only to accumulate, and to this
passion sacrifices the most of the joy of abundance, banish every pleasure and make
imaginary wants real necessities. But few, very few, correspond to this exaggerated
picture; perhaps there is not one in whom all these circumstances are found united.
Instead of this we find the sober and the industrious branded by the vain and the idle
with the odious appellation: men who by frugality and the idle with the obvious
appellation; men who by frugality and labour, raise themselves above their equals and
contribute their share of industry to the common stock. Whatever the vain or the
ignorant may say, well where it for society had we more of this character among us. In
general with these avaricious men we seldom lose in our dealings; but too frequently in
our commerce with prodigality.

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Precis Writing:

Title: —Misers: the odious appellation

Misers are men who are ready to sacrifices all the pleasures even the real necessities
just to accumulate. Because of frugality, they contribute their share in common steel and
hence they lose their important deals because of their odious appellation.

Comprehension Passage 14:

Men and women are of equal rank but they are not identical. They are be peerless pair
being supplementary to one another, each helps the other so that without one the
existence of the other cannot be conceived and, therefore it follows as a necessary
corollary from these facts that anything that will impair the status of either of them will
involve the equal ruin of them both. In framing any scheme of women’s education this
cardinal truth must be constantly kept in mind. Man is supreme in the outward
activities of a married air and therefore it is in the fitness of things that he should have a
greater knowledge thereof. On the other hand, noise life is entirely the sphere of woman
and, therefore in domestic affairs, in the upbringing and education of children, woman
ought to have more knowledge Not that knowledge should be divided into water tight
compartment’s or that so that some branches of knowledge should be closed to anyone,
but unless courses of instruction are based on discriminating appreciation of these basic
principles, the fullest life of man and woman cannot be developed.

Precis Writing:

Title: Education of women

Equal rank of men and women cannot make them same. Each is the supplement of one
another. The education of man is important because it is thought that they are meant to
do outward activities. But women are also implied to perform domestic affairs, educate
children and what if some misfortune happened. So the education of women is as
important as man.

Comprehension Passage 15:

Among the manifold misfortunes that may befall humanity, the loss of health is one of
the severest. All the joys which life can give cannot outweigh the sufferings of the sick.
Give the sick man everything and leave him sufferings a d he will feel that half the world
is lost to him.

Lay him on a soft silken couch; he will nevertheless be under the pressure of his
suffering while the miserable beggar, blessed with health, sleeps sweetly on the hard
ground. Spend his table with dainty meals and choice drinks, and he will thrust back the
hand that proffers them and every the poor man that thoroughly enjoys his dry crush
Surround him with the pomp of kings, let his chair be a throne and his crutch a world
saving scepter, he will look with contemptuous eye on marble, on gold and on purple
and would deem himself happy, could he enjoy, even was it under a thatched roof,
health of the meanest of his servants.

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Precis Writing:

Title: Blessings of health

The loss of health is one of the biggest misfortune that a human can suffer from no
worldly pleasure can soothe his sufferings. A poor man can enjoy his sleep if he is
healthy. But a sick king has to suffer sleepless and dreadful night. So the blessing of
health is much cardinal than all the riches.

Comprehension Passage 16:

Machines have, in fact, become the salves of modern life. They do more and more work
that human beings do not want to do themselves. Think for a moment of the extent to
which machines do work for you. You wake, perhaps, to the hoot of a siren by a machine
in a neighboring factory. You wash in water brought to you by the aid of machinery,
heated by machinery and placed in basins for your convenience by a machine. You eat
your breakfast quickly cooked for you by machinery, go to school in machines made for
saving leg labour. And if you are lucky to be in a very modern school, you enjoy cinema
where a machine teaches you or you listen to lessons broadcast by one of the most
wonderful machines. So dependent has man become on machines that a certain writer
imagines a time when machines will have acquired a will of their own and become the
master of men, doomed once more to slavery

Precis Writing:

Title: Machines: Our Masters or Slaves

Machines become the salve of modern era. From morning till night it do work for our
comfort. And the man is becoming dependent on it persistently and if it continues,
machine will become the master of men.

Comprehension Passage 17:

Certain people consciously or unconsciously cherish the desire that some part of their
work and of their accomplishment will outlive their own individual life. The influence
which they have exercised on the world in which they lived, the concern which they
have built up, the books which they have written, the work they have laid as a part of
some scientific edifice, whose completion they themselves will not live to see all such
things inspire the people that some aspect of themselves will outlast their own personal
existence, the artist bequeaths his pictures, the scholar his contribution of knowledge
while poets and composers are primarily concerned that posterity shall take pleasure in
their creations. Statesmen envisage that particular agreement in whose development
they themselves had played a crucial part will preserve their names for future
generations. People are not unconcerned for their posthumous reputation. Many an old
person is distinctly preoccupied with this question and keeps a zealous watch to ensure
that his achievement are properly quoted and recorded.

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Precis Writing:

Title: People die, work outlives

The work of some people outlive their own individual life. Whether a book written by
author, scientific edifice picture made an artist, a poet’s poetry, any contribution of a
person’s knowledge or an agreement signed by the statesmen for the development of
country make even ensure that their achievement are properly quoted and recorded.

Comprehension Passage 18:

Several times in the history of the world particular countries and cities or even small
groups of people have attained a high degree of civilization. Yet none of these
civilizations, important they were, have lasted and one of the reasons why they did not
least was that they were confined to a very few people. They were like little oasis of
civilization on deserts of barbarism. Now it is no good being civilized if everybody
round about you is barbarous, or rather it is some good but it is very risky. For the
barbarians are always liable to break in on you, and with their greater numbers and
rude vigor scatter your civilization to the winds. Over and over again in history
comparatively civilized people dwelling in cities have been conquered in this way by
barbarians coming down from the hills and burning and killing and destroying
whatever they found in the plains.

Precis Writing:

Title: Civilization in historical period

In history a high degree of civilization was not lasted for long because it was confined to
a very little number of people. They were surrounded by barbarism. Being in majority,
barbarians ruined the civilization. They kill and destroy everything which they found
civilized.

Comprehension Passage 19:

We live in an age of great hurry and great speed. Men have lost their inward resources.
They merely reflect. Like a set of mirrors, opinions which they get a little leisure, they
turn to material diversions from outside rather than to inward resources. This internal
vacuum is responsible for mental and nervous troubles. The cure for this is not so much
treatment by medicine and surgery but a recovery of faith in the ultimate goodness,
truth and the decency of things. If we are able to recover that faith, if we are able to live
in this world with our consciousness centered in the intimacy of the spirit, many of the
problems to which we are subject today may be overcome. Our people were regarded as
aspiring after metaphysical insight, but we seem to forget that it never occurred to them
to equate eternal life with either the surrender of the mind or the sacrifice of the body.
When an Upanishad writer was asked to define what is meant by spiritual life. He gave
the answer that it consists of the satisfaction of the mind, the abundance of tranquility

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of the spirit. Body, mind and spirit must be integrated and they must lead to a
harmonious developed life. If we get that, we have life eternal.

Precis Writing:

Title: Inward resources: Affinity with the spirit

In this age great hurry and speed men have lost internal resources. This is responsible
for their mental and nervous troubles. If we reserve our faith in the goodness of life we
can overcome many of our problems. Our people tried to seek metaphysical insight and
religion bless. For spiritual life, there should be a proper integration of body, mind and
spirit.

Comprehension Passage 20:

A keen sense of humor is the hall mark of culture. When a person can crack a joke on
himself, he raises himself at one in the estimation of his friends. There are people who
can throw jokes at others, but never take one thrown against them. This one way traffic
is not really a high sense of good humor. It is the essence of hamper that there should be
give and takes in the process good humor is often the test of tolerance. A fanatic is
incapable of good humor. He is tearing others to pieces fearing of getting himself torn all
the time. Good humor defeats itself. If there is malice in it, or is indulged in to hurt
others. A joke should never hurt otherwise it is no joke at all. A joke should make the
person who makes it and the person who has to take it, laugh together. That is why
tolerance and culture are the sources of every good joke.

Precis Writing:

Title: A good sense of humor.

A great comedian is the one who can tolerate the joke on oneself. Good sense of humor
cannot be one sided. If a joke maligns anyone’s character, hurt someone is not a good
joke. A joke should be the one which makes everyone laugh together.

Comprehension Passage 21:

Education ought to teach us how to be in love always and what to be in love with. The
great things of history have been done by the great lovers, saints, men of science and
artists, and the problem of civilization is to give every man a chance of being a saint, a
man of science or an artist. But this problem cannot be solved unless men desire to be
saints, men of science and artists. And if they are to desire that continuously they must
be taught what it means to be these things. We think of the man of science, or the artist
if not of the saint, as a being with peculiar gifts who exercises more precisely and
incessantly perhaps, activities which we all ought to exercise. It is a commonplace belief
that art has ebbed away out of our ordinary life, out of all the things which we use, and
that it is practiced no longer recognize the aesthetic activity as an activity of the spirit
and common to all men. We do not know that when a man makes anything he ought to
make it beautiful for the sake of doing so, and that when a man buys anything he ought

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to demand beauty in it for the sake of that beauty in it for the sake of that beauty. We
think of beauty if we think of it at all, as a mere source of pleasure, and therefore it
means to us an ornament added to things for which we can pay extra as we choose. But
neatly is not an ornament to life, or the things made by man. It is an essential part of
both.

Precis Writing:

Title: The beauty of art

Education teach us what to love and how to be in love. If a man decide to be saint, men
of science and artist, then only he get a chance of being that. It is believed that spiritual
art is flowing away from our lives. A man demands for the external beauty which can be
fulfilled by ornaments but they forget that both are necessary to make that piece
beautiful.

Comprehension Passage 22:

The thing above all that a teacher should Endeavour to produce in his pupils if
democracy is to survive, is the kind of tolerance that springs from an Endeavour to
understand those who are different from ourselves. It is perhaps a natural impulse to
view with horror and disgust all manners and customs different from those to such we
are use. Ants and savages put strangers to death. And those who have never traveled
either physically or mentally find it difficult to tolerate the queer ways and outlandish
beliefs of other nationals and other times other sees and other political parties. This
kind of ignorant intolerance is the antithesis of civilized outlook and is one of the
gravest dangers to which cur over crowded world is exposed. The educational system,
ought to be designed to correct it, but much too little is done in this direction at present.
In every country nationalistic feeling is encouraged and school children are taught what
they are only too ready to believe, that the inhabitants of other countries are morally
and intellectually inferior to those of the country in which the school children happens
to reside. In all this the teachers are not to blame. They are not free to teach as they
would wish. It is they who know most intimately the needs of the young. It is they who
through daily contact have come to care for them. But it is not they who decided what
shall be taught or what the methods of instruction are to be.

Precis Writing:

Title: Education system

A teacher should make students understand how to tolerate the ones who are different
from them. The students are taught what they believe easily like, the people reside in
other country are inferior to them. However, it is not because of teachers, they are not
free enough, it is their mentor, parents and the guardian who set the instructions for
them.

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Comprehension Passage 23:

Almost every country in the world believes that it has some special dispensation from
Providence, that it is of the chosen people or race and that others, whether they are
good or bad, are somewhat inferior creatures. It is extraordinary now this kind of
feeling persists in all nations of East as well as of the West without exception. The
nations of the East are strongly entrenched in their own ideas and convictions and
sometimes in their own sense of superiority about certain matters. Anyhow in the
course of the last two or three hundred years, they have received many knocks on the
head and they have been humiliated, and they have been debased and they have been
humiliated, and they have been debased and they have been exploited. And so, in spite
of their feeling that they were superior in many ways, they were forced to admit that
they could be knocked about and exploited. To some extent, this brought a sense of
realism to them. Three was also an attempt to escape from reality bysaying that it was
sad that we were not so advanced in material or technical things but that these were
after all superficial things. Nevertheless we were superior in essential things, in
spiritual things and moral values. I have no doubt that spiritual things and moral values
are ultimately more important than other things, but the way one finds escape in the
thought that one is spiritually superior simply because one is inferior in a material and
physical sense, is surprising. It does not followed by any means. It is an escape from
facing up the causes of one’s degradation.

Precis Writing:

Title: A wide berth from acceptance.

Every country in this world has some good things with bad things. But surprisingly they
are not ready to face the reality of their inferiorities by giving the excuse if their
superiority like the east which explains its inferiority in machines and technicals things
of their soperiority its spiritual things

Comprehension Passage 24:

Discipline is of the utmost importance in student life. If the young students do not obey
their superiors and go without discipline, they will be deprive do much of the training
they should have at this period and in future they will never be able to extract
obedience from other sin the society. Society will never accept them as persons fit for
commanding and taking up any responsible positions in life. So it is the bounder. Duty of
all the students is to observe discipline in the preparatory stage of their life. A college
without discipline can never impart suitable education to students. The rule of
discipline in the playground and the battle field as well plays a very important role. A
team without discipline may not fare well in spite of good players for want of mutual
understanding and cooperation. In any army everyone from the rank of the general
down to the ranks of an ordinary soldier must observe discipline. In case a soldier does
not obey his immediate superior the army becomes a rabble quite unfit for the
achievement of the common ends of war. At first sight it may appear to us that discipline
takes away individual liberty. But on analysis it is found that it does not do so, for liberty
is not license. We find disciplined liberty at the root of all kinds of human happiness.

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Precis Writing:

Title: Importance of discipline

Discipline is a building block of student life. Students start observing discipline from
their superiors. It plays an important role in a person’s life either in a team or in a battle
field. It does takes away individual liberty at the root of all kinds of human happiness.

Comprehension Passage 25:

India has witnessed great expansion of educational opportunities since the attainment
of independence. However, the disables children have not yet benefited in any
substantial manner from the growth in educational facilities. Education of handicapped
children ultimately becomes more dependent and nonproductive. It is therefore
believed that scarce national resources should not be wasted on them. Further, it has
been our misconceived notion that the education of handicapped children requires
highly specialized people and as such, it must essentially be very costly. Maybe,
precisely for these wrong notions we have not been able to involve clinical and
educational specialization programmers of training and education exclusively meant for
handicapped children. It is encouraging to note that the new National Policy on
Education has recommended the placement of such children in regular schools so as to
provide them integrated education along with normal students. The integrated
education will take care of the different needs of various categories and types of
disabled children. The objective is to place the disabled children in ordinary schools for
imparting education with the help of special teachers, aids and other resources. For
fulfilling this objective an array of the necessary infrastructure by way of training of
teachers, provision of equipment and book etc are some of the basic pre-requisition.
Hopefully, the parents and their handicapped children will be greatly relieved when the
latter are transferred to regular schools.

