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Degrees and Local Prepositions Notes

The document provides information on degrees of comparison in German. It discusses: 1. Forming the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs in German, including rules for adding endings like "-er" and "-sten" and forming irregular forms. 2. Local prepositions in German that indicate location, origin, and destination using different cases, such as "in", "an", "auf", "von", "nach". 3. Examples of how these prepositions are used with various places, cities, and directions. German uses cases like dative and accusative differently than English in prepositional phrases.

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Soham Shinde
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
72 views4 pages

Degrees and Local Prepositions Notes

The document provides information on degrees of comparison in German. It discusses: 1. Forming the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs in German, including rules for adding endings like "-er" and "-sten" and forming irregular forms. 2. Local prepositions in German that indicate location, origin, and destination using different cases, such as "in", "an", "auf", "von", "nach". 3. Examples of how these prepositions are used with various places, cities, and directions. German uses cases like dative and accusative differently than English in prepositional phrases.

Uploaded by

Soham Shinde
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© © All Rights Reserved
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TARGET ACADEMY (CHINCHWAD)

Class X – German
Degrees of comparison

Comparisons in German generally work in a way that is similar to English.

Rules:
 To form positive degree the adjective remains as it is and adjective is added between
so…..wie (as…..as)
E.g. so gut wie / genauso gut wie = as good as
Nicht so…wie = not as… as
Fast so …..wie = almost as …..as

 For comparative ‘-er’ is added to the adjective and ‘als’ comes mostly after the
adjective
E.g. besser als = better than

 For superlative ‘-sten’ is added to the adjective. If there is no Noun after the adjective,
‘am’ is added before the superlative form. And if there is noun after the adjective and
article before adjective, then am should be removed and the superlative form should
be used as per Adjektivdeklination.
E.g. Opa ist am ältesten.
Opa ist die älteste Person in unserer Familie.

Unlike English, however, German never uses "more" (mehr) with another modifier to form
the comparative. In English something may be "more beautiful" or someone could be "more
intelligent." But in German these are both expressed with the -er ending: schöner and
intelligenter.

Other important rules:


 Comparative form in case of einsilbige Wőrter with a, o and u: add umlaut
E.g. kalt kälter als am kältesten

 While forming superlative form of the adjectives ending with -d, -t, -s , -ss, -β,
-sch, -z, -tz, -x is added instead of ‘-sten’
E.g. alt älter als am ältesten

But German also has some irregular comparisons, just as English does. Sometimes these
irregular forms are quite similar to those in English. Compare, for instance, the English
good/better/best with the German gut/besser/am besten. On the other hand,
high/higher/highest is hoch/höher/am höchsten in German. But there are only a few of these
irregular forms.
Irregular Adjective/Adverb Comparison
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bald (soon) eher (sooner) am ehesten (soonest)
gern (gladly) lieber (more gladly) am liebsten (most gladly)
groß (big) größer (bigger) am größten (biggest)
der/die/das größte
gut (good) besser (better) am besten (best)
der/die/das beste
hoch (high) höher (higher) am höchsten (highest)
der/die/das höchste
nah (near) näher (nearer) am nächsten (nearest)
der/die/das nächste
viel (much) mehr (more) am meisten (most)
die meisten

There is one more irregularity that affects both the comparative and superlative of many
German adjectives and adverbs: the added umlaut ( ¨ ) over a, o, or u in most one-syllable
adjectives/adverbs. Below are some examples of this kind of comparison. Exceptions (do not
add an umlaut) are bunt (colorful), falsch (wrong), froh (merry), klar (clear), laut (loud),
and wahr (true).
Irregular Comparison - Umlaut Added
Examples
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
dumm (dumb) dümmer (dumber) am dümmsten (dumbest)
der/die/das dümmste
kalt (cold) kälter (colder) am kältesten* (coldest)
der/die/das kälteste*
  *Note the "connecting" e in the superlative: kälteste
klug (smart) klüger (smarter) am klügsten (smartest)
der/die/das klügste
lang (long) länger (longer) am längsten (longest)
der/die/das längste
stark (strong) stärker (stronger) am stärksten (strongest)
der/die/das stärkste
warm (warm) wärmer (warmer) am wärmsten (warmest)
der/die/das wärmste

