PRELIM COVERAGE

1.0 Introduction to DE and classification of DE

Learning Outcomes:

Understand the definition and classifications of Differential Equations (DE)

Time Frame:
This lesson can be completed within one (1) day.

Introduction
A differential equation (DE) is an equation involving a function and its derivatives.
The following are examples of differential equations:
𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
2. + 𝑘2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
3. (𝑥 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 – 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
2

𝑑2𝑤 3 𝑑𝑤
4. ( ) - x𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2

Activity

What is the order of DE?

How to classify the DE? It is linear DE or non-linear DE?
It is PDE or ODE?

Equation 2

Equation 3

Equation 4
  Equation 2 is an equation of order 4, ordinary DE, and non-linear
 Equation 3 is an equation of order 2
 Equation 4 is an equation of order 1

Analysis
Do you know the two types of DE?

The two types of DE are PDE and ODE. Differential equations are called Partial
Differential Equations (PDE) or Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) according to
whether or not they contain partial derivatives. The order of a differential equation
is the highest order derivative occurring. A solution (or particular solution) of a
differential equation of order n consists of a function defined and n times
differentiable on a domain D having the property that the functional equation
obtained by substituting the function and its n derivatives into the differential
equation holds for every point in D.

Abstraction

 The order of a differential equation is the highest order derivative occurring.

 Partial differential equation, in mathematics, equation relating a function of
several variables to its partial derivatives.
 An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation containing one or
more functions of one independent variable and the derivatives of those functions.
 Suppose that f: X→Y and f(x) = y, a differential equation without nonlinear terms of
the unknown function y and its derivatives is known as a linear differential equation.
It imposes the condition that y cannot have higher index terms such as y 2, y3,… and
3 2
𝑑 2𝑤 𝑑3𝑦
multiples of derivatives such as ( 𝑑𝑥 2 ) , (𝑑𝑥 2 )
 It also cannot contain non-linear terms such as sin(y), ey^-2, or ln y. It takes the form,

where y and g are functions of x. The equation is a differential equation

of order n, which is the index of the highest order derivative.
 Assessment

Quiz no. 1
Instruction: State whether the equation is ordinary or partial, linear or non-linear,
and give its order.
Example: (x2 +y2)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
Answer: ordinary, non-linear, order 1
1. 𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2 𝑢
2. 2 + 2 + 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑥
3. 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
4. (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
5. (𝑑𝑥 2 )2 − 2(𝑑𝑥 2 )4 = 0

Job well done!

If you have some equerries and need a clarification, please do not hesitate to ask
your instructor using any mode of communication prescribed to you.

Now if you are ready, please proceed to the next lesson.

 PRELIM COVERAGE

2.0 First Order Ordinary Differential Equation

Learning Outcomes:
Understand the solution of a Differential Equation and Analyze the first order DE

Time Frame:
This lesson can be completed within one (1) day.

Introduction
The complexity of solving DE’s increases with the order. We begin with first order
DE’s. A first order ODE has the form 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑦’) = 0. In theory, at least, the methods
of algebra can be used to write it in the form∗ 𝑦’ = 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦).
2.1 Separable Equations
If G(x,y) can be factored to give 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑀(𝑥 )𝑁(𝑦),then the equation is called
separable. To solve the separable equation 𝑦’ = 𝑀(𝑥 )𝑁(𝑦), we rewrite it in the form
𝑓 (𝑦)𝑦’ = 𝑔(𝑥 ). Integrating both sides gives

∫ 𝑓 (𝑦)𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑓 (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 2.1. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 4)𝑦′ = 0.

𝑑𝑦
𝑦’ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2xy + 6x + (𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑦
2x(y + 3) + (𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 0. Factor out 2x

1
Multiply both sides by 𝑑𝑥 to separate variable x from y. So, equation
(𝑥 2 −4 )(𝑦+3)
becomes
2𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 + ( )𝑑𝑦 = 0 same variable in each term
(𝑥 2 −4 ) 𝑦+3
 2𝑥 1
∫ (𝑥2 −4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦+3)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0𝑑𝑥 Apply integration both sides

ln(𝑥 2 − 4 ) + ln(𝑦 + 3) = 𝑙𝑛𝑐 answer!