Precis Writing:

Title: —Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities

Instead of expansion of educational opportunities in India, the disabled children have

not yet benefited significantly. Due to the belief that handicapped children are
dependent and non productive and their education requires highly specialized teachers,
educational programmes for handicapped children have never been implemented. The
new National Policy on Education recommends that such children be placed in regular
schools where their needs are catered to. However, to fulfill this objective, there are
prerequisites such as training of teachers, provision of equipment and book, etc.
Hopefully, this recommendation will bring relief to handicapped children.

Comprehension Passage 26:

The world today is divided into smokers and non-smokers. It is true that the smokers
cause some nuisance to the non-smokers, but this nuisance is physical while the
nuisance that the non-smokers cause the smokers is spiritual. There are of course, a lot

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of non smokers who don’t try to interface with the smokers and wives can be trained
even to tolerate their husbands smoking in bed. That is the surest sign of a happy and
successful marriage. It is sometimes assumed, however, that the non smokers are
morally superior. But have missed one of their greatest pleasures of mankind. I am
always scared and ill at ease when I enter a house in which there are no ash-trays. The
room is apt to be too clean and orderly, the cushions are apt to be in their right placed
and the people are apt to be correct and understood. And immediately I apt on the best
behavior which means the same thing as the most think behaviors.

Precis Writing:

Title: Psychology of smokers and non smokers

There are two categories of people in this world, first is one who smoke and second is
who doesn’t. Where the smokers are affecting physically themselves and others by
smoking, non smokers are affecting themselves spiritually by not stopping them.
Instead of being morally superior, they let them smoke in front of them for their
pleasures.

Comprehension Passage 27:

One of the pleasantest things in the world is going on a journey but I like to go by
myself. I can enjoy society in a room, but out of doors, nature is company enough for me.
I am then never less alone than when alone. I cannot see the wit of walking and talking
at the same time. When I am in the country, I wish to vegetate like the country. I am not
for criticizing hedgerows and black cattle. I go out of town in order to forget the town
and all that is in it. There are those who for this purpose go to watering places, and
carry the metropolis with them. I like more elbow room and few encumbrances. I like
solitude when I do not give myself up to it, for the sake of solitude, nor do I ask for a
friend in my retreat. The soul of a journey is liberty, perfect livery to think, feel, and do
just as one pleases we go on a journey chiefly to be free of all inconveniences, to leave
ourselves behind. It is because I want a little breathing space to music on different
matters, that I absent myself from the town for a while without feeling at a loss. The
moment I am left to myself, instead of a friend to exchange the same stale topics over
again, let me have a trace with this sort of impertinence. Give me the clear blue sky over
my head and the green turf beneath my feet, a winging road before me and a three
hour’s march to dinner and then to thinking.

Precis Writing:

Title: Going on a journey

While going on a journey, I like to go alone and enjoy the company of nature. When I am
in town, I wish to stay idle but going out of town I forget everything and enjoy my
solitude without any friends. My purpose of journey is liberty, perfect livery to think,
feel, and do just as one pleases. Despite any useless gossips, I love to have clear blue sky,
green turf, a winging road and peace.

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Comprehension Passage 28:

It is a fact that the caste has played a very important role in the success of Indian
democracy by mobilising India’s mass electorate to participate in the election process
effectively. Use of caste for political purposes had begun long before the introduction of
adult franchise. Organisations based on caste for social, economic and political systems
came into existence even before the Constitution came into force. Illiterate people, who
didn’t understand politics were mobilised to organise themselves by appealing to their
caste sentiments by self-interested politicians.
Casteism has penetrated in Indian politics so deeply as to shape and reshape not only
the political parties but also their manifestos for the elections. The various caste groups,
like Nair, the Christian, the Brahmin and non-Brahmin in Tamil Nadu, the Khamma and
Reddy in Andhra, the Maratha and Mahar in Maharashtra, the Rajput in Gujarat, the Jat,
Rajput, Meena, Brahmin and Viasya in Rajasthan, have been formed likewise in all states
and determine the political scenario in the states to a great extent.
In Bihar, there is a castiest triangle formed by the Bhumihara, the Rajput and the
Kayastha, besides others. Caste politics in UP varies from region to region. The Thakurs
from the majority community nurture strong anti-Brahmin feelings. Not only this, a
strong lobby of Dalits and non-Dalits further exists now-a-days with the so-called Dalit
leaders making propaganda against so called Manuwadis or other castes. Caste has
polarised national politics and caste politics breeds caste parties. Not a single party,
however avowedly opposed to casteism, is free from the dominant influence of caste.
Even in the national parties, whether Congress or BJP, while allocating tickets to the
candidates or portfolios to the Ministers, a proper analysis of caste factors is done. Caste
tends to determine electoral nominations and voting behaviour now-a-days numerous
castes have started making numerous demands, whether for reservation to categorise
them as OBCs etc, vitiating the representative principles envisaged and emphasised
under the democratic pattern of our country.

Precis Writing:

Title: Caste Deeply Rooted In Indian Politics

Caste has played a significant role in Indian democracy. Many organisations based on
caste come out even before our Constitution came into existence. Several caste groups
have been formed in the states that dominate the formation of parties and also their
election manifestos. Castiest groups have also been formed in different regions,
creating discord among castes. People have divided on the basis of their caste
between Dalits and non-Dalits. Caste consideration has dominated every national
and regional party. All political decisions are based on caste. Caste
has polarised national politics and affected even voting behaviour. Various castes have
now started making demands for reservations etc, that endangers the
democratic system of the country.

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Comprehension Passage 29:

In today’s scenario, Mass media, specifically visual media, plays a pivotal role in creating
an atmosphere of awareness in society. Media refers to different communication
channels or ways through which knowledge and information is conveyed to the viewers
or the readers. Visual media refers to the media that conveys knowledge and
information to the viewers through their eyes; it includes television, cinema, posters etc.
Whatever, is supplied through the visual media has instant and longer lasting effect on
the minds of the viewers.
With rapid development of information and technology, the visual media, in the shape
of cable TV, with multitudes of domestic and foreign channels has reached almost every
house, playing a vital role in moulding public opinion in various ways. It plays a very
crucial role in educating, and entertaining the masses. Cable TV has changed the means
and modes of entertainment and education.
Sitting before a TV, one can pass and enjoy his free time listening to music, viewing
movies, learning techniques of body building, hearing sermons of religious saints,
learning about lives of wild animals, birds, water creatures, knowing about space and
what not.
During the election period, one can know the electoral positions of political parties and
their leaders, from all parts of the country and its impact on the election campaign and
all facts of electioneering, just sitting before the TV.
Youngsters and teenage students are seen viewing the channels as per their likings; if
some are viewing the music channels some are seen quenching their thirst for
knowledge viewing channels like ‘Discovery’ or ‘National Geography’ or ‘History’ etc.
The image on the small screen thus has a significant impression on all, more particularly
on the gullible children and on the teens. The young mind takes the reel as real and thus
is more often and more easily moulded and motivated by the visual media.
The present day fashion, hair dressing, sexual liberties, dating and awakening towards
the right of youth, awareness among the women of their rights are because of the role
visual media is playing in society. In a hysterical effort to excel others, some channels
are showing such scenes and images which are of no importance or have an adverse
effect on the minds of viewers.
Showing of sexual and rape cases, with minute details by the anchor and showing brutal
scenes of murder, the channels have crossed the limit of ethics and morality. The TV
coverage of massacre, creates feeling of hatred among communities and motivates
others to wreak vengeance. Obsessed by the sole aim of making a fast buck the channels
are competing with one another to stoop to any kind of absurdity, without considering
even for a minute as to what effect such visuals have on society.

Precis Writing:

Title: Visual media Vs Indian Society

Visual media plays an important role in creating awareness in society as it has a

prolonged effect on the viewers. Advancement in technology has enabled visual media
to penetrate in every house, so it can easily moulds public opinion. Cable TV
has significantly affected the lifestyle of people. Methods of entertainment and passing
leisure time have changed. During elections, one can know the latest status through TV.

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Youngsters and teenagers watch different channels as per their choices. They seem to
be easily influenced by visual media. The present awareness towards fashion, sexual
liberties, rights of youth and women are the result of the impact of visual media on
society. Owing to unhealthy competition, TV channels are showing indecent and
instigating scenes and programmes causing hatred and violence among the people, just
for popularity and making money. They have no regard for ethics and morality and the
effect of such visuals.

Comprehension Passage 30:

When we survey our lives and efforts we soon observe that almost the whole of our
actions and desires are bound up with the existence of other human beings. We notice
that whole nature resembles that of the social animals. We eat food that others have
produced, wear clothes that others have made, live in house knowledge and beliefs has
been passed on to us by other people though the medium of a language which others
have created. Without language and mental capacities, we would have been poor indeed
comparable to higher animals.
We have, therefore, to admit that we owe our principal knowledge over the least to the
fact of living in human society. The individual if left alone from birth would remain
primitive and beast like in his thoughts and feelings to a degree that we can hardly
imagine. The individual is what he is and has the significance that he has, not much in
virtue of the individuality, but rather as a member of a great human community, which
directs his material and spiritual existence from the cradle to grave.

Precis Writing:

Title: Human Being: A Social Animal

Being a social animal, we are bound up with our actions and desires with others. Our
food, clothes, residents and beliefs are interconnected. Without the use of languages
created by others, we would have been mere an animal. If we had not been a social
animal, we would have been primitive and beast like in thoughts and feelings. Thus,
society plays a significant role in a person’s life.

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LETTER WRITING
COMPLAINT LETTER/ GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL LETTER

Question 1.
The unsanitary conditions in your colony are causing multiple diseases. Write a
letter to the Municipal Commissioner bringing the problem to his notice and
request him to take urgent action in the matter. You are Deepak/Deepa of C 2/8,
Ankur Enclave, New Delhi.

Answer:
C 2/8, Ankur Enclave
New Delhi
20 August 20XX
The Municipal Commissioner
Shahdara
Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir
Subject: Insanitary conditions in the colony
I have been a resident of Ankur Enclave for the past eleven years. I would like to bring
to your notice the insanitary conditions in our colony. Rubbish and garbage lie in heaps.
Lack of drainage system raises a persistent foul smell in the area.
During rainy season water stagnates in pits on the street which makes the whole
condition even worse. These become the breeding ground for mosquitoes, which expose
the residents to multiple diseases like dengue, malaria, etc. Our colony has become an
unhealthy and disease–prone area. Every day, someone or the other is succumbing to
deadly diseases. Some of the families have also shifted lock, stock, and barrel to better
localities.
You are requested to take an immediate remedial action to set things right.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Deepa

Question 2.
You are Rajesh/Rajni Roy of 105 C, Chatterjee Lane, Kolkata. You have received a
letter from your brother who is staying in the hostel of Shakti Mandir Public
School, Darjeeling, stating that he is being bullied by some senior students who
threatened him with dire consequences, if he complained. Write a letter to the
Hostel Warden requesting him to take urgent action.

Answer:
105 C, Chatterjee Lane
Kolkata
West Bengal
27 June 20XX
Hostel Warden

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Shakti Mandir Public School

Darjeeling
West Bengal
Dear Sir/Madam
Subject: Bullying of a class X student
With due respect, I bring to your notice that my brother, Ashutosh Roy, of class XD, has
been staying in dormitory No. 20 for the last 6 months. He has been facing a lot of
bullying because of being a ‘new bee’ in the hostel. As a result, he is going through a lot
of stress. He passes sleepless nights and sometimes even takes sleeping tablets. I regret
to say that he no longer wants to study in your prestigious institution. He has even been
threatened of serious consequences by these bullies if he complains.
I am concerned about my brother’s life. I request you to take immediate remedial action
before the things get out of hand and force me to withdraw my brother which might
bring a bad name to your school.
Yours faithfully
Rajesh Roy

Question 3.
You are Shubham/Subhi Tyagi of 1, Ashok Road, Lucknow. You are deeply
concerned about the increasing number of road accidents in your area. You
strongly feel that reckless driving by the youngsters is the primary cause of such
accidents. Write a letter to the Traffic Police Commissioner requesting him to
take prompt and appropriate action. Give concrete suggestions to deal with the
problem.

Answer:
1, Ashok Road
Lucknow
11 July 20XX
Traffic Police Commissioner
Lucknow
Dear Sir/Madam
Subject: Increase in the number of road accidents
I would like to draw your attention to the increase in the number of road accidents in
our locality.. Reckless and drunken driving by youngsters is the primary cause of such
accidents. They are not scared of putting their lives at risk. They ignore the traffic rules
because they know that their parents would help them get away with the law. Many of
the drivers continue talking on their mobiles throwing caution to the winds, which
certainly causes distraction and leads to fatal accidents sometimes.
Another cause of these accidents is rash driving by the truck drivers at night. The truck
drivers are mostly dead drunk and do not care a bit about the traffic rules.
I will be grateful if you kindly look into the matter and take stern remedial action.
Yours faithfully
Shubhum Tyagi

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Question 4.
You are Raghav/Renu Sharma, President, RWA, C Block, Janak Puri, New Delhi.
The main park in your locality which was once a model park lies in a state of utter
neglect. It has become a favourite spot for anti–social elements and a permanent
resting place for stray animals. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner
requesting him to instruct the horticulture department to take prompt action and
restore the park to its original condition.

Answer:
RWA, C Block, Janak Puri
New Delhi 1100XX
17 August 20XX
The Municipal Commissioner
New Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir/Madam
Subject: Poor condition of the central park in C Block, Janak Puri
Through this letter I would like to draw your attention to the miserable condition of the
central park in C Block area. Once, a model park, it now lies in a state of utter neglect. It
has become a favourite spot for anti–social elements and a permanent resting place for
stray animals. There is no greenery left in the park. People use this park to gamble and
take drugs. There is no place left for children to play and old people to take a walk. The
Residents’ Welfare Association (RWA) has left no stone unturned to do their bit in
improving the condition of the park but all in vain.
These activities are causing a lot of problems to the residents and spoiling the
atmosphere of the locality. I request you to take immediate remedial action to restore
the beauty of the park.
Yours faithfully
Renu Sharma

Question 5.
You are the Physical Education Instructor at St. Jesus and Mary School, Agra. You
had placed an order for sports goods with Student Sports Enterprises. When the
items arrived you found that some of them were defective. Write a letter to the
Manager, Student Sports Enterprises, asking him to replace the defective items.

Answer:
Physical Education Dept.
St. Jesus and Mary School
Agra XXXXXX
01 March 20XX
The Manager
Student Sports Enterprises
Sadar Bazar,
Agra XXXXXX
Dear Sir
Subject: Replacement of damaged goods
Please refer to our order number 965/94/XX dated 19 December 20XX for some sports
goods. The above consignment was delivered to us on 15 February 20XX. I regret to

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inform you that some of the items have been found defective and are not as per
specification. It seems that this particular consignment has not undergone any
inspection as not a single sports equipment is in good condition. You are, therefore,
requested to replace the defective items immediately. Please do ensure the quality of
the items as also the specifications this time. An early response will be highly
appreciated.
Yours faithfully
XYZ

Question 6.
You had bought a mobile phone from a reputable showroom in Mumbai but after
a month it developed a serious fault. Write a complaint letter to the manager
asking for immediate repair or replacement of the same. You are Sadiq/Razia,
123, TT Nagar, Bhopal.

