Mie eo ee vet Cle MPAlN UAL DiS Ofer Ere ct) iy 6 BAG Es 3-19 and 3-20 3-21 through 3-27 Bagh eee REVESION® PAGE REVISION* Copyright ° 4-1 through 4-10 0 i ° 5-1 through 5-21 0 ai 1 6-1 through 6-8 0 iii and iv ° 7-1 through 7-41 a 7-5 ° ° 7-6 1 1 8-1 through 8-31 1-1 through 1-13 0 8-4 and 8-5 0 2-1 and 2-2 ° 8-6 and 8-7 a 2-3 and 2-4 a 9-1 1 2-5 and 2-11 ° 9-2 and 9-3 ° 2-12 through 2-14 1 10-1 1 2-15 through 2-24 0 10-2 through 10-4 0 2-25 a qi-1 and 11-2 ° 2-26 and 2-27 ° 11-3 1 3-1 through 3-7 ° 3-8 a 3-9 and 3-10 ° 3-11 1 3-12 and 3-13 ° 3-14 1 3-15 and 3-16 ° 3-17 5 3-18 ° a ° * a zero in this column indicates initial release IS: IN 0 10/90 (initial) At 1/92 The total number of pages in this document is 139. Except for the initial release, all pages of this document will be designated with a revision number at the lower right corner of each revised page.LORAD ‘tedicasystems, Inc. ‘This manual is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under copyright laws, this ‘manual may not be copied, in whole or part, without the written consent of LORAD ‘Medical Systems, he. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all of the material purchased ‘may be sold, given, or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format. LORAD, Permagrid and StereoLoc are registered trademarks of LORAD Medica! Systoms, ne © LORAD Medical Systems, inc, 1990 Eagle Road, Commerce Park Danbury, CT. 06810 (203) 790-1188 PRINTED INTHE USASECTION ONE - GENERAL INFORMATION AND INSTALLATION 1.1 General Information 1 Equipment Description +2 Major Assemblies 3 How to Use This Manual 4 Tools and Equipment Required 1.2 Receiving Instructions 1 Unpacking +2 Items Supplied +3. Initial Inspection 4 Compliance Label Locations 5 Notation of Control Number 1.3 Installation 1 Installation of Radiation Shield 2 Input Power Measurement 3. Input Power Configuration 4 Power Cable Connection 5 Auto-KV Presets 6 Attachment of Accessories 1.4 Transfer to User 1.4.1 Initial Testing 1.4.2 User Training 1.4.3. Manuals and Accessories SECTION TWO - CHECKING SYSTEM OPERATION 2.1 General Information 2.2 Pre-Turn ON Checks 2.2.1 Cabling 2.2.2 Radiation Shield 2.2.3 Mechanical Integrity 2.2.4 Aperture Insertion 2.3 Startup Procedure Applying Power Initial Display Alternate Display (Time/Date Set Mode) Printer Check Bucky Check Operation of Controls ObRORE2.4 Interlocks 1 C-Arm Safety Interlock 2 Aperture Interlock 2.5 C-Arm Mechanical Operation 1 C-Arm Up and Down 2 Rotation Brake and Detent 3 Compression 4 Light Field 2.6 Exposure Testing 1 Manual Exposure Operation 2 Short Exposure - Manual Mode 3. AEC Operation (Auto-Time) 4 AEC Operation (Auto-KV) 5 Maximum mAs in Auto-Time Mode 2.7 Equipment Certification Tests 1 Tube Voltage Potential (kV) 2 Tube Current (mA) 3 Automatic Exposure Control Check 4 Light Field Tlluminance Test 5 Light Field Alignment Certification 6 Verification of X-Ray Beam Alignment 7 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity = Manual Mode 2.7.8 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity = Auto-Time Mode 2.7.9 Checking Reproducibility and Linearity = Auto-KV Mode 2.7.10 Checking Half Value Layer 2.7.11 Checking the x-Ray Shielding SECTION THREE - HOW THE X-RAY CIRCUITS ARE CONTROLLED 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Block Level Description X-Ray Tube X-Ray Drive System Control Operator Interface Inter locks BRL ii3.3. X-Ray Drive Components 3-4 3.3.1 Anode Motor Controller 3-4 3.3.2 High Voltage Generator 3-6 3.3.3 3-1 Filament Supply -10 3.4 System Control Components 3-14 3.4.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) PC Board 3-14 3.4.2 Detailed Description of CPU I/O Functions 3-15 3.4.3 CPU Error Codes 3-19 3.4.4 Status Board 3-19 3.4.5 Power Panel Relay Board 3-19 3.4.6 Automatic Exposure Control Circuit 3-20 3.5 Operator Interface Components 3-23 3.5.1 Display Board 3-23 3.5.2 X-Ray Pushbutton 3-23 3.6 Exposure Sequence 3-23 3.6.1 X-Ray Command 3-23 3.6.2 Motor Drive Sequence 3-25 3.6.3 High Voltage Enable Sequence 3-25 3.6.4 Exposure Termination 3-27 SECTION FOUR - HOW THE ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS FUNCTION 4.1 C-Arm Linear Actuator Assembly aa 4.1.1 C-Arm Up 4-2 4.112 C-Arm Down 43 4.1.3 C-Arm Actuator Interlocks and Safety Switches 4-3 4.2 Compression Subsystem 4-3 4.2.1 Compression Down 4-5 4.2.2 Compression Up 4-6 4.2.3 Compression Release 4-6 4.2.4 Compression Motor Brake 4-6 4.2.5 Compression Brake 4-8 4.3 C-Arm Rotation Brake 4-8 4.4 Light Field 4-9 - rs t mSECTION FIVE - REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT INSTRUCTIONS 5.1 General 5.2 Control Console Cabinet Layout 5.3 Removal and Replacement of Control Console Assemblies Rear Cover (pushbar panel) Left and Right Side Panels Upper Console Cover Vertical Travel Assembly Cover - Rear Vertical Travel Assembly Cover - Upper Front Vertical Travel Assembly Cover - Lower Front C-Arm Control Board High Voltage Generator Power Panel Component Assemblies :10 CPU, Status, AEC and L.V. Power Supply Boards .11 Display Board -12 Input Power Components C-Arm Assembly Layout Removal and Replacement of C-Arm Components Patient Handle C-Arm Top Cover C-Arm Side Covers C-Arm Rear Cover, Upper C-Arm Rear Cover, Lower Compression Assembly Covers Tube Head Enclosure Covers Compression Motor Beam Limiting Assembly Image Receptor Tray Cover AEC Position Detector PCB AEC Sensor PCB Mercury Tilt Switch X-Ray Tube Light Field Lamp 5. ee 5 Se Fuse Locations and Ratings SECTION SIX - CHECKING AND ADJUSTING LIGHT FIELD 6.1 General 6.2 Illuminance of Light Field Certification Test 6.3 Light Field Alignment Certification iv6.4 Light Field Alignment Procedures 6-5 6.4.1 Light Field Alignment 6-5 SECTION SEVEN - CHECKING AND ADJUSTING X-RAY TUBE VOLTAGE 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Tube Potential Certification Test 7-1 7.3 Analog Reference Voltage Calibration 7-2 7.4 CPU kVp Reference Voltage Verification 7-4 7.5 Tube Voltage Adjustment 7-4 SECTION EIGHT - CHECKING AND ADJUSTING X-RAY TUBE CURRENT 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Tube Current Certification Test 8-1 8.3 mA REF Voltage Verification 8-3 8.4 Filament Current Adjustment 8-3 8.5 Tube Current Adjustment 8-6 SECTION NINE - BUCKY CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 9.1 CPU Bucky Calibration 9-1 9.2 Bucky Assembly Calibration 9-2 SECTION TEN - AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL TEST AND CALIBRATION 10.1 Introduction 10-1 10.2 AEC Detector verification 10-1 10.3 AEC System Calibration 10-3 10.4 Maximum mAs in Auto-Time Mode Certification Test 10-4 SECTION ELEVEN - ROUTINE AND CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE 11.1 Equipment Function and Compliance Checklist 11-2 v Rev. 1LIST OF FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 2 2 2 2 2 2 aaee 7 ao 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 3 4: ie 6 7 7 7 OoIaueony gauge . howe aaan Major Assemblies Label Locator Diagram Tap Change Diagram for Isolation Transformer Light Field Illuminance Test Locations Light Field Test - 2 cm Spacing Light Field Test - Collimated Shape LORAD Field Alignment Template X-ray Shielding - Leakage Through Tray X-ray Shielding - Leakage Around Head’ Control system Block Diagram Anode Motor Controller Diagram EXP EN Signal Path - HVG HV ON Signal Path - HVG KV REF Signal Path -HVG HV_OK Signal Path - HVG Filament Supply Board Boost Path Diagram Filament Supply Board Block Diagram Filament Control signal Path HV FAULT Signal Path FILTER 1 Signal Path Interlock System Diagram AEC Diagram Display Board Interface Exposure Sequence Simplified Diagram - Actuator Control Compression Drive Illustration Compression Drive (Simplified) Diagram Compression Motor Brake (Electrical) Diagram Compression Brake (Electrical) Diagran Rotation Brake (Electrical) Diagram Light Field (Electrical) Diagram Upper Control Console Components Power Panel Components Lower Console Components Control Console Cover Removal (A) Control Console Cover Removal (B C-Arm Component Locator C-Arm Cover Removal Compression Tray Assembly and Adjust Fuse Locator Light Field Illuminance Test Locations Light Field Test - 2 cm Spacing Light Field Test - Collimated Shape Light Field Test Film viFigure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Light Field Bracket and Adjustment HVG - 10 ohm Resistor and Ground stud for kVp Testing Analog Reference voltage Calibration Test Points HVG - 10 ohm Resistor and Ground stud for mA Testing Filament Supply Board Adjustment Locations CPU Board Bucky Adjustments AEC Adjustment Knob AEC Driver Circuitry on cPU LIST OF TABLES Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table qi-1: Target mAs Selection X-Ray Tube Voltage Verification Tube Currents AEC Check Settings X-Ray Tube Voltage Verification kvp Reference Voltage from CPU Tube Currents RA Reference Voltages Tube Current Adjustments Checklist of Equipment Functions and Compliance Tests 11-2 Rev. 7SECTION ONE - GENERAL INFORMATION AND INSTALLATION 1.1 General Information ere) Equipment Description The M-IIE is part of the MII Mammography System series, manufactured by LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS, INC. The M-IIE has dual focal spot capability, and is capable of operation with accessories such as the StereoLoc Localization and Biopsy System. Major Assemblies (See Figure 1-1) Each M-IIE machine consists of two major assemblies: the Control Console and the C-Arm. The Control Console houses the operator control panel, logic control system, positioning mechanisms for the C-Arm, the electronic circuit board that provides the control logic for the C-Arn’s electromechanical devices, and the power supplies that produce and control the x-ray drive signals. The C-Arm houses the x-ray tube and bean limiting assembly, the breast compression mechanism, operator controls for breast compression, light field, C-Arm positioning mechanisms, and image receptor tray. The C-Arm, which rotates on a fixed pivot, is weighted opposite the x-ray tube, to provide balanced weight distribution at any angle. 