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Pertemuan Ke 5

The document discusses the oceanic heat budget. It begins by defining a heat budget as the inputs and outputs of heat for a system. Heat is gained through inputs and lost through outputs. The main inputs of heat to the ocean are solar radiation and absorption of shortwave radiation from the sun. The main outputs of heat from the ocean are reflection of shortwave radiation and emission of longwave radiation. The document then discusses various processes involved in the oceanic heat budget, including reflection, absorption, scattering, and transmission of solar radiation in the ocean.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views33 pages

Pertemuan Ke 5

The document discusses the oceanic heat budget. It begins by defining a heat budget as the inputs and outputs of heat for a system. Heat is gained through inputs and lost through outputs. The main inputs of heat to the ocean are solar radiation and absorption of shortwave radiation from the sun. The main outputs of heat from the ocean are reflection of shortwave radiation and emission of longwave radiation. The document then discusses various processes involved in the oceanic heat budget, including reflection, absorption, scattering, and transmission of solar radiation in the ocean.

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INDAH E T
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Program Studi Sains Lingkungan Kelautan

Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Oceanic Heat Budget


Program Studi Sains Lingkungan Kelautan ITERA

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 1
Objectives

➢ What is a heat budget?


➢ Heat vs Temperature
➢ Heat Balance of the Atmosphere
➢ Oceanic Heat Budget

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 2
What is a heat budget?
Definition

✓The heat budget of a system consists of inputs and


outputs.
✓"Input" identifies a process through which the system
gains heat, while "output" represents a heat loss from the
system.
✓In a system heat budget (+) indicates input or heat
gain, (-) signifies output or heat loss.
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 3
Heat vs Temperature
The Sun is the origin of energy which causes variation of the temperature
on Earth.
The heat from the Sun travels to the Earth in the form of short-wave
radiation (solar radiation), which passes through the atmosphere without
warming it.
On striking the Earth some of the heat will be absorbed to warm the
Earth.
Some of the heat will be reflected from the Earth’s surface to the
atmospheric boundaries to warm the atmosphere.
Temperature is considered to be a measurement of the amount of heat in
a particular body. Actually temperature is a measure of the average or
mean motion of the molecules within a substance. But it is temperature
that determine the flow of heat from one object to another. Heat will
flow only from a body of higher to a body of lower temperature.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 4
Remember
• The Sun heats the Earth and the Earth in its turn is responsible for heating the
overlying air.
• Temperature is a measurement of a state, while Heat is an energy quantity.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 5
Insolation
The name given to all the radiant energy
we receive from the sun is "insolation".

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 6
Insolation

Insolation
Processes

Reflection Absorption Scattering Transmission

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 7
Reflection
If the sun's rays have little effect on the atmosphere on
their passage through the air to the earth, the reflected
radiation doesn't have any effect on the air.

We can consider that no significant change takes place


in this energy as a result of reflection.

Reflection is important in that it lessens the amount of


energy the earth would otherwise absorb and utilize in
heating the air.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut
Reflection
The amount of reflection depends on the color and smoothness of
the surface.

Ocean surfaces will reflect far more insolation than land.


Depending on the state of the sea, the ocean water will reflect from
40 to 50 % of all the insolation striking it.

The amount reflected by land varies considerably with locality,


owing to the wide variation of the surface composition from place
to place. Some substances will reflect a few per cent, while others,
such as beach sand, will reflect a very large proportion of the sun's
rays.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut
Absorption
Dark, rough surfaces are the best absorbers of heat.

When a substance absorbs solar radiation


(consisting of light and heat energy), the nature of
this energy is changed almost completely into heat,
increasing the heat content of the absorbing
medium.

Since land surfaces differ so much as compared to


the oceans, it follows that land temperatures will
show much greater variation than water
temperatures.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut
Absorption
Examples of gases which absorb
radiation in the atmosphere

•Ozone absorbs UV radiation


Absorption
•Water Vapor, CO2 absorb IR Radiation

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut
Absorption
Examples of gases that allow
radiation to transmit through them

•Nitrogen and Oxygen are mostly


transparent to both IR and UV radiation…
but they do absorb higher forms of
radiation…

Transmittance

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut
Absorption
The better the absorber, the better the radiator.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut
Scattering
When light passes through a
medium, containing particles
Back scattered light less in diameter than the
(same wavelength, same wavelength of the light, a
intensity) portion of the light is scattered
in all directions. This is called
scattering.
Gas molecules more efficiently
scatter the shorter wavelengths of
visible light (blue and violet)
than the longer wavelengths
•Aerosols and clouds (red and orange).
scatter and reflect radiation
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 14
Scattering
Blue skies are produced as shorter
wavelengths of the incoming visible
light (violet and blue) are selectively
scattered by N2 and O2 – which are
much smaller than the wavelength of
the light.