Answer:
123, T.T. Nagar
Bhopal
30 September 20XX
The Manager
Shiv Ram & Sons
Mumbai
Dear Sir
Subject: Complaint against a defective mobile phone
I bought an LG Nexus 5 from your show–room vide receipt number 123 dated 15
September 20XX. The phone has a warranty of three years vide Guarantee Card number
123 valid upto 30th August 2021. I regret to inform you that the phone has developed a
technical snag and stopped working. In fact, just a few days after its purchase, it had
started giving me trouble off and on but I related it to the connectivity issue or some
minor fault that I thought would settle with time. Since it is still in warranty period, you
are requested to replace it immediately. Needless to say that mobile phones are not a
luxury but a necessity these days. An early and appropriate action will be highly
appreciated.
Yours faithfully
Razia

Question 7.
You live in a crowded area in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. Unauthorized parking of
vehicles in your area is causing a lot of inconvenience to the locals. Write a letter
to the police commissioner district complaining against this practice. You are
Akash/Akansha of Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad.

Answer:
4, Kavi Nagar
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 XXX

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25 January 20XX
The Police Commissioner
Ghaziabad 201XXX
Dear Sir
Subject: Unauthorised parking in Kavi Nagar
I would like to draw your kind attention towards the problem of unauthorised parking
of vehicles in Kavi Nagar area. The locals have lodged various complaints to the local
police station but all in vain. This is one of the most crowded market place of the area
where a proper parking place is required. The unauthorised parking causes a lot of
inconvenience to the residents. Narrow streets are blocked causing accidents and
frequent road rages. Not a day passes when there are no physical fights, use of abusive
language or occurrence of untoward incidents. The cars could be towed away from the
unauthorised lot and heavily fined. A stern action on your part would truly be
appreciated. You are, therefore, requested to direct the local police to monitor the
parking in the area and do the needful.
Yours faithfully
Akash

Question 8.
Write a letter to the Municipal Chairman of New Town, North East District, about
the dilapidated condition of a public monument, requesting him to take urgent
steps for the preservation of this valuable heritage. You are Anuj/Anju, 40, Civil
Lines, New Town.

Answer:
40, Civil Lines
New Town
Delhi 1100XX
11 December 20XX
The Municipal Chairman
New Town
North East District
Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir
Subject: Preservation of public monuments
I would like to draw your attention to the deteriorating state of historical monuments in
the city. Despite several complaints; no action has been taken till date. Most of the
monuments are in a pitiable state. There is no proper maintenance of these monuments.
These have not been cleaned properly for years and there are heaps of garbage lying
here and there. People spit on the walls and relieve themselves unchecked. Graffiti is
seen everywhere bringing to light the scant regard people have for the historical
monuments of their country.
These monuments are part and parcel of our cultural heritage and need to be preserved
and taken care of. Proper maintenance of these monuments should be our prime
concern. I hope speedy remedial action will be taken to preserve these monuments.
Yours faithfully
Anuj

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Question 9.
You are Ravi/Rama of 52, Shah Road, Agra. You had bought a textbook ‘First Flight
for Class X from a neighbourhood bookstore. After browsing through the book,
you realized that a few pa were missing and the print overlapping on a few pages.
Write a complaint letter to the Manager, Prakash Books, Sadar Bazar, Agra
requesting him for a replacement or refund.

Answer:
52, Shah Road
Agra 20XXXX
10 September 20XX
The Manager
Prakash Books
Sadar Bazar
Agra 20XXXX
Dear Sir
Subject: Replacement of defective book
I bought the book ‘First Flight’ for class 10 from your shop vide cash memo number. 123
dated 5 September 2018. After browsing through the book, I found that a few pages are
missing and the print is overlapping. The book is also not properly bound. My unit tests
are scheduled to begin next week and English is my first paper. As I mentioned earlier,
the overlapping of print is in the first few chapters and the few last chapters. I need to
prepare for the forthcoming tests.
I therefore, request you to replace the book at the earliest. The copy of cash memo is
enclosed herewith for your reference. It would be deeply appreciated if such blunders
are avoided in future for your reputable shop to continue enjoying the reputation that it
has earned in the previous years.
Yours faithfully
Ravi

Question 10.
You are Raman/Reena of 240, Shahid Nagar, Agra. Write a letter to M/s Raju Sales
Corporation complaining about the poor performance of the washing machine
purchased from their showroom, mentioning clearly the specific problem you are
facing and the action you want. Give all the relevant details.

Answer:
240, Shahid Nagar
Agra
25 January 20XX
The Manager
M/s Raju Sales Corporation
Agra
Writing 71
Dear Sir
Subject: Complaint about defective washing machine
I bought an LG washing machine from you Shahid Nagar Branch on 1 January 20XX vide
cash memo number 123. It has a warranty of two years. I regret to inform you that it has

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developed a technical snag in the first month itself. Its water dispenser is not working
properly. The dryer and water outlet are choked and sometimes it gives electric shock
too. It’s a matter of grave concern that a brand new machine should develop so many
defects in the first month of its purchase.
It is not only disappointing but shocking too as the electric shocks could put the user’s
life at risk. Since it is still under warranty, you are, therefore, requested to replace it at
the earliest. I sincerely hope that such cases are few and far between and do not get
repeated.
Yours faithfully
Raman

Question 11.
You are Deep/Deepa, Librarian of Happy Public School, Shamli. You had placed an
order for a few books for your school library. When the books were delivered, you
found some were damaged and some were missing. Write a letter to the Sales
Manager of Student Publishers Limited, Delhi asking for their immediate
replacement.

Answer:
Happy Public School
Shamli
20 January 20XX
The Sales Manager
Student Publishers Limited
Delhi
Dear Sir
Subject: Replacement of missing and damaged books
This is with reference to our order no 967084/3421/16. The parcel was delivered on 18
January 20XX. It pains me to write that the condition of some of the books was
deplorable. Knowing the track record and the amicable relationship that we have
shared over the past few years, this condition of the books came as a big
disappointment. Some books, we received, were found damaged and some were
missing. The following is the list of books for which we require immediate replacement.
Book Author Type of damage
1. Fault in Our Stars John Green wet
2. Paper Town John Green wet
The following is the list of the missing books.
Book Author
1. Top Letter SK Taneja
2. Pride and Pyramid Tane Ashish
3. Latest General Knowledge KK Ghai
You are requested to provide the above books without any delay.
Yours faithfully
Deep Librarian

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Question 12.
You are Reena/Raju of 85, Ramesh Nagar, New Delhi. Write a letter to the General
Manager, DTC, complaining about inadequate bus service in your area and urging
him to take urgent steps in this matter.

Answer:
85, Ramesh Nagar
New Delhi
14 April 20XX
The General Manager
DTC
New Delhi
Dear Sir
Subject: Inadequate bus services in Raj Nagar area
I would like to draw your attention to the irregular bus service in our area. The buses
never come on time and commuters experience a lot of inconvenience while waiting at
the bus stop for hours. The matter gets compounded when the drivers and conductors
do not stop the bus at the bus stop or speed away before one gets in or out of it. Many a
time it leads to serious injuries to commuters. Sometimes we see a number of buses
plying on the same route while as others there are no buses for hours.
I, therefore request you to look into matter and take urgent remedial action. More buses
should be put on the road. The useless ones should be taken off to ensure speedy and
regular trouble–free traffic.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Raju

FORMAL/INFORMAL LETTER
When would I need to write a formal letter?

It's tempting to think that, in this technological age, there isn't much call for letter-
writing skills. However, being able to write, format and send formal letters is still an
essential skill. There are several situations when writing a long-form letter is the most
appropriate method of communication. It's important children learn the necessary skills
early so that, when the moment comes, they're able to react and write effectively.
Though communicating via email, social media, or instant message is quick and
convenient, for official communication, it's often a good idea to write a formal letter. It
can make the recipient take you more seriously. It also shows you've put time and
thought into communicating: that you genuinely care about the person you're writing to
and believe in what you're saying.

Examples of formal letters:

 letters of complaint;
 travel reservations;
 job applications - you may need to enclose your curriculum vitae;
 enquiries about work experience.

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You'll need to write a formal letter if you're writing to one of the following people:
 employers;
 landlords;
 government officials;
 banks;
 insurance companies;
 committees or boards at organisations.

What are the features of a formal letter?

Formal letters have a prescribed layout. It's best if you adhere to the conventions of this
layout; it'll make it easier for the recipient to find information and, therefore, to reply.
It'll also show them that you understand the conventions of formal letter writing and
know when it's appropriate to use them.
How do I write dates and postal addresses when writing postal addresses?
When writing formal letters, you need to make sure you have your address and the
address of the person you're writing to in the right places. Your address should go in the
top-right corner of the page. Leave a line and then, underneath your address, write the
date.

Once you've written the date, go over to the left side of the page. Write the recipient's
address on the line underneath the date, on the opposite side of the page.

You need to write the addresses and the dates in the right places on the page because,
when writing formal letters, people often use envelopes with plastic windows. These
windows need to show the address of the person you're writing to, not your address. If
the wrong address is visible, you'll end up paying for your letter to be posted straight
back to you.

How do you address people when beginning formal letters?

When writing everyday correspondence, particularly online, it's common practice to

start a message with 'Hello', 'Hi' or 'Hey'. In formal letter-writing, it's better to be more
traditional.
Most formal letters start with 'Dear', followed by the name of the recipient. Sometimes,
this might be their title, followed by their surname, (e.g. Dear Miss Brown) but it could
also be their full name (e.g. Dear Anne Brown).
Sometimes, when you begin a formal letter, you don't know the name of the individual
that's going to read it. On these occasions, you can write 'Dear Sir' or 'Dear Madam'. The
phrase 'To whom it may concern,' can also be useful if you don't know anything about
the person at all.
It's also common practice to add a comma at the end of the person's name. So you'd
write 'Dear Miss Brown,' at the beginning, then launch into the first sentence of your
letter below.
The way you begin a letter affects the way you sign off. If you know the name of the
person you're writing to, you should end the letter by saying 'Yours sincerely,' and then
adding your name on the line below. If you don't know the name of the person, you

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should say 'Yours faithfully,' instead. A handy way to remember is that 'Sir/Madam'
never goes with 'sincerely' - you should never have the two 's' words - 'sir' and
'sincerely' - together. 'Sir/Madam' goes with 'faithfully'. The name of the recipient goes
with 'sincerely'.

How can I start writing the main body of a formal letter?

When writing anything, it can be tricky to get going. However, like most types of writing,
it's often best to get to the point. The first line of a formal letter should tell the recipient
exactly why you are writing to them. If you're writing to someone because you'd like to
apply for a job, let them know! A good starting sentence might be 'I would like to apply
for the role of...' If you're writing a letter of complaint, you could start by saying 'I'd like
to disclose my dissatisfaction with the level of service I received...' Sentences like this
make it clear what the purpose of the letter is and gives the reader a clue as to how they
should respond.

What sort of tone or style should I use when writing my letter?

Your letters should be clear and to the point, but you don't want it to be brusque or
rude. It can sometimes help to imagine you're talking to a real person; someone you
admire but perhaps don't know particularly well. How would you explain the contents
of your letter to them?
When you write a formal letter, you often intend to further an argument, persuade
someone to do something or bring the reader round to your point of view. As a result,
formal letters can contain a great deal of information. If your argument is going to be
compelling, you need to make sure the reader understands it. It's also crucial, therefore,
that when you write you make it clear which point leads to which and that your writing
flows. Connectives like 'because,' 'also,' and 'therefore,' can keep writing coherent and
make it 'flow.' A good rule of thumb is always to start a new paragraph whenever you're
introducing a new topic or point of view.

What should I include in a formal letter?

When you write a formal letter, you're often communicating with an individual or
company for the first time. It might be that your letter is first read by a gatekeeper - a
personal assistant or secretary - before it's passed on to the intended recipient.
Therefore, it's a good idea to make sure the letter contains every detail you think
initially relevant. It might be down to a gatekeeper to decide what to do with your letter.
To make the best possible decision, they're going to need a complete overview of the
situation.
For example, if you're writing a letter of complaint, it's a good idea to detail the situation
with which you are dissatisfied. State exactly what happened and why you found it so
upsetting. You might also like to suggest ways the individual or company could improve
their service in the future and your contact details, should they want to get in touch.
If you're applying for a job, your formal letter is probably going to be one of many read
by the recipient. You need to make your whole argument within the letter.
Features of an argument:
 a proposal sentence - 'I think I would be an excellent candidate for this role.'
 several reasons - 'I have a great deal of experience working in this sector.'
 examples/evidence - 'I spent several years working at.... and as a result of my
work on... was prompted to...'

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 a compelling conclusion - 'Therefore, I think I would fit right into the culture of
your company and would be an excellent employee.'

Introduction
An informal letter is a letter that is written in a casual manner. You can write to them to
cousins, relatives, friends or family. An informal letter can be written even to your
formal contacts if you share a friendly relationship with them. There are different ways
to carry out this type of letter writing depending on which country you're in. This article
will address the English/American way.

We'll Discuss the Following Elements:

1. Address
2. Date
3. Opening
4. Body
5. Closing
6. Signature

Contents of Informal Letter

1. Address
Your personal address is the first thing you write in your letter. It should be placed at
the top right corner of the page. This address is important if the receiver wants to write
back to you. Always remember to write your postal code and if you are writing the letter
abroad then do include the country name as well.

2. Format
Number and street name
City, state and postal code
Country

Example
6b, Elegant Heights, Indira Nagar
Kadvantra, Kochi- 682020
Kerala
India

2. Date
The date is usually mentioned below your sender's address. The most common format
to write the date includes the month, day and year. The name of the month is capitalised
in the date.
Format- DD/MM/YEAR
In British English, it is written as- 22nd November 2011 or 22 November 2011 or
22/11/2011
In American English, It is written as- November 22nd, 2011 or November 22, 2011, or
11/22/2011

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3. Opening
As assumed, the letter has to be preceded by greetings. It is explained below on how to
greet someone when it comes to informal letters.
This is fairly very casual and is usually not as strict and important as it would be with a
business or formal letter. There are still a few points that you should know while
addressing or greeting someone in informal letters.
Mr Johnson (British English)
Mr Johnson (American English)
You can write the title only if the letter is semi-formal or you wish to show respect to an
elder.
If you are on very friendly terms, just use their first name. The way in which you greet
your reader is up to you. The examples below showcase some common greetings.
Dear Shrey,
Shrey,
Hi Shrey,`
Remember to put a comma after the name.