1-1 Rev. 0or (coo const PATIENT HANOLE "TUBEHEAD, ‘| S <4 aves SED! Etna] compassion weet compression Sever 3 anu ever EXPOSURE CONTROL PANE ace necerToR. acc sensoa. oy sexpuzesnos oan Foorswiten RECEPTACLE. © Wee, easter Figure 1-1: Major Assemblies The unit is mounted on two wheels and two casters, and a pushbar is provided on the Control Console to move the unit as necessary. the Control Console, below the pushbar, connects the unit to a suitable source of AC line power. A system circuit breaker is located just above the input power receptacle. An input power receptacle on Rev. 0LOR STEMS V7 xettny Tube and Beam Limiting Bevide Gariteation Labels lo teen Figure 1-2: Label Locator Diagram The unit conforms to all applicable FDA regulations. Labels addressing the certifiable components are fixed to the unit at several points, as shown in Figure 1-2. The main identification label, containing the equipment model number, serial number, and control number, is located near the input power receptacle. Take note of the unit’s control number; it is important when identifying the unit for warranty purposes or when ordering parts or accessories. How to Use This Manua: The M-IIE Service Manual is divided into eleven sections as follows: Section one General system descriptions and the information necessary for a qualified technician to unpack, assemble and prepare the system for operation. Section Two Information that directs the technician through a checkout and verification of system operation. 1-3 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL Section Three Descriptions of the circuits, circuit interactions, and signal routing that control x-ray generation. Section Four Descriptions of the circuits, circuit/device interactions, and signal routing that activate the electromechanical functions of the machine. Section Five Instructions for locating, identifying and accessing the internal components of the machine; plus a complete fuse listing. Sections Six through Eleven Specific information and directions to accomplish alignment, calibration, and/or certification of individual system components and circuits. Fault isolation information can be obtained through the circuit descriptions in Sections Three and Four, which trace each machine function, identifying the circuit and module interactions that take place. In addition, performing the procedures in the individual circuit sections (Sections Six through Eleven) will often identify a failed assembly. Replacement of some electrical assemblies requires that the corresponding certification procedure and, if necessary, the alignment and calibration procedure, be performed to verify the machine’s conformance to Specification. WARNING! Only qualified, electronic technicians who are certified and experienced in the maintenance and repair of high voltage x-ray equipment should attempt to service this equipment. WARNING! Never perform service alone. Only service this equipment in the company of someone who is capable of rendering aid should an accident occur. 1-7 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL WARNING! Lethal voltages are present within the enclosures of this equipment. Use extreme care when working on the equipment with the covers removed to avoid contacting component leads, test points, connector pins or connector receptacles. Remove all jewelry before working on the unit and avoid wearing loose fitting clothing. WARNING! The lithium battery used on the CPU Board may be hazardous if not handled properly. Do not recharge, disassemble, or incinerate the date/time clock battery. Failure to observe this warning could result in explosion of the battery. 1.1.4 Tools and Equipment Required A. Standard hand tools B. Hex keys €. 10,000:1 or 1,000:1 High Voltage Divider D. kVp Adapter Cable LORAD part number 2-425A-3001 (use with item Cc) E. 4-1/2 Digit Multimeter (capable of true RMS readings) F. Dual Trace Oscilloscope G. Radiation ratemeter (Victoreen model 660 with 660-1 probe or equivalent) H. 18x24 cm cassette and 24x30 cm cassette I. 1/16-Inch (1.6 mm) lead sheet J. 1/16-Inch (1.6 mm) lead sheet with a 2.4-inch hole K. Meter stick L. Light meter probe M. LORAD field alignment template and fluorescent material N. 100-square cm scatter probe. 1-5 Rev. 0Oo -Aay 2192) 4emog andut LenueH a2{adas pur Lenuey soqeaadg PLarys uorgerpey -g euryoew 31I-W vy (4ep4o sales uo spusdap patiddns Sua}! 40 saraiquenb pue ysty lenz>e) weyzsks 311-W ua YIM patlddns K,_ewsou aue swaz! BULMOLLos ay] Perraans SUSIT = zz" {A9VAVG JSNVI AVH 31GNVH YO SONY UAHLO ANV ONISN 3NIHOVH FHL 3AOW OL ONILdWaL1V “YVvaHsnd UVaY SHL NVHL U3HLO SNV3H ANY A@ SNIHOVH 3HL JAOW LON OG NOTLOVD “FELS PLOLYS UOLaeLped 343 a103s you 0g “sepuazew Bulbeyoed jeupb.40 ayy asn ‘uorze(leqsur sungng dog saa) ue xoq-a4 03 fuesseoau si 31 3] “GyuoT 03 paqaodas eq plnoys satauedaiosip Auy ‘4apuo sales ue 4St| Buyyoed ay2 ysulebe paydau> squaquo> ajeya pue ‘pausdo aq pinoys Saxoq pue sazeu> [le ‘ydladed uodn purysedin tz “quawdiys ayy Bulatesaa yo SKeP ST ULyaim pazalduos aq ysnu ebewep Burddiys 4og swie{> Aue ‘fk, [ewson “abewep Gurddiys 40s uoyzoedsui ue ysanbaa Pue ‘punoj St aBewep yons se uoos se satased ayz j2e4U0> ‘eanqeu paleeouos e yo s} abewep Buiddjys 37 “quaptouy 242 JO GVYOT A¥L}0U pue ysasiuew Burddiys 243 uo pazou 3h aney ‘quaplas st abewep Aue gy] “quawd{ys Bulanp paaundso aaey Kew 3243 eBewep eusayxa 40 pazadsus aq plnoys S@xog pue sezeu> [le ‘ydyao0d uodn “saluosseoze pue ‘plarys UoyzeLped axL[-4oop ay; ‘Lun Aydesbouwew ayq Busuterzuos B7e4D auO YILM ‘pezeAd paddiys A[[ewsoU aue szLun 34II-W YL suolqonaqsuy BuLatacay a1 “TWANVH JOT AGaS SW3TSKS TVITCGIW OVUOTLORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL E. Fixed Aperture Assemblies: 18x24 cm Small Focal Spot 18x24 cm Large Focal Spot 24x30 cm Large Focal Spot Stereoloc Aperture (optional) Magnification Aperture Coned Down Aperture For Magnification Studies F. Plastic Compression Tray(s) (10-inch and 4-inch) G. Cassette Holder(s): Front Loading (18x24 cm and 24x30 cm) Side Loading (18x24 cm) LORAD Single Pass Bucky Device - 18x24 cm (24x30 cm Bucky optional) LORAD Permagrid - Large and/or Small (optional) J. Remote Compression Down/Compression Up Footswitch (quantity = 2) and Y-connector. 1.2.3 Initial Inspection After all items have been unpacked, carefully inspect for any missing or loose hardware or other components. Check all interconnecting cables for firmly attached plugs or jacks, and connector receptacles on the machine and accessories for missing or loose pins, or chipped housings. Without applying power, press all pushbutton switches and operate all controls to ensure proper movement and clearance with respect to covers and panels. Make sure all cover panels are fixed securely to the machine’s frame. Inspect the electrical outlet to be used where the LORAD unit will be placed in service. Make sure that the receptacle is suitable for the connector on the unit's power cord. Check that the circuit is adequate for 20 amperes at 230 VAC. 1.2.4 Compliance Label Location Compliance labels, as depicted in Figure 1-2, are located on various components of the machine, as described in the figure. eee Rev. 0Obtain the machine’s control number from the main identification label (Figure 1-2), and write it down on the inside cover of both the Operator’s and Service manuals. ‘The control number is used to track units for warranty and service purposes, and will be requested should it become necessary to contact LORAD regarding the machine. 1.3 Installation 1.3.2 dati LR fi jl To mount the radiation shield, first position it next to the column on the right side (patient view) of the unit, while resting it at its base. Align the hinge pins with the holes in the hinge fixtures on the column and on the base, then lower the shield into place. An easy method is to support much of the door-like shield’s weight on one toe while maneuvering it with the toe and both hands to align both pins with the hinge fixture holes. Input Power Measurement Before connecting the M-IIE machine to the input power source, it will be necessary to measure the voltage supplied. WARNING! USE EXTREME CAUTION WHILE MEASURING LINE VOLTAGE TO AVOID DIRECT CONTACT WITH OUTLET TERMINALS OR INDIRECT CONTACT THROUGH METER PROBES. Using a multimeter, measure the line voltage. If possible, do so during a normal work day while load conditions are normal. Inquire to discover any history of voltage problems that may have been experienced with other equipment. Determine the most likely line voltage range to be expected in service. Input Power Configuration Once the expected line voltage has been determined, the M-IIE unit must be internally set to match that line voltage. Remove the rear panel of the Control Console, disconnect the power cord, and locate the isolation transformer (refer to Section Five for cover 1-8 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL sysTeEMs SERVICE MANUAL 1.3.4 disassembly instructions and transformer location). Check the cabling configuration on the primary side of the isolation transformer (terminals toward the inside of the unit) by tracing the two leads from the contactor. Make tap changes, if necessary, to accommodate the anticipated operating voltage range (refer to tap change diagrams in Figure 1-3 for specifications). Power Cable Connection Make sure that the input circuit breaker, located just above the input power receptacle, is in the OFF position, then insert and lock the mating end of the cable into the receptacle. Plug the other end of the cable into the line power outlet. Do not yet turn the unit ON. Auto-KV Presets During the initial unit setup, the installer selects and sets the default AUTO-KV target "window", and the default Automatic Exposure Control Mode. The "window" is the target time duration in which the M-IIE will attempt to complete an exposure. Selecting the default determines which of the preset times, 1, 1.5 or 2 seconds, will appear on the control panel at startup. The default mode determines which mode, AUTO-TIME or AuTO-KV, is displayed first. One of three "windows" is selected as the power-up default by DIP switch Sl on the microprocessor. Note that only SWi and SW2 affect the Auto-KV exposure time selection. SW3 selects which AEC mode (Auto-Time or Auto-Kv) is displayed first. If sW3 is Off, Auto-KV mode will display first. The settings are summarized in Table 1-1. For more information on the Auto-KV variables during an exposure, see Section 3.4.6. 