Example 2.2: Solve the initial value problem 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, where y(0) = 1.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, separated already

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 Apply integration both sides

𝑦2
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ) + =𝐶
2

𝑦 2 = 2𝐶 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 )

𝑦 = √2𝐶 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
y(0) = 1.
1 = √2𝐶 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)
1 = 2𝐶 + 2 , . ∶ 𝐶 = −1/2

1
𝑦 = √2(− 2) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)

𝑦 = √2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ) − 1 answer!

Example 3: solve the equation 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥.

𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 this is separable equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1
= where: = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑒𝑦 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 integrate both sides

∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑒 −𝑦 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 answer!
Assessment

Quiz no. 2
Topic: Separable Equations
2.1. Put the following equation in separated form. Do not integrate.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2𝑦
Example: =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+4
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= answer!
𝑦 𝑥+4

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦−4𝑦
1. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+4

𝑑𝑦
2. = sec(𝑦)𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
3. =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑦+1)
𝑑𝜃
4. + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑡

2.2. Obtain the solution of the following equations

1. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦(0) = 1.
2. 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦′ = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦(1) = 1.

3. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 )(1 + 𝑥)

4. (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
5. 𝑦′ + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑦 = 0 with initial value 𝑦(𝜋/2) = 1
6. (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1

Job well done!

If you have some equerries and need a clarification, please do not hesitate to ask your
instructor using any mode of communication prescribed to you.
 PRELIM COVERAGE

3.0 Exact Equations

Learning Outcomes:
Analyze the exactness of the equation and apply the concept of separation of variable

Time Frame:
This lesson can be completed within one (1) day.
Introduction
Using algebra, any first order equation can be written in the form 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 +
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 for some functions 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦).
Definition:
An expression of the form 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is called a (first-order) differential
form. A differential form 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is called exact if there exists a function
g(x,y) such that dg = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦.
If 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is an exact differential form, then ω = 0 is called an exact
differential equation. Its solution is g = C, where ω = dg.
Theorem: If F and G are functions that are continuously differentiable throughout a
simply connected region, then 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is exact if and only if
𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
∂x
= ∂y
. Understand this!

Example: State whether the equation is exact or not exact

(3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

F = the function where the term 𝑑𝑥 appears

G = the function where the term 𝑑𝑦 appears
F(x, y) = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
If F and G are functions that are continuously differentiable throughout a simply
connected region, then 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is exact if and only if
𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= .
∂x ∂y
 𝜕𝐺
= 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 0 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥. 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑦 "y” is
∂x
constant. The derivative of constant is zero.
𝜕𝐹
= 3𝑥 2 (2𝑦) + 0 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 derivative of function F with respect to y.
∂y

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ;
∂x ∂y

Therefore, equation (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact equation.

If 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺𝑑𝑦 is an exact differential form, then ω = 0 is called an exact

differential equation. Its solution is g = C, where ω = dg.

Example: Obtain the solution of (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

F(x, y) = (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 2 𝑦)

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= 4𝑥𝑦 = 0 + 2𝑥 (2𝑦) = 4𝑥𝑦
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ; Exact Equation!
∂x ∂y

ω = dg for some g. To find g, we know that

𝜕𝑑
= (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) equation 2.1
∂x

𝜕𝑑
= (2𝑥 2 𝑦) equation 2.2
∂y

𝜕𝑑
∫ 𝜕𝑦 = ∫(2𝑥 2 𝑦)

Integrating equation with respect to y gives us

𝑦2
d = 2𝑥 2 ( 2 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + h(x)

So differentiating that with respect to x gives us

𝜕𝑑 𝑑ℎ
= 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 equation 2.3
∂x
From equation 2.1,
𝜕𝑑
= (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
∂x

Equate equation 2.3 and equation 2.1

𝑑ℎ
2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝑑ℎ
= (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑ℎ
∫ = ∫( 3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
ℎ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐

d = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + h(x)
d = 𝑥 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑑 – 𝑐 constant
C = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 answer!

Example: Find the solution of the differential equation

(6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
F(x, y) = (6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3)
𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2)

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= −1 = −1
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ; Exact Equation!
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝑑
= (6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3) equation 2.4
∂x

𝜕𝑑
= (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2) equation 2.5
∂y

𝜕𝑑
∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫(6𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 3)

Integrating equation with respect to x gives us

𝑑 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦)
So differentiating that with respect to y gives us

𝜕𝑑 𝑑ℎ
= −𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 equation 2.6
∂y

Equate equation 2.4 and equation 2.6

𝑑ℎ
−𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2)

∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫(3𝑦 2 − 2)𝑑𝑦
ℎ(𝑦) = 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑑 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 + 𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑑 – 𝑐 constant
𝐶 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 answer!