4. Body
As it is an informal letter you can start in a casual and friendly way. However, it's of
importance to weigh your language in accordance with the person you are writing to.
The best way of assessing how you should write is to think about how you would
interact with the person you are writing to in real life.

Subjects to Include in the Body

 Give your reason for writing.
 Explain briefly the main reason in the first paragraph.
 Ask about the person you are writing to.
 Make some concluding remarks.
 Invite the person to write back.

5. Closing
The closing paragraph should include the sentence in the last few things you would like
to tell the reader. Here are certain examples of closing sentences-

Examples of Closing Sentences

 I am looking forward to seeing you.
 I can't wait to see you soon.
 I can't wait to hear from you.
 I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
 I hope to hear from you soon.
 See you soon.
 Send my love to...
 I hope you are doing well.
 Give my regards to…

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6. Signature
You can sign off by any saying anything of your choice as its an informal letter yet here
are certain examples you can use. You just have to write your name after these.

Examples of Signatures
 Best wishes,
 Best,
 Kindly
 Kind regards,
 Best regards,
 Love,

Examples of an Informal Letter

52, Fig street, Indira Nagar
Kadvantra
Kochi
Kerala
11th August 2020

Dear Mill,
Hope you are safe and well protected from the outbreak of the Virus. It’s been a long
time since I wrote to you. Due to the pandemic, I am working from home, So I decided to
write to you and know how you have been doing.

Everything is fine here in India and we all stay indoors most of the time as India has
growing numbers of active cases of COVID 19. We have reached number three in the
world for the active number of cases. It is pretty mundane staying inside all the time but
I have stopped complaining and started reading books. It is actually the best way to
utilize time.

How did you manage to complete your exams between pandemic? My sister just had a
baby girl and I am babysitting for her. Once this Pandemic is over I will come and see
you.

Hope to hear from you soon.

Love
Sandra

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LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Question 1:

Write a letter to the editor of ‘The Times of India’ complaining about the nuisance
created by the use of loudspeakers. You are Peeyush Sharma, a resident of Sector
15, Vasundhara Enclave, New Delhi.

Answer:

Sector 15,
Vasundhara Enclave
New Delhi – 110096
18th October, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi
Subject: Regarding the indiscriminate use of loudspeakers
Dear Sir,
I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards the
indiscriminate use of loudspeakers through the columns of your esteemed newspaper.
Now-a-days, the use of loudspeakers at religious places, political gatherings, marriages
etc has become a very common sight. The organisers of these events do not bother to
turn off the loudspeakers after the stipulated time. In a lot of cases, the use of
loudspeakers continues till late in the night. This creates a lot of nuisance and
disturbance for a lot of people especially students and senior citizens.
I would want the authorities to look into this matter and put stricter rules in place. They
must ensure that the use of loudspeakers does not continue after the stipulated time is
over. Their efforts in this regard would be much appreciated by one and all.
Yours truly
(Sign)
Peeyush Sharma

Question 2:

Observe the following visual and write a letter to the editor of a local daily
regarding the condition of bad roads in your locality.

Answer:

A-2/678 Sector 10

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Ashoka Enclave
New Delhi – 110076
28th November, 20XX
The Editor
The Pioneer
Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
New Delhi
Subject: Regarding the bad condition of roads in our colony
Dear Sir
I would like to draw the kind attention of the concerned authorities towards the bad
condition of roads in Ashoka Enclave through, the columns of your esteemed
newspaper.
The roads are in bad condition with open pot holes, due to which the vehicles are not
able to move freely. During the rainy season, water gets collected in these holes, due to
which many accidents take place. The roads are broken due to indiscriminate digging of
roads from time to time. The residents of our colony have suffered a lot in the past few
months.
I would request the concerned authorities to look into this matter and take immediate
action. They must ensure that the roads are safe and smooth for the easy movement of
traffic and for the safety of the people. Their efforts in this regard would be much
appreciated by one and all.
Yours truly
(Sign)
Prakash Kumar
(Resident of Ashoka Enclave)

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
 Write a letter to the Editor of ‘the Hindustan Times’ complaining about the
nuisance created by the rickshaw pullers and auto drivers at metro stations.
 Write a letter to the Editor of the ‘Times of India’ regarding the frequent traffic
jams on the roads of your city because of poor road conditions.
 Write a letter to the Editor of the ‘Amar Ujala’ regarding shortage of drinking
water in your area.

APPLICATIONS TO THE PRINCIPAL

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Question 3:

You are Rohit Sharma, monitor of class VIII in SM Arya Public School, Faridabad.
Write a letter to your Principal asking him to arrange for special coaching in
Science. Give reasons why you need this.

Answer :

5th January, 20XX

The Principal
SM Arya Public School
Faridabad-347690
Subject: Regarding arranging special coaching classes in Science
Sir
I am the monitor of class VIII ‘A’. On behalf of my class I have to make a request. Our
Science teacher was bed-ridden and was on leave for a month. Our half yearly exams are
approaching and our syllabus is not yet complete. Now, if he tries to finish the course in
a hurry, we shall not understand the lessons fully. We shall be highly obliged and
thankful to you if you arrange extra coaching classes in Science so that we get enough
time to practise and learn our lessons fully.
Thanking you
Yours obediently
(Sign)
Rohit Sharma

Question 4:

Write an application to your Principal asking him to sanction you medical leave
for 2 weeks. Give reasons, why you need the leave.

Answer:

3rd September, 20XX

The Principal
Delhi Public School
Ghaziabad-127890
Subject: Leave application
Sir,
I am a student of class VIII A, in your school. I am suffering from Dengue fever. For this
reason I have been admitted to Action Balaji Hospital. I would like to apply for medical
leave from 2nd September, 2014 to 16th September, 2014.
Kindly sanction the leave so that I do not fall short of attendance during Half Yearly
Examination. I shall be obliged to you.
Thanking you

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Yours obediently
(Sign)
Rohini Mittal VIIIA

Question 5: ( Request Letter )

You are Sudhanshu Arora. You have passed out of DAV Public School,Rohtak.
Write an application to your Principal, requesting him to issue you a character
certificate as you need one for college admissions.

Answer:
3rd June, 20XX
The Principal DAV Public School
Rohtak-110098
Subject: Application for issuing of Character Certificate
Sir,
I passed out of your school in the previous academic year (2013-14). I am pleased to
inform you that I have passed with flying colours. I have secured admission in the
prestigious college of Medical Sciences, Pune. Please issue me my Character Certificate
as I have to submit the same by 10th June, 20XX, to complete the formalities of
admissions in the Medical College.

I shall be highly obliged if you can do so at the earliest.

Thanking you
Yours obediently
(Sign)
Sudhanshu Arora

Question 6:
You are Shruti Dua , a student of Bosco Public School. You have been promoted to
class VIII C, which is a Sanskrit section. You want to opt for French Language for
which you will have to request for a change in section. Write an application to the
Principal for the same.

Answer:
4th October, 20XX
The Principal
Bosco Public School
Mandir Marg
Kolkata-230021
Subject: Request for change over from Sanskrit section to French section
Sir,
I am a student of your school and have been promoted to class VIII C, which is a Sanskrit
section. I request you to please change my section to VIII B, which is a French Section. I
am interested in learning French and I promise you that I will work hard in French and
get good marks.
I request you to change my section at the earliest as the studies have commenced and I
do not want to miss any class.

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Yours obediently
(Sign)
Shruti Dua

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

 Letter to the Principal—Assume yourself to be the student prefect of your school.

Write a letter to the principal complaining him/her about the poor quality of
food served in the school canteen.
 You are Preeti Sinha. Your farm iy is experiencing a major financial crisis as your
father has lost his job. Write an application to the principal requesting for
redemption in fees.
 You are Sudha Verma, the Vice President of the Sports Association of your school.
Write an application to the principal requesting him/her to allow you to hold a
self-defence camp for all the girl students, for which you might have to invite an
instructor.

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Business Letter Writing Topics for Class 8

Question 7:

You are the Area Manager of your company. Write a letter to the Director of ICICI
Bank- One of your valuable clients, for the payment of pending arrears towards
your company.

Answer:
Tata Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.
Seawood Estate
Navi Mumbai-983217
1st January, 20XX
The Director
ICICI Bank
Thane Mumbai-985643
Subject: Payment of pending Arrears
Dear Mr Khanna,
I have noticed that your bank (ICICI Bank) has arrears in payments pending toward our
company, since the invoices have n t been paid for the past 90 days.
In order to motivate our clients to settle their obligations before the due date, we have
introduced a discount model where we’ll give you 2 % waiver of the invoiced amount if
you pay us within 7 days of receiving the invoice.
I hope that both you and your company are doing well. Since you are one of our most
important clients, we appreciate your business. In case you have some questions; you
can feel free to contact me at 011-27658765.
Yours faithfully
(Sign)
Deepak Malhotra
(Area Manager)

Question 8:

Write a letter to a wholesaler dealing in text books and story books for ordering
of some books that you require for your shop.

Answer:

34 Outer Ring Road

Motibagh
New Delhi-110045

12th July, 20XX

The Manager
Sumedha Book Center
Ghaziabad-230067
Subject: Order for books
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Dear Sir,
I shall be grateful if you will send me by VPP 5 copies of each of the following books, as
early as possible.
1. Harry Potter Series- All Books 2. Emma by Jane Austen
3. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens 4. Classics Retold by Chetan Sharma
5. Advanced Mathematics by HC Sharma.
My address is as above. Payment will be made by cheque within 5 days of delivery.
Yours faithfully
(Sign)
Mohit Tandon

Question 9:

You are Sunil Kumar, a resident of B-168 Vijay Vihar. Write a letter to the
Accounts Manager of State Bank of India for opening a new savings account.

Answer:

B-168 Vijay Vihar

Near Shivam Optical Delhi -110094 16th December, 20XX
The Account Manager State Bank of India
Vijay Vihar Branch
Delhi-110094,
Subject: Request for opening a New Saving Account
Dear Sir,
This is to inform you that I, Sunil Kumar is interested in opening a new saving account
in your bank. I am a permanent resident of Vijay Vihar. I am enclosing the required
documents and photographs as per your verification. I would appreciate if you do the
needful to initiate the process as soon as possible.
Thanking You
Yours Sincerely
(Sign)
Sunil Kumar

Business Letter Practice Questions

 You own a sports shop in Preet Vihar, Delhi. Write a letter to a wholesale
dealer ordering cricket kits for your shop.
 You are planning to get your entire office renovated. Write a letter to XYZ
company to send design catalogues to your office along with the price
quotes so that you may finalise a budget and a designer.

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Letter To Government Offiials for Class 8

Question 10:

You are a resident of Nihal Vihar, Faridabad. There is too much traffic chaos in
your locality. The school children are the most vulnerable group as their safety is
at stake. Write a letter to the Area MLA to solve the above mentioned problem.

Answer:

36 Nihal Vihar, JP Extension

Faridabad-137609
23rd February,20XX
The Area MLA
Nihal Vihar
Faridabad-137609
Subject: Traffic chaos at Deepali Chowk
Dear Mr Singh,
I am pleased to see you are living up to your campaign promises on the issue of traffic
improvements.
There are far too many individual traffic situations needing attention to enumerate
them all, but I would like to draw your attention to a particular intersection. The corner
of main and centre streets in Deepali Chowk is full of danger for the dozens of school
children who cross these streets everyday. Without a traffic light and crosswalk there, it
is only a matter of time until tragedy strikes. Please pay special attention to this
situation before the new school session starts. I will be highly obliged if you do the
needful.
Yours faithfully (Sign)
Shikha Menon

Question 11:

Write a letter to the Traffic and Automobile department stating that their
accusation about your car (Honda City Model No. 678) is false. Direct your letter
to the Assistant Magistrate of the concerned department.

Answer:

16, Cyber Lane

Devan Road;
New Delhi -126089
30th November, 20XX
The Assistant Magistrate
Traffic and Automobile Department
Government of NCT; New Delhi -120034
Subject: False accusation regarding Honda city Modal No. 678
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Dear Sir/Madam
I received your letter dated 12th October, 20XX, alleging that I failed to register my car
(Honda City model no 678). I am sure that this is a simple clerical error. The officials
from your department inspected my vehicle on 5th October, 20XX and I have already
mailed the inspection form, the emissions report and the license fee to the Motor
Vehicle Department on 20th October, 20XX. I am enclosing copies of my new
registration form.
I hope this is sufficient information for you to correct your records.
Yours truly (Sign)
Ramesh Khanna

Question 12:

You are troubled by the fact that there are many homeless people, who sleep in
the park adjoining your locality. Write a letter to the concerned official of the
Local District Office to solve your problem.

Answer:

126 Downing Street

Kolkata -567890 9th February, 20XX
The Area Officer
Local District Office; East Zone
Kolkata -567890
Subject: Problem of homeless people sleeping in parks

Dear Sir,
In the last several years there has been a tremendous increase in the number of
homeless citizens sleeping in the park adjoining downing street. On any given night I
can count at least ten individuals quietly sleeping under trees and on benches, with the
result that the residents of Downing Street feel unsafe and insecure. On behalf of the
over 100 neighbourhood residents who have signed this letter, I present you with this
petition requesting the concerned officials to build temporary relief camps for the
homeless.
I am sure you will pay heed to our problem and will solve it as soon as possible.
Yours truly
(Sign)
Jagat Singh Chillar

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
 There are no proper street lights in your locality. This is leading to an increase in
right-time thefts as well as accidents. Write a letter to the local district officer to
look into the issue.
 As the President of the Residents Welfare Association, you have decided to
celebrate the festival of Dussehra with great pomp and show. However, for that

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you need to book the main playground as the venue. Write a letter to the
concerned body if authority seeking permission.
 Assume yourself to be the President of Residents Welfare Association of your
locality. Write a letter to MCD complaining about the increase in number of
street dogs in your locality and the problems faced by the residents because of
this.
Informal Letters
 Write a letter to your friend telling about summar vacations.

Question 1:

You are Meet. Write a letter to your friend asking him about his trip to Manali and
also inviting him for your birthday party.