1-9 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL TABLE 1 - 1 PRE-SELECTED AUTO-KV sec sec sec S1 SEPTINGS TARGET mAs TARGET mAs we - SW) ES 001X x111 80 20 001X X110 120 30 001X X10X 160 40 O=OFF 1.3.6 6 on Remote Compression Up/Down Footswitch Insert the plug of the remote compression-release footswitch into the jack on the left front side of the control console. If two footswitches are to be installed, insert the plug of each switch into the mating receptacles in the Y-connector provided, then plug the Y-connector into the jack on the left front side of the control console. Ensure that the plug is inserted into the jack securely. LORAD Single Pass Bucky To mount a LORAD Single Pass Bucky device, slide it onto the image receptor tray. ‘The locking leaf spring on the Bucky’s lower frame rail should be on the right side when facing the c-arm from the patient position. (The electrical connector on the rear of the Bucky locks into an electrical socket on the left side C-Arm rail.) If the Bucky electrical connector does not insert easily when the Bucky is slid onto the tray, it may be necessary to realign the tray as follows. (1) Remove or loosen the 6-32 set screws beneath each side of the image receptor tray’s top cover and slide the Bucky onto the top of the image 2-2 Rev. 0LORAD MEEeDe[eCeae lees seYese[e eeu SERVICE MANUAL receptor tray while carefully attaching the Bucky arm electrical connector to the C-Arm. The Bucky connector in the C-Arm has some movement as does the loosened receptor tray top; carefully position the two to make the proper Bucky electrical connection. (2) Retighten the screws beneath the top cover of the image receptor tray. Be sure the Bucky sits perfectly flat on the tray before finally tightening each side screw. C. Cassette Holder or Permagrid Assembly Mount the cassette holder or Permagrid in the same way as directed for the Bucky. D. Stereoloc System Refer to the Stereoloc Installation Manual Supplied with that device, E. Compression Accessory Mount the desired compression accessory (tray) onto the compression carriage by aligning the accessory’s pins with the holes on the carriage and pressing it into place until a locking motion is felt. F. Printer Assembly (IBM-compatible) Place any IBM-compatible printer at a location near the unit’s Control Console. Attach the printer cable to its receptacle at the rear of the front panel. 1.4 Transfer to User 1.4.1 Initial Testing Read the LORAD Operator's Guide before turning the unit on. Go through the operational checks described in Section 2 of this manual. 1-12 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL 1.4.2 User Training When installation has been completed, instruct the user in the identification and installation of all accessories and, if requested, outline the basic operation of the M-IIE unit. 1.4.3 Manuals and Accessories once installation is completed, make sure that all unmounted accessories are stored safely in a manner that will prevent any scratching or damage. Inform the technologist of their location. Place both the Operator's and the Service Manuals in a secure location. Ensure that the technologist knows the location of the Operator’s Manual. 1-13 Rev. 0SECTION TWO - CHECKING SYSTEM OPERATION 2.1 General Information This section of the manual provides a series of procedures used to confirm the operational status of an M-IIE Mammography system. The procedures are designed to be used in two ways: (1) when installing the unit, and (2) when operation of the machine must be verified due to repair or peniodic certification. Before shipment, each M-IIE system is tested and routed through a stringent quality assurance cycle to ensure conformance with all applicable standards. During this factory testing, individual adjustments are optimized to maintain the highest degree of performance on a system level. As a result, individual adjustments will not necessarily equal their nominal values. The testing procedures contained in this section provide acceptance criteria by which to determine pass/fail status. Voltage readings, when necessary, are expressed as an acceptable range, rather than a nominal value. While performing the procedures, adjustments should not be made to return to nominal values. Adjustments should only be made when a specific parameter falls outside the range of acceptable values. NOTE Refer to the LORAD M-IIE Operator’s Manual for locations and functions of the controls and indicators mentioned in this section. 2.2 Pre-Turn ON Checks Before applying power to the unit, make the following checks. 2-1 Rev. 02.2.3 Cabling Inspect the input power cable for frayed or otherwise damaged areas. Ensure that the power cable is securely connected between the M-IIE unit’s power input receptacle and a suitable source of AC line power. Ensure that the radiation shield is undamaged, that it is seated properly on its hinges, and that it’ locks securely in the open position. Mechanical Inte: Ensure that the unit contains no missing or loose hardware, and that all control knobs and pushbuttons are present and undamaged. Aperture Insertion Select a fixed aperture and insert it into the aperture slide on the front face of the tubehead. 2.3. Startup Procedure 2.3.1 A. Applying Power Verify that the circuit breaker, located near the input power receptacle, is in the ON position. Locate the POWER ON/OFF pushbutton and press it once to turn the power ON. . Initial Display Check that, after lighting all indicator elements, the Power ON and Standby indicators are lit. Check that the compression motor automatically raises the compression carriage, then stops. Check that, in AUTO-TIME mode, the kVp readout displays 25 and the Seconds readout displays 5.0, and, in AUTO- KV mode, the kVp readout displays 25 and the Seconds readout displays the time set in Section 1.3.5 (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 seconds). Check that, after several seconds, the Standby indicator goes out and the Ready Indicator turns on. 2-2 Rev. 0LoORAD D. MEDICAL SYSTEM SERVICE MANUAL If the System indicator is lit, check that it extinguishes and that the Ready indicator lights within approximately 5 seconds after the power has been turned ON. If the System indicator remains lit, press the STATUS RESET push and confirm that the indicator turns off. Alternate Display (Time/Date Set Mode) Note that the front panel buttons and displays have alternate functions to permit the operator to enter and store the current time and date. Press the mAs RESET button while turning the system on, to engage the DATE/TIME Set mode. All LEDs in the Status Column will flash to indicate this mode. Press the Large Spot pushbutton to select DATE Set mode. Check that the kVp button sets the month, the Seconds button the day, and the Auto/Manual button the year; verify that the kVp display shows the month, the Seconds display shows the day, and the mAs display shows the year. Press the Small Spot pushbutton to select the Time mode. Check that the kVp button sets the hour, the Seconds button sets the minutes, and the Auto/Manual button sets AM or PM; verify the pushbuttons corresponding displays. When these items have been checked, return to the initial display by pressing the STATUS RESET button. Printer Check Verify that the last exposure data is printed when the STATUS RESET button is pressed and then the KV Up button. Bucky Check (See Section Nine.) Operation of Controls Press the AUTO button and check that the Auto lamp lights indicating AUTO-TIME exposure mode and that the Seconds display shows a 5 second Backup Time that can be manually adjusted. Press the AUTO button again. Both the AUTO and MANUAL lamps light indicating the AUTO-KV exposure mode. 2-3 Rev. 1LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL While in the Auto-KV mode, the Seconds display indicates the AUTO-KV "window" set in Section 1.3.5. Check that this setting can be changed from 1, to 1.5 and to 2.0 seconds using the SECONDS UP/DOWN button. C. Press the Manual pushbutton and use the kVp UP/DOWN buttons to run kVp settings up and down between 22 and 34. Observe that each digit is fully formed by the elements of the LED display. Remaining in the Manual mode, repeat the same test with the SECONDS button, checking to see that the range of 0.1 to 5.0 seconds is indicated in increments of 0.1. 2.4 Interlocks 2.4.1 C-Arm Safety Interlock A. On the very bottom of the C-Arm’s vertical column, press the Spring-loaded plate upward. Confirm that the Ready indicator extinguishes, and the System indicator lights and remains lit after the C-Arm panel is released. Confirm that if the C-arm Down pushbutton is pressed, there is no response, but that the C-Arm Up pushbutton raises the C-Arn. D. Press the STATUS RESET pushbutton and confirm that the System indicator extinguishes and the Ready indicator lights. 2.4.2 terlock A. Slide the fixed aperture assembly out of its seated position in the tubehead enclosure. . Confirm that the Ready indicator extinguishes, and that the Aperture indicator, located in the control panel’s Status column, lights. c. Return the fixed aperture plate to its seated position. D. Confirm that the Aperture indicator extinguishes and the Ready indicator again lights. 2-4 Rev. 1LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL 2.5 C-Arm Mechanical Operation 2.5.1 C-Arm Up and Down A. Press and hold one of the C-Arm UP pushbuttons, located on the seven-button switch panels on the sides of the C-arm. Verify that the C-aArm pivot moves upward smoothly, with no binding, vibration, or excessive noise. Confirm that C-Arm upward travel stops automatically when its upper limit is reached. B. On the same seven-button panel, press and hold the C-Arm DOWN pushbutton. Verify that the C-Arm pivot moves smoothly downward with no binding, vibration, or excessive noise. Confirm that C-Arm downward travel stops automatically when its lower limit is reached. C. Press the C-Arm UP and C-Arm DOWN buttons in succession, and confirm that C-Arm travel stops immediately when either button is released. D. Repeat the C-Arm Up and Down tests using the remaining C-arm seven-button panels. . Run the bottom end of the C-Arm down against an obstruction such as your hand or a cushioned chair. Check that downward motion stops and that the System indicator lights. Verify that the C-Arm DOWN pushbutton is inoperative. F. Remove the obstruction and press the STATUS RESET pushbutton. Verify that the C-Arm DOWN button now functions normally. 