Cation Add Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Add Aqueous Ammonia Manufacture of Ammonia Alkene: Hydrogenation

Zinc White precipitate White precipitate

Zn2+ Soluble in excess Soluble in excess
N 2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2N H3 (g) C2 H4 +H 2 → C2 H6
Lead White precipitate White precipitate Conditions: Conditions:
Pb2+ Soluble in excess Insoluble in excess ● Temperature: 500 oC ● Temperature: 200 oC
Aluminium White precipitate White precipitate ● Pressure: 250 atm ● Pressure: -
Al3+ Soluble in excess Insoluble in excess ● Catalyst: Fe ● Catalyst: Ni
Calcium White precipitate No precipitate
Ca2+ Insoluble in excess Alkane: Substitution Alkene: Bromination
Copper (II) Blue precipitate Blue precipitate C H4 +Cl 2 → CH3 Cl + HCl C2 H4 +Br 2 → C2 H4 Br 2
Cu2+ Insoluble in excess Soluble in excess to give
deep blue solution Conditions: Conditions:
Iron (II) Dirty-green precipitate Dirty-green precipitate ● Temperature: 500 oC ● Temperature: -
Fe2+ Insoluble in excess Insoluble in excess ● Pressure: 250 atm ● Pressure: -
Iron (III) Reddish-brown precipitate Reddish-brown precipitate ● Catalyst: Ultraviolet Light ● Catalyst: -
Fe3+ Insoluble in excess Insoluble in excess
Ammonium No precipitate - Alkane: Cracking Alkene: Hydration
NH4+ Gives ammonia gas after heating
C2 H4 +H 2 O→ C2 H5 OH
Conditions:
Anion Test Observation Conditions:
● Temperature: 600 oC
Carbonate -Add dilute hydrochloric acid Effervescence ● Temperature: 300 oC
CO32- -Bubble the liberated gas (CO2) White precipitate ● Pressure: High
● Pressure: 60 atm
into limewater ● Catalyst: Al2O3/ SiO2
● Catalyst: -
Chloride -Add dilute nitric acid White precipitate
Cl- -Add aqueous silver nitrate Insoluble in acid Alcohol: Fermentation Alcohol: Oxidation
Iodide -Add dilute nitric acid Yellow precipitate
C6 H12 O6 → 2 C2 H5 OH + C OC2 2 H5 OH + 2[O] →
I- -Add aqueous silver nitrate Insoluble in acid
Sulfate -Add dilute hydrochloric/ nitric acid White precipitate Conditions: C H3 COOH + H 2 O
SO42- -Add aqueous barium chloride/ Insoluble in acid ● Catalