12-09-2022

Mechanical Design of Process Equipment

(3170514)

Jilesh M. Pandya
Assistant Professor,
Chemical Engineering Department,
V. V. P. Engineering College, Rajkot.

Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks

Theory Marks Practical Marks Total

Marks
L T P C ESE PA
PA (M) ESE (V)
(E) (I)

2 0 2 3 70 30 20 20 150

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:: Content ::
1 Introduction : 04
Design pressure and temperature, design and allowable stress, Static and rotary
equipment, Different types of welding joints, joint efficiency and methods of
fabrication of equipment, Radiography, Codes, standard and specification for
pressure vessel, Mechanical properties of material

2 Mechanical design of Pressure vessel: 08

Mechanical design of shell and head subjected to internal and external pressure,
Graphical & analytical method for shell and head subjected to external pressure,
Shell design for external pressure with & without stiffening ring, Different types of
Nozzles and design of reinforcement pad for nozzle by area for area method,
Different types of flanges, flange facings, gaskets and their selection criteria, Design of
bracket support.
3 Design of Reaction Vessel: 05
Mechanical design of shell, head, Jacket, coil, agitator, nozzle, etc., Different types of
agitators & their selection criteria, Determination of power required for agitation, shaft
diameter, blade thickness, etc., Different types of jackets & their selection criteria,
Selection between coil & jacket.

4 Design of Storage Tank: 05

Types of storage tanks, Capacity of storage tank, its diameter & height, Design of fixed roof
storage tank, Design of structural supported conical roof as per API 620, Vent sizing for
atmospheric and low pressure tanks

5 Design of Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers: 04

Function of various parts of shell & tube heat exchanger, Mechanical design of Shell, tube,
tube sheet, head, channel shell, etc. of shell & tube heat exchanger, Mechanical design of
saddle support.

6 Design of Distillation and Absorption Column: 06

Mechanical design of shell, head, tray support for Vertical tall tower, Determination of shell
thicknesses at various heights for tray tower & packed tower in case of internal & external
pressure, Different types of tray support, Mechanical design of skirt support.

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:: Reference Books ::

• Process Equipment Design -

Vessel Design - L. E. Brownell & E.
H. Young, First Edition.
• Illustrated Process Equipment
Design by S. B. Thakore, Second
edition,.
• Process Equipment Design - M. V.
Joshi & V. V. Mahajani, Fifth
edition.
• Process Equipment Design
(Mechanical Aspects) By B. C.
Bhattacharya.

Chapter: 1 Introduction to Mechanical Design

• Design Pressure: The part of the equipment
can be subjected to either internal or external
pressure.
– For deciding the maximum and minimum worst
case should be selected for the safest design.
------------------------------------------------
– Internal design pressure for any part is equal to
the maximum operating pressure within the part
minus minimum operating pressure outside the
part and 10% extra of both.
------------------------------------------------
– External design pressure for any part is equal to
the maximum operating pressure outside the
part minus minimum operating pressure inside
the part and 10% extra of both.

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• Design Temperature: Design

temperature of any part is the
maximum temperature to which
the part exposed plus 50 C.
 Maximum permissible
temperature for carbon steel is
540 C, for SS – 304 and SS – 316
is 650 C.
---------------------------------------------
• Design stress: of the material is well
within the stress at which the
material FAILS or DEFORMS.

Classification of Equipments
• Mechanical design point of view, equipments can be classified
into two classes:
 Static equipments
 Rotary equipments

• Static equipment means it does not contain any moving devices.

 Static equipment are classified as open tanks, flat bottomed
vertical cylindrical tanks, vertical & horizontal cylindrical vessel
with formed head, spherical and modified spherical vessels.

• Rotary equipment contains rotary device like agitating vessel,

pumps, blowers, rotary drier etc…

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• Open tanks: Large volumes of non – hazardous liquids such as

water and other aqueous solution can be stored in open steel,
wooden or concrete tanks.
 Liquid effluent stored and treated in open top tanks.

• Flat bottomed vertical cylindrical tanks: All atmospheric storage

tanks fall in this category.
 Now a day HDPE and FRP storage tanks are increasingly in use.
 They are cheaper than metallic or concrete storage tanks.
 They provide higher resistance to corrosion and transfer lesser
weight to earth as compared to other.
 Metallic storage tanks are mainly made from stainless steel,
structural steel or aluminium.
 In metallic storage tanks, if the liquid is to be stored at
atmospheric pressure then normally conical roof is used.

 A storage tanks up to 24 feet diameter is covered

with self supporting roof.
 Atmospheric storage tanks having diameter
between 24 to 48 feet is supported by one central
column.

Column
Support

Self Supported Conical & Roof with one central

Dome shaped Roof column support

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 Atmospheric storage tanks having diameter greater

than 48 feet can be designed with a roof having
multiple column support.
 Dome shaped roof is smaller in diameter and greater in
height, but it is used for a pressure up to 1 atmosphere
gauge.
 For a pressure greater than 2 atmospheres absolute,
bullet type storage tanks are used.

Conical Roof Dome Shaped Roof

• Vertical & horizontal cylindrical vessel

with formed head:
 This type of equipment is also classified as
pressure vessel and high pressure vessels.
 As per IS 2825 – 1969, if the design pressure
of the equipment is 200 bar, then it is
classified as Pressure Vessel.
 If the design pressure exceeds the value 200
bar, then it is classified as High Pressure
Vessels.

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 Different types of formed heads are

flat dished head, torispherical head,
elliptical head, hemispherical and
conical heads.
 For a smaller diameter and pressure
nearly 1 atmosphere flat heads are Flat Head
used.
 Torispherical heads are most widely
used formed head and it is used for
the pressure service up to 15 Torrispherical Head
atmospheric gauge pressures.
 For pressure greater than 15
atmosphere gauge, elliptical head
and for very high pressure Hemispherical & Conical Head
hemispherical heads are preferred.

• Spherical and modified spherical vessels: In

the storage of large volume of gas under
moderate pressure, storage tanks are more
economical than cylindrical tanks.
If the volume of the gas to be stored is less
and the pressure is very high then
cylindrical vessel becomes more
economical.
Modified spherical shapes are more
economical than spherical shapes.

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Thank You
Chemical Engineering Department,
V. V. P. Engineering College, Rajkot