2.5.2 Rotati al d_Det A. With the power turned OFF, rotate the C-Arm from lock to lock, and confirm that detent positions can be felt at -105, -90, -45, 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 degrees. Verify that the C-Arm position holds at each detent position. B. With the power turned ON, but without pressing any control pushbutton, confirm that the C-Arm will not rotate on its pivot when pushed. C. Press the C-Arm ROTATION button on one of the seven-button switch panels on the C-Arm while pushing the C-Arm. Confirm that the C-Arm rotates freely 2-5 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL while the button is pressed, and locks at any position when the ROTATION button is released. Repeat the C-Arm Rotation tests using the buttons on the remaining C-arm seven-button panels. Compression With the power turned OFF, operate the handwheel on the Compression Carriage. Confirm that the handwheel operates freely in either direction, and causes upward and downward travel of the compression carriage. Turn the power ON and, before using any other controls, again operate the handwheel in both directions. Free travel in both directions should be exhibited. Press the COMPRESSION DOWN button on one of the seven-button switch panels on the C-Arm. Verify that the compression carriage moves downward while the button is pressed, and stops when the button is released. Operate the compression handwheel to manually lower and raise the compression carriage. Confirm that the wheel turns easily in the downward direction, but is noticeably harder to turn in the upward direction. Press the COMPRESSION UP button on one of the seven-button switch panels on the C-Arm. Verify that the compression carriage moves upward while the button is pressed, and stops when the button is released. With a compression tray installed on the carriage, use the COMPRESSION DOWN button to run the compression carriage down onto a rolled up towel or similar item. Confirm that the carriage reaches a point of maximum motorized compression, and the motor stops. Verify that once this point is reached, the compression carriage does not slip upwards. Confirm that further compression pressure, with no upward movement, can be applied with the handwheel. Press one of the COMPRESSION RELEASE buttons. Confirm that the compression carriage immediately moves upward approximately six centimeters, and then stops. Repeat the above tests, using the COMPRESSION UP, 2-6 Rev. 0Lo M COMPRESSION DOWN, and COMPRESSION RELEASE buttons on the remaining seven-button panels located on the C-Arn. Also test COMPRESSION RELEASE on the Control Console control panel. Repeat the Compression tests using the footswitch controls. 2.5.4 Light Field A. Press the LIGHT FIELD button on one of the seven-button switch panels. Confirm that the lamp inside the tubehead enclosure lights, and turns off automatically after approximately 30 seconds. B. Verify that the light field extends over the front edge of the image receptor tray by approximately 0.5 centimeter. c. Repeat the test using the LIGHT FIELD button on the remaining seven-button switch panels. 2.6 Exposure Testing WARNING! THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES REQUIRE THE GENERATION OF X-RAYS. OBSERVE ALL POSSIBLE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID EXPOSURE TO ‘THE X-RAY BEAM. 2.6.1 Manual Exposure Operation A. Insert the 18x24 cm aperture plate into the slides in the tubehead housing. Use the sliding knob beneath the tube enclosure to close the collimator opening. Press the AUTO/MANUAL pushbutton to set the mode to Manual. Select the Large focal spot. Set kVp to 22, and SECONDS to 1.0. Confirm that 80.0 mAs is indicated on the mAs readout. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING X-RAY EXPOSURES! ¢. Press and hold the X-RAY ON pushbutton. Verify that the Ready indicator goes out, the X-ray On indicator lights, and that the audible alarm sounds. Release the X-RAY ON button after the audible alarm stops.LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL D. Verify that no indicators in the Status column light either during or after the exposure. The Ready indicator should light again 30 seconds after the completion of the exposure. 2.6.2 Short Exposure - Manual Mode A. Set the controls as in the previous test, except for exposure time, which should be set for 5.0 seconds. As in the previous test, press the X-RAY ON pushbutton, but release it before the 5.0 second time has elapsed. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING X-RAY EXPOSURES! Confirm that, when the pushbutton is released, the Short Exposure indicator lights, the Seconds display flashes Error Code .1, and that further depressions of the X-RAY ON pushbutton have no effect. D. Press the STATUS RESET pushbutton. The Ready indicator should light and the Short Exposure indicator should extinguish. 2.6.3 Automatic Exposure Control Operation (Auto-Time) A. Locate the AEC Sensor position knob, located beneath the image receptor tray, and make sure that it slides freely back and forth. Leave it pushed in, towards the C-arn. B. On the control panel, set the following: kvp: 25 Auto/Manual: Auto-Time (Auto lamp only is ON) Focal Spot: Large Backup Seconds: 5.0 Grid: out c. Set the Program Select switch to the film type in use. (Factory settings are Program 0: T-MAT; Program 3: OM). Set the DENSITY control to "0". D. Place a loaded cassette under three centimeters of acrylic attenuators on the image receptor tray. E. Press the X-RAY pushbutton to conduct an exposure, and develop the film. 2-8 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE CONDUCTING X-RAY EXPOSURES! Measure and record the optical density of the developed filn. Reload the cassette and place it and seven centimeters of acrylic on the image receptor tray. Using the same exposure technique as in step B, conduct an exposure, then develop the film. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE CONDUCTING X-RAY EXPOSURES! H. Measure the optical density of the developed film and compare it to the density value recorded in step F. Density readings should agree within +/- .05. 2.6.4 Automatic Exposure Control] Operation (Auto-KV) A. Locate the AEC Sensor position knob, located beneath the image receptor tray, and make sure that it slides freely back and forth. Leave it pushed in, towards the c-arm. On the control panel, set the following: Auto/Manual: Auto-KV (MANUAL and AUTO are ON) Focal Spot: Large Seconds: 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 (set in Section 1.3.5) Grid: out Set the Program Select switch to the film type in use. (Factory settings are Program 0: T-MAT; Program 3: OM). Set the DENSITY control to "o" Place a loaded cassette under three centimeters of acrylic attenuators on the image receptor tray. Press the X-RAY pushbutton to conduct an exposure, and develop the film. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE CONDUCTING X-RAY EXPOSURES! Measure and record the optical density of the developed film.TEM VICE Reload the cassette and place it and seven centimeters of acrylic on the image receptor tray. Using the same exposure technique as in step B, conduct an exposure, then develop the film. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE CONDUCTING X-RAY EXPOSURES! He Measure the optical density of the developed film and compare it to the density value recorded in step F. Density readings should agree within +/- .05. Maximum mAs in Auto-Time Mode Slide the blade in the Beam Limiting Assembly all the way forward (away from the C-Arm) to block off the x-ray beam. Place a lead shield on the image receptor tray over the AEC Sensor assembly. Insert the 18x24 cm aperture for the LARGE FOCAL SPOT. Set kVp to 22, Mode to AUTO-TIME, Backup Seconds to 5.0, and Density fully clockwise. Select the OM program setting with GRID IN. Select the large focal spot. Make an exposure and read mAs indicated on the control panel indicator. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! D. Indicated mAs should be 400. The Short Exposure, Backup Timer and mAs Reset indicators should all be lit. It must be impossible to conduct another exposure before pressing the mAs Reset and Status Reset pushbuttons. Repeat the test with kVp set to 34. The mAs reading should be 350. Uncover the AEC Sensor and open up the Beam Depth slide to include the sensor in the x-ray beam. Using the 18x24 aperture, set kVp to 25, Backup Seconds to 5.0, and Mode to AUTO-TIME. Select the OM program with GRID OUT, and set the Density control fully counterclockwise. 2-10 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! H. Conduct an x-ray exposure. The mAs indicated should be a very small number, and it must be less than 5.0. 2.7 Equipment Certification Tests This section provides instructions for measuring the performance of the certifiable components of the M-IIE. The control console covers must be removed for these tests. Follow the instructions regarding cover removal in Section Five. 2.7.1 Tube Voltage Potential (kV) A. Ensure that system power is OFF. B. Connect a DC voltmeter to the low-voltage terminals of a 10,000:1 or 1000:1 voltage divider, and position the meter where it can be read from behind the protective radiation shield. Connect the ground terminal of the voltage divider to the chassis ground near TB1 on the High Voltage Generator. Using the LORAD kVp adapter cable, plug the free end of the high voltage test cable into the test well on the High Voltage Generator. Close the collimator slide completely. Turn the system ON. Set kVp to 30, Mode to MANUAL, Seconds to 3.0, and Focal Spot to LARGE. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! E. Press and hold the X-RAY pushbutton to conduct an exposure, while monitoring the reading on the meter connected to the voltage divider. F. Calculate actual kVp from the value obtained on the meter. Using a 10,000:1 voltage divider, the meter reading should be between 2.970 and 3.030 volts for an exposure at 30 kVp (if a 1,000:1 divider is used, the voltage reading will be increased by a factor of 10). G. Repeat steps D-F with kvp set at the values listed in Table 2-1. Verify that voltage readings on the meter 2-11 Rev. 0OBSERVE D. c SERV: fall within the limits expressed in the table. If measured voltage falls outside the limits, inspection and adjustment of CPU reference voltage and x-ray tube voltage, per the procedures in Section Seven, are indicated. TABLE 2-1 X-RAY TUBE VOLTAGE VERIFICATION (USING A 10,000:1 DIVIDER) kvp s! iG DIN 22 2.156 - 2.244 volts 27 2.646 - 2.754 volts 34 3.332 - 3.468 volts Tube Current (mA) Connect the negative lead of a Dc voltmeter to the small 10-ohm resistor on the High Voltage Generator; connect to the leg attached to the ground stud. Connect the positive lead to the other leg. Close the beam depth slide completely. Position the multimeter so it can be read from behind the protective radiation shield. Turn the system ON. Set KVP at 22, MODE to MANUAL, SECONDS to 3.0 and FOCAL SPOT to LARGE. Conduct an exposure and note the voltage indicated on the voltmeter. WARNING! ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! Compare the measured voltage with the voltage specification provided in Table 2-2. If the measured voltage falls within the specified range, tube current is considered to comply with certification. Repeat the test at the kVp settings listed in Table 2-2, for the Large and the Small Focal Spots. 