GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 1

Spoken English Possessive adjectives

Grammar and pronunciation notes Grammar notes

In spoken English, I am and you are are almost always My and your are possessive adjectives. They go before a
contracted (or shortened) to I’m and you’re. For this noun and describe who owns it.
reason, it’s important to teach the contracted form with We use my or your for all nouns. Their forms do not change
the apostrophe, which represents the omitted a in am and according to the gender of what’s referred to (e.g., my
are. We only tend to give am and are their full value when wife, my husband, my children). This isn’t the case in some
we are emphasizing or contradicting: No! I am Katya! other languages. Different forms are used when referring
Note the pronunciation: I’m /aɪm/ and you’re /jʊr/. to different genders (e.g., in French, three forms of me are
used: ma, mon, mes).
Cities, countries, and nationalities
Imperative form
Grammar notes
Grammar notes
Cities, countries, and nationalities are proper nouns so
they always start with a capital letter. Note that we use the imperative form when giving
In English, most countries need no article (a, an, or classroom instructions (Sit, Do, Look). In English, the
the). However, some countries use the because they are imperative looks the same as the base form. Students will
described as a set of states, islands, kingdoms, etc. For be taught the imperative form in Unit 9.
example: the United States (the US), the United Kingdom
(the UK), the United Arab Emirates (the UAE).
There are three main endings for nationalities: -(i)an, -ish
and -ese. Ask students to find examples of these endings
in the chart. Some nationalities are irregular: France—
French, Switzerland—Swiss, the Netherlands—Dutch.

He's, she's, and it's

Grammar and pronunciation notes

In spoken English, he is, she is, and it is are almost always
contracted (or shortened) to he’s, she’s, and it’s. We only
tend to use the full form is when we are emphasizing or
contradicting. For this reason, it is important to teach the
contracted forms with the apostrophe.
Most English nouns have no gender. As a result, the
pronouns he and she are only used to refer to people
(however note the exception that she is often used to
refer to boats and ships).
The pronoun it is used to refer to singular places, things,
ideas, animals, etc.
Note the pronunciation: he’s /hi:z/, she’s /ʃi:z/, and it’s /ɪts/.

158
Exercises
1 Write I’m or You’re. 4 Write sentences with He’s, She’s, and It’s.
1 Hello. I’m 2 1 Jack / from London
Jack. He’s from London.
2 George / Canadian
He’s Canadian.
3 Katya / Russian
She’s Russian.
4 Chicago / in the United States
Hello. I’m It’s in the United States.
Hi. I’m your teacher. 5 Jessica / from Toronto
Susana. You’re in my She’s from Toronto.
class. 6 Cairo / in Egypt
2 Write I’m or You’re. It’s in Egypt.
1 george: I’m George. 5 Write am, are, and is.
teresa: Hi, George.
1 Hi! I am Elena.
2 carola: Hi, George.
2 Paul is a doctor.
george: Hello! You’re Carola!
3 He is from Hong Kong.
3 teresa: Hello.
4 It is in China.
otto: Hi! I’m Otto Hampel.
5 You are American.
3 Write He, She, or It.
6 Put the words in order to make sentences.
1 2 Use contractions if possible.
1 is / the United States / it / from
It’s from the United States.
2 Mexico / is / Elisabeth / from
Elisabeth is from Mexico.
She ’s Italian. It ’s a chair. 3 Spanish / is / the teacher
3 4
The teacher is Spanish.
4 is / Brazilian / he
He’s Brazilian.
5 in / New York / am / I
I’m in New York.
7 Complete the sentences with my and your.
He ’s from It ’s an
Egypt. English book. 1 My name’s Ludmilla. I’m from Russia.
5 6
2 Hello! I’m Tomas. You’re my teacher.
Your name’s Mr. Jones.
3 Hi. I’m Juan. What’s your name?
4 A: My cell phone number is 555 836 736.
B: Thanks.
5 A: Ben, what’s your home number?
He ’s She ’s from B: It’s 555 497 268.
American. Mexico.

Grammar Summary 159

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 2
In Plural nouns

Grammar notes Grammar notes

In English, we use in to say where someone or something Plurals are usually formed by adding -s.
is located. It is one of several prepositions of place. Add -es when a noun ends with -ch, -sh, -s or -x (beaches,
We use in with cities, countries, continents, rooms, dishes, buses, boxes, etc.).
buildings, and some forms of transportation (we say in a When a noun ends with -y, change y to i and add -es
car/taxi/van, but on a bike/boat/bus/train). (countries, babies, etc.).
We also use in to say the language used for something
(e.g., The movie is in English or The exam is in Spanish).
Capital letters
Other prepositions of place will be taught in Units 4 and 12.
Grammar notes
We are and they are Initial capital letters are used in proper nouns. These are
the names we give to many things, including: people,
Grammar notes books, movies, organizations, countries, cities, states,
In spoken English, we are and they are are almost always roads, streets, etc.
contracted to we’re and they’re. We only tend to use the
full form when we are emphasizing or contradicting, e.g.,
Yes! We are French! For this reason, it’s important to teach
and encourage the use of the contracted forms.

Negative forms of be

Grammar notes
In spoken English, the negative forms of be are almost
always contracted. We only tend to use the full forms
(am not, is not, and are not) when we are emphasizing
or contradicting.
Note that am not is shortened to ‘m not, whereas is not
and are not are shortened to isn’t and aren’t. It’s also
possible, but less common, to say he's not/she's not/it's not,
as well as they're not/we're not. However, it is wrong to say
I amn't.