Assessment

Quiz no. 3
Instruction: Obtain the solution of the differential equations
1. (2𝑥𝑦 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦))𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. (1 + 2𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑦√𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 2 2𝑥𝑦′
4. 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 = 𝑦3 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
5. (cos(𝑦) sinh(𝑥 ) + 1)𝑑𝑥 − sin(𝑦) cosh(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Job well done!

If you have some equerries and need a clarification, please do not hesitate to ask your
instructor using any mode of communication prescribed to you.
 PRELIM COVERAGE

4.0 Homogeneous Equations

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the students will able to solve and analyze the homogeneity
of the differential equation.

Time Frame:
This lesson can be completed within one (1) day.
Introduction
(Homogeneous function of degree n) A function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is called homogeneous of
degree n if 𝐹(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑛 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦). For a polynomial, homogeneous says that all of the
terms have the same degree
Example: Solve the differential equation (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
The equation is homogeneous since all terms have the same degree of one
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥.

So, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 partial derivative of y

(2𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 divide both sides by 𝑥

(2 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 simplify

(2)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 separable equation
(2)𝑑𝑥
− (𝑑𝑣) = 0
𝑥
(2)𝑑𝑥
− (𝑑𝑣) = 0 integrate both sides
𝑥
(2)𝑑𝑥
∫ − ∫(𝑑𝑣) = ∫ 0
𝑥
𝑦
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣 = 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑦
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 – 𝑥 = 𝑐 Answer!

Checking: get the partial derivative of the answer

𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)
2( )− =0
𝑥 𝑥2
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
(2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 check!
Example: Find the general solution of (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥
The equation is homogeneous since all terms have the same degree of 3
Let 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥/𝑦.

So, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 partial derivative of 𝑥

((𝑣𝑦)3 + (𝑣𝑦)𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 3 (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) divide both sides by 𝑦 3

(𝑣 3 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣

(𝑣 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑣 separable equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
∫ =∫ 3
𝑦 𝑣
𝑣−2 𝑥
𝑙𝑛(𝑦) = −
2
+𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣 =
𝑦

𝑥 −2
(𝑦 )
𝑙𝑛(𝑦) = −
2
+𝑐
𝑦2
𝑙𝑛(𝑦) = −
2𝑥2
+𝑐 answer!

Student Assessment

Quiz no. 4

Instruction: Solve the following differential equation.

1. (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑦
2. sin2 ( )(𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥
3. 𝑦 6 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
4. ((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦
5. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ((𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ))𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Job well done!

If you have some equerries and need a clarification, please do not hesitate to ask your
instructor using any mode of communication prescribed to you.
 PRELIM COVERAGE
5.0 Integrating Factors

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the students will able to solve and analyze the differential
equation by using integrating factors

Time Frame:
lesson can be completed within one (1) day.

Introduction
Integrating factor is used when the equation is not exact. Consider the equation ω = 0. Even if ω is not
exact, there may be a function 𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) such that 𝐼𝜔 is exact. So ω = 0 can be solved by multiplying both
sides by I. The function I is called an integrating factor for the equation ω = 0.

𝐼(𝑥, 𝑦) integrating factor

How to find integrating factor?

Step 1: Test the exactness of the equation
Step 2: If the equation is not exact, find the integrating factor.
Integrating factor = 𝐼(𝑥)= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑅(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 or Integrating factor = 𝐼(𝑦)= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑅(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
1 𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹 1 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐺
Where: 𝑅 = (
𝐹 ∂x
− ∂y ) or 𝑅 = 𝐺 (∂x − ∂y ) use whichever is simpler between these
two R’s

Step 3: multiply the integrating factor to both sides of the equation.