Answer:

262 Lake View Apartments

South Extension

New Delhi-110096
13th June, 20XX
Dear Joy,
How are you my friend? It has been some time since we met. How was your trip to
Manali? Hope you enjoyed in the mountains. I received all the postcar is which you had
sent me from there. Thanks a bunch! I loved each of them.
Hey! Guess what? My Aunt Meghna has organised an early birthday party for me and
she has asked me to invite all my friends. You know very well that no party of mine is
complete without you. So please be at my place this Sunday. The party doesn’t start till
4, but do come early so, that we can go cyclihg. Bring Arun along with you too. Don’t he
late.
Hope your parents are all right. Give them my regards. And wish you all the best for
your cricket match today. See you this Sunday.
Your loving friend
Meet

Question 2:

You are Rohit, residing at 56, Munirka Enclave, DDA Flats, New Delhi. Write a
letter to your friend Rahim, telling him about your new school. You can use the
following
Hints Infrastructure-Nice, airy, big classrooms, Furniture-comfortable,sufficient,
attractive Playgrounds- big and grassy Education-able teachers, computer aided
teaching, well equipped labs Emphasis on-over all development of the child

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Answer:

56, Munirka Enclave, DDA Flats

New Delhi-110067
14th May, 20XX
Dear Rahim,
You will be glad to know that I have recently joined my new school in Vasant Vihar. The
name of my school is Mother Mary Sr. Sec. School. The school has a very attractive
building. The classrooms are beautifully constructed. They are big, airy and spacious.
The furniture is comfortable and attractive. The surroundings are neat and full of
greenery. Playgrounds are very big.
The teachers use the latest technology for explanation and for giving assignments.
Emphasis is not on cramming but on being innovative. Learning is fun and I look
forward to going to school everyday. Rapport between the teachers and children is also
good. We are not scared of our teachers and corporal punishment is banned in our
school. More emphasis is laid on the over-all development of the child.
With this kind of education, I look forward to fulfilling the goals that I have set for my
future. I feel proud to be a student of Mother Mary School. I shall write more about my
new school in my next letter.
Your friend
Rohit

Question 3:

Taking help from the information given below, write a letter to your younger
brother advising him to give up the bad company in which he seems to have
fallen.
Hints
Letter from the Principal
Irregular in doing homework
Friendship with decent and intelligent children

Answer:

19, Pushpanjali Enclave

Pitam Pura
New Delhi
16th July, 20XX
Dear Paul,
We have received two letters from the Principal of your school, complaining about your
irregularity in submitting home-work notebooks and indiscipline. You have scored low
marks in your quarterly tests. Even in Science, which used to be your favourite subject,
you have failed.
There was a call from your hostel warden too. He was complaining about your
disinterest in studies.
Dear brother, I can’t see your life being ruined like this. Our parents have high
expectations from you. I hope you will try to mend your ways by avoiding bad company.

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We are always known by the company we keep. So, brother please be careful in
selecting friends for yourself. Be in the company of good and intelligent children.
I hope you will take my advice seriously and work towards being an ideal student and
an ideal human being. Looking forward to a favourable report from your Principal and
hostel warden next month.
Yours affectionately
Ishita

Informal Letter Writing Practice Questions

Write a letter to your younger brother advising him to grow the habit of

newspaper reading.
 Write a letter to your friend giving him suggestions about the importance-of
physical exercise in our life.
 Write a letter to your friend telling her how to use mobile phones for positive’
use.
 Write a letter to your younger sister telling her the benefits of time-
management.
 Write a letter to a junior friend explaining him to avoid eating junk food. Use the
following hints:
(i) Leads to obesity. (ii) Increases risk of heart attack.
(iii) Waste of money. (iv) Eat healthy food instead.

FORMAL INVITATION
Invitations are of two kinds:
 Formal ➝ invitation card/letter ➝ In a fixed format
 Informal ➝ A letter or a note ➝ Free handwriting

Formal invitations are sent to relatives, friends, acquaintances, etc. on social occasions.
A simple yet elegant printed card is preferred.
Invitations are written in the third person.

Example:
 Mr. and Mrs. S. Surendran request the pleasure of the company of Mr. and Mrs.
Rajkumar…………….
Note that the English etiquette requires the husband’s name to be written first.
Example:
 Mr. and Mrs. G. Joseph

Avoid the use of abbreviations for the names of guests, days, dates. However, the
abbreviation RSVP (Respondezs’il Vous plait) which means “Please Reply’ is put at the
bottom.
The subject matter is written in the centre setting. Details such as an address, dress
code, or any other instructions are written at the bottom to the left or the right as per
choice or convenience.

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1. You are Faiz/Falak Mazumdar living at 39, Udampur Colony, Shimla. You decide
to hold a dinner party to congratulate your grandparents on their golden wedding
anniversary. Draft a formal invitation in not more than 50 words to all family
members to attend a grand dinner at home. 4
(2018)

Answer:

Faiz/ Falak Mazumdar

request the pleasure of your benign presence
at the grand dinner
on the auspicious occasion of the
GOLDEN WEDDING ANNIVERSARY
Of
His/her
Grandparents
At his/her
residence
39, Udampur Colony, Shimla
At 8:30 pm
On
18 MARCH, 20XX
R.S.V.P.
Faiz/ Falak Mazumdar
98100XXXXX
OR

39, Udampur Colony

Shimla
01 March, 20XX
Dear Uncle/ Aunt/ any other family member
On the auspicious occasion of the Golden Wedding Anniversary of my grandparents, I
invite you to the grand dinner at my residence. The dinner is scheduled to be on 18
March at 8:30 pm. Kindly confirm your presence by 15 March.
Thank you
Yours affectionately
Faiz/ Falak Mazumdar

2. Write an invitation in not more than 50 words to your friend Rameshwari to

spend her winter break with you in Mumbai. You are Puja/Puneet of 25, M.G.
Road, Mumbai.

Answer:
25, M.G. Road
Mumbai
10 December, 20XX
Dear Rameshwari

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As the winters are approaching, I invite you to spend the winter break with me at my
house in Mumbai. At that time, the weather here is pleasant due to sea winds. I will
introduce you to my parents and close relatives. Kindly confirm your arrival by mid-
December.
Yours affectionately
Puja/Puneet

3. On 30th November, your school is going to hold its annual sports day. You want
Mr. Dhanraj Pillai, a noted hockey player to give away the prizes to the budding
sportspersons of the school. Write a formal invitation in about 50 words
requesting him to grace the occasion. You are Karuna/ Karan, Sports Secretary,
Sunrise Global School, Agra.

Answer:

Sunrise Global School

Agra
01 November, 20XX
Sir
Our school is organising its Annual Sports Day on 30th November, 20XX. Your gracious
presence will act as a catalyst and inspire us all. You are requested to hand over the
prizes to the budding sportspersons of the school in our school ground at 2 pm.
Kindly confirm your availability by 20, November.
Yours faithfully
Karuna/ Karan
Sports Secretary

Question 1.
Draft an invitation card in about 50 words to celebrate the annual function of
Pariksha.

Answer:

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Question 2.
Ms Sonia Anand wishes to invite her friend for Bhoomi Puja at her residence in
Karol Bagh. Design a formal invitation in about 50 words on her behalf.

Answer:

Question 3.
The Literary Club of your school is putting up the play ‘Waiting for Godot’. As
secretary of the club, draft an invitation inviting the famous writer Sudeesh Gupta
to be the guest of honour at the function. Write the invitation in about 50 words.
You are Govinda/Gauri.

Answer:
Salwan Public School
Rajinder Nagar
New Delhi 1100XX
29th January 20XXRespected Sir
The Literary Club of our school is going to present the play ‘Waiting for Godot’ on 1 February 20XX in the sch
auditorium. We would be pleased if you accept to be the guest of honour for the same.Kindly confirm.
Hoping for a positive reply.Thank you,Yours faithfully
Gauri Mehra
(Secretary, Literary Club)

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Question 4.
You have received an invitation to be the judge for a literary competition in St
Ann’s School. Send a reply in not more than 50 words, confirming you acceptance.
You are Mohan/Mohini.

Answer:
Mr. Mohan Sharma thanks the Principal, St. Ann’s School for their kind invitation for judging the literary
competition on 13th August 20XX. He accepts the invitation with pleasure and will reach the venue at 9 a.m.
judge the event.
Regards
Mohan Sharma
Question 5.
Mr Aseem Mathur wishes to invite his friend Mr Vikash Sachdeva to his brother’s
engagement party. Draft an informal invitation in about 50 words.

Answer:
12/16 Rajendra Nagar
New Delhi
15th July 20XXMy Dear Vikash
You will be very glad to know that my brother is getting engaged on 25th July 20XX. You and your family are
cordially invited.My parents are looking forward to having you with us at the engagement ceremony at our
residence at 7 p.m.Your friend
Aseem Mathur
Question 6.
The Managing Director of New Engineers Ltd desires to invite his staff to the New
Year party. Design an informal invitation in about 50 words for the occasion.

Answer:
Dear staff members,
You would be pleased to know that New Engineers Ltd is organising a party on the New Year at 9 p.m. It wou
good idea to know each other well and enjoy ourselves. The venue is Blue Radisson. I look forward to the ple
of your company at the party. It would be wonderful to spend time together.Best wishes,
Arun Jha
(Managing Director)
New Engineers Ltd.
Question 7.
You have been invited as a judge for a debate competition by New Era Public
School. Draft a formal refusal in about 50 words.

Answer:
19 Defence colony
New Delhi
20 February 20XXMs Neera Kapoor thanks the Principal, New Era Public School, for inviting her as a judge fo
debate competition to be held on Friday, January 18, 20XX at 10 a.m. in the school premises. However, she si
apologizes that she will not be able to come as she will be out of station. She wishes good luck to all the
participants.Neera Kapoor

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Question 8.
You are Dr Mahesh TVipathi and you have received an invitation from the
Director, Health Services, New Delhi to attend a workshop on ‘Child Care’ on 15
May. Many leading practitioners of the state have been invited to grace the
occasion. Respond informally to the invitation in about 50 words.
Answer:
19 XYZ Road New Delhi
26 April 20XXDear Sir,
I am honoured to receive your invitation to attend the workshop on ‘Child Care’. It is a matter of honour to in
with leading practitioners. I hope the workshop will be a great success. Thank you again for the invite. I will
come.Thank you
Mahesh Tripathi
Question 9.
Write an informal invitation to your childhood friend Vishu, who is in the same
town, inviting him to dinner at your residence.

Answer:
16/121 XYZ Road
New Delhi 1100XX
15 September 20XXMy Dear Vishu
Please join me and my family at dinner tomorrow at my residence. It has been long since we met. I really wa
to come and spend some quality time with me.I am looking forward to your positive response.Your friend
Neha
Question 10.
You are Vivek Dhar. Write a formal acceptance of an invitation to a ‘Musical Nite’
organised by your neighbour, Mr. Iqbal Rasool. Your address is 64, College Road,
Bengaluru.

Answer:
5 December 20XX
Vivek Dhar is pleased to receive an invitation to the ‘Musical Nite’ organised by Mr Iqbal Rasool at his reside
confirms his participation. Best wishes
Vivek Dhar

Letter Writing – Business Letters

(a) LETTERS OF ENQUIRY/ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Question 1:
SPORTS FIRM —ASKING FOR CATALOGUE
You are Sahil Tuteja, the Sports Secretary of your school. Write a letter to Globe
Enterprises, New Delhi, a leading firm dealing in sports goods, requesting them to
supply their trade catalogue. You may mention the items you intend to buy and
ask for a discount on the catalogue prices.

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Answer:
ABN School
Mathura
10 March, 20XX
Messrs Globe Enterprises
F-4, Greater Kailash-II
New Delhi
Dear Sirs
Sub: Trade Catalogue for Sports Goods
We have to buy sports material in bulk for various games and sports for our school for
the new academic session beginning w.e.f. 1st April.
We are interested in cricket bats and balls, hockey sticks, balls, goalkeeper’s full kit,
footballs, volleyballs, basket balls, table tennis balls and bats etc. We also need items for
uniform namely, sports T-shirts, shorts and vests of different sizes.
Your firm has been mentioned to us as one of the best dealers in sports goods.
I shall be glad if you send me your catalogue together with quotations for large
quantities. Please do mention the time required to effect delivery and the terms of
payment.
I hope you will facilitate business by quoting the lowest possible rates. I am confident
that you will patronise us by giving some discount also. Please mention the rate of
discount on the catalogue prices.
Yours faithfully
Sahil Tuteja
Sports Secretary

Question 2:
RATES OF STATIONERY ITEMS
You are Anand Kumar Bhonsle, Purchase Manager of Apple Telesystems, 9th
Street, Mahim, Mumbai. Write to Ganapati Stationery Mart, Churchgate, Mumbai
asking for rates and terms of supply of stationery items such as pencils, papers,
ribbons, carbon papers etc.

Answer:

Purchase Manager
Apple Telesystems
9th Street, Mahim
Mumbai
The Sales Manager
Ganapati Stationery Mart
Churchgate
Mumbai
12 March, 20XX
Sir
Sub: Supply of Stationery
We are a software company and we need the following items in bulk for office use. I
request you to kindly quote your rates and terms of supply for the following items :

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As we are ordering in bulk, we would expect discount on the bulk purchase. We expect a
reply at the earliest possible along with the acceptable terms and conditions please.
Yours faithfully,
A.K. Bhonsle
(Purchase Manager)

Question 3:
CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
You are Ashwini Meena of C-23, Chitra Park, Jaipur. Write a letter to M/s Full
Marks Pvt. Ltd., Daryaganj, New Delhi asking for a catalogue of books, terms and
conditions of supply and mode of payment, etc.

Answer:
C-23 Chitra Park
Jaipur
25 May, 20XX
M/s Full Marks Pvt Ltd
Daryaganj
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Request for Catalogue
I am interested in purchasing a few of your publications on English Assignments by
V.P.P. I shall be very grateful if you could send me the latest catalogue on these books.
Please specify if any audio/video cassettes are also available along with the books. I am
enclosing a self-addressed envelope for prompt despatch.
I am also interested in knowing your terms and conditions regarding the payment, time
and mode of delivery, etc.
Hoping you would look into my request on priority.
Yours faithfully
Ashwini Meena

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Question 4:
TERMS FOR CONDUCTED TOURS
You are Vivek/Varsha Malhotra, Head Boy /Girl of Zenith Public School, Ashok
Vihar, New Delhi. You have to organise short tours to Agra, Jaipur and
Chandigarh. Write a letter to Globe Tours and Travels, 235, Nehru Place, New
Delhi, enquiring about their terms for conducted tours by deluxe buses. Also ask
about the fare, boarding and lodging charges and arrangements, total time of the
trip and mode of payment.

Answer:
Zenith Public School
Ashok Vihar
New Delhi
16 July, 20XX
M/s Globe Tours and Travels
235 Nehru Place
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Enquiry about conducted tours
We organise short educational tours to places of social and historical interest during the
autumn/winter break. The likely places of visit this year are Agra, Jaipur and
Chandigarh.
Please let me know your terms for conducted tours by deluxe buses to places mentioned
above. The rates should include lodging/boarding charges, fare per km per bus.
I would like to know the kind of boarding and lodging facilities provided by you, the
duration of journey and halting charges, if any.
Please let me know if group discount and student discount are admissible if we charter
a bus.
Expecting an early response.
Yours faithfully
Vivek Malhotra
Head Boy

Question 5:
RESERVATION OF RAILWAY BOGIE
You are Varsha/Varun, the Secretary of the Students’ Forum of Navodaya School,
Bikaner. You have planned an excursion to Bhubaneshwar and nearby places
during summer vacation. Write a letter to the General Manager, Northern
Railways asking for reservation of a bogie for 60 children from Bikaner to
Bhubaneshwar and back, supplying all the necessary information.