Questions with the verb be

Grammar notes
In English, questions with the verb be are formed by
inverting or swapping the position of the subject and the
verb, and by adding a question mark:
Statement: Question:
You are French. Are you French?
He is OK. Is he OK?
When answering, the speaker shortens the answer because
it’s unnecessary to repeat the information in the question:
Question: Short answer:
Are you French? Yes, I am (French).
Is it cold? No, it isn’t (cold).
In English, the word you can be both singular or plural:
Are you English? Yes, I am. (one person)
Are you from Germany? No, we aren’t.
(two or more people)

160
Exercises 4 Rewrite the sentences as questions.
1 Sydney is in Australia.
1 Complete the sentences with We or They. Is Sydney in Australia?
1 2
We ’re 2 You’re from Egypt.
They ’re
in Paris. Are you from Egypt?
taxis.
3 London is cold.
Is London cold?
4 We’re in a hotel.
Are we in a hotel?
5 Katya is an artist.
Is Katya an artist?
They ’re We ’re
3 4
Spanish.
5 Write questions with the correct form
in London.
of be. Then write two answers for each
question with yes and no.
1 Simon / from Bolivia?
Is Simon from Bolivia?
Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
2 you / on vacation?
Are you on vacation?
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
2 Complete the sentences. 3 your hotel / nice?
1 This is Jack. This is Bill. They are Is your hotel nice?
Canadian. Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
2 France and Spain are in Europe. 4 Susana and Gina / in Paris?
3 Bruno and Paola are from Italy. They’re Are Susana and Gina in Paris?
Italian. Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
4 I’m with my teacher. We ’re in a 6 Write a or an.
classroom.
5 I’m from Japan. My friend is from 1 I’m a student.
Japan. We’re Japanese. 2 Sonia is a doctor.
3 Malta is an island in the
3 Rewrite the sentences with the verb in the Mediterranean Sea.
negative form. 4 This is a book.
1 Jack’s a student. 7 Write the plural of these nouns.
Jack isn’t a student.
2 We are Spanish. 1 a lake lakes
We aren’t Spanish. 2 a country countries
3 The city is in Europe. 3 a beach beaches
The city isn’t in Europe. 4 a vacation vacations
4 I’m happy. 5 an island islands
I’m not happy. 6 an address addresses
5 Susana and Gina are from Tunisia. 7 a photo photos
Susana and Gina aren’t from Tunisia. 8 a boat boats

Grammar Summary 161

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 3
Third person possessive adjectives Contraction of is and the possessive ’s

Grammar and pronunciation notes Grammar notes (p. 37, Exercise 7)

His and her are third person singular possessive adjectives. Note that for the sake of clarity, the full form be has been
His (like he) refers to a male “possessor.” Her (like she) used in the example sentence and answer key. However,
refers to a female “possessor.” the contracted form can also be used: Ana’s Nuno’s sister.
Its is also a third person singular possessive adjective. Its is This is potentially confusing for students as the first ’s is
used when an animal, object, or country, etc., “possesses” the short form of is and the second is the possessive ’s. If
something. There is no apostrophe in the possessive students use or mention the short form of is, make sure
adjective its. they are aware of the difference in meaning and use,
which will be taught in Exercises 9 and 10.
Their is the third person plural possessive adjective. Our is
the first person plural possessive adjective. In English, their
and our do not change according to the genders of the Using ’s for has
possessors. This is not the case in some other languages.
In English, possessive adjectives are the same for both Grammar notes
singular and plural nouns. We say their book and their Although students haven’t been taught has and have,
books, NOT theirs books. note that has can also (sometimes) be reduced to ’s (She’s
Note the pronunciation: our /ˈaʊ(ə)r/ and their /ðer/. finished her homework = She has finished her homework).

Using be when talking about age Irregular plurals

Grammar and pronunciation notes Grammar notes

Point out that when we talk about someone’s age in While most plurals forms are regular, many are irregular.
English, we use the verb be, e.g., She’s twelve years old; For example: foot/feet, tooth/teeth, goose/geese, mouse/
I’m twenty-seven; They are fifteen. mice. Nouns that end with the -f sound are also irregular:
shelf/shelves, wolf/wolves, knife/knives, life/lives. Some
nouns are the same whether they are singular or plural:
Are sheep/sheep, deer/deer, etc.

Grammar notes
Using contractions
Eyes are plural. Therefore, we use the verb are with eyes.
In English the word hair, when used as a collective noun
Grammar notes
(someone's head of hair), is uncountable. Therefore, we
use the verb is with hair. English contractions are formed by blending two
words together, of which at least one is a grammatical
item (auxiliary verb, pronoun, negative particle, etc.).
Possessive ’s and s’ Contractions involve elision, or the dropping of one or
more sounds. An apostrophe is used to represent the
Grammar notes missing sound(s) or letter(s).
We use the possessive ’s to show possession or ownership You may need to revise the rules of contractions with the
in English. You add ’s to the end of the noun which verb be. Remind students that in spoken English, be is
“possesses” the noun that follows, e.g., This is Alan’s pen often abbreviated after the subject pronoun (I’m, you’re,
(the pen belongs to Alan). she’s, he’s, it’s, we’re, they’re).
In this level, it's best to keep things simple by only With negatives, be and not are abbreviated to I’m not,
providing examples involving singular possessors. However, she/he/it isn’t, and you/we/they aren’t (she’s/he’s/it’s not
note that the position of the apostrophe changes for and you’re/we’re/they’re not are also possible, but less
singular and plural possessors: My sister’s car = a car that common).
belongs to one sister; My sisters’ car = a car that belongs to
Question words are also abbreviated with is (Who’s,
more than one sister.
What’s, etc.), but not usually with am or are (Where am I?
Who are they?).

162
Exercises 4 Put the words in order. Write sentences
with the possessive ’s.
1 Circle the correct option. 1 hair / Carlo / is / black
1 This is a photo of my brother in her / his Carlo’s hair is black.
car. 2 bag / old / Joana / is
2 My husband is Russian. His / My name Joana’s bag is old.
is Boris. 3 car / the teacher / is / new
3 We are happy. It’s his / our daughter’s The teacher’s car is new.
wedding. 4 blue / are / eyes / Frieda
4 Hi, Zara. Is this her / your mother? Frieda’s eyes are blue.
5 My friends are in Spain. It’s his / their 5 they / children / Nam / are
vacation. They are Nam’s children.
6 Michael and David / friends / are / Kim
2 Complete the sentences with these words.
Michael and David are Kim’s friends.
he her his it its she their they
5 Write is or ’s in the correct place.
1 A: Robert’s address is 25 Smith Road. 1 Who this?
B: What’s his phone number? Who is this?
2 A: Dani and Harry are brothers. 2 My hair black.
B: What’s their last name? My hair is black.
3 Sonia is my friend. She ’s a teacher. 3 How old your best friend?
4 A: What’s your name? How old is your best friend?
B: It ’s Paulo. 4 David friends are Oscar and Paul.
5 A: My son’s called Riz. David’s friends are Oscar and Paul.
B: How old is he ? 5 Sandra tall.
6 We’re from an island. Its name is Sandra is tall.
Skye. 6 Our teacher name is Andrew.
7 Venus and Serena are tennis players. Our teacher’s name is Andrew.
Are they sisters?
8 Look at Anna in her car. 6 Complete the singular and plural nouns.
1 How old are the women in the
3 Write sentences.
photo?
1 James / Oscar / father 2 Who are the people at the wedding?
James is Oscar’s father. 3 This child is three years old.
2 John and James / Elena / sons 4 Who is the person in your car?
John and James are Elena’s sons. 5 James and Eliza are my children .
3 Lisa and Marga / John / daughters 6 Our teacher is a man .
Lisa and Marga are John’s daughters.
4 Lisa / Marga / sister
Lisa is Marga’s sister.
5 James / Harry / son
James is Harry’s son.