2-12 Rev. 2LORAD MEDICAL sv¥STEM SERVICE MANUAL TABLE 2-2 a? rose currents ga B= 02 em NY LARGE FOCAL SPOT SMALL FOCAL SPOT kYp VOLTS mA. DA 22 +776-.824 80 20 28 776-1824 80 20 29 1679-1721 70 1165--175 17 34 +679-.721 70 Soren ne 2.7.3 Automatic Exposure Control Check OBSERVE Calibration of the AEC is performed at the factory to result in a consistent 1.2 density. Checking AEC consists of making exposures using different combinations of acrylic phantoms and verifying consistent film density on the developed film. If it is necessary to readjust density to a different value to suit the user, refer to Section 10.3. The following items are necessary to verify AEC performance: Four 1 cm thick acrylic attenuators one 4 cm thick acrylic attenuator Film Densitometer $0-177 Film and Min-R screen cassette AEC CHECK PROCEDURE Place a loaded cassette under the 4 cm acrylic attenuator on the image receptor tray. Set the Exposure Mode to Auto-Time, kVp to 25, Density to 0, and Film Type to SO-177. WARNING! ALL POSSIBLE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! Make an exposure, then remove the cassette and develop the film. Measure the density of the developed film. 2-13 Rev. 1DI SYSTEM E. Place the loaded cassette under a 1 cm acrylic attenuator in position on the image receptor tray. F. Keep the machine settings as described in step B. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL POSSIBLE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! G. Make an exposure, then develop the film and measure the density. Density should agree with the reading made in Step D, within +/-0.2. H. Make exposures using the settings in Table 2-3, and confirm that density results agree within +/-0.2. TABLE 2: MODE FOCAL SPOT KVP M. ACRYLIC AUTO-TIME LARGE 25 3 AUTO-TIME LARGE, 25 7 AUTO-KV LARGE 7 AUTO-KV SMALL 4 2.7.4 Light Field Tlluminance Test Intensity and consistency of the Light Field is checked by performing the following procedure. A. Insert the 24x30-Large Focal Spot aperture into the Slides below the tubehead. Slide the collimator control knob all the way back (towards the C-Arm). B. Place a light meter probe on the image receptor tray with its sensor facing up. €. At each location shown in Figure 2-1, take a background light reading (Light Field lamp OFF), and another one with the Light Field lamp oN. D. For each location (quadrant), convert both the background and lighted readings to lux values (use the conversion table on the meter or in the meter manual), and subtract background lux from Light Field lux. E. If the difference in any quadrant is less than 200 lux, the Light Field Illuminance Test is considered failed. 2-14 Rev. 1|__| A B Image Recentor Tray (Top View) Figure 2-1: Light Field llluminance Test Locations wv: cc} Rev. 0Ms VICI CASSETTE HOLDER 71 CASSETTE BREAST TRAY 2cm Figure 2-2: Light Field Test - 2 cm Spacing ‘SCE Ata To perform this test, the following equipment will be necessary: 24x30 cm cassette and filn Straight pieces of wire or solder 2 cm spacer Front loading 24x30 cm cassette holder Place a loaded 24x30 cm cassette into a 24x30 cm front loading cassette holder mounted to the image receptor tray. Using an accurate two cm spacer, move the cassette holder two centimeters back from its home position (Figure 2-2). Insert the 18x24 cm Large Focal Spot Aperture. Turn the Light Field ON. Move the blade slide control to create a lighted area approximately like the one shown in Figure 2-3. The actual projected shape is not important; just be sure that the position of the slide control is not altered once it is set. Using straight pieces of wire or solder, accurately mark the outline of the light field on the image receptor surface. 2-16 Rev. 0ME SY E. Without moving the collimator setting, conduct an exposure using the following settings: 25 kvp 0.6 seconds Large Focal Spot SHAPE OF COLLIMATED LIGHT FIELD(Top View) Figure 2-3: Light Field Test - Collimated Shape WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! F Remove the cassette and develop the film. Compare the edges of the image area with the white marks caused by the pieces of wire or solder. All boundaries must coincide within 1.0 cm (0.39 inch). If the Light Field borders are more than one centimeter away from the x-ray beam, adjustment per Section 6.4 is required. 2-17 Rev. 0NOTE If the exposure light field borders are all outside the beam image, and thus invisible on the film, very accurate alignment may be present. If this condition is encountered, measure the width of the x-ray image. To confirm extremely close alignment, the dimension must exceed 23 cm. 2.7.6 Verification of X-Ray Beam Alignment To verify x-ray beam alignment, the following equipment. is necessary: LORAD Field Alignment Screen Fluorescent Screen material Insert the 24x30 Large Focal Spot aperture into the slide beneath the tubehead enclosure. Select the Large Focal Spot. Set kVp to 22, Seconds to 0.2, and Auto/Manual to Manual. Place the LORAD field alignment template on a piece of fluorescent screen material and place both on the image receptor tray flush against the C-Arm. Initially center the template on the tray. The template is pictured in Figure 2-4. Open the beam depth guide completely. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! D. Step behind the radiation shield, and press and hold the X-Ray button. 2-18 Rev. 0Figure 2-4: LORAD Field Alignment Template WARNING! REMAIN BEHIND THE RADIATION SHIELD DURING THE EXPOSURE! USE THE TRANSPARENT WINDOW TO VIEW THE BEAM PATTERN! E. Compare the edges of the field pattern (glowing area) on the fluorescent material with the 24x30 cm alignment. marks on the template. Remove the fixed carefully adjust pieces until the Repeat the tests aperture from the tubehead, and the left and right "L" shaped lead test can be completed successfully. using the other apertures, and make adjustments as necessary. 2-19 Rev. 0che: ibili i ty = Mai The following tests verify that the x-ray system controls and x-ray tube are operating consistently. Connect a 10 square centimeter x-radiation probe to its readout logic module with a 10-foot cable. Select Exposure in Milliroentgens on the readout logic module’s function switch. Cover the top of the image receptor tray with a 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) lead sheet and place the probe upon it. Position the readout logic module where it can be read from behind the machine’s radiation shield. Turn the system ON. Illuminate the light field. Using the bean slide switch beneath the tubehead enclosure, limit the beam to approximately the size of the probe head. Reposition the probe head to center its detector in the beam. Align the surface of the probe so that it stays perpendicular to the beam axis. Set kVp to 25, Auto/Manual to MANUAL, Seconds to 0.6, and select the Large focal spot. Make an exposure and record the milliroentgen reading. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! D. Change both the kVp and the Seconds settings, then return them to 25 kVp and 0.6 seconds. Again, make an exposure and record the milliroentgen reading. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! E. Continue to randomly change the kVp and Seconds settings, then return to 25 kVp and 0.6 seconds; make an exposure, recording the milliroentgen reading. Repeat until ten individual readings have been obtained. Compute the average milliroentgen reading. Subtract each actual reading from the average, and square each difference. Add the squares and divide the sum by 9. Then take the square root of the result. 2-20 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL YSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL Divide the number calculated in Step F by the average milliroentgen reading to obtain the coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation must be less than 0.05. Leave the setup on the image receptor tray unchanged, and set the controls for 25 kVp and 0.2 seconds. Make an exposure and record the milliroentgen reading and the mAs value displayed on the unit’s control panel. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! I. Repeat Step H, changing the Seconds to 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0. Record milliroentgens and mAs at each setting. Divide each milliroentgen reading by its corresponding MAS value. For each pair of successive tests (0.2 and 0.6 seconds; then 0.6 and 1.0 seconds; and so on), calculate the difference between each corresponding step J result. For each pair of successive tests, calculate the sum of each Step J result. Divide each Step K difference value by each Step L sum value, If the result for any pair exceeds, 0.10, the test is considered failed. Repeat Steps H-M with the Small focal spot selected. If the unit fails any part of the above test, first recheck all calculations, then repeat the tests (failure to meet these performance standards indicates trouble in the High Voltage Generator or X-ray Tube). che oducibili ity = Time Mode Place a 4.3 centimeter acrylic phantom on an empty cassette on the image receptor tray. Position the 10 square centimeter x-radiation probe on top of the phantom. Align the probe position with the AEC sensor within the image receptor tray, and using the light lamp, slide the beam limiting knob to just cover the probe. 2-21 Rev. 0LOR ICAL r Set the controls for 25 kVp, AUTO-TIME Mode, 3.0 Backup Seconds, Grid out, Program 3, Density 0, and Focal Spot LARGE. Make ten exposures. Record milliroentgen and mAs readings for each one. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! D. E. The mAs readings should be in the range of 40 to 50; milliroentgen readings in the range of 850 to 900. Calculate the average milliroentgen reading, and subtract each actual reading from the average. square each difference. Add the squares and divide their sum by 9. Then take the square root of the result. Divide the number obtained in Step E by the average milliroentgen reading. The quotient, called the coefficient of variation, must be less than 0.05. Remove the probe from the x-ray beam, leaving the acrylic and cassette on the image receptor tray. Set the controls as follows: 25 kVp, 2.5 Backup Seconds, Grid Out, Density 0, and Focal Spot LARGE. Make an exposure and record the mAs value displayed. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! ir oe The mAs value should be in the range of 37 to 40. Repeat Steps H and I, with the Grid control switched to IN and the Density control turned fully clockwise in the "+" direction. The resulting mAs reading should be in the range of 42.5 to 46. Repeat Steps H and I, with the Grid control switched to OUT and the Density control turned fully clockwise in the "+" direction. The resulting mAs reading should be in the range of 74 to 80. Turn the Density control fully counterclockwise to the "=" direction and repeat the exposure, recording the mAs. 2-22 Rev. 0OBSERVE Me 2.7.9 AL OBSERVE ir s SERV) WARNING! ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! The mAs reading should be in the range of 18.5 to 20. e: = = le Place a 4.3 centimeter acrylic phantom on an empty cassette on the image receptor tray. Position the 10 square centimeter x-radiation probe on top of the phantom. Align the probe position with the AEC sensor within the image receptor tray, and using the light lamp, slide the beam limiting knob to just cover the probe. Set the controls for AUTO-KV Mode, Grid Out, Program 3, Density 0, and Focal Spot LARGE. Make ten exposures. Record milliroentgen and mAs readings for each one. WARNING! ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! The mAs readings should be in the range of 40 to 50; milliroentgen readings in the range of 850 to 900. Calculate the average milliroentgen reading, and subtract each actual reading from the average. Square each difference. Add the squares and divide their sum by 9. Then take the square root of the result. Divide the number obtained in Step E by the average milliroentgen reading. The quotient, called the coefficient of variation, must be less than 0.05. Remove the probe from the x-ray beam, leaving the acrylic and cassette on the image receptor tray. Set the controls as follows: Grid Out, Density 0, and Focal Spot LARGE. Make an exposure and record the mAs value displayed. WARNING! ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! The mAs value should be in the range of 37 to 40. 2-23 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEM SERVICE MANUAL 2.7.10 OBSERVE Checking Half Value Layer This certification test measures the quantity of x-ray energy attenuated by passing through a specified filter. The test verifies the modification of x-ray tube performance by the filter in the LORAD x-ray tubehead. Connect a 10 square centimeter x-radiation probe to its readout/logic module with a 10-foot cable. Select exposure in milliroentgens on the instrument’s function switch. Invert the compression plate on the carriage and position the plate 30 cm above the image receptor tray. Use fixturing to place the radiation probe 10 cm above the image receptor tray. Place the readout/logic module in a position where it can be read from behind the unit’s radiation shield. Place a 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) thick lead sheet with a cutout area 2.4-inch (6 cm) in diameter in the compression tray. The lead sheet should overhang the patient-side edge of the inverted tray, thus blocking the entire beam. Turn the system ON and press the Light Field pushbutton to illuminate the x-ray field. Collimate down to a beam approximately the size of the probe head, and adjust the positions of the probe and the cutout in the lead shield to center the radiation detector in the beam. Align the surface of the probe perpendicular to the beam axis. Set kvp to 30, Auto/Manual to MANUAL, Seconds to 1.0 and select the LARGE focal spot. Make an exposure and record the milliroentgen reading. WARNING! ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! Cover the hole in the lead sheet with a 0.3 nm aluminum filter. Using the same technique factors as in Step E above, make another exposure and record the milliroentgen reading. Multiply the result obtained in Step F by 1.9. The product must be larger than the Step E reading. 2-24 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL svsSTEM SERVICE MANUAL 2.7.11 Checking the X-Ray Shielding To minimize stray radiation, the x-ray tube housing is shielded with lead, as is the inside of the LORAD tubehead enclosure. Lead shielding is also incorporated within the image receptor tray and behind the AEC sensor. Performance of these shielding systems is checked with the following procedure. Connect a 100 square centimeter radiation scatter probe to the readout/logic module of a radiation ratemeter. Select EXPOSURE IN MILLIROENTGENS as the operating mode. Place the probe on a lead-covered adjustable stand positioned beneath the image receptor tray, and place the readout/logic module so it can be read’ from behind the protective radiation shield. Place a 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) sheet of lead with a 5-inch (12.7 cm) diameter hole in it on the image receptor tray. Slide this lead sheet to position the hole at the position marked "A" in Figure 2-5. Insert the 18x24 aperture for the Large Focal Spot, illuminate the light field and adjust the beam limiting assembly to closely correspond to the hole. Line up the probe beneath the tray in the center of the x-ray beam path through the hole in the lead sheet. Raise or lower the support stand until the probe is exactly 1-31/32 inch (5 cm) below the bottom of the tray structure. Face the probe’s detector surface toward the x-ray source. Turn the x-ray system ON, and set kVp to 34, Seconds to 3.0, Focal Spot LARGE, Auto/Manual to MANUAL. Make an exposure and record the mR reading. WARNING! OBSERVE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE MAKING AN X-RAY EXPOSURE! 2-25 Rev. 1Figure 2-5: X-ray Shielding - Leakage through Tray 0 Rev. 2-26EeOPR AS Dee ER Delec ack sayeer Tee Meg, SERVICE MANUAL If the reading exceeds 0.10 mR, corrective action is indicated. Repeat steps B through F at the positions marked "B", "c" and "D" in Figure 2-5. Mount a 24x30 cm cassette holder on the image receptor tray. Repeat steps B through F at the positions marked “E", "EF", "G" and "H" in Figure 2-5. Readings above 0.10 mR indicate replacement of the cassette holder. Close the beam depth slide completely so that direct yadiation leakage will not contaminate leakage readings. Change ratemeter mode to mR/HOUR. Set up an adjustable stand to hold the probe in position with relation to the tubehead as shown in Figure 2-6. Position the probe at each of the locations "A" through "H" shown in the figure (for position "H", rotate the tubehead so the probe can be positioned directly behind it). For each position, the distance between the probe and the tubehead surface must be maintained at exactly one meter. Figure 2-6: X-ray Shielding - Leakage around Head 2-27 Rev. 0SECTION THREE - HOW THE X-RAY CIRCUITS ARE CONTROLLED Introduction The collective function of the electronic circuitry in the LORAD M-IIE is to apply drive signals to the x-ray tube. To produce x-rays, the tube requires three inputs: A. Power to drive a motor that rotates the tube’s anode. B. Heating current for the x-ray tube filament (cathode). ©. High voltage potential applied between anode and cathode. Block Level Description The M-IIE circuitry has been designed to provide the three inputs and, by means of microprocessor control and circuit interactions, combine user control of operating parameters with safety for the operator, patient, and equipment (refer to Figure 3-1). The functions of the unit can be divided into five general blocks (electromechanical functions such as c-arm positioning and compression are covered separately in Section Four - How the Electromechanical systems Function): A. X-Ray Tube B. X-Ray Drive ¢. System Control D. Operator Interface E. Interlocks 3-1 Rev. 0on swiTowes INTERFACE op HOMER TorcaroRs| SYSTEM CONTROL SENSE INTERLOOKS, (apenure, C-arn| Salety ec) Acrowen Figure 3-1: Control System Block Diagram X-Ray Tube A dual filament x-ray tube resides in a housing located above the image receptor tray. The x-ray tube anode is rotated during exposure by an internal Ac operated induction motor. The selected filament is supplied an AC heating current during standby periods, which keeps the filament ready for exposure. The M-IIE unit can drive either the large or small filament. During exposure, the filament current is regulated to keep the liberation of electrons at the level determined by the mA selection. The x-ray tube anode is elevated to the selected kV level to cause those electrons liberated from the filament to impinge at high velocity upon the anode target, thus generating electromagnetic radiation as the electrons interact with the target material. 3-2 Rev. 0= ve The X-Ray Drive block is comprised of the Anode Motor Control Module, High Voltage Generator, and the Filament Supply. These components convert AC input into motor drive signals, kV level acceleration potential, and filament heating signals, respectively. The characteristics of the drive signal outputs to the x-ray tube change in response to signals output from the System Control block. During an exposure cycle, tube drive signals are switched from standby status, to boost status, to run status, to stop status, before returning finally to standby. Sensing signals fron the tube drive components are fed back to the system control block, allowing operating status to be monitored. If the system control block detects abnormal conditions, the exposure cycle is terminated. System Control The components that comprise the System Control block control the operating mode of the x-ray tube drive components, and their turn on and turn off timing in response to inputs received from the Operator Interface. Sensing circuitry feeds back status signals from the x-ray drive components to the system control block components, which determine the validity of the machine’s operating status. If an error condition is detected, either before, during, or after an exposure, the System Control block prevents further operation until such an error condition is resolved. The System Control block’s CPU board contains a microcontroller unit (U1) which contains the operating software for the machine. All machine functions, from control panel operator input to kilovolt generation, are controlled via the microcontroller unit. The Status Board, the Power Panel Relay Board, and the AEC (Automatic Exposure Control) Sensor make up the remainder of the System Control Block. 3-3 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL Operator Interface Setup parameters, exposure instructions, and the time/date input selections are conveyed to the System Control Block via the Operator Interface. Parameter readouts, warning signals, status signals, and error codes are also transferred over this channel. The unit’s control panel switches are sequentially scanned by the System Control block’s microcontroller, and any changes that reflect operator requests are routed accordingly. Panel display readouts notify the operator of current settings in the CPU’s status registers, and are updated as changes dictate. The components that make up the Operator Interface are: the front panel Switch/Display board, and certain interface and driver sections of the CPU Board and the Status Board. interlocks The Interlock signals are described in Section 3.4.2. 