Answer:
NAVODAYA SCHOOL BIKANER
Students’ Forum
No 523/NSB/05
12 March 20XX
The General Manager
Northern Railway

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Bikaner Division
Bikaner
Sir,
Sub: Reservation of a bogie for 60 students
A group of 60 students of senior classes of this school have planned to visit
Bhubaneshwar and nearby worth-seeing spots during the ensuing summer vacation.
They will be accompanied by three teachers and two attendants. The touring party
intends to leave Bikaner on 15 May, 20XX by Bikaner Mail in a specially reserved bogie
to be linked to Konark Express at Delhi. They are likely to commence their return
journey on 10 June by the same train. Please confirm whether a bogie can be reserved
for them dining the above dates. An early confirmation at your end will help the school
authorities finalise the other necessary arrangements.
You are also requested to supply the details of estimated expenditure with students’
concession so that the money may be deposited well in time. List of tour party on
prescribed proforma is enclosed.
Hoping for an early reply.
Yours faithfully
Varsha
Secretary
Students’ Forum

Question 6:
EXPENSES FOR WEDDING RECEPTION
Write a letter to the Manager, Oberoi International, Lucknow, to find out the rates
for conducting the wedding reception of your sister on their lawns, enquiring
specifically about the catering cost per head, service and decoration charges and
advance to be paid. You are Nandu/Nandini of Agra.

Answer:
23 Fort Road
Agra
15 November, 20XX
The Manager
Oberoi International
Lucknow
Dear Sir
Sub: Enquiry regarding expenses for wedding reception
Kindly let me know whether your lawns would be available on the evening of 7th
December to hold the wedding reception of my sister. In case space is available, please
enlighten me regarding the following:
1. catering cost per head (Menu no. 3)
2. service charges
3. decoration charges
4. advance amount to be paid.
Please send me point-wise specific reply at the address given above.
Looking forward to an early reply.
Yours sincerely
Nandani

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(b) REPLIES TO ENQUIRIES

Question 7:
Your cousin Priyanka is just completing X standard and has sought your advise to
opt for science or commerce group. Write a letter giving guidance to select the
group in XI
standard.

Answer:
251, Navy Nagar
Colaba, Mumbai
17 March, 20XX
Dear Priyanka
Received your affectionate letter and was glad to note that you are going to complete X
standard. I felt elated when you sought my advise whether to opt for science or
commerce group in XI standard.
In my opinion, you should not join the rat race of choosing the science stream. I know
that you are a practical person, who is intelligent as well as diligent. I would therefore
suggest that you should opt for commerce group. There are some other reasons behind
this choice.
1. Your father is a successful businessman. As a student of commerce you may learn
business/management in practice. Secondly, he may set up a small unit for you
and invest in it. You can manage and expand it with your knowledge of
commerce and English.
2. In case you want to seek employment, your commerce degree may help you get a
good job in some multinational firm.
3. You may appear in a competitive examination for bank recruitment etc.
I do hope you will consider all these points before arriving at any decision.
With love.
Yours sincerely
Piyush

Question 8:
A new advertising firm needs an office in the central market. Write a letter
offering part of your office on rent. You are the Office Manager, Planwel Company,
Tarapore Towers, M.G. Road, Bangalore.

Answer:
PLANWELL COMPANY
Tarapore Towers, MG Road, Bangalore
Ref. No. 20/PC/35
April 19, 20XX
The Manager
Apex Information Centre
3, Anna Nagar, Nangambakkam
Chennai

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Sir
Sub: Offer of a premises on rent

Refer to your advertisement in The Hindu dated 18 April regarding availability of a

suitable accommodation in the central market for your office. In this connection we
desire to inform you that we have a suitable office located in the vicinity of the central
market. The accommodation (with roads on two sides) comprises a big hall 25′ x 40′
with two adjoining rooms 12′ x 15′ each and an inter-connected pantry and toilet. This
is an ideal location for all kinds of business establishments. There are three nationalised
banks on the opposite road. The terms and conditions for rent are as under:
1. A refundable security of rupees two lakhs.
2. Rent of ₹ 10,000 pm payable in advance.
3. Electricity and water charges extra.
4. Sanitation at your disposal.
5. Rental lease will lapse after eleven months.
In case the above-mentioned terms are acceptable, please contact the undersigned
within a week.
Yours faithfully
Vishnu Wasan
Office Manager

Question 9:
As the Regional Manager of a leading XYZ Textile Company, Mumbai, write a letter
to the American Textile Company, Madurai offering two of your products for bulk
sale.

Answer:
XYZ TEXTILE COMPANY
24 Pyarelal Road, Mumbai
Ref. STC/20/78
12 August, 20XX
The Senior Purchase Manager
The American Textile Company
Madurai
Gentlemen,
Sub: Offer of Products for Bulk Sale
We are one of the leading manufacturers of textile products in Western India and our
products are equally popular at home and abroad. We have received an enquiry from
your branch office at Kanpur regarding terms for bulk purchase.
We wish to inform you that we grant 30% trade discount to commercial/bulk purchases
on an order for not less than ₹ one lakh at a time. We allow further discount of 5% to
buyers whose orders exceed ₹ Five lakh per year.
Our latest price list and illustrated catalogue along with specimen of textiles are
enclosed for your kind perusal and approval.
An early reply will be appreciated.
Yours sincerely
A. G. George
Sales Manager

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Question 10:
As the Sales Manager of M/s Universal Book Suppliers, 26 Ansari Road, Daryaganj,
New Delhi, write a letter to the librarian of Scindia School, Gwalior offering
information regarding the sale of dictionaries and illustrated children’s
encyclopaedias.
Answer:
Universal Book Suppliers
26, Ansari Road
Daryaganj
New Delhi
Tel. No. 23286677
Our Ref. No. UBS/AMS/02/DE/0507
Your Ref. No. SCG/CE/54-03
Dated 19 May, 20XX
The Librarian
Scindia School
Gwalior
Sir
Sub: Sale of Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias
We thank you for your letter dated 5 May, 20XX and are happy to furnish you the
following information:
We stock dictionaries and encyclopaedias published by Indian as well as foreign
publishers. We have books suitable for all age-groups of school going children. As
desired by you, we are enclosing our latest catalogue. It contains the information you
need.
We shall offer you 15% discount given to educational institutions on this category of
books. We need two weeks’ time to make delivery of the order. We accept payment by
demand draft only. It should be payable at New Delhi.
I hope our terms will meet your approval and we’ll receive your order soon.
Yours faithfully
S. Ravindran
Sales Manager

(c) PLACING ORDERS

Question 11:
You are the librarian of Amla Public School. You had placed an order for
textbooks with Dhanpati & Sons. Since the books did not arrive on time, you have
decided .to cancel the order. Write a letter to the Manager, Dhanpati & Sons,
Chennai, cancelling the order.

Answer:
The Librarian
Amla Public School
Chennai
30 August, 20xx
Manager
M/S Dhanpati & Sons
Chennai

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Dear Sir
Sub: Order for Textbooks
Kindly arrange the supply at your earliest the books for our school at the rates approved
for the year 20xx. The details of the books are as follows:
1. Mathematics – Class – 12 – K.C. Sisodia – 50 copies
2. Science – Class – 10 – J.K. Randhawa – 50 copies
3. English Grammar – Class 12 – K.P. Thakur – 50 copies
It must be ensured that latest editions of books are being supplied. Before supplying the
books it must be checked that each book is of latest edition. Payment will be released
only after the approval by the principal.
Yours
Raghvan
Librarian

Question 12:
BOOKING ACCOMMODATION / OTHER FACILITIES
This summer vacation you are planning to visit Simla. Write a letter to a travel
agency in Shimla requesting them to book you a room in a five star hotel. Give
other details of your journey and facilities you require there. Sign your name as
Leela/Mohan, C/5, Assam.

Answer:
Mohan
C/5, Assam
15 April, 20XX
The Manager
Globe Travel Agency
The Mall, Shimla
Dear Sir
Sub: Hotel accommodation and other facilities
I am planning to visit Shimla during the summer vacation. I intend to reach there on
16 May by the IC 308 flight and stay there for a week. You are requested to book a
deluxe double bedroom in a five star hotel, as I will be accompanied by my friend. I shall
also need a chauffeur driven car to take us in and around Shimla.
Please make these facilities available for a week, Le., from 16 May to 22 May, 20XX. A
bank draft for ₹ 5000 is enclosed as advance. Please confirm the bookings so that the
remaining amount may be sent to you.
Yours faithfully
Mohan

Question 13:
RESERVING DOUBLE-ROOM
Write a letter to the Manager of Grand Hotel, Shimla asking him to reserve for you
a double room from 5th April to 15th April, 20XX. You are Aditya / Anandhi of
Mysore.

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Answer:
D-2/47 Court Road
Mysore
25 March, 20XX
The Manager
Grand Hotel
Shimla
Dear Sir
Sub: Reservation of a double-room
I along with my partner shall be visiting Shimla for eleven days—5th April to 15th April
to be exact. You are requested to reserve a delux double room for us, for eleven days
from 5th April to 15th April, 20XX. I am enclosing herewith a bank draft for ₹ 5000 as
advance for reservation charges and partial room rent.
This letter follows in continuation with my telephonic conversation. Kindly confirm the
booking on Mysore Telephone No. 532601.
Hoping for an early response.
Yours sincerely
Aditya

Question 14:
NON-COMPLIANCE OF ORDER
You have placed an order for a few books with City Central Book Shop, No. 10,
Paharganj, Delhi. You have not received the books so far. Write a letter to the
bookshop complaining about the non-compliance of your order.

Answer:
National Sr. Sec. School
Vayu Vihar
New Delhi
25 March, 20XX
City Central Book Shop No. 10
Paharganj
Delhi-110006
Sir
Sub: Non-compliance of the order No. 11/RS
This is with reference to our order No. 11/RS dated 4th March, 20XX regarding the
delivery of a few books for our school library.
In this respect, I regret to state that despite repeated reminders on the phone, the books
have not yet been delivered to the library so far. The new session has started and the
books are required urgently for reference work by the students. I am quite upset about
the non-compliance and negligent attitude shown by your shop towards our order. If
the specified books don’t reach us within three days from the receipt of this letter, we
will conclude that you are not interested in fulfilling this order. In that case, we’ll be
compelled to place the order elsewhere. A fist of books ordered is being enclosed
herewith. Kindly do the needful at the earliest.
Yours truly
ABC

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(Librarian)
Enel.—Photocopy of the book-list.

(d) COMPLAINTS
Question 15:
DEFECTIVE FURNITURE
You are the member of a youth club. Recently your club has purchased some
furniture from Nawab Furniture Depot, Kanpur. But after a week you have
noticed some defects in the furniture. Write a letter to the Manager of Nawab
Furniture asking him to replace it. You are Akbar!Amina.

Answer:
Eagle Youth Club
B-69 Court Road
Kanpur
1 August, 20XX
The Manager
Nawab Furniture Depot
84-Railway Road
Kanpur
Sir
Sub: Replacement of defective furniture
This is with reference to order no, 93812 of a sofa set, wooden chairs and table worth
₹ 45,000. This is to bring to your notice that on inspection of the furniture after receipt
at Club office certain defects have been noticed.
We request you to replace the furniture within a week as the club’s general meeting is
scheduled for the next week.
We hope that such mistakes will not occur in future.
Hoping for an early replacement.
Yours faithfully
Amina
Secretary

Question 16:
DEFECTIVE COLOUR TELEVISION
You are Nikhil / Nisha staying at 53, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad. Last summer, you
bought a colour television from the ‘Clear Vision’ of Hyderabad, with a warranty
of 2 years. Now you discover that the picture gets blurred every now and then.
Even the sound has become defective. Write a letter to the dealer complaining
about the problem and requesting him to get the defect rectified. Also request him
to replace it, if needed against the warranty that goes with it.

Answer:
53, Banjara Hills
Hyderabad
7 March, 20XX
The Proprietor

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Clear Vision
14, Palace Road
Hyderabad
Dear Sir
Sub: Complaint against CTV – MS-21
It was only last summer, 15 June 20XX to be precise that I bought a colour TV from you.
The model is Phillips CTV – MS-21 and the Invoice No. is 1487 dated 15.06.20XX. Last
week it started giving trouble. I thought that the sound problem was due to a weak
signal and that it would pass, but it recurred with more frequency. When I tried to
adjust the knobs the picture got blurred. Sometimes the colours fade away.
Since the TV set is within the guarantee period of two years, you are requested to get
the defects rectified by your service engineer. In case the set is beyond repair, kindly
get.it replaced.
Hoping for an early favourable action.
Yours sincerely
Nisha/Nikhil

Question 17:
DEFECTIVE REFRIGERATOR
Kumar Shanu of Bareilly has purchased a Frost-free B.L.P. refrigerator of 265
litres from ‘Life Style’, Civil Lines, Bareilly. After a month of purchase, the freezing
section of the refrigerator has failed to function. Write a letter to the Sales
Manager of the firm complaining about it and requesting for the piece to be
replaced, since there is a two year warranty.

Answer:
26 Agra Road
Bareilly
15 June, 20XX
The Sales Manager
‘Life Style’
Civil Lines
Bareilly
Sir
Sub: Replacement of 265 litres B.L.P. refrigerator
We pm-chased a frost-free B.L.P. refrigerator of 265 litres from you about six months
back, vide your receipt No. C-1265 dated 10 January, 20XX. You provided us a warranty
letter for two years against any technical fault.
Having used it for about a month, we now find that the freezing section of the
refrigerator is not working properly. We are unable to get even a single eatable fresh
when kept in it. The summer season is in full swing and we are feeling great
inconvenience due to our defective refrigerator.
Under these circumstances, it is requested that the defective refrigerator may please be
replaced at your earliest in order to stop further inconvenience to us. It will be
appreciated if the new set is installed after proper testing.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Kumar Shanu

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Question 18:
DEFECTIVE AUTOMATIC WASHING MACHINE
You are Keerti /Karishma of 26, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad. Last week you bought
an automatic ‘VIP’ Washing Machine from Mis Tirupati Stores, Nampalli,
Hyderabad. Now you find that the machine is not cleaning clothes properly and
making an unbearable noise. Write a letter to the dealer complaining about the
same and requesting him to change the washing machine at the earliest.