Grammar Summary 163

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 4
Next to and near At

Grammar notes Grammar and pronunciation notes

Make sure that students are clear about the difference We use at to say the time: at 5 o’clock, at midnight.
between next to (by the side of) and near (in the vicinity, We use at to specify location: at home, at work, at school.
but with no direction specified). Use realia and the Note that we don’t use the in these expressions, but in
diagrams in the grammar box to explain this. other expressions, we do (at the airport, at the hotel, etc.).
Students are often unsure whether to use in or at. At this
Demonstrative pronouns level, it’s best to just teach fixed expressions rather than
give rules, but the short answer is that we use at when we
Grammar notes want to say where we are (I’m at school; I’m at the airport)
and in when we want to emphasize that we are inside a
We use this to refer to a singular person or thing which
place (I’m in the airport, so come inside).
is close to the speaker. We use that to refer to a singular
person or thing which is further away. The word at is often unstressed in natural speech: /ət/.
These is the plural of this, and those is the plural of that.
Adjectives
Inverting be in questions
Grammar notes
Grammar notes Note that adjectives in English do not change according
to whether they are describing singular or plural nouns:
Note that after question words, the verb be inverts (it
The houses are big, NOT The houses are bigs.
swaps position with the subject): What is it? NOT What
it is?

164
Exercises 3 Circle the correct option.
1 Look at the picture of Oxford Street. Write Are these / those These / Those
yes or no. 1
your keys? 2 buildings are old.
1 Is the Science Museum next to the
bank?
no
2 Is the park on Oxford Street?
yes
3 Is the Science Museum opposite Are these / those
the park? dictionaries? These / Those are
3 my children.
no 4
4 Are the three people near the Science
Museum?
yes
5 Is the cafe next to the parking lot?
no
6 Is the Tourist Information Center These / Those
aren’t maps of Are these /
opposite the bank? 5
Paris. 6 those lions?
yes
2 Look at the picture of Oxford Street.
Complete the sentences.
1 The bank is next to the cafe.
2 The bank is opposite the Tourist
Information Center.
3 The three people are near the 4 Put the words in order to make questions.
park. 1 is / building / what / that / ?
4 The parking lot is opposite Green’s What is that building?
Hostel. 2 is / open / the museum / when / ?
5 The Science Museum is next to the When is the museum open?
parking lot. 3 your friends / are / where / today / ?
6 The bank is on Oxford Street. Where are your friends today?
4 is / why / the cafe / popular / ?
Why is the cafe popular?

Grammar Summary 165

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 5
Can Position and form of adjectives

Grammar notes Grammar notes

We use can to express a general ability, and can’t to In English, adjectives go before the noun. We use a comma
express a lack of ability. when using more than one adjective, e.g., small, expensive
Can and can’t are modal verbs. They are followed by base cameras or big, new cameras.
form verbs. They don’t change, regardless of which subject
pronoun they are used with: he can, NOT he cans. Asking permission and requesting something
Can’t is short for cannot, but the long form is rarely used.
Grammar notes
Can questions and short answers Note that English uses Can I …? when asking permission
to do something. Both May I …? and Could I …? are also
Grammar and pronunciation notes possible. They are more polite, but less common.
I’d like … is the best and most common way of requesting
Can is a modal auxiliary verb so it inverts with the subject
or asking for something. I want … is considered too direct
noun or pronoun when making questions:
and rude in English. Make sure students are pronouncing
He can swim. Can he swim?
I’d /aɪd/ and not saying I like.
In questions, can is weakly stressed, but in short answers,
Salespeople tend to say It’s five dollars when asked how
both can and can’t are strongly stressed.
much something is, but That’s five dollars when adding
everything together and asking for money at the end of
Has and have the conversation.

Grammar notes
But
We use have and has to express possession. Note that
have got and has got are also used to express possession, Grammar notes
especially in British English.
We use the conjunction or linking word but to join two
We use has with the third person singular (he, she, it). clauses and show that there is a contrast between them.
A comma should be placed before but when it joins two
Full and auxiliary verbs long clauses.

Grammar notes
Note that when expressing possession, has and have are
not reduced to ‘s or ‘ve because they are full verbs. They
are only reduced when they are auxiliary verbs (I’ve got ...,
He’s finished ..., etc.).

Adjective forms

Grammar notes
Remind students that in English, adjectives do not change
their form according to whether the noun is singular or
plural, e.g., his camera is big and his cameras are big, NOT
his cameras are bigs.

166
Exercises 4 Complete the sentences with have or has.
1 I have two cameras.
1 Circle the correct option. 2 My brother has a mountain bike.
1 Babies can / can’t run. 3 My friends have four
2 Children can / can’t see. children—they’re all boys.
3 Babies can / can’t move. 4 We have a piano.
4 Cars can / can’t fly. 5 My city has three parks.
5 Children can / can’t run. 6 My sister has a job. She’s a teacher.
6 Animals can / can’t speak.
5 Write at least eight sentences with these
2 Put the words in order to make sentences words and be. Answers will vary.
and questions.
The buildings expensive
1 play / piano / you / can / the / ? My camera new
Can you play the piano? Your car popular
2 car / drive / can’t / I / a / . The museum red
I can’t drive a car. The people tall
My sister young
3 friends / my / cook / can’t / .
My friends can’t cook. The buildings are tall.
4 baby / walk / your / can / ? The buildings are new / tall / red.
Can your baby walk? My camera is expensive / new / red.
5 can’t / robot / swim / this / . Your car is expensive / new / red.
This robot can’t swim. The museum is new / popular.
6 speak / my / Spanish / can / brother/. The people are popular / tall / young.
My brother can speak Spanish. My sister is popular / tall / young.
3 Write questions and answers.
1 he / sing ✓
Can he sing?
6 Put the words in order to make sentences.
Yes, he can. 1 is / camera / this / Japanese / a
2 you / drive a car ✓ This is a Japanese camera.
Can you drive a car? 2 fantastic / phone / my / a / memory /
Yes, I can. has
3 they / play ping-pong ✗ My phone has a fantastic memory.
Can they play ping-pong? 3 phone / you / great / on / your /
No, they can’t. music / have
4 she / cook ✗ You have great music on your phone.
Can she cook? 4 city / Venice / beautiful / a / is
No, she can’t. Venice is a beautiful city.
5 they / speak English ✓ 5 blue / a / my / has / sister / car
Can they speak English? My sister has a blue car.
Yes, they can. 6 is / Jack’s / man / an / grandfather /
6 it / swim ✗ old
Can it swim? Jack’s grandfather is an old man.
No, it can’t.

