Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

Advance Educational Statistics

REFLECTION PAPER
(MIDTERM)

ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS

Wilfredo B. Butohan Jr.

Student’s name

Princess Marianne Sarmiento, Ph.D.

Professor

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

1. Graduate School’s Vision, Mission and Goals and Objectives:

Institution is to govern the behavior and expectations of set of individuals within a given community

As an innovative institution for the Graduate School, the RMMC vision is to produce leaders which

focus on culture excellence. Its goal is to increase leaders which provide fairness to the culture of

societies.

It anchors to their mission that committed to innovations and services providing quality education.

Their goals and objectives are to provide quality instructions, foster a sustainable research tradition,

produce proactive and committed educational leaders, cultivate professionalism and academic

excellence, collaborate with various sectors and stakeholders, sustain relevant community extension

programs, and establish partnership with international institutions.

These desires and targets are very relevant to create quality outputs, to have capacitated and high

caliber leaders of the society.

2. Introduction to Statistics:
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, tabulation, and interpretation of

numerical data. Statistics is common for us because we are doing basic statistics most of the day. It

is collecting and understanding the data to be presented in a way it would be useful.

As a teacher, it helps us maintain attendance, grade, and other required records for students. We

also use data to make our materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts, that we

must prepare. Also, students' classwork, assignments, and papers should be evaluated and graded.

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

So, it is very vital for us as a teacher to gain knowledge on statistics to help us improve in our data

gathering as duties and for advancement of our research and teaching profession.

2.1 Definition of Statistics

Statistics is a mathematical science which includes methods of collecting, organizing, and

analyzing data in such a way that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from it. In general,

its investigations and analyses are divided into two broad categories: the descriptive

statistics and the inferential statistics.

2.2 Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

On the descriptive and inferential statistics discussion, I learned that Descriptive statistics

deals with the processing of data without making any inferences from it. And the

information is presented in the form of tables and graphs. The data characteristics are

described in simple terms. Also, in our everyday occurrences such as accidents, product

prices, business, incomes, epidemics, sports data, and population data are all dealt with it.

While the inferential statistics is a scientific discipline that employs mathematical tools to

make forecasts and projections based on data analysis. And this is useful for people

working in engineering, economics, biology, the social sciences, business, agriculture, and

communications.

2.3 Levels of Data Measurements

On this discussion, there are four levels of measurement, ranging from low to high. The

Nominal, which can be name without order or ranking imposed on the data. We can use

words, letters, and even numbers on this level. Ordinal, where the data can be classified

and ranked. We can describe ranking or order on this level for example: champion, 1 st

runner-up and 2nd runner up. Interval, this indicates an actual amount(numerical). The

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

order and the difference between the variables can be known. The example for this is the

temperature measurements, but it has limitation as you cannot see “true zero”. And the

Ratio, of which the data can be classified, rank, evenly spaced and has natural true zero.

Kilogram is the right example for this level. It illustrates that Nominal and Ordinal are

categorical, and Interval and Ratio are numerical.

2.4 Data Collection and Presentation

On this, I learned that there are two sources of data, the Primary data which collected with the

researcher and Secondary data which is collected material from other publish data. And there are

two types of data, the qualitative, that the data is not given numerically and quantitative, the data

is numerical.

2.5 Frequency Distribution/ Graphical/ textual

On this, I learned that a frequency distribution is a summary of all distinct values in a variable

and the frequency with which they occur. It is a graphical or tabular representation of the

number of observations within a given interval. The size of the interval is determined by the

data being analyzed and the analyst's objectives. The intervals must be mutually exclusive and

exhaustive. It allows for the rapid analysis of large amounts of data at once in Graphical, which

can aid in making predictions and informed decisions. It is essential to understand histograms,

frequency tables, and circle graphs.

It can assist in emphasizing some important points in data in textual presentations. It also

allows the researcher to contextualize the data so that the reader can derive meaning from it.

To sum up, it focuses how to present the gathered data and to enables the researcher to

quickly scan the entire dataset. It indicates whether the number of observations is high or low,

as well as whether they are concentrated in one area or spread across the entire scale.

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

3. Measure of Central Tendency

A measure of central tendency is a value that is to focus to describe a set of data by identifying

the central (center) position within that set of data. As a result, measures of central tendency are

sometimes referred to as measures of central location. They are also classified as summary

statistics. The mean (also known as the average) is the most common measure of central

tendency, but there are others, such as the median and the mode.

On this topic, I learned the ways to get the mean, median and mode for ungrouped data set and

grouped data set. These ways of data gathering are very useful to get scores of our students

especially when we are collecting the Tabulated Test Results.

3.1 Mean

Mean is the average of the data, it is represented with the symbol x-bar ( x̅ ) for the sample

data and mu ( μ ) for population parameters. There are two ways to get the mean from the

dataset, x̅ = TOTAL NUMBER OF SCORES divided (÷ ) by number of score or the formula is

( x̅ = ∑x ÷ n) for ungrouped data, and ( x̅ = ∑fx ÷ n) where ∑fx is the summation of

frequency multiplied by class mark and n is the total sum of frequency.