LOKALE PRÄPOSITIONEN
Local prepositions are the prepositions of place and direction. They answer the three main
questions : Wo?; woher?; wohin?. Similar like Wechselpräpositions they change the case as
per wo or wohin.
Wo shows the position so usually takes dative case whereas wohin shows the movement from
one place to another so takes accusative case.
Prepositions which answer the question ‘Wo’:
1. In + Dativ = inside / within (used for local places and countries)
‘in’ is used for places that are enclosed, surrounding….
e.g. im Supermarkt; im Zimmer; im Zoo; in der Schule; in der Kirche; in der Stadt; im Kino;
im Restaurant; im Schwimmbad; in der Luft; im Wald usw.
Specific cases: in den Bergen (z.B. Wir wondern in den Bergen)
in der Straße wohnen/parken
in Deutschland; in Europa; in Pune
Ich wohne in der Schweiz/Türkei/Ukraine
Wir wohnen in den USA/Niederlanden.
im Norden/Westen/Osten/Süden
2. an+Dativ = at (indicates border or limiting area usually with open areas or at the edg)
e.g. am Bahnhof; an der Haltestelle; an der Universität usw.
Specific cases: am Strand
am Meer/Wasser
am Fenster/Computer/Telefon
am Board
3. auf+Dativ = on (indicates places/surfaces which are flat, open, at a heigth)
e.g. auf dem Boden; auf dem Spielplatz; auf dem Gymnasium; auf dem Berg; auf der
Wiese; auf der Insel; auf dem Feld;
Specific cases:auf der Party/Bank/Post
auf dem Land/Weg
auf dem Schiff/Bild/Stadtplan
auf dem Handy/auf der Landkarte
4. bei+Dativ = at/at the time of (indicates place of work ; when being or living with
someone)
e.g. bei BMW; bei dem Arzt; bei der Oma; beim Einkaufen usw.
5. Gegenüber + Dativ = opposite to
e.g. das Kino liegt der Post gegenüber./ das Kino liegt gegenüber der Post.
6. vor+Dativ = in front of
e.g. Ich warte auf dich vor dem Kino.
7. Hinter+Dativ = behind
e.g. Hinter dem Haus ist ein Garten.
8. Neben+Dativ = near/next to
e.g. Neben der Bäckerei gibt es ein Café.
9. um+Akkusativ = around
e.g. Der Supermarkt liegt um die Ecke.

Exception: the preposition ‚zu‘ is mainly used as to/towards. But zu Hause


sein/bleiben/arbeiten is an exception. Zu Hause means at home which shows position.
Prepositions which answer the question ‘Woher’:
1. aus+Dativ = from /move out from (used for cities/countries as well as for places of
origin)
e.g. aus Indien; aus dem Supermarkt; aus Berlin; aus Pune
Specific cases: kommen aus der Schweiz/Türkei/Ukraine
kommen aus den USA/Niederlanden
2. von+Dativ = from (used for local places & places)
e.g. von dem Bahnhof; vom Kino; von der Schule; von Peter; von der Oma; von der
linken Seite; vom Freund; von der Stadt.
Specific case: kommen von zu Hause.

Prepositions which answer the question ‘Wohin’:


1. in+Akkusativ = in; going into, inside or within
e.g. in den Park; in die Kirche; ins Kino; in die Stadt; in die Berge; in den Wald; in
die Schule usw.
Specific cases:in die Schweiz/ Türkei/Ukraine/ USA/Niederlanden fahren
in den Norden/Westen/Osten/Süden
ins Ausland
2. an+Akkusativ = at (used for places which are open, at the edge)
e.g. fahren ans Meer/an den Bodensee/an den Strand/an den Bahnhof/an die Küste/an
die Haltestelle usw.
3. auf+Akkusativ = going on to
e.g. gehen/fahren/kommen auf den Spielplatz; aufs Gymnasium; auf den Berg; auf die
Wiese; auf die Insel; auf das Feld; aufs Land usw.
Specific case: fahren/gehen auf die Party/Bank/Post
4. über+Akkusative: across; over
e.g. über die Straße gehen (=cross the road)
über die Grenze fahren (=cross the border)
5. zu+Dativ = to/towards (local places ; persons)
e.g. zu Karl; zum Bahnhof; zum Arzt; zur Oma; zur Schule; zu Petra; zum Kaufhaus;
zum Opa usw.
The preposition ‚zu‘ is often used with bis which indicates going up to
e.g. bis zum Bahnhof; bis zur Kirche; bis zum Rathaus
6. nach+Dativ = to/towards (cities; countries; directions)
e.g. nach Indien; nach Berlin; nach Paris; nach Osten usw.
Exception: nach Hause fahren = travel to home
7. enlang+Akkusativ = along
e.g. Gehen Sie die Goethestraße entlang!
8. um+Akkusativ = at
e.g. Nicki geht links um die Ecke.

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