Example: Obtain the solution of (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

F(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −(2𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= −2𝑦 = (2𝑦)
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 . Therefore, the equation is not exact.
∂x ∂y

1 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐺
Use 𝑅 = ( − ∂y )
𝐺 ∂x
 1 2
𝑅= (2𝑦 − (−2𝑦)) = −
−2𝑥𝑦 𝑥
R is a function of x or 𝑅(𝑥)

Use Integrating factor = 𝐼(𝑥)= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑅(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2
(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1
𝐼(𝑥)= 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 −2 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑥2

1 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦)( 2 ) = 0( 2 ) 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝐼(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦2 2𝑦
(1 + 𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ( 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 New equation

𝑦2
F(x, y) = (1 + 𝑥2 )

2𝑦
𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = − ( )
𝑥
𝜕𝐺 1 2𝑦 𝜕𝐹 2𝑦
∂x
= −2𝑦 (− 𝑥2 ) = 𝑥2 ∂y
= (0 + 𝑥2 )

𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐹
= ; Exact Equation!
∂x ∂y

𝜕𝑑 𝑦2
= (1 + 𝑥2 ) equation 5.1
∂x

𝜕𝑑 2𝑦
= − ( 𝑥 ) equation 5.2
∂y

𝜕𝑑 2𝑦
∫ 𝜕𝑦 = − ∫ ( 𝑥 )

Integrating equation with respect to y gives us

𝑦2
𝑑 = − ( ) + ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥

So differentiating that with respect to x gives us

𝜕𝑑 𝑦2 𝑑ℎ
= (𝑥2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 equation 5.3
∂x

Equate equation 5.1 and equation 5.3

𝑦2 𝑑ℎ 𝑦2
(𝑥2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥2 )
𝑑ℎ
= (1)
𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
ℎ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦2
𝑑 = −( ) + ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥

𝑦2
𝑑 = −( )+ 𝑥 +𝑐
𝑥
𝑦2
𝐶 = 𝑑 – 𝑐 constant𝐶 = − ( 𝑥 ) + 𝑥 answer!

Student Assessment
Quiz no. 5
Instruction: Obtain the general solution of the following equations
1. (𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 +sec2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦) = 0
4. 2 cosh(𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥 − sinh(𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Job well done!

If you have some equerries and need a clarification, please do not hesitate to ask your
instructor using any mode of communication prescribed to you.
 PRELIM COVERAGE
5.1 Linear equations of order one

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the students will able to solve and analyze the linear equation
of differential equation

Time Frame:
lesson can be completed within one (1) day.

Introduction
A first order ordinary differential equation said to be linear if it can have brought
into the form
𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)

Solution of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) can be written in the form of

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −ℎ (∫ 𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐) where: ℎ = ∫ 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Example: Write the equation 𝑦 ′𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 in the form of

𝑦 ′ + 𝑝 (𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟 (𝑥 ) .

Solution:
1 1
(𝑦 ′𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) ( ) = 𝑥((𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) divide both sides by cosx
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑦′ + 𝑦 ( )= answer!
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑝 (𝑥 ) = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥
𝑟 (𝑥 ) = = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦
Example: Obtain the general solution of differential equation 𝑦 ′𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑥.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the equation in the form of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥 ).
𝑦
𝑦 ′𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. Dividing both sides by 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥, the equation becomes
𝑦 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
𝑦’ + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥) = where: 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥

𝑦(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑦’ + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )
𝑦’ + 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑟(𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
Step 2: Solve for h
ℎ = ∫ 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)

Step 3: Solve y(x)

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −ℎ (∫ 𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐) where 𝑟 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −(𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)(∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 Note: 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

1 1
𝑦(𝑥 ) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)(∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 where: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(∫ 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐)

𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐) answer !

Assessment
Quiz no. 6
Instruction: Obtain the general equation of each differential equation
1. 𝑥𝑦’ = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥
2. 𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + (3𝑦 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 0
3. 𝑦 ′ = 6(𝑦 − 2.5)(tanh1.5x)
4. (𝑦 −cos 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦) = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )𝑦′
6. 2𝑥 ((𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )2 + 3𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦′; 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
7. 𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ − 𝑚𝑦, where n and m are constants.
8. 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑦 ′
 Good Luck for Prelim Exam!

Assessment

Preliminary Examination
Instruction: Obtain the general solution of the given differential equation. Use any
applicable method.
1
1. (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑦 ′ = (𝑦 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑦
2. = (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 15)𝑑𝑥
𝑥
3. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
4. (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
5. csc2 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = 0
6. (2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + sin4 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝜋/2 , 𝑦 = 1
7. 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥
8. csc3 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = 0
9. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
10. (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥
11. 𝑥 (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 )𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
12. (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
13. (3 + 𝑦2𝑦 2 sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
14. (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 +𝑙𝑛𝑦
=0
15. (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
2

16. (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = √3 , 𝑦 = 1

17. 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
18. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦
19. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + tan(𝑥 + 𝑦))𝑑𝑦 = 0
20. (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0