Answer:
26, Mehdipatnam
Hyderabad
10 March, 20XX
The Marketing Manager
Tinrpati Stores
Nampalli, Hyderabad
Sir
Sub: Complaint about defective ‘VIP’ washing machine
It was only last month, 7th February to be precise that I bought an automatic ‘VIP’
washing machine from you. The Model No. is VIP XL-410W and the Invoice No. is 2365
dated 7 Feb., 20XX.
Last week it started giving us troubles. It is not cleaning the clothes at all. In fact, the
clothes remain as dirty after the mechanical operation as they were before the wash.
Secondly, it has been making unbearable noise. Kindly send your mechanic to examine
and repair it. In case the damage is beyond repair or a serious mechanical one, kindly
replace it at the earliest as the washing machine is still within the guarantee period.
Hoping for an early response.
Yours sincerely
Keerti/Karishma

Question 19:
DEFECTIVE INVERTER
You are Amit Chakraborty staying at 81, Chitranjan Park, New Delhi. Last month
you got an inverter installed at your house through ‘Electronical World’ of Lajpat
Nagar, New Delhi. Now you find that the inverter is not working and the local
electrician who examined it at your request has told you that it is having some
technical defect. Write a letter to the dealer asking him to replace it immediately
under terms and conditions of the deal.

Answer:
81, Chitranjan Park
New Delhi
10 April, 20XX
The Sales Manager
Electronical World
5/17, Lajpat Nagar
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Replacement of inverter

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It was only last month, 20th March, 20XX to be exact that I bought an inverter through
you and got it installed at my house. The model is SM-576-C IV and the Invoice No. is
1679 dated 20 March, 20XX.
Last week it started giving troubles. Initially the fans and lights would run comfortably
for 3-4 hours when there was no electric supply, but these days they fail to make up the
deficiency in the electric current and work for only one or two horns. The local
electrician was called in to examine it and he has revealed a technical flaw in it.
Since the inverter is within the guarantee period, you are kindly requested to replace
the set at your earliest as per terms and conditions of the sale.
Please arrange a new set and send your engineer to set it accordingly.
Yours faithfully
Amit Chakraborty

Question 20:
DEFECTIVE PRINTER
Naveen Chaudhri of 105, Baily Road, Patna bought a HP Desk Jet 200 Printer from
The Computer Centre, the sole dealer of Hewlett Packard at Ranchi, for use with
his newly acquired personal computer, a month ago. Now he finds that the print
quality is poor and the ink nozzles of the print cartridge get frequently clogged.
The Printer has been given one year warranty against any technical fault. Write a
letter as Naveen Chaudhri to the dealer complaining about the same and
requesting him to attend to it.

Answer:
105, Baily Road
Patna
20 March, 20XX
The Sales Officer
The Computer Centre
Ranchi
Sir
Sub: Defective working of HP Desk Jet Printer
It was only last month, 10 February 20XX to be precise that I purchased a Hewlett
Packard Desk Jet 200 Printer from your firm vide cash memo no. 785 dated 10 Feb.,
20XX. For about a fortnight it gave a very satisfactory service in my newly acquired
personal computer. Now I find that the print quality is very poor.
The impression is not clear and deep. Moreover, the ink nozzles of the print cartridge
get frequently clogged. This poor and irritating performance of the Jet Desk Printer has
also affected the quality of my work besides dampening my spirits and mood so often.
I regret to inform you that in spite of two verbal reminders you have not sent your
service engineer to attend to the faults. I need not remind you that it is against business
ethics as the fault has occurred within the warranty period. In case you do not attend to
the fault within a week I shall be constrained to lodge a complaint against you in the
consumers’ court.
Yours faithfully
Naveen Chaudhri

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Question 21:
DEFECTIVE CORDLESS ELECTRIC IRON
You are AmollAnubha staying at 162, Kailash Hills, New Delhi. Last month, you
bought a cordless electric iron from ‘Premier Electronic Goods’, South Extn., New
Delhi against a warranty of 2 years. Now you discover that there is something
wrong with the iron. Its heat lasts hardly for a few seconds after it is taken off the
mains. Write a letter to the dealer complaining about it. Also request him to
change this defective iron against the warranty that goes with it.

Answer:
162, Kailash Hills
New Delhi
7 March, 20XX
The Sales Officer
Premier Electronic Goods
South Extension
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Complaint against defective cordless electric iron
I bought a cordless electric iron from you on 27 January, 20XX vide receipt no. 6578. I
had bought it with a view to making my task easier. Unfortunately, it has become even
more complicated now. When it is taken off the mains, the heat in the iron lasts for
hardly a few seconds. Sometimes it does not show any signs of heat even after inserting
in the main switch. It seems that it has ceased functioning. You can just imagine the
irritation it causes by not working when needed most. It is only in an emergency that I
iron my clothes myself and at such moments this cordless iron stops functioning. Thus,
the piece has become a headache as it is an unbearable nuisance. Since there is a
warranty of 2 years with this iron, I earnestly request you to replace this defective piece
with another one.
Looking forward to your sincere and kind cooperation.
Yours sincerely
Anubha/Amol

Question 22:
DEFECTIVE VIDEO CAMERA
You are Anshuman /Rashi, staying at 8, Kakatiya Nagar, New Delhi. Last month,
you bought a video camera from the ‘Ultra Modern Electronic House’, Abids,
Hyderabad against a warranty of 2 years. Now you discover that there is
something wrong with this camera. It doesn’t work for more than 30-40 seconds
at a stretch. Write a letter to the dealer complaining about this problem. Also
request him to replace this defective piece against the warranty that goes with it.

Answer:
8, Kakatiya Nagar
New Delhi
5 March, 20XX
The Owner
Ultra Modem Electronic House

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Abids
Hyderabad
Sir
Sub: Complaint against video camera
I purchased a Toshiba – 7 YS. video camera from your showroom vide Invoice no 2675
dated 3 Jan., 20XX. May I mention that this video camera functioned well for about a
month or so, but thereafter it has started giving troubles. It has only been used a few
times since its purchase. However, each time it has stopped working after 30-40
seconds. It does not work longer at a stretch. After sometime it does begin again, but
stops functioning in a few seconds. It seems that some technical defect has marred the :
working of this piece.
Since there is a warranty of 2 years against any technical defect, I would request you to
replace this piece with another one at the earliest.
Looking forward to an early response.
Yours sincerely
Rashi

Question 23:
DEFECTIVE TELEPHONE ANSWERING SYSTEM
You are Narendra / Sheela staying at 3, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur. Last year, you
bought a Telephone Answering System with Facsimile from the ‘Electronic World’
of Chandigarh, with a warranty of 2 years. Now you discover that there is
something wrong with the answering machine. It doesn’t record the caller’s
message. Write a letter to the dealer complaining about the problem. Also request
him to replace it, if needed, against the warranty that goes with it.

Answer:
3, Jawahar Nagar
Jaipur
9 March, 20XX
The Manager (Sales)
Electronic World
Chandigarh – 17
Sir
Sub: Complaint regarding defective telephone answering system
This complaint is with reference to the telephone answering system I bought from your
showroom last year vide cash memo no. 24135 dated 4 Feb., 20XX.
This system gave a very fine service for some time and its operation was quite
praiseworthy.
But to my dismay, it has started creating troubles. It has developed some technical snag
in that it doesn’t record the caller’s messages. And what’s the use of an answering
machine which doesn’t record messages?
Since the apparatus carries a warranty of 2 years, I would be extremely obliged if you
could replace this defective instrument with another one.
Looking forward to an early response.
Yours faithfully
Narender/Sheela

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TEST YOUR SKILLS

1. Write a letter to the Managing Director, New Woodlands Hotel, Chennai to find
out the rates for conducting the XII Standard Farewell Party on their lawns,
enquiring about catering costs per head, service charges and advance to be paid.
2. As Manager, Spring Blossoms School, Dharwar, place an order for (at least 4
items) school furniture. Write a letter to Curzon & Co., Furniture Manufacturers,
Dharwar.
3. You are the librarian of L.W.A. Senior Secondary School, Poona. You want to
purchase a dictionary, a book on computers, a book for preparing for competitive
examinations and a book for I.I.T. entrance examination for use of students and
staff of your school. Place an order with M/s Higginbothams, Mumbai, giving the
details regarding the mode of despatch and mode of payment.
4. Rajat Chaurasia of 62, Jai Prakash Narayan Nagar, Patna bought a ‘VIP’ colour
T.V. set from M/s Better Deals, Ganga Road, Patna. After a month he finds that
the sound is not clear and the colours fade away every now and then. Write a
letter as Rajat/Raveena Chaurasia to the dealer complaining about the same and
requesting him to change the set at the earliest.
5. S.P. Chaudhri of 160, Netaji Subhash Chandra Enclave, Calcutta bought a frost-
free B.L.P. Refrigerator of 265 litres from “Wonder Home’, Central Market,
Kolkata. Having used it for about a month he finds that the freezing section of the
efrigerator is not working at all. Write a letter to the Sales Manager of the firm
complaining about it and requesting for replacement of the defective piece. The
refrigerator enjoys a two years warranty against any technical fault.
6. You are Anand/Akshata of Kolkata. You bought a Whirlpool White Magic
Washing Machine from M/s Electronics India, Lake Area, Kolkata. After
installation, it washed well for two months. But suddenly the spin dry system of
the machine has stopped functioning properly and the clothes are dripping wet
even after the spin dry function is completed according to the machine. Write a
letter to Electronics India, giving them the Guarantee Card No. and other details
regarding your complaint, asking them to attend to it/replace it. (Word limit:
150 words)
7. You are Ramneek, a student of XI class of Patel Sr. Secondary School, Gandhi
Nagar. You read an advertisement of Elite Orientations, a leading postal
education institution of Gujarat, published in The Indian Express. Write a letter
to the Director of the institute seeking information regarding facilities, duration,
fee, etc. for the CBSE medical entrance tests.
8. You are Jatin Dass of 7, Court Road Cuttack. You bought a Singer ceiling fan from
M/s Pawan Hans Electricals, Temple Road, Cuttack, an authorised dealer. It had a
seven-year guarantee, but you discovered after a week that the fan was not
working properly. Write a letter to the dealer asking him to replace the defective
fan.
9. As Sales Manager, Rising Sim Company, Chawri Bazar, Delhi, write to Perfect
Paper Mills, Periyar (Tamilnadu) reminding them of the delay in the execution of
your order.
10. You are General Manager, Continental Industries, Mysore. Write a letter to
Newchem Plastics, a manufacturer of plastic wares, 143, Church Road Bangalore,
cancelling your order as the date of delivery has expired.

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11. You are Ashi/Ashish. The other day you bought a pair of shoes from the Liberty
Shoe House, Hazrat Ganj, Lucknow. On unpacking them you found to your
surprise that both the shoes are meant for your left foot. Now write a letter of
complaint to the Manager of the Shoe House asking for replacement at their cost.
12. Imagine you are the Sales Manager Bright Shoe Company Agra. Write a letter to
the Purchase Officer Baluja Shoe Company, Delhi offering some of your products
for bulk sale.
13. As Sales Manager of the Washwell Washing Machines, Dadar, Mumbai, write a
letter to the Proprietor, Washing Wonder, Tilak Road, Pune, asking him for
permission to offer off-season discount to your customers.
14. Sham Nath & Co. 586, Aram Bagh Road, Bhopal have placed an order for two
wagons of cement with Diamond Cement Works, Chanderpur (Maharashtra). As
Sales Manager, DÇW, write a letter to Sham Nath & Co., to supply you two
references as this will be your first transaction with them.
15. You are the General Manager of Surya Steel Tubes and Pipes, Bahadurgarh
(Haryana). You had received a bulk order from Planwell & Co., builders and
contractors for supply of iron pipes of various sizes. Unfortunately, there is a
problem of short supply of electricity/labour unrest. Write a polite letter to the
customers explaining why the orders can’t be executed by the due date.
16. Ravi Sundaram of 28 Civil Lines, Gwalior, bought a colour T.V. set from Messrs
Ram Electronics, 14 Bazaar Marg, Gwalior a month ago. Now he finds that the
sound is not clear and the picture changes to black and white from time to time.
He writes a letter to the dealer complaining about the same and requesting him
to attend it at the earliest. Write the letter.
17. Mr Satish Kaul is the Sports Instructor in Geeta Convent, Narasapur. The
Principal of the school asks Mr Kaul to place an order for buying cricket kits,
volleyball nets, footballs, bad.

ENQUIRY LETTER
Question 1.
You want to spend a week-long holiday at Shimla in the month of October. You
have decided to stay at Hotel Snowview. Write a letter in 120 – 150 words to the
manager to book a room. Mention the dates, facilities in the room, food,
sightseeing facilities, etc. you will need. You are Amar/Amrita M 114, Lake Road,
Karnal.

Answer:
M 114
Lake Road Karnal
Haryana XXXXXX
14 March 2017
The Manager
Hotel Snowview
Shimla XXXXXX
Dear Sir
Subject: Enquiry about facilities at Hotel Snowview

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I plan to spend a week – long holiday at Shimla in October and to stay at your hotel. I
shall be grateful if you could book a room for me from 10th to 17th October. I would
also appreciate if the room is sun – facing and has a good overview of the place. My food
preference is vegetarian and I would love to go for sightseeing every day if you could
arrange a car for me at reasonable rates.
I am sure my stay would be made comfortable and memorable. Please let me know the
total cost, including the transport charges. Looking forward to an early reply.
Yours faithfully
Amrita

Question 2.
Simmi, a student of class XII and resident of 12, Commissioner lane, New Delhi,
wants to be a choreographer. She writes to the National Institute of
Choreography, Mumbai, seeking information about their course, admission
procedure, eligibility criteria and other necessary details.

Answer:
12, Commissioner Lane
New Delhi 1100XX
26 January 20XX
The Director
National Institute of Choreography
Versova Link Road
Andheri (West)
Mumbai 4000XX
Dear Sir
Subject: Inquiry regarding courses in choreography
Refer to your advertisement regarding the courses in choreography offered by your
reputable institute, I am currently in XII class and preparing for my final exam. I am very
much interested in dancing and want to take it as a career.
I Please send me the prospectus containing all the information regarding the course and
$ie application form. I would be highly grateful if you could provide information about
the following:
 The department and programme faculty
 Scholarships available
 Admission procedure
 Eligibility criteria
 Hostel facilities
Kindly send me the latest brochure with the above details along with the enrolment
form at the ; earliest to enable me to register myself for the course.
Yours faithfully
Simmi Garewal

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Question 3.
You are Kiran/Keshav. You want information about French Language courses at
Alliance Francaise, New Delhi. Write a letter to the director enquiring about the
same.