Grammar Summary 167

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 6
Simple present affirmative and negative forms Object pronouns

Grammar notes Grammar notes

Here, students are introduced to the affirmative and An object pronoun replaces a noun when it is an object
negative forms of the simple present for the first time via in a sentence. The object is the noun (or pronoun) that
the verb like. receives the action of the verb.
We use the base form of like with the singular pronouns I We often replace nouns with object pronouns to avoid
and you, and with the plural pronouns they, you, and we. repetition when we already know what is being referred to.
With the third person singular pronouns he, she, and it,
we add an s to like to form likes. The third person singular Suggestions
verb form is taught to students later in Unit 6b.
To make negative simple present verbs, we add the Grammar notes
negative forms of the auxiliary verb do before the word
We use Let’s with the base form of the verb (Let’s play
like: don’t like or doesn’t like (students learn doesn’t in
tennis) to make suggestions. We can also use the structure
Unit 6b).
How about + noun (How about tennis?). Be aware that
Watch out for common errors such as I am like … and They How about …? can also be used with the -ing form of the
not like … as students get to grips with these forms. verb (How about playing tennis?), but that this slightly
more advanced form is not taught in this lesson.
Simple present questions and short answers English tends to use have rather than eat with food when
talking about meals (Let’s have pizza; Let’s have lunch).
Grammar notes
Here, students are introduced to the question and short Can
answer forms of the simple present for the first time.
When asking yes/no questions with plural nouns or with Grammar notes (p. 77, Exercises 1 and 2)
the pronouns I, you, we, and they, we use the auxiliary The short messages in Exercises 1 and 2 make use of the
verb Do, followed by the subject noun or pronoun, and modal verb can. Note the functional uses of can:
then the base form of the verb. For example: Do you like
Can you come for lunch? = an invitation
golf?
Can we meet at 8? = a suggestion
In short answers, the auxiliary verb is used, and not the
main verb (Yes, I do; No, I don’t). Can I invite my sister? = a request
Watch out for common errors such as You like golf? and Of course you can. = giving permission / agreeing to a
Yes, I like. as students learn these forms. request
Sorry, I can’t. = refusing an invitation
Simple present third person singular forms
Punctuation
Grammar notes
Here, students are introduced to the affirmative, negative, Grammar notes
and question forms of the simple present in the third We use capital letters at the start of a sentence.
person singular for the first time.
We use periods at the end of a sentence.
After he, she, and it, we add an s to the basic form of the
We use commas when there is a pause in the sentence
verb (like becomes likes). To make the negative, we use
(e.g., Yes, of course).
the negative form of does (doesn’t), and change likes back
to like (e.g., He doesn’t like ...). We use question marks at the end of questions, and
exclamation marks to show emotions like surprise or
When asking yes/no questions with he, she, or it, we use
excitement.
the auxiliary verb Does, followed by the pronoun, and
then the base form of the verb. For example: Does he like
golf?
Watch out for common errors such as He like … and
He doesn’t likes … as students learn these forms. Be
aware that assimilating the third person s form can be
challenging, so students are likely to make mistakes.

168
Exercises 4 Write sentences with the correct form of
like.
1 Write sentences with the correct form of 1 Toni / music
like.
Toni likes music.
1 I / basketball 2 Ahmed / detective stories
I don’t like basketball. Ahmed doesn’t like detective stories.
2 we / baseball 3 Elena / animals
We like baseball. Elena likes animals.
3 they / tennis 4 Kim / cold places
They like tennis. Kim doesn’t like cold places.
4 you / swimming 5 Tanya / beaches
You don’t like swimming. Tanya likes beaches.
5 I / London 6 Nuno / fish
I like London. Nuno doesn’t like fish.
6 they / coffee
They don’t like coffee.
5 Four of these sentences have a missing
word: does or doesn’t. Rewrite the four
2 Write questions with the words. Then sentences with the missing word.
write answers to the questions.
1 Nam likes New York. ✓
1 Formula 1 / they ✓
Do they like Formula 1? 2 Joanna like movies.
Yes, they do. Joanna doesn’t like movies.
2 soccer / you ✗ 3 your teacher like music?
Do you like soccer? Does your teacher like music?
No, I don’t. 4 Stefan like swimming.
3 animals / you ✓ Stefan doesn’t like swimming.
Do you like animals? 5 Elise like sports?
Yes, I do. Does Elise like sports?
4 the beach / they ✗ 6 Krishnan likes wildlife shows. ✓
Do they like the beach?
No, they don’t.
6 Look at the underlined nouns. Complete
3 Rewrite the sentences in the form given in the sentences with an object pronoun.
parentheses.
1 I like wildlife shows, but my friend
1 I like motorcycles. (negative) doesn’t like them .
I don’t like motorcycles. 2 We can’t see you. Can you see us ?
2 Your friends like cats. (question) 3 She’s a popular writer, but I don’t like
Do your friends like cats? her .
3 You don’t like cities. (affirmative) 4 A: Do you like pop music?
You like cities. B: Yes, I love it .
4 We don’t like running. (affirmative) 5 Matt Damon is fantastic in the Bourne
We like running. movies. I love him .
5 We like soccer. (negative) 6 I have a cat. It loves me .
We don’t like soccer.