3.2 Median

The median is a statistical measure that determines the middle value of a list of ascending

values in a dataset from smallest to largest value. The measure divides the dataset into two

halves, the lower and upper. Median which has two formula the  {(n + 1) ÷ 2}th for the ungrouped

data set. And Median = Lb + [(n/2−cfb)/f]cw for the grouped data set.

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

3.3 Mode

Mode is referring to the most frequently occurring number in a dataset. It is the value that has

a higher frequency in a set of data, or the number appears more often. And there are three

types of modes, Unimodal, Bimodal, and Trimodal or Multimodal.

4. Variability

In this topic, Measures of variability is a summary statistic that represents the amount of

dispersion in a data set. It tells us how spread is the value are. It defines how far away that the

data tend to fall from the center. It talks about variability in the context of a distribution of

values. If the measure of dispersion is low dispersion it indicates that the data points tend to be

clustered tightly around the center. Low variability or low dispersion is ideal because it because

it means that you can predict better input location about the population based on the given

sample data. While in a high dispersion or high variability it signifies that they tend to fall

further away. High Variability means that the values are less consistent it is harder for us to

make predictions.

5. Range

Range is a rough estimation or dispersion. It is simply defined as the difference between the

highest score and the lowest score

6. Interquartile Range

In this topic, Interquartile range gives us the spread of the middle of the distribution. For any

distribution order from low to high or ascending order the interquartile range contains half of

the value while we all know the first quartile contains the first 25% of the values, the 4 th quartile

contains the last 25% of the values. To get the value of the interquartile range as we will use

the formula “IRQ = Q3 – Q1”.

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

7. Semi-Interquartile Deviation

Semi-quartile deviation is defined as the half of quartile range. The semi-interquartile range

is one-half the difference between the first and third quartiles. It is half the distance needed to

cover half the scores. The semi-interquartile range is affected very little by extreme scores.

And this makes it a good measure of spread for skewed distributions. We have the formula for

this as SIQR = Q3 – Q1 / 2 .

8. Mean Absolute Deviation

The mean absolute deviation of a dataset is the average distance between each data point

and the mean. It gives us an idea about the variability in a dataset. Mean absolute deviation is

a way to describe variation in a data set. Mean absolute deviation helps us get a sense of how

"spread out" the values in a data set are. The formula for this is MAD = ∑∣xi−xˉ∣ / n .

9. Variance

On this topic, variance is defined as the mean of the square of the deviations from the mean of

a frequency distribution. For large quantities, the variance is computed using frequency

distribution with columns for the midpoint value, the product of the frequency and midpoint

value for each interval, the deviation and its square, and the product of the frequency and the

squared deviation. Variance are symbolized with small sigma squared ( σ2) for population

variance and small s squared (s2) for sample variance. The formula for ungrouped data for

population is σ2 = ∑(x- μ)2 / n and s2 = ∑(x- x̅)2 / n-1 for the sample variance. For the

grouped data, the formula is σ2 or s2 = n∑fx2 – (∑fx)2 / n(n-1).

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

10. Standard Deviation

In this lesson, I learned that Standard Deviation is considered the best indicator of the degree

of dispersion among the measures of variability because it represents an average variability of

the distribution. Given the set of data, the smaller the range, the smaller the standard

deviation, the less spread is the distribution. The simplified formula for this is s = √ s 2 .

11. Coefficient of Variation

The coefficient of variation (CV) is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. The higher

the coefficient of variation, the greater the level of dispersion around the mean. It is generally

expressed as a percentage.

This I learned that coefficient of variation is an important concept that allows us to predict

variables within and outside data sets. While it has its roots in mathematics and statistics,

coefficient of variation can be applied in different contexts including population studies and

investments in the stock market. The formula for this is Coefficient of Variation (CV) =

(Standard Deviation/Mean) × 100. 

12. Skewness

Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of a distribution. A distribution is asymmetrical when

its left and right side are not mirror images. A distribution can have right (or positive), left (or

negative), or zero skewness.

This I leaned that right-skewed distribution is longer on the right side of its peak, and a left-

skewed distribution is longer on the left side of its peak . The zero skew is symmetrical, its left

and right sides are mirror images where the mean and median are equal. The formula for this

Pearson’s median skewness =  .

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624
 Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines
Website: www.rmmcmain.edu.ph

13. Kurtosis

Kurtosis is a measure of the combined weight of a distribution's tails relative to the center of

the distribution. When a set of approximately normal data is graphed via a histogram, it

shows a bell peak and most data within three standard deviations (plus or minus) of the

mean.

I learned that Kurtosis is usually used as a measure to define the risk for an investment.

The nature of the investment to generate higher returns can also be predicted from the

value of the calculated kurtosis. The greater the excess for any investment data set, the

greater will be its deviation from the mean. There are three types of Kurtosis, the

Mesokurtic, the Leptokurtic and the platykurtic. Where the mesokurtic falls close to zero or

equal to zero. And The Leptokurtic is positive on in the other terms, more than zero. While

Platykurtic is less than zero. The formula for this is k = ∑(x- x̅)4 / ns4 for ungrouped

data and k = ∑f(xm- x̅)4 / ns4.

Email: rmmcgensan@yahoo.com Telephone Number: (083) 301-1927

Telefax: (083) 552-3624