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CYB102 Module 2

This document discusses elementary cryptography and substitution ciphers. It defines encryption as encoding a message so its meaning is hidden and decryption as recovering the original message. A cryptosystem uses encryption and decryption rules called algorithms, often involving a key, to transform plaintext into ciphertext and vice versa. Simple substitution ciphers replace each plaintext letter with another letter or symbol. Monoalphabetic ciphers use a 1:1 substitution while polyalphabetic ciphers have 1:many relationships between plaintext and ciphertext letters. Transposition ciphers rearrange the order of plaintext letters without substitution.

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102 views

CYB102 Module 2

This document discusses elementary cryptography and substitution ciphers. It defines encryption as encoding a message so its meaning is hidden and decryption as recovering the original message. A cryptosystem uses encryption and decryption rules called algorithms, often involving a key, to transform plaintext into ciphertext and vice versa. Simple substitution ciphers replace each plaintext letter with another letter or symbol. Monoalphabetic ciphers use a 1:1 substitution while polyalphabetic ciphers have 1:many relationships between plaintext and ciphertext letters. Transposition ciphers rearrange the order of plaintext letters without substitution.

Uploaded by

Umar Faruq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AL – HIKMAH UNIVERSITY, ILORIN – NIGERIA

Adewole Housing Estate, Adeta Road, PMB 1601, Ilorin, Kwara State
FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CYBERSECURITY PROGRAMME
2019/2020 ACADEMIC SESSION
CYB 102- Fundamental of Cybersecurity I
MODULE 2
Elementary Cryptography: Substitution Cipher
Encryption is the process of encoding a message so that its meaning is not obvious; decryption is
the reverse process, transforming an encrypted message back into its normal, original form.
Alternatively, the terms encode and decode or encipher and decipher are used instead of encrypt
and decrypt. That is, we say that we encode, encrypt, or encipher the original message to hide its
meaning. Then, we decode, decrypt, or decipher it to reveal the original message. A system for
encryption and decryption is called a cryptosystem.
The original form of a message is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form is called cipher text.
For convenience, we denote a plaintext message P as a sequence of individual characters P = <p1,
p2, …, pn>. Similarly, cipher text is written as C = <c1, c2, …,cm>.

For instance, the plaintext message "I want cookies" can be denoted as the message string <I,
,w,a,n,t,c,o,o,k,i,e,s>. It can be transformed into cipher text<c1, c2, …,c14>, and the encryption
algorithm tells us how the transformation is done.
We use this formal notation to describe the transformations between plaintext and cipher text.
For example:
we write C = E (P) and P = D(C), where C represents the cipher text, E is the
encryption rule, P is the plaintext, and D is the decryption rule.
P = D (E(P)).
In other words, we want to be able to convert the message to protect it from an intruder, but we
also want to be able to get the original message back so that the receiver can read it properly.
The cryptosystem involves a set of rules for how to encrypt the plaintext and how to decrypt the
cipher text. The encryption and decryption rules, called algorithms, often use a device called a key,
denoted by K, so that the resulting cipher text depends on the original plaintext message, the
algorithm, and the key value. We write this dependence as C =E (K, P). Essentially, E is a set of
encryption algorithms, and the key K selects one specific algorithm from the set.
There are many types of encryption. In the next sections we look at two simple forms of encryption:
substitutions in which one letter is exchanged for another and transpositions, in which the order of
the letters is rearranged.
Cryptanalyst: cryptanalyst is a person who studies encryption and encrypted message and tries to
find the hidden meanings (to break an encryption).
Confusion: it is a technique for ensuring that ciphertext has no clue about the original message.
Diffusion: it increases the redundancy of the plaintext by spreading it across rows and columns.
Substitutions Cipher: It basically consists of substituting every plaintext character for a different
cipher text character.
It is of two types-
I. Mono alphabetic substitution cipher
II. Poly alphabetic substitution cipher

Mono alphabetic substitution cipher:


Relationship between cipher text symbol and plain text symbol is 1:1.
Additive cipher:

Key value is added to plain text and numeric value of key ranges from 0 – 25.
Example:
Plain text(P)- H E L LO (H=7,E=4,L=11,L=11,O=14)
Key (K)=15
Cipher text (C)= 7+15,4+15,11+15,11+15,14+15
= 22,19, 26,26,(29%26)=3
= W T A AD

Polyalphabetic substitution cipher


In polyalphabetic cipher each occurrence of a character may have different substitution. The
relationship between characters in plain text and cipher text is 1 to many.
Auto key cipher
Playfair cipher
Vigeneire cipher
Hill cipher

Auto key cipher:


In this cipher, key is stream of subkeys in which subkey is used to encrypt the corresponding
character in the plain text.
Here 1st subkey is predefined and 2nd subkey is the value of the 1st character of the plain text
3rd subkey is the value of the 2nd plain text and so on.

Playfair cipher
In playfair cipher the secret key is made of 25 characters arranged in 5x5 matrix
Rules:-
If 2 letters in a plaintext are located in the same row of the secret key then the corresponding
encrypted character for each letter is next letter to the right.
If 2 letters in a pair are in same column then the corresponding encrypted character is next below
in the same column.
If 2 letters are neither in same row or in same column then encrypted character is in its own row
but in the same column as the other character.
Vigener cipher:
The key stream is the repetition of the initial secret key stream of length m. (1<=m<=26)
Example:
Plaintext- A B C D E F G H
Ks= 0, 5, 8
A B C D E F G H (B=1 =>1+5=6=>G)
05805805
0 6 10 3 9 13 6 12
A G K D J N G M <= ciphertext
Transposition cipher:
A transposition cipher is a method of encryption by which the positions held by units of plaintext
(which are commonly characters or groups of characters) are shifted according to a regular system,
so that the ciphertext constitutes a permutation of the plaintext. That is, the order of the units is
changed.
The goal of substitution is confusion; the transposition method is an attempt to make it difficult i.e
diffusion.
1. Keyless transposition cipher

There are two methods for permutation of characters


Text is written into a table column by column and transmitted row by row
Example: plaintext- meet me at the park
memateak
etethpr
ciphertext- memateaketethpr
Text is written into the table row by row and then transmitted column by column.

Example: m e e t
meat
thep
ark
ciphertext- mmtaeehreaekttp

2. Keyed transposition cipher


Plaintext is divided into groups and permutes the character in each group.
Example: plaintext- “enemy attack at night”

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