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Hartley Oscillator

The Hartley oscillator uses two inductively coupled coils (L1 and L2) that form an autotransformer to provide positive feedback. The feedback path introduces a 180 degree phase shift. Additionally, the transistor provides another 180 degree phase shift, resulting in the required 360 degree total phase shift for sustained oscillations. The frequency of oscillation is determined by the tank circuit formed by the inductance and capacitance. The Colpitts oscillator is similar but replaces the tapped inductance with two capacitors (C1 and C2) tapped across the coil L. Points A and B of the capacitors are 180 degrees out of phase, and the transistor provides another 180 degrees of phase shift, again totaling 360 degrees for

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119 views4 pages

Hartley Oscillator

The Hartley oscillator uses two inductively coupled coils (L1 and L2) that form an autotransformer to provide positive feedback. The feedback path introduces a 180 degree phase shift. Additionally, the transistor provides another 180 degree phase shift, resulting in the required 360 degree total phase shift for sustained oscillations. The frequency of oscillation is determined by the tank circuit formed by the inductance and capacitance. The Colpitts oscillator is similar but replaces the tapped inductance with two capacitors (C1 and C2) tapped across the coil L. Points A and B of the capacitors are 180 degrees out of phase, and the transistor provides another 180 degrees of phase shift, again totaling 360 degrees for

Uploaded by

HRM, BAPEX
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Hartley Oscillator

Hartley oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as a local oscillator in radio receivers.
The main advantages of this oscillator is wide range of frequencies and easy to use.

Figure  shows the circuit of Hartley oscillator. Its tank circuit consists of two coils L1 and L2.
The coil L1 is inductively coupled to coil L2 and the combination works as an auto transformer.
A coil called radio frequency choke RFC is connected between the collector and the Vcc supply.
It acts as load for the collector and also permits an early flow of D.C current but blocks AC
current. The feedback between the output and input circuit is accomplished, through auto
transformer actions which also introduces a phase shift of 180o. The phase reversal between the
output and input voltage occurs because they are taken from the opposite end of the coil L1 and
L2 with respect to the tap, which is grounded. It may be observed that the tap on the combination
L1 and L2 coils is actually connected to the transistor emitter terminal via ground and through
the capacitor CE. As the transistor also introduces a phase shill of 180°, therefore the total phase
shift is 360° and hence the feedback is positive.

The frequency of the oscillation is given by the relation


As the capacitor Cc connected between the collector and the tuned circuit permits only the A.C
currents to pass to the tank circuit. It means capacitor Cc blocks the D.C current. The capacitor
CB is called blocking capacitor it further blocks the D.C current from reaching to the base. The
resistors R1, R2 and RE are used to provide D.C bias to the transistor.

Colpitts Oscillator
The colpitts oscillator is widely used in commercial signal generators from frequencies between
1 MHz and 500 MHz. It is similar to the Hartley oscillator with minor modifications. Instead of
using a tapped inductance, two capacitors are tapped as shown in Figure. The frequency of
oscillations if mutual inductance ignored is given by the relation
As the points A and B are 180° out of phase with each other. Also another phase shift of 180° is
provided by the transistor itself hence there is a total phase shift of 360°between the emitter-base
and collector-base circuits. When the supply is ON, the capacitors C1 and C2 are charged. These
capacitors discharge through the coil L, which set up the feedback to the base-emitter junction
and obtain in an amplified form at the collector of the transistor. Due to the positive feedback,
the oscillation of constant amplitude is obtained.

Tuned Collector (Armstrong) Oscillator


A tuned collector oscillator circuit using a transformer is shown in Figure. The primary of the
transformer forms a tuned circuit with capacitor C and it decides the frequency of oscillation. Its
amplifier provides a phase difference of 180° and an additional phase difference of 180° is
provided by the transformer, it will result in positive feedback. For the oscillatory action, the
transistor amplifier provides sufficient gain. The resistors R1, R2 and RE provide D.C bias to the
transistor. CE and C2 are bypass capacitors, so that resistors RE and R2 have no effect on A.C
operation. The D.C bias is provided by the resistors R1 and R2 through the low-resistance
secondary winding which also provides A.C feedback.

 
The output of the tuned collector oscillator is taken by using transformer coupling. The output
terminals are connected to the power consuming device or input terminals of the next stage. This
loads the tank circuit and its effective dissipative resistance increases and circuit losses are
increased. To maintain oscillations, more positive feedback is required which is achieved by
increasing coupling of the transformer. The frequency of oscillations produced by the tank circuit
depends upon the value of primary inductance L and capacitance C and its value is given by the
relation.

Read more: http://www.daenotes.com/electronics/digital-electronics/lc-feedback-


oscillators#ixzz2DFS4KaAo

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