Answer:
D – 105, Lajpat Nagar
New Delhi 1100XX
26 January 20XX
The Director
Alliance Francaise
14F Block, Greater Kailash
New Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir
Subject: Inquiry about French courses
I wish to make certain inquiries about the French language courses offered by your
institution. I have just completed class XII and want to pursue my career in French. I
would like to know the duration of the course, the fee structure and the transport
facilities you offer.
I will be grateful if you could send me the latest brochure along with the enrolment form
enabling me to register myself for the course at the earliest.
Yours faithfully
Kiran Baruah

Question 4.
APJ University is running a correspondence course in MBA. Write a letter to the
Director, Correspondence Course Study Centre, Sonipat, requesting for a
brochure and prospectus. You are Vidhi/Vidhan of Lajpat Nagar.

Answer:
28, Lajpat Nagar
New Delhi 1100XX
26 January 20XX
The Director
APJ University M.G. Road
Sonipat XXXXXX
Dear Sir
Subject: Enquiry regarding MBA courses
I have done BCom from Delhi University and want to pursue MBA. I would like to know
about the MBA courses offered by your institution. Kindly let me know the duration of
the course, the fee structure, the number of students in a batch and the transport
facilities that you offer.
I will be grateful if you could send me the latest brochure along with the enrolment form
enabling me – to register myself for the course at the earliest.
Yours faithfully
Vidhi Narain

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Question 5.
You are interested in a short – term course in computer graphics during your
holidays. Write a letter to the Director, Easy Computers, enquiring about their
short – term courses and other necessary details. You are Naresh/Nandini.

Answer:
28A, Uttam Nagar
New Delhi 1100XX
26 January 20XX
The Director
Easy Computers
S Block
Laxmi Nagar
New Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir
Subject: Enquiry about the short – term courses in computers
I came across your advertisement in yesterday’s newspaper. I would like to know in
detail about the courses offered by your institute.
I am a class XII student and wish to pursue a course in computer graphics during the
summer vacation after my board exams. Kindly send all necessary details, including the
courses offered, their duration, fee structure, etc. at the above address.
Thanking you in anticipation.
Yours faithfully
Naresh Sinha

Question 6.
You are awaiting your class XII results. Meanwhile you would like to do a short –
term course in Personality Development. Write a letter to the Director, Personal
Care, Hyderabad, enquiring about the details about the course. You are
Kailash/Kusum of 148, Model Town, Delhi (125 – 150 words).

Answer:
148, Model Town
New Delhi 1100XX
26 January 20XX
The Director
Personal Care 18,
Char Minar Road
Hyderabad XXXXXX
Dear Sir
Subject: Enquiry about short – term course in Personality Development
I came across your advertisement in yesterday’s newspaper. I would like to know in
detail about the courses offered by your institute.
I am a class XII student and wish to pursue a course in Personality Development in the
summer vacation after my board exams. Kindly send me the following details,
 The programme faculty
 Fee structure and mode of payment
 Curriculum details

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Duration of sessions

Timings of classes

Number of students in a batch

Transport facility

Kindly make it clear whether smart boards are provided in the classes.
Yours faithfully
Kusum Prasad

Question 7.
You are Neeta/Naveen of 43, Ram Nagar, Meerut, studying at a coaching centre in
Laxmi Nagar, Delhi. You need accommodation for yourself. Write a letter to the
Manager of Paying Guest Services, 15, Aditya Complex, Laxmi Nagar, Delhi,
inquiring about the details such as type of accommodation, monthly charges,
facilities, etc. [All India 2014C]

Answer:
43, Ram Nagar
Meerut
Uttar Pradesh 201XXX
26 January 20XX
The Manager
15, Aditya Complex
Laxmi Nagar
New Delhi 1100XX
Dear Sir
Subject: Enquiry about the accommodation
I came across your advertisement in yesterday’s newspaper and would like to know in
detail about the accommodation offered by you.
I am a resident of Meerut and studying in Delhi. I am doing CA. My coaching centre is in
Laxmi Nagar and I would like to be accommodated near it to save travel time.
Kindly send me the details about the type of accommodation offered, monthly charges,
facilities available like attached bathrooms, meals, and wi – fi facility, etc.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Neeta Mehra

Question 8.
As a health-conscious person, you noticed an advertisement in the newspaper on
yoga classes in your neighbourhood. Write a letter to the organizers enquiring
about the duration of the course and other relevant details. You are
Rajesh/Rajeshwari of 4/5 Saraswatipuram, Mysore.

Answer:
4/5, Saraswatipuram
Mysore XXXXXX
25 January 20XX
The Organizer

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Yoga Point
Mysore XXXXXX
Dear Sir
Subject: Enquiry about Yoga classes
I came across your advertisement in yesterday’s newspaper. I would like to know the
relevant details about Yoga classes offered by you.
I am a housewife. I am well aware of yoga which is a great therapy and keeps us
physically fit and stress free. I wish to pursue Yoga classes for some relief in a muscular
problem.
Kindly send me the following details, at the address given above.
 Courses offered
 Duration and timings of class
 Fee structure and mode of payment
 About Instructors
If possible, kindly send me a brochure so that I may know about the different teaching
techniques of yoga practised in your institution.
Hoping to get a prompt reply.
Yours faithfully
Rajeshwari Sahai

Practice Exercise (letter writing)

Q1. You are the principal of Mira Public School and you are concerned about
increasing usage of mobile phone by students in school premises. Write a letter to
parents expressing your concern as this may pose a distraction which may affect
students’ academic performance.

Q2. Write a letter to the District Magistrate of your locality regarding increasing
incidents of Cyber Crime.

Q3. Write a letter to your branch manager requesting him to transfer your endowment
policy from Mysore branch to Pune branch because of your transfer.

Q4. You are the manager of a firm dealing in automobile parts. Earlier you've placed a
bulk order for some automobile parts with a manufacturer and it was delivered to
you recently. However in you've found that a box had damaged parts in it and you
wish to seek replacement or refund from the manufacturer. Writing a letter to the
manufacturer for the same.

Q5. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper regarding noise pollution in festive
season.

Q6. Write a letter to the editor expressing your concern as many stray animals are on
the road during busy hours of day causing traffic jams as well as accidents. You've
already written to the concerned authorities but no action was taken so far.

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Q7. Write a letter to the SHO of your area complaining against the violation of traffic
rules by the people.

Q8. You have ordered a digital camera online form a reputed company, but when the
article was delivered you found that the article was not the same as you had
ordered. Write a grievance redressal letter to the concerned company.

Q9. You are the Principal of Vidya Mandir School. Write a letter to the District
Magistrate of your locality requesting him to preside over the annual function of
your school and distribute prizes to the meritorious students.

Q10. You are the Chairperson of Shikha Mitra NGO for children and you were invited to
a formal dinner on occasion of 21st anniversary of Delhi Institute for Social
Sciences. However, due to your prior commitment you are unable to attend the
event. Write a letter to the Principal stating your reason to turn down the
invitation.

Q11. Write a letter to your branch requesting them to transfer your savings account
from Hari Nagar, Delhi branch to Gomti Nagar, Lucknow branch because of your
transfer.

Q12. You are the manager of Resonance Publishing House and you had a telephonic
conversation with the manager of Ashoka Enterprise regarding some equipment
needed by your firm. Write a letter to the manager of Ashoka Enterprise
enquiring about the same and requesting a catalogue of that equipment.

Q13. Write a letter to the principal of your college requesting him for fee concession
stating the reason of bad financial situation of your family.

Q14. Letter to insurance company for assessment of loss in your warehouse due to
explosion in the neighbouring factory.

Q15. Write a letter to the manager of a bank complaining about the rude behaviour of
an employee.

Q16. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your concern regarding
paid news issue and the responsibility of media.

Q17. Write a letter to your parents telling them the challenges you are facing due to
tough competition in banking recruitment exams and how you plan to overcome
them.

Q18. Considering yourself Kirti/Ankush, Write a letter to your brother Suresh

explaining the present advantages of mobile banking and its ease of use.

Q19. Write a letter to your friend inviting him for a seminar on climate change to be
held in your college.

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Q20. Write a letter to your brother explaining him the benefits of life insurance.

Q21. Write a letter to your daughter who is living in Delhi, expressing your concern for
her safety due to increase in crime rate in the city.

Q22. Write a letter to your pen friend expressing your views on net neutrality.

Practice Exercise (Essay writing)

Q1. Minority Languages
Several languages are in danger of extinction because they are spoken by very small
numbers of people. Some people say that governments should spend public money on
saving these languages, while others believe that would be a waste of money.
Discuss both these views and give your opinion.

Q2. Economic goals versus other goals

Many governments think that economic progress is their most important goal. Some
people, however, think that other types of progress are equally important for a country.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Q3. Salaries
In many countries, a small number of people earn extremely high salaries. Some people
believe that this is good for the country, but others think that governments should not
allow salaries above a certain level.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Q4. Parental care

Caring for children is probably the most important job in any society. Because of this, all
mothers and fathers should be required to take a course that prepares them to be good
parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?

Q5. Advertising
Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and
not the real needs of the society in which they are sold. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

Q6. Cultures and Advances

It is inevitable that traditional cultures will be lost as technology develops. Technology
and traditional cultures are incompatible.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?

Q7.
Increasing cases of cybercrime are a clear warning that one should be vigilant of his
online presence and cyber laws are needed to be strengthened. Write an essay about
cybercrime in India.

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Q8.
Write an essay on Naxalism: an ideology or the biggest threat in India.

Q9.
Farmer’s suicide is a serious issue and govt. has made many provisions to ease their
burden. Write an essay on govt. schemes for farmer’s benefit and how effective they‘ve
proven to be.

Q10.
The onset of older age is usually considered to coincide with the age of retirement, at 60
or 65 years of age. Old age is often regarded as that time of life when people are
physically declined and are mistreated and abused. Write an essay on mistreatment of
elderly people and concern over their exploitation and abuse.

Q11. In today’s scenario is reservation crippling the youth of our country or is it a

means for upliftment and betterment for the needy? Write an essay expressing your
viewpoints.

Q12.
Write an essay on how technology has contributed or impacted globalisation?

Q13.
Write an essay explaining the benefits associated with having an individual space
program which is not reliant upon another country.

Q14.
Write an essay expressing your views on social networking the reason behind an
alienated society and increasing intolerance.

Q15.
Write an essay expressing your views on what are the long-term effects of living in a
technological world?

Expected Essay Writing Topics Based on Current Affairs

ECONOMY AND AGRICULTURE

 Bad Bank and its role in tackling NPAs

 Impact of increasing oil prices on Indian economy
 How important is flow of money for the economy?
 Need of the Hour is to Maximise Possibilities of Agriculture in India
 Inequality can be Reduced by the Power of the Market rather than the
Government
 FDI in Defence sector
 RBI’s strategies to increase liquidity in Economy
 Farmer’s protest and its impact on economy
 The New Era of MSMEs
 Global Recession and shapes of Economy
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 Banking Crisis in India

 Are Mergers the only solution to revive debt ridden banks?
 FATF Review of Indian Economy Pushed to 2021
 Crypto-currency and issues related to it
 Growing trends of Privatisation
 Fugitive Economic Offenders and the need to bring them back

EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES

 Higher Education versus skill acquisition

 Entrance exams versus Qualifying exams - what is the relevance of entrance
exams for admissions to UG and PG courses in India?
 Online schooling, can it be the future of education?
 New Education Policy: A Progressive Policy with Diverse Challenges
 Labour Law Reforms
 HRD Ministry is now Education Ministry: Just a change of name or more?

ENVIRONMENT

 COVID-19: Biodiversity Conservation– Our Solutions are in Nature

 Hyper-globalism is threat to human prosperity
 Net Zero Carbon Emission
 Shifting of Earth's Geo-Magnetic field and its impact
 Money Laundering and Illegal Wildlife trade
 Ban on plastic: Environment vs. Economy
 Seed Bombs: Solution to Man-Animal Conflict
 Growing Pollution in Rivers
 Organic Farming in India

INDIAN POLITICAL AFFAIRS

 Is defection becoming the new norm in Indian politics?

 Scrapping of section 377 - the latest addition to Human rights protection
 Pro poor policies of Modi Government
 Controversies surrounding the Present-day NDA government in India
 Relevance of the Supreme court's decision to decriminalize the crime of adultery
laid under section 497 of IPC
 India China border issues – how can India maintain balance between conflict &
trade relations?
 Too much Democracy is Detrimental to Development
 India needs aggressive and pragmatic neighbourhood policy
 Today India Needs ‘Harmony in Diversity’, Not Unity in Diversity
 Atmanirbhar bharat
 India and SDGs
 India’s Neighbourhood Policy
 India’s Participation in Central Asian Region

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 India’s claim to UNSC permanent membership

 Presidential vs Parliamentary form of government- which one India should go
for?
 History of Galwan Valley
 India’s deepening malnutrition
 One nation one election
 What is CAATSA and its implications on India?
 Growing left wing politics in India
 GST Tussle
 Compatibility of the Contempt of Court with International Standards

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

 AUKUS and its impact on geopolitics

 China and its foreign policy.
 ‘New Quad’ and its future
 USA’s mediation for Israel in Eurasia Region
 One Belt One Road (OBOR) Policy and India's Counter
 Democracy in its neighbourhood is in India’s interest.
 Importance of regional trade blocs like NAFTA, RCEP etc
 Withdrawal of US from Afghanistan and Its implications for India

PHILOSOPHICAL/ ABSTRACT

 Life lessons that corona virus taught us.

 Depression and work from home, explore the relationship.
 Has the family gained during corona times? The good, bad, & the ugly of being
quarantined at home
 Is humanity enough to handle crisis and serving people in need?
 Is being vegetarian the way to go for the world?
 Happiness is not an ideal of reason, but of imagination.
 Knowledge will give you power, but character respect.
 War is the ultimate Price we pay for lasting Peace
 Artificial Intelligence is Not All Evil – It can Promote Social Good Too
 Our World is in a Surplus of Multilateral Challenges and a Deficit of Solutions.
 The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 Does India need more missiles or more industries?

 The era of Digitalisation
 National Infrastructure Pipeline
 How will FASTag project help in improving logistics and transport sector?

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SOCIAL ISSUES (Society, Gender, Caste)

 Lack of civic sense among Indians is pushing the country backwards

 Feminism
 Media’s duty is to inform public, not manufacture opinion.
 Urban exclusion of migrant workers in India is a reality and needs urgent robust
policy measures.
 Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition
 Economic Growth and Development are shaped by the societies in which they
operate.
 Social Media is the fourth pillar of democracy.
 How does aleader impact the destiny of his country?
 The Cry of Transgenders
 Role of ASHAs during pandemic
 One Nation, One Ration Card
 Legalising Betting in India
 Media’s duty is to inform public, not manufacture opinion.
 Elderly Population in India
 Transparent Taxation- honouring the honest platform
 Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT)

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