Grammar Summary 169

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 7
Affirmative and negative forms of simple present Forming questions
verbs
Grammar notes
Grammar notes In English, we form questions with I/you/we/you/they in
In Unit 6, students were introduced to the simple present the following way:
for the first time with the verb like. Now, students revise auxiliary verb do + subject + base form
the affirmative and negative form of the simple present
Do you study English?
using different verbs.
In short answers, we use do or don’t and omit the main
As students have learned, there is no change to the verb
verb, e.g., Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Watch out for errors such
form when it is used with the the singular pronouns I and
as You study English? and Yes, I study.
you, or with the plural pronouns they, you, and we. We
use the base form of the verb.
To make the negative, we add the negative form of the Wh- question words
auxiliary verb do (don’t) before the base form of the main
verb. For example: Don’t go ... , Don’t do ... , Don’t eat ... Grammar notes
Watch out for common errors such as I am live and They In English, we use the following Wh- question words:
not have as students get to grips with these forms. What (to ask about things, activities, events, etc.)
Note that the negative form don’t is strongly stressed in Where (to ask about places)
sentences. Do not is almost always shortened to don’t in
Who (to ask about people)
spoken English.
Why (to ask for a reason)
When (to ask about time)
Prepositions of time
We use the following order in -Wh questions:
Grammar notes Question word + auxiliary verb + I/you/we/they + verb
We use the preposition at to say a specific time: at Where do you go?
5 o’clock, at noon, at midnight. We also use at in the Note that there are other question words: Which (to ask
expression at night. about choice and alternatives), How (to ask about way,
We use in to describe different parts of the day: in the manner, or form), and Whose (to ask about possession).
morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. These are not taught in this lesson.
We use on to talk about a day of the week (on Monday, on
Tuesday) or a day every week (on Mondays, on Tuesdays).

170
Exercises 4 Write questions with the words. Then
write answers to the questions.
1 Rewrite the sentences in the form given in 1 every week (you / climb) ✓
parentheses.
Do you climb every week?
1 I have breakfast at seven o’clock. Yes, we do.
(negative) 2 soccer (they / play) ✗
I don’t have breakfast at seven o’clock. Do they play soccer?
2 You don’t watch TV in the evening. No, they don’t.
(affirmative) 3 cakes (you / make) ✓
You watch TV in the evening. Do you make cakes?
3 My friends start work at nine o’clock. Yes, I do.
(negative) 4 in a band (your friends / sing) ✓
My friends don’t start work at nine o’clock. Do your friends sing in a band?
4 I don’t have classes on Fridays. Yes, they do.
(affirmative) 5 shopping (you / enjoy) ✓
I have classes on Fridays. Do you enjoy shopping?
5 We finish class at eight o’clock. (negative) Yes, I do.
We don’t finish class at eight o’clock.
6 They go to bed at midnight. (negative) 5 Write sentences and questions with the
words in parentheses.
They don’t go to bed at midnight.
1 you / painting / ? (like)
2 Write sentences with these verbs. Do you like painting?
not eat not get up have 2 My friends / German / . (not speak)
study watch My friends don’t speak German.
3 you / to music / ? (listen)
1 I / TV Do you listen to music?
I watch TV. 4 We / the guitar / . (not play)
2 you / English We don’t play the guitar.
You study English. 5 they / dinner every evening / ? (cook)
3 they / lunch in a cafe Do they cook dinner every evening?
They have lunch in a cafe.
4 my friends / meat 6 Put the words in order to make questions.
My friends don’t eat meat. 1 to the beach / do / go / when / you / ?
5 I / at eight o’clock When do you go to the beach?
I don’t get up at eight o’clock. 2 do / they / what / at the beach / do / ?
3 Circle the correct preposition. What do they do at the beach?
3 with / do / you / who / sing / ?
1 We don’t go to class at / on Saturdays Who do you sing with?
and Sundays. 4 go / swimming / where / they / do / ?
2 They eat cereal in / on the morning. Where do they go swimming?
3 I don’t drink coffee at / in the evening. 5 you / like / why / do / running / ?
4 I finish work at / in seven o’clock. Why do you like running?
5 You sleep at / in night.

Grammar Summary 171

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 8
Affirmative and negative third person singular Answering the phone
simple present forms
Grammar notes
Grammar notes When English speakers answer the phone, they say Hello
Here, students revisit the third person singular (he, she, it) or Hi. In formal situations, they say Good morning, Good
affirmative and negative forms of the simple present, but afternoon, and Good evening.
with different verbs. Note the use of Can I …? to ask for permission. Both May
After he, she, and it, we add -s (e.g., starts) or -es I …? (more polite) and Could I …? (more tentative) are
(e.g., finishes) to the verb. We add -es after -sh, -ch, -s, -z, alternative expressions.
and -x. We also add -es to the common verbs go and do. I’ll call back later means “I will call again at a later time.”
To make the negative, English adds the negative form of Here, I’ll is used to make an offer or promise.
the auxiliary verb does before the base form of the verb.
Compare the he/she/it forms with the I/you/we/they forms, Double letters
which students have already seen.
Watch out for common errors such as He start and She Grammar and pronunciation notes
doesn’t starts as students get used to these forms.
English often has double letters in words. Unfortunately,
the rules for double letters are fairly complex. At this
Third person singular simple present questions: does level, it’s best to treat the occurrence of double letters as
something that simply needs to be noticed and learned on
Grammar notes a word by word basis.
Double consonants often have an effect on the
In third person singular questions, the auxiliary verb do
pronunciation of the vowel sound that precedes them.
changes to does. The main verb takes the base form (go,
For example, diner (someone who is eating a meal at a
work, etc.), not the third person singular form. Note the
restaurant) is pronounced /ˈdaɪnər/, but dinner (the meal
word order in questions:
we eat in the evening) is pronounced /ˈdɪnər/.
Question word + auxiliary verb + subject + verb
Generally, when consonants are doubled, only one is
What does she do? pronounced. So, in dinner and summer, the speaker only
Watch out for errors of form, e.g., What she does? Does makes one /n/ or /m/ sound. This may confuse speakers
she gives lectures? of some nationalities. Italians, for example, are used to
making two sounds when doubling consonants.
Frequency adverbs

Grammar and pronunciation notes

We use frequency adverbs to say how often we do things.
Frequency adverbs generally go between the subject and
the main verb (She never goes …). However, note that
we can use sometimes at the start or end of a sentence:
Sometimes, she eats with friends. / She eats with friends
sometimes. Also, note that frequency adverbs generally go
after the verb be and after auxiliary verbs: She is usually
late. / She doesn’t often go out.
Note the challenging pronunciation of usually /ˈjuːʒuəli/,
and the silent /t/ in often /ˈɔːfən/ (although some native
speakers choose to pronounce it).