3.3 X-Ray Drive Components aol) Anode Motor Controller (Figure 3-2) The purpose of the Anode Motor Controller is to supply operating power to the induction motor that rotates the x-ray tube’s anode during exposure. The Motor Controller operates in one of three modes. As the exposure is started, the Motor Controller enters the Boost mode. A green LED on the Motor Controller’s circuit board will light, and 230 vac is applied to the Figure 3-2: Anode Motor Controller Diagram eel feos Jesus 3-4 Rev. 0LORA STEMS CE x-ray tube motor as a boost signal to get the motor up to speed quickly. Approximately one second after Boost mode starts, the motor controller enters Run Mode. The yellow LED lights and approximately 50 VAC is supplied to the motor. At the termination of the exposure, a relay energizes to interrupt power to the motor, and a red LED lights to indicate Brake mode. At the beginning of an exposure sequence, the Anode Motor Controller receives a 115 volt AC signal when MoT EN, a signal from the CPU, actuates relay H-K4 on the Power Panel Relay Board. The switched AC signal is also the Motor Controller’s power source, and actuates relay P-K5, initiating the Boost cycle. Immediately upon receipt of the AC signal, the Anode Motor Controller applies full 230 VAC starting power to the anode motor located inside the x-ray tube. If the proper starting current level is not sensed, the Anode Motor Controller shuts off after one second. Relay P-Kl disconnects the motor, and no other relay will operate. If starting current is sensed correctly, relay P-K3 closes completing the path for the 15V exposure contact. signal from N-TB1-11 to the Status board where it is converted to provide the EXP EN signal to the CPU (also called INTLK A). Boost relay H-K3 on the Power Panel Relay Board is energized providing a circuit for HV ON to the High Voltage Generator, and actuating Boost relay F-K3 on the Filament Supply Board. An adjustable start-to-run time delay in the Anode Motor Controller is factory set at one second. If motor starting current is within limits, P-Kl opens after one second, and P-K2 closes to supply 50 VAC running power to the anode motor. The status of the Anode Motor Controller is interlocked into the control logic for x-ray generation. The Exposure contacts of relay P-K3, which is actuated by the sensing of correct motor current, close the signal path of the 15 volt EXP EN signal from N-TB1-11 on the High Voltage Generator to the Status Board. In order for the EXP EN signal to return to the High Voltage Generator at N-TB1-12, contacts of A-K1, operated by the X-Ray pushbutton, must also remain closed (called INTLK B). 3-5 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL sySTEMS SERVICE MANUAL Anode Motor Controller power is disconnected when relay H-K4 drops out at the end of the exposure. TERMINAL DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION P-TB1-1 MOT ST 115 VAC power P-TB1-2 MOT ST 115 VAC power P-TB1-6 EXP EN +15 V from H.V. Generator nN 01 TERMINAL DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION P-TB1-11 BOOST Clamp to ground for Boost P-TB1-5 EXP EN +15 V to H.V. Generator High Voltage Generator The isolation transformer supplies power at 220 VAC and line frequency to N-TB2-13 and N-TB2-14 on the High Voltage Generator. This input is fused at 10 amperes by N-Fl and N-F2. A full-wave bridge rectifier and a large 3300 microfarad capacitor supply a nominal 300- volt bus voltage to a high frequency inverter, which converts the DC to a high frequency AC signal applied to the high-voltage transformer and multiplier. Control of the high-voltage output is performed by pulse width modulating the inverter output. The Dc input to the inverter is fused at 15 amperes by N-F3. POWER PANEL| RELAY BOARD ‘STATUS BOARD cua4 Us EXPEN a use | onTeCA) 5) owmxa) | cpu soaRo CONTROL a PANEL HV. TYoario TC pas Fa expen _| GENERATOR THe nice [P.TB16 $$ $$$<—__0 N-Tar-t MOTOR EXPEN [CONTROLLER| Figure 3-3: EXP EN Signal Path - HVG 3-6 Rev. 0pic The 220 VAC input also powers the High Voltage Generator’s onboard regulated 15-volt Dc control power supply. This voltage source provides base drive current to power transistors in the primary circuits of the transformer bridge. Before the inverter transistors can operate, the 15 volt EXP EN circuit must be completed through two external relays (Figure 3-3). The EXP EN circuit is routed first through the normally open'contacts of P-K3 in the Anode Motor Controller. Then, from the Power Panel Relay Board and. the Status Board, it goes to normally open contacts of A-K1, which closes when the X-ray button is pressed. Only when both relays are energized can the EXP EN signal return to N-TB1-12 and power the transistors. Before the High Voltage Generator can operate, the active low HV ON signal at N-TB1-3 must be clamped to ground (Figure 3-4). As long as the HV ON signal remains high, about 11 to 13 volts (idle state), the pulse width modulator in the High Voltage Generator keeps pulse widths at zero, preventing high voltage output. The path to ground is routed through relay H-K3 on the Power Panel Relay Board, and through an opto-isolator on the Status Board to a ground connection back on the High Voltage Generator at N-TB1-2. As described previously for the Anode Motor Controller, proper motor starting current closes the contacts of H-K3. The Status Board opto-isolator conducts in response to CPU generation of the HV EN signal. On the Status Board, the HV EN signal is time delayed and inverted before operating the opto-isolator. The Bucky operates during the HV EN signal from the CPU if a Bucky is connected. Refer to Figure 3-7. HY. GENERATOR HKD HYON, =a vee Halt ON NTS BOARD POWER PANEL RELAY BOARD aura] HVEN| ree Bus STATUS BOARD agesig_| AEC DETECTOR es Figure 3-4: HV ON Signal Path - HVG 3-7 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL, When pulled low to enable high voltage output, the HV ON signal performs another function. It operates a solid state relay that shunts out a 100 ohm protective thermistor in the input power circuit. The thermistor protects the bridge rectifier from an initial surge of charging current into a filter condenser. This is accomplished after the system has been turned ON a very short time. Inverter pulse-width, and thus the output voltage of the High Voltage Generator, is controlled from the CPU Board by an analog KV REF voltage reference (Figure 3-5). The KV REF voltage from the CPU Board is routed to N-TB1-7 on the High Voltage Generator. This command signal is 5.4 volts for 22 kV. It decreases 0.2 volts per kV down to 3.0 volts for 34 kV. As the pulse width modulator controls high voltage output to the x-ray tube, feedback circuitry regulates the modulator. It matches High Voltage Generator output voltage to the value designated by the KV REF command. CPU ‘STATUS BOARD HV. BOARD GENERATOR cusa | | ngars ata9 [oyts avis | cvs. NqB1-15 avrg | 4049 11-9 fot? 31s NeqB1-7 aveg|_kyner | curt couse] Figure 3-5: KV REF Signal Path - HVG 3-8 Rev. 1HV. GENERATOR| N7B15 Hi “ot CPU BOARD, Evy STATUS POWER PANEL BOARD RELAY BOARD FILAMENT SUPPLY BOARD Figure 3-6: HV OK Signal Path - HVG As long as high voltage output exceeds 80% of the KV REF command value, an HV OK signal of about 11 volts goes from N-TB1-5 to the CPU Board and to the Filament. Supply Board (Figure 3-6). Fault currents, such as the overcurrent associated with an x-ray tube arc, are sensed internally by the High Voltage Generator. If such a fault is sensed, the generator shuts down, and N-TB1-4 switches high. Also, the voltage at N-TBi-6 switches high and sends a signal for the CPU Board to terminate the exposure. Pressing the Status Reset button clamps N-TB1-4 to ground, thus, resetting the generator to the ready state. There are three indicator lamps on the High Voltage Generator’s control board, to the left of the seven potentiometers. when the green lamp is lit, current is within proper limits. When the yellow lamp is lit, current exceeds about 55 milliamperes. If current returns to normal, the green lamp will re-light without requiring reset. ‘When the red lamp lights, an arc, 3-9 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL short circuit, or excessive current surge has occurred The red lamp stays lit until the Status Reset button is pressed. Then, if the fault condition has cleared, the green lamp will again light, and the High voltage indicator on the main control panel will stay off. There is another red LED indicator on the base drive board at the right of the seven potentiometers. It remains lit while the 15 volt EXP EN input to the base drive circuits is present at N-TP1-12. TERMINAL DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION N-TB1-3 HV ON Pulled to ground to enable nodulator N-TB1-4 RESET Pulled to ground to reset H.V. Generator N-TB1-7_ KV REF kV Reference Voltage N-TB1-12 EXP EN +15 V Bridge drive power source a TERMINAL DESIGNATION | DESCRIPTION N-TB1-5 HV OK +11 V indicates kV over 80% kVp N-TB1-6 HV FAULT #11 V indicates overcurrent N-TB1-8 MA SENS 10 mV per mA tube current N-TB1-11 EXP EN +15 V control voltage Eilament Supply The filament supply circuitry has three modes of operation: Standby, Boost, and Regulation. Before an exposure sequence begins, the selected filament is continuously supplied an adjusted 2.5 ampere Standby heating current that keeps it near, but below, operating temperature. In Standby Mode, relay F-K3 is not energized. As the exposure sequence begins, relay P-K5 in the Anode Motor Controller closes, actuating relay H-K3 on the Power Panel Relay Board (Figure 3-7). The BOOST signal pulls F-J2-3 at the Filament Supply Board to ground, relay F-K3 operates, and the system enters Boost Mode. 3-10 Rev. 0LORAD MEDI SYSTE The boost current setting depends on which filament has been selected, and on the control panel kVp setting. Contacts of F-K1 close to accommodate different spot sizes. For each kVp range 22 to 28 and 29 to 34, there is an adjusted current setting. An active low at F-J1-5 actuates F-K4 for 29 to 34 kVp (Figure 3-8). FomeNT suey SOnRD owen pane. RELAY BOARD cenenaron =] & &, a Eg Eo = os covsommy ‘sue Figure 3-7: Filament Supply Board Boost Path Diagram During a normal exposure sequence, the Filament Supply Board receives an HV OK signal from the CPU. It is about 11 volts at F-J1-7 and actuates F-K7 to shift the operating mode from Boost to Tube Current Regulation Mode. The same filament current that was set for Boost, in terms of kVp, is employed as a close approximation of the regulated value. The purpose of regulation is to maintain a filament temperature that will result in a specified x-ray tube current. Two inputs are required -- indications of specified tube current, and of actual current. The specified value is supplied as the MA REF signal from the CPU. It enters at F-J1-8 as a negative DC voltage with a ratio of 100 millivolts per milliampere of tube current. Actual tube current is measured as a voltage drop across a 10-ohm resistor in the ground leg of the High Voltage Generator’s output circuit. This voltage 3-11 Rev. 2Loeay Conroe # 1747 Figure 3-8: Filament Supply Board Block Diagram Rev. 0T7B1-6 LARGE H-TB1-3_H-TB1-5] F1B13 H-TB1-2__H-TB1-9 F-TB1-2 L§ H-TB1-1_H-TB1-10) F-TB1-1 |T-TB1-9 N-TB1-8| MASENS | H-J8-14 H-J9-9 FU1-9 ig]_MASEN X-RAY 10 0hm TUBE N-TB1-1 H-J8-13 _ H-J9-10 FM1-10 FILAMENT na POWER PANE SUPPLY GENERATOR Geel BOARD Figure 3-9: Filament Control Signal Path appears as the MA SENS signal across F-J1-9 and F-J1-10 with a ratio of 10 millivolts per milliampere of actual tube current (Figure 3-9). Regulation circuitry in the Filament supply Board modifies filament current continuously to compare ten times MA SENS with MA REF. Thus, filament current regulation maintains x-ray tube current within the specified tolerances. Switch F-S1, when moved from the OPERATE (up) position to the TEST’ (down) position, disconnects the MA REF signal input to the Filament Supply Board. It prevents the filament supply circuitry from functioning in the regulation mode while standby and boost currents are being adjusted. 