1.What is difference between world English and world Englishes?

World Englishes refers to the various forms of English spoken around the world,
while Standard English is a specific, widely accepted form of the language used in
formal contexts. World Englishes includes various regional and cultural variations,
while Standard English is typically based on the language used in education and
media.
2.What islingua franca?

A lingua franca is a language used for communication between people who

speak different languages, often for trade or diplomacy. English is the most
widely used lingua franca today, but there have been many others throughout
history.
3.Define linguistic imperialism?

Linguistic imperialism is the use of a dominant language to exert power over

other languages and cultures, often resulting in the suppression or
marginalization of minority languages and the loss of linguistic and cultural
diversity. It can have negative consequences for individuals and communities,
and it is important to recognize and address it in order to promote linguistic
and cultural diversity and equality.
4.What is difference between enl and esl?

ENL (English as a Native Language) refers to the use of native English speakers as
teachers of English to non-native speakers. This approach is based on the
assumption that native English speakers have a deeper understanding of the
subtleties and nuances of the language and can therefore be more effective
teachers.

ESL (English as a Second Language) refers to the teaching of English to non-native

speakers by non-native speakers. This approach is based on the idea that
non-native speakers who have successfully learned the language can use their own
experiences and strategies to help other non-native speakers learn the language.

Both ENL and ESL approaches have their own advantages and may be suitable in
different contexts, depending on the specific needs and goals of the learners and the
context in which the language is being taught.
5. Write 4 principles of scheineder model?

The Schleicher model is a 19th century model of language classification that divides
languages into six types based on the complexity of their grammatical systems. The
four principles of the model are gradation (a hierarchy of complexity), isolation (the
influence of contact with other languages), fusion (the adoption of characteristics
from other languages), and decomposition (the breaking down of complex grammars
over time). Modern linguists do not consider the Schleicher model to be a valid or
accurate way to classify languages.

6. Briefly tell the status of English in Pakistan

In Pakistan, English is an official language and is widely used in education,

media, government, and other formal contexts, but its status is complex and
has been the subject of debate. It is seen as a valuable language but is also
viewed as a symbol of cultural imperialism. The use of English in Pakistan is
often dependent on social class and educational background, and there is a
divide between urban and rural areas in terms of proficiency.
7.What does spread of English mean?

The spread of English refers to the global influence and proliferation of the English
language, driven by factors such as the cultural and historical influence of
English-speaking countries, the development of English as a lingua franca,
and its importance in fields like education and science. While the spread of
English has facilitated communication and cultural exchange, it has also
contributed to linguistic imperialism and the suppression or marginalization of
other languages and cultures. The spread of English is ongoing and its impact
on linguistic and cultural diversity should be considered.

8.Write some chtracteristics of global English

Global English is a diverse and dynamic form of the English language that is
used around the world and reflects the cultural and linguistic backgrounds of
its speakers. It is characterized by heterogeneity, hybridity, flexibility,
multifunctionality, cultural referencing, international standardization, and
diglossia. It is not a homogenous language, but rather a constantly evolving
language that reflects the global context in which it is used.
9.What does politics of language mean?

The politics of language refers to the ways in which language is used,

regulated, and manipulated in political contexts, including issues such as
language policy, language rights, language planning, language education, and
the role of language in shaping political identities and relationships. Language
is a powerful tool that can shape public discourse and influence political
decisions, and the politics of language can be influenced by a variety of
factors. It is important to be aware of the ways in which language is used and
regulated in political contexts and to consider the potential implications for
linguistic and cultural diversity, social justice, and democracy.

10.What is diff between colonialism and post colonialism?

Colonialism is the historical process of conquest, occupation, and control

exercised by one country or group over another, while post-colonialism is the
study of the ongoing consequences of colonialism and the ways in which
colonized societies have responded to and resisted it. Post-colonialism also
includes the study of decolonization, which is the process of gaining
independence and self-determination by colonized peoples. Colonialism is a
historical process that has shaped the global political and economic
landscape, while post-colonialism is a field of study that examines the social,
cultural, economic, and political effects of colonialism.

11.What is diff between efl and elf?

EFL (English as a Foreign Language) refers to the teaching and learning of

English as a foreign language in a context where it is not the dominant
language or the primary language of communication. ELF (English as a
Lingua Francais) refers to the use of English as a common language for
communication between speakers of different languages in various contexts.
EFL involves teaching English to non-native speakers, while ELF involves the
use of English as a medium of communication between non-native speakers.

12.What is euro.. English?

Euro-English, also known as Continental English or World Standard Spoken

English, is a standardized form of English that is based on British English and
is used in Continental Europe. It is spoken as a second language by
non-native speakers and is considered more neutral and less culturally
specific than other varieties of English. Euro-English is used in education,
business, diplomacy, and media, and it is an important variety of English that
is used as a lingua franca in Continental Europe and beyond.
13.What are factor that have made Enghlish a global lingua franca?

Factors that have contributed to the development of English as a global lingua

franca include the historical and cultural influence of English-speaking
countries, the use of English in science and technology, its role in international
organizations and diplomacy, the growth of English-language media, and its
importance in education and business. These factors have helped to increase
the global reach and popularity of English and have made it a common
language for communication between speakers of different languages around
the world.

14.How did English came to subcontinent?

English came to the Indian subcontinent as a result of British colonization and

expansion in the region. It became the dominant language of administration,
education, and law during the period of British rule, and it was widely used as
a lingua franca. The spread of English was facilitated by the establishment of
English-language schools and universities and the development of
English-language media. After independence, English continued to be an
important language in the region, especially in education and government, and
it is still widely spoken and used as a second language.

15.Mention any four caribbean countries?

Four Caribbean countries include Jamaica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic,

and Trinidad and Tobago. These countries are known for their diverse
cultures, vibrant music and dance, beautiful beaches, and rich histories. The
Caribbean is a complex and diverse region with a unique blend of cultures,
languages, and histories.

16.Draw diagram of kuchruvian model

17.What does expanding circle show in kuchru model?

In Kachru's model of World Englishes, the expanding circle refers to countries

where English is used as a second language and has a significant role in the
education system and media, such as India, Singapore, and the Philippines.
These countries are characterized by linguistic diversity and the use of distinct
varieties of English known as "World Englishes." The expanding circle
represents an important and growing group of English-using countries that are
contributing to the development and evolution of the English language.

18.What is diff between standardized and non standardized varieties of

English?

Standardized varieties of English are those that have been codified and
standardized based on certain norms and rules, while non-standardized
varieties are characterized by linguistic diversity and the incorporation of
elements from local languages and cultures. Standardized varieties include
forms such as British, American, and Australian English, while
non-standardized varieties include forms such as African American English,
Caribbean English, and World Englishes.

19.Can we say pakistani English is separate variety of English?

Pakistani English is a variety of English spoken and used in Pakistan,

influenced by the country's history, culture, and linguistic background. It is
generally considered a distinct variety with its own unique characteristics, but
there is significant variation within Pakistani English depending on factors
such as region, social class, education, and language background. Some
speakers may have more standardized forms of English, while others may
have more non-standardized forms. Pakistani English can be considered a
separate variety of English shaped by the unique linguistic and cultural context
of Pakistan.