172
Exercises 4 Write questions with the words in
parentheses.
1 Complete the sentences with the correct 1 Simon / Arabic? (understand)
form of the verbs in parentheses.
Does Simon understand Arabic?
1 Jack works (work) in a hospital. 2 Anne / German? (speak)
2 Ryan serves (serve) customers Does Anne speak German?
in a cafe. 3 Lin / near you? (live)
3 The bus doesn’t stop (not / stop) near Does Lin live near you?
my house. 4 Boris / in the evening? (study)
4 This button opens (open) the Does Boris study in the evening?
doors. 5 your friend / English? (teach)
5 Kristen doesn’t walk (not / walk) to Does your friend teach English?
work every day.
5 Read the sentences. Then write questions
2 Complete the paragraph with the correct with the words in parentheses.
form of these verbs.
1 Carl doesn’t finish work at eight
buy get go have play o’clock. (nine o’clock?)
use watch work not work sell Does he finish work at nine o’clock?
2 Jon doesn’t work in an office. (where?)
Alain Bofill 1 works in the city. He Where does Jon work?
2
uses a computer all day. He 3 Julia doesn’t goes to bed late. (early?)
3
buys / sells and sells / buys
4
Does Julia go to bed early?
money—dollars, pounds, and euros. He 4 My brother doesn’t read novels. (what?)
5
goes home on the subway. He What does your brother read?
6
gets home at nine o’clock in the 5 My sister doesn’t like tea. (coffee?)
evening. He 7
has dinner and he Does your sister like coffee?
8
watches TV. He doesn’t work on
9

Saturdays—he 10 plays golf with his 6 Put the words in order to make sentences.
friends. 1 coffee / have / usually / I
3 Rewrite the sentences in the form given in I usually have coffee.
parentheses. 2 travels / colleague / my / in her job /
often
1 Your friend lives near a beach. (negative) My colleague often travels in her job.
Your friend doesn’t live near a beach. 3 homework / never / our / gives /
2 Ahmed doesn’t drive to work. teacher / us
(affirmative) Our teacher never gives us homework.
Ahmed drives to work. 4 studies / my / at home / friend /
3 My sister enjoys her job. (negative) sometimes
My sister doesn’t enjoy her job. My friend sometimes studies at home.
4 The office opens on Sundays. (negative) 5 always / I / at night / read
The office doesn’t open on Sundays. I always read at night.
5 He doesn’t watch videos at work. 6 my / brother / late / always / works
(affirmative) My brother always works late.
He watches videos at work.

Grammar Summary 173

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 9
There is/are Imperative form

Grammar notes Grammar notes

Here, there is a pronoun which is used for introducing The imperative form in English uses the base form of the
a statement about someone or something that exists verb. In sentences that use the imperative form, there is no
(There’s a movie theater) or happens (There’s a party). subject or subject pronoun: Ride a bicycle. NOT You ride a
We use there’s (there is) when it is followed by singular or bicycle. The negative imperative form is Don’t + base form:
uncountable nouns. We use there are when it is followed Don’t ride a bicycle.
by plural countable nouns.
Note that we say There are some shoes, but There’s a pair Requests
of shoes (because the word pair is singular).
Grammar notes
There is/are negative and question forms We use Can I/you …? when we ask for information or
when we want somebody to do something for us.
Grammar notes We say Here you are when we give something to
We use there isn’t a/an when talking about singular nouns. somebody.
We use there aren’t any when talking about plural nouns. I’d/We’d like are polite ways of asking for something.
We use any with plural nouns in questions and negative I’d = I would.
forms.
Note the inversion to make a question: Because
There’s a train. Is there a train?
There are some trains. Are there any trains? Grammar notes
The word because usually goes in the middle of a sentence
People and joins two clauses. It is used to give reasons.

Grammar notes
People is the irregular plural form of the word person.
Note that in some languages,the word for people is
uncountable. Make sure that students are aware that in
English, it should be treated as a countable plural noun:
There are some people.
There are seven people.
There aren’t any people.
Are there any people?

174
Exercises 3 Write questions with the words. Then
look at the picture in Exercise 2 again and
1 Write a or some in the correct place. write answers to the questions.
1 There are pens in my bag. 1 a map
There are some pens in my bag. Is there a map? Yes, there is.
2 There’s tablet on my desk. 2 a phone
There’s a tablet on my desk. Is there a phone? No, there isn’t.
3 There are shirts in my suitcase. 3 pens
There are some shirts in my suitcase. Are there any pens? No, there aren’t.
4 There are people on this plane. 4 a passport
There are some people on this plane. Is there a passport? Yes, there is.
5 There’s scarf in my hand. 5 keys
There’s a scarf in my hand. Are there any keys? Yes, there are.
2 Look at the picture. Write sentences with 4 Complete the conversation with the
the words. correct forms of there is/are.
A: Let’s go to Loch Ness for the New Year.
B: 1 Is there an airport near Loch Ness?
A: Yes, 2 there is .
B: 3 Are there any flights from here?
A: 4 There are flights Mondays to
Fridays, but 5 there aren’t any flights on
weekends.
B: OK. Let’s go there on Friday.
5 Write a or any in the correct place.
1 Are there chairs in the room?
Are there any chairs in the room?
2 There aren’t bottles in the fridge.
There aren’t any bottles in the fridge.
3 Is there shower in the hotel room?
Is there a shower in the hotel room?
4 There isn’t train station in this town.
There isn’t a train station in this town.
1 a map
There’s a map. 6 Read the instructions from a tour guide.
2 keys Circle the best option.
There are some keys. 1 Don’t forget / Forget your passports.
3 books 2 Don’t arrive / Arrive at the airport on
There are some books. time.
4 a camera 3 Don’t give / Give me your cell phone
There is a camera. numbers, please.
5 a passport 4 Don’t wait / Wait a moment, please.
There is a passport.