By the evening, when the sun is low


on the horizon, all the blue light is
scattered out leaving mostly red and
orange light.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 15
Scattering

Larger particles (haze, fog, or smog) scatter light more equally


in all wavelengths. When there is a fog event the sky appears
white because no wavelength of light is preferentially scattered.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 16
Transmission
This is the process of transfer of insolation after it has been absorbed.
Heat energy may be transmitted from place to place by three different
processes:
➢Conduction: is transferring of heat between adjacent portion of
matter by molecular contact without the transfer of the matter itself.
➢Convection: is the processes of transmitting heat by actual motion
of the heated material.
➢Radiation: is the transmission of heat energy in wave-forms
without the aid of a material medium. The energy of these waves is
transferred into heat only when they strike bodies capable of
absorbing heat.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 17
Review of the Average Distribution of Incoming Solar Radiation

+100% from Sun


-5% backscattered to space

-50% absorbed by Earth

-20% absorbed by clouds

-20% reflected from clouds

-5% reflected from land-sea

0 leftover

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 18
The Heat Balance of the Atmosphere

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 19
APA ITU OCEANIC HEAT BUDGET
Perubahan energi yang tersimpan
di laut bagian atas dihasilkan dari
ketidakseimbangan antara input
dan output panas melalui
permukaan laut. Dan, fluks total
energi masuk dan keluar dari laut
harus nol, jika samudera secara
keseluruhan akan memanas atau
mendingin. Jumlah fluks panas
ke dalam atau di luar volume air
adalah perhitungan panas.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 20
Ocean Heat Budget

Oceanic Heat
Budget

Secondary sources
Primary sources
(+)

Chemical/
Long-wave Hydrothermal
Solar radiation (+) biological
back radiation (-) activity
processes

Air/Water heat Evap./Condens.


Current friction Radioactivity
transfer (+/-) heat transfer (-/+)

Advection (+/-) Negligible for most applications

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 21
Pentingnya Lautan dalam Heat Budget Bumi.
• Perbandingan panas yang tersimpan di laut dengan panas yang
tersimpan di darat selama siklus tahunan menunjukkan bahwa
samudera menyimpan dan melepaskan lebih banyak panas dari pada
daratan.
• Penyimpanan panas yang besar di lautan dibandingkan dengan daratan
memiliki konsekuensi penting. Rentang suhu udara musiman di darat
meningkat sebanding dengan jarak dari laut, dan dapat melebihi 40 ° C
di tengah benua, mencapai 60 ° C di Siberia. Rentang suhu yang khas di
atas lautan dan sepanjang pantai kurang dari 10 ° C.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 22
PROSES TERBENTUKNYA OCEANIC HEAT BUDGET

• Energi matagari yang mencapai


permukaan bumi sebagian
dipantulkan dan sebagian
diserap untuk dikonversi
menjadi energy panas oleh air
daratan dan air lautan
• Dari 100% panas yang
dipancarkan oleh matahari,
sekitar 2o% radiasi matahari
yang mencapai bumi diserap
oleh awan dan gas atmosfer. 50%
diserap oleh permukaan bumi
dan 31% dipantulkan kembali
angkasa
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 23
Ocean Heat Budget
• Heat budget
– QT = QSW + QLW + QS + QL + QV
• The resultant heat gain or loss QT [wm-2]
• Insolation QSW, the flux of sunlight into the sea
• Net Infrared Radiation QLW, net flux of infrared radiation
from the sea
• Sensible Heat Flux QS, the flux of heat out of the sea due
to conduction
• Latent Heat Flux QL, the flux of heat carried by
evaporated water
• Advection QV, heat carried away by currents
• Change in energy
– ∆E = CpmDT
• Cp  4.0  103 J kg-1 C-1

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 24
IMPORTANCE OF THE OCEAN IN
EARTH’S HEAT BUDGET

Persamaan penyimpanan panas musiman untuk laut dan daratan adalah sebagai berikut :

Penyimpanan besar panas di laut dibandingkan dengan tanah memiliki konsekuensi penting. Kisaran
temperatur udara musiman di darat naik dengan jarak dari lautan, dan dapat mencapai 40 deraat C di pusat
benua.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 25
Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Insolasi Radiasi:

• Tinggi matahari di atas cakrawala, yang bergantung pada garis lintang, lautan, dan waktu.
• Panjang hari, yang tergantung pada garis lintang dan musim.
• Daerah penampang melintang yang menyerap sinar matahari, bergantung pada tinggi matahari di
atas cakrawala.
• Atenuasi, yang tergantung pada: i) Awan, yang menyerap dan menyebarkan radiasi. ii) Panjang jalur
melalui atmosfer, yang bervariasi seperti csc φ, dimana φ adalah sudut matahari di atas cakrawala. iii)
Molekul gas yang menyerap radiasi di beberapa band (gambar 5.2). H2O, O3, dan CO2 semuanya
penting. iv) Aerosol yang menyebarkan dan menyerap radiasi. Baik aerosol vulkanik maupun laut
sangat penting. Dan v) debu, yang menyebarkan radiasi, terutama debu Saharan di atas Atlantik.
• Reflektifitas permukaan, yang bergantung pada sudut elevasi matahari dan kekasaran permukaan
laut.

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 26
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 27
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 28
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 29
Hubungan OHB dengan survey batimetri
• Survey bathimetri merupakan salah satu
survey dibidang hidrografi yang dilakukan
untuk mengetahui topografi dasar laut maupun
daerah perairan yang lain. Alat yang digunakan
untuk mengetahui toporafi permukaan dasar laut
yaitu echosounder. Echosounder bekerja dengan
prinsip gelombang suara

Hubungan antara heat budget dengan survei


batimetri yaitu dimana sebelum kita melaksanakan
survei kita harus mengetahui terlebih dahulu
karakteristik perairan daerah yang akan disurvei
salah satunya yaitu suhu dari perairan tersebut,
dimana setiap kedalaman perairan memiliki suhu
yang berbeda – beda tergantung dengan heat
budgetnya. Hal tersebut sangat penting untuk
diketahui agar kegiatan survei dapat berjalan dengan
lancar
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 30
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 31
Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 32
Thank you
Any questions?
Program Studi Sains Lingkungan Kelautan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Rizki Dimas Permana, S.Kel., M.Si. Sains Lingkungan Kelautan | Institut Teknologi Sumatera LL-2102 Fisika Laut 33

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