3-13 Rev. 0STEMS SERVICE MANUAL An overcurrent condition in either filament circuit energizes relay F-K2. F-K2 disconnects power from the Filament Supply Board and sends a clamp-to-ground signal from F-J2-2 that sets up a System Fault indication on the main control panel. The Status Reset button must be pressed to deenergize F-K2 for restoration of power. INPUT SIGNALS TO THE FILAMENT SUPPLY BOARD __ TERMINAL DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION F-J1-4 40-49 Not used F-J1-5 31-35 Low indicates 29-34 kvp F-J2-3 BOOST Low - go to current setting F-J1-7 HV OK +11 V = go to current regulation F-J1-8 MA REF 100 mV per mA tube current reference F-J1-9 MA SENS 10 mV per mA actual tube current ol SI FR FILAMENT SUPPLY BOARI TERMINAL DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION F-J2-2 INTLK Low indicates filament overcurrent 3.4 System Control Components 3.4.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) PC Board A digital data storage and processing system on the CPU Board supervises operation of the unit’s x-ray functions. This system contains an eight-bit microcontroller unit with a four megahertz clock frequency. Digital-to-analog converters, to communicate digital output of the CPU to the analog circuitry that performs the voltage and current regulation functions, buffers, to isolate the digital system inputs from noise spikes or other interference, and the AEC adjustment and drive circuitry are also mounted on the CPU Board. The digital system controls x-ray tube voltage and current by generating and sending analog reference voltages to the High Voltage Generator and the Filament Supply Board. It times the durations of Manual 3-14 Rev. 1LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL exposures, the back-up time limits of exposures in the Automatic Exposure Modes, and monitors the AEC signal. A separate independent timer terminates any exposure (Manual, Auto-Time, or Auto-KV) at about 5-1/2 seconds if the primary digital timing system fails to function properly. Displays on the main control panel are operated by the digital outputs of the processor system. The system is programmed for the initial settings in Auto-Time or Auto-KV (whichever was last selected) upon power up. These values appear in decimal format on the kVp and Seconds displays. There are alternate display functions on the main control panel when the Power On button is pressed simultaneously upon power up with the Status Reset button. The alternate displays are time settings and date settings, and are stored in a separate memory (U16) kept current by Battery B1 on the CPU Board. This memory also has a separate clock frequency of 32.768 kilohertz. The M-IIE CPU outputs data to a printer port so that all final exposure data as well as time and date can be printed. HV Fault The HV Fault line (B-J3-4) is an input line from the High Voltage Generator that signals the CPU when an arc is detected in the high voltage line. The CPU processes the information and signals the Display Board to light the HV FAULT LED. At this point, the CPU program loops until the STATUS RESET pushbutton is pressed. See Figure 3-10. STATUS CPU HY. GENERATOR BOARD BOARD owns cunts. evr t IV FAULT never [HVvFAULT] ovs10 Pe BL St LS eva Figure 3-10: HV FAULT Signal Path 3-15 Rev. 0ni STATUS CPU FILTER 2 (NOT USED) Figure 3-11: FILTER 1 Signal Path B. Filter 1 In the M-IIE, this signal at B-J3-8 is used to verify presence of the fixed aperture inserted correctly in the beam limiting assembly. When the fixed aperture is in place, an optical switch in the beam limiting assembly pulls this signal low. The signal is passed to the data bus through status register B-U3. See Figure 3-11. (eso STATUS BOARD ay sou) se < cree SPUBOARD | AcTyATOR FHED cau Ke YE Ys Fe ea] FILAMENT ¥ > aie ale soar aren Be wate e PANEL ne a ge ROAR Tae oo | | iE > Feuy. =z Ee wos canu samt Figure 3-12: interlock System Diagram 3-16 Rev. 0ORA ME SY ERVICE MANU: Interlock The Interlock signal (INTLK) at B-J3-10 is pulled low if the c-arm safety switch is actuated and the ACTUATOR STOP signal sent through H-J8-11 on the Power Panel Relay Board; if an overcurrent fault is detected from the Filament Supply Board (F-J2-2); or if a fixed aperture is not in place (detected through the C-Arm Board (R-J5-4) to the Status Board (C-J4~-4)). This signal is passed onto the data bus through CPU register B-U3. The CPU then inhibits or terminates x-ray production and lights the SYSTEM LED on the Display Panel. The Display Board RESET button is then depressed activating A-K1 and is routed through the Status Board (C-J7-3) to clear the system faults. See Figure 3-12. INTLK A and INTLK B signal the maintained depression of the X-Ray pushbutton. If unmaintained for the exposure time, the CPU again terminates x-ray production, and the SHORT EXPOSURE LED on the Display Panel lights. LG/SM Depending on the user’s choice of the large or small focal spot via the M-IIE front panel, B-U4 on the CPU will output the appropriate logic level (high=large; low=small). This triggers the appropriate Filament Supply Board circuitry to select the proper filament. 31-39 If the selected kv is in the range of 29-34 kv, B-U4 on the CPU will output a logic high at B-J1-6 (the signal name "31-39" is carried over from the standard MIT design and documentation). The signal is passed through the Status Board to the Filament Supply and the High Voltage Generator, setting the circuitry to supply the proper voltage requirements. 40-49 KV cannot be operated above 34 kVp. 3-17 Rev. 1LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL G. mA REF This analog voltage output at B-J2-3 is determined by the kV range and focal spot combination as defined by CPU processing. The output of the mA digital-to-analog converter regulates the mA level developed by the Filament Supply. H. kV REF This analog voltage output at B-J2-5 is determined by the output of the kV DAC circuitry according to the kv input from the Display Panel. I. MOT(or) EN(able) This output, at B-J1-4, is applied to the Power Panel Relay Board to energize relay H-K4. Relay H-K4 applies 115 VAC to initiate the Anode Motor Controller’s Boost mode. Generation of this signal is the first event in the exposure sequence after the X-RAY pushbutton depression is detected. J. EXP(osure) EN(able) This input at B-J2-7 is pulled low after the MOT EN signal has been output, when the Exposure contacts on the Anode Motor Controller have completed the path between the 15-volt High Voltage Generator output and the Status Board. The signal is inverted on the Status Board to pull the EXP EN signal low when conditions are correct for exposure. Detection of this signal is the second event in the exposure sequence. K. HV EN(able) This signal output, at B-J1-2, operates a Bucky attachment during the exposure, and triggers HV ON on the High Voltage Generator via the Status Board and the Power Panel Relay Board. Generation of this signal is the third event in the exposure sequence. L. HV OK This signal, an input to the CPU at B-J3-12 from the High Voltage Generator, signifies that the kV output has reached 80% of the user-selected value. Detection of this signal is the fourth event in the exposure sequence. 3-18 Rev. 0LORAD MEDICAL SYSTEMS SERVICE MANUAL AEC SIG This signal, an input to the CPU at B-J5-4 from the AEC Detect Board, signifies that sufficient radiation has been measured at the image receptor tray detector. The signal is only used when an Automatic Exposure mode has been selected by the user. When the AEC signal is received, values in a nonvolatile lookup table modify the exposure termination timing to ensure adequate film image density. This is the fifth event in the exposure sequence. PRINTER When selected, exposure data is output through U5 and data lines B-J7-3, B-J7-5, B-J7-7, B-J37-9, B-J7-11, B-J7-13, B-J7-15, B-J7-17. CPU Error Codes When an error condition is detected by the CPU, an error code is flashed on the front panel "Seconds" readout. The error codes, and the problem each indicates, are listed below: (SBCONDS = ERRORS eee o1 X-Ray button released early 02 No exposure contacts after motor start 03 Exposure contacts open after start 04 HV OK high before HV ON 05 No HV OK after HV ON 06 Lost HV OK 07. Bucky Fault Status Board This board acts as the principal slave interface for the CPU. Through driver Ic’s, the Status Board buffers various CPU inputs and outputs during the exposure sequence. The Status Board contains the audible alarm that sounds during exposure, the exposure counter, and the +5 and +/- 15 volt DC paths between the Low Voltage Power Supply and the CPU. Power Panel Relay Board This board provides a central distribution point for the outputs of the DC power supplies located on the 3-19 Rev. 1ORAD SYSTEMS power panel, system AC, and performs low level signal processing. This signal processing includes Boost signalling for the Anode Motor Controller and Filament Supply. Power switching for the c-arm actuator is an additional function, as is SYSTEM safety interlock circuitry. Five solid state relays are housed on the board, assigned as follows: c-arm UP C-Arm DOWN Boost Motor Enable Actuator Safety Stop More information on Power Panel Relay board operation and function is contained in Section Four - How the Electromechanical Systems Function. Automatic Exposure Control Circuit (Figure 3-13) The LORAD Exposure Control system is designed to regulate the length of an exposure to produce films with uniform optical densities regardless of breast size or density. The Auto-Time mode operates in exposures requiring 22 to 34 kVp. The Auto-KV mode automatically selects KV between 25 and 28 kV, and operates within a target window discussed briefly in Section 1.3.5. No adjustments are necessary from patient to patient to obtain optimal films consistently. An adjustment is provided (front panel DENSITY control) to compensate for film/processor variations or personal preference. ‘The AEC configuration consists of a printed circuit assembly, a cable, the driving circuitry on the CPU board, and software instructions contained in a preprogrammed EEPROM for the CPU. Also see Section Ten. 3-20 Rev. 1