Grammar Summary 175

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 10
Past forms of be Be

Grammar notes Grammar notes

The verb be is irregular. Was and were are the past forms The verb be is sometimes an auxiliary verb (He was
of am/is and are, and are used to describe permanent and found … ; He isn’t playing …) and sometimes a linking
temporary states in the past: He was an explorer; She was verb, which is a verb that joins the subject of a sentence
born in 1955. to the complement (He was world champion; He wasn’t
Was/were are used to talk about facts that happened in on TV).
the past. They can be used with time expressions such as in It is irregular, and it conjugates differently from other
1955 and in 1480. verbs in English. As a result, it is important to make sure
When we talk about when things happened, we don’t use students are confident when manipulating these forms
articles with years: I was born in (no article) 1979. before moving on to did and didn’t and regular past
forms. Otherwise, they may get confused about which
forms to use.
Ordinal numbers Note that with short answers, we just use the linking verb.
Instead of just saying Yes I was, students may make the
Grammar notes mistake of saying, for example, Yes, I was happy or Yes, I
Ordinal numbers are so-called because they tell us the happy.
order of events. They are also used to say dates.
First, second, and third are the ordinal numbers for one, Regular past verbs
two, and three. After third, ordinal numbers are formed
with number + -th. Also, we say twenty-first, twenty- Grammar notes
second, and twenty-third, NOT twenty-oneth, etc.
We form the regular past form by adding -d or -ed to the
We use last at the end of a sequence of things, e.g., The
verb.
last man on the moon. It means the final one, and it’s not
an ordinal number. If a verb ends with e, then only d needs to be added (lived,
died, etc.). Otherwise, -ed is needed (watched, listened,
etc.).
Saying ordinal numbers If a verb ends with a consonant + y (study, carry, etc.), the
y changes to i, and -ed is added (studied, carried). Note,
Grammar and pronunciation notes however, that if it ends vowel + y, there is no change to
In ordinal numbers, th is pronounced /θ/ and is unvoiced. the y (stayed, played).
Ordinal numbers are often preceded by the article the (He Watch out for common spelling errors: studyed, plaied,
was the first person in space). etc.
Note that this grammar focus is a brief introduction to the
Dates simple past, which will be taught more fully in Unit 11.

Grammar notes
Note that in American English, the month goes first and
then the day. For example, 9/22 is September 22nd.

176
Exercises 4 Complete the sentences with was, wasn’t,
were, and weren’t.
1 Put the words in order to make sentences. 1 A: Was Sesame Street your favorite
1 was / the first / Neil Armstrong / TV show?
on the moon / person B: No, it wasn’t .
Neil Armstrong was the first person on 2 A: Who were your best friends at
the moon. school?
2 was / Ayrton Senna / racing driver / a B: They were Angela and Lia.
Ayrton Senna was a racing driver. 3 My mother was the first woman in
our family with a college degree.
3 parents / born / my / in Zurich / were 4 A: Were your teachers at school nice?
My parents were born in Zurich. B: Yes, they were .
5 A: Were the first Olympic Games in
4 and Magellan / Drake / leaders / were / Athens?
expedition B: No, they weren’t . They were in
Drake and Magellan were expedition leaders. Olympia.

5 musician / a / John Lennon / was 5 Read the answers. Then write was or were
questions.
John Lennon was a musician.
1 John Lennon wasn’t born in
Manchester.
2 Complete the paragraph with was or were. Was John Lennon born in Manchester?
Sally Ride 1 was the first American 2 Victoria wasn’t the first British queen.
woman in space. She 2 was born Was Victoria the first British queen?
in 1951. Her parents 3 were from 3 Sal’s sister wasn’t born in 2001.
California. Her first space flight 4 was Was Sal’s sister born in 2001?
in 1983. She 5 was the writer of five 4 Nina’s grandparents weren’t from
books for children. They 6 were about Hong Kong.
space and science. Were Nina’s grandparents from Hong Kong?
5 Olga’s uncle was famous.
3 Rewrite the sentences in the form given in
Was Olga’s uncle famous?
parentheses.
6 Teo’s parents weren’t born in Europe.
1 Joe’s favorite teacher was Mr. Lee. Were Teo’s parents born in Europe?
(question)
Was Joe’s favorite teacher Mr. Lee? 6 Write the simple past form of the verbs.
2 I wasn’t at home yesterday. (affirmative) 1 My grandfather died (die) in 2006.
I was at home yesterday. 2 I lived (live) in Rome from 2014 to
3 Tran’s parents weren’t TV presenters. 2017.
(question) 3 My mother studied (study) science in
Were Tran’s parents TV presenters? college.
4 David Attenborough’s TV shows were 4 James worked (work) in a cafe in 2016.
about sports. (negative) 5 We visited (visit) Florida last summer.
David Attenborough’s TV shows weren’t about sports.
5 Were they good students at school?
(negative)
They weren’t good students at school.

Grammar Summary 177

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 11
Irregular simple past verbs Simple past Wh- questions

Grammar notes Grammar notes

Many of the most common verbs in English take on Open-ended Wh- questions in the simple past follow this
irregular past forms. Often, the change in form involves a structure:
change in sound as well (get–got, take–took, find–found, question word + did + subject + verb in base form
have–had, etc.).
What did you do ?
Sometimes, the past form is very unlike the present form
Students first studied question words in Unit 7c. Elicit or
(be–was, go–went). There is no easy way to learn these
remind them of the meanings:
forms. Students must simply memorize them.
What (to ask about things, activities, events, etc.)
Where (to ask about places)
Simple past negative and question forms
When (to ask about time)
Grammar notes Why (to ask for a reason)
This is the simple past negative form: Who (to ask about people)
subject + didn’t + verb in base form Note that there are other question words: Which (to ask
about choice and alternatives), How (to ask about way,
Note that in the negative, the main verb in the simple past
manner, or form), and Whose (to ask about possession).
reverts to the base form. Watch out for errors such as They
didn’t left and He not went.
This is the simple past question form: Using When with the simple past
Did + subject + verb in base form
Grammar notes
Again, the main verb reverts to the base form. Watch out
for errors such as Did you walked? Went she home? When can mean at or during the time that. We use it with
the simple past because it helps refer back to a specific
Short answer forms use the auxiliary (e.g., Yes, I did / No,
time in the past. It is a linking word or conjunction that
I didn’t). Students are often tempted to use the main verb
joins two clauses. When a sentence starts with When,
instead: Yes, I walked.
there is a comma between each clause.
Note that when the subject is the same in both clauses, we
change the noun to a pronoun to avoid repetition: When
my sister was twelve, she won an art competition.

178
Exercises 4 Rewrite the sentences in the form given in
parentheses.
1 Complete the sentences with the simple 1 I didn’t go to college. (affirmative)
past form of the verbs.
I went to college.
1 We took (take) a lot of photos on 2 We ate burgers yesterday. (negative)
our vacation. We didn’t eat burgers yesterday.
2 The tourists went (go) to all the 3 Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays.
popular places. (question)
3 I had (have) lunch with my friends Did Shakespeare write a lot of plays?
yesterday. 4 I lived with my grandparents when I
4 We saw (see) a great movie last was a child. (negative)
week. I didn’t live with my grandparents when I was a child.
5 I made (make) dinner for my family 5 Tony didn’t meet his wife at work.
last night. (affirmative)
6 My father left (leave) school when Tony met his wife at work.
he was fourteen.
5 Complete the interview with a travel writer.
2 Write sentences about things that Q: 1 Did you travel (you / travel) a lot
happened yesterday with the simple past
last year?
form of the verbs.
A: Yes, I 2 did . I went to
buy come drive make speak three continents.
Q: Wow! 3 Did you go (you / go)
1 my friends / to my house to South America?
My friends came to my house. A: Yes, I did. I went with a friend. We
2 I / lunch in my kitchen visited Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, but
I made lunch in my kitchen. we 4 didn’t have (not / have)
3 we / to the mall time to go to Argentina.
We drove to the mall. Q: 5
Did you write (you / write) a
4 my parents / their plane tickets book about your trip?
My parents bought their plane tickets. A: No, I 6 didn’t , but I wrote
5 I / to my sister on Skype a blog and I made some videos about it.
I spoke to my sister on Skype.
6 Write Wh- questions for these answers. Use
3 Complete the text with the simple past the correct form of the underlined verbs.
form of the verbs.
1 We met lots of interesting people.
Last weekend, we 1 went (go) for a Who did you meet?
walk in the mountains. We 2 started 2 They went to Cancun in Mexico.
(start) early in the morning. We 3 walked Where did they go?
(walk) for two hours. Then we 4 had 3 She saw some beautiful buildings.
(have) a snack. We 5 found (find) a bag What did she see?
on the walk. We 6 finished (finish) our 4 We arrived at the hotel at night.
walk and we 7 took (take) the bag to When did you arrive at the hotel?
the police station. The police 8 found 5 I went there because I like the food.
(find) a lot of money in the bag. Why did you go there?

Grammar Summary 179

 GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 12
Present continuous Tense review

Grammar notes Grammar notes (p. 146, Exercise 5)

We use the present continuous to say what is happening works = simple present, which is used to describe
now. something that is always true, or a routine
In English, we form the present continuous with the started = simple past, which is used to describe a finished
auxiliary verb be and the -ing form (or present participle) past state or action
of the main verb. is working = present continuous, which is used to describe
Remind your students that the auxiliary be is usually an action happening now
contracted in spoken English (I’m sitting, she’s going, we’re is moving + Next weekend = present continuous for the
standing), and that in the negative form, not is usually future, which is used to describe a future arrangement
contracted (She isn’t going, We aren’t standing), but not
when used with am (I’m not sitting).
-ing verb endings

Present continuous question forms Grammar notes

The present participle is usually formed by adding -ing
Grammar notes
to the base form of the main verb. However, note these
Present continuous questions forms are made by inverting exceptions:
the subject and be: Verbs such as sit, run, and get become sitting, running, and
Question word + be + subject + verb in -ing form getting (the last consonant repeats in most verbs that end
What is she doing? consonant + vowel + consonant).
Are they playing? Verbs that end with e, such as come and live, lose the e and
become coming and living.
Verbs that end with -ie, such as lie and die, replace the -ie
Present continuous for the future with -y and become lying and dying.
Grammar notes
In English, we sometimes use the present continuous to
talk about arrangements that we have already made for
the future. This is sometimes described as the “diary”
future because it’s generally used to talk about things you
could put in your diary. In order for us to use the present
continuous with a future meaning, we need to add a
future time expression: Tomorrow, Next weekend, In June,
etc.

180
Exercises
1 Look at the picture of the classroom.
Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verbs in parentheses.
1 The teacher is talking (talk) to Leon.
2 Leon is listening (listen) to the teacher.
3 Amy and Roy are writing (write).
4 Paula is reading (read).
5 The students at the back are watching
(watch) a video.
6 Olga is looking (look) out the window.
4 Rewrite the sentences in the form given in
2 Write the sentences in Exercise 1 in the parentheses.
negative form.
1 They’re making lunch. (question)
1 The teacher isn’t talking to Leon. Are they making lunch?
2 Leon isn’t listening to the teacher. 2 He’s reading the newspaper. (negative)
3 Amy and Roy aren’t writing. He isn’t reading the newspaper.
4 Paula isn’t reading. 3 We aren’t washing the car. (affirmative)
5 The students at the back aren’t watching a video. We’re washing the car.
6 Olga isn’t looking out the window. 4 You aren’t eating. (question)
3 Write questions with these words. Write Are you eating?
short answers. 5 Is she sitting on the floor? (negative)
She isn’t sitting on the floor.
1 you / listen / to me ✓
Are you listening to me? 5 Read the sentences. Do they refer to now
Yes, I am. (N) or the future (F)?
2 Jenni / make coffee ✓ 1 I’m playing tennis on Sunday. F
Is Jenni making coffee? 2 We aren’t listening to the radio. N
Yes, she is. 3 My friends are coming this weekend. F
3 the movie / start ✗ 4 Is your family having dinner together
Is the movie starting? tonight? F
No, it isn’t. 5 What are you doing in June? F
4 the children / play soccer ✓ 6 My sister is staying with us. N
Are the children playing soccer?
Yes, they are. 6 Read the sentences about things in a
5 you / watch this TV show ✗ living room. Circle the correct option.
Are you watching this TV show? 1 The couch is between / under the door
No, I’m not. and the window.
6 David / wash his car ✗ 2 There’s a cabinet between / behind the
Is David washing his car? couch.
No, he isn’t. 3 The clock is between / on two windows.
4 There are some flowers behind / on
the desk.
5 There’s a rug on / under the table.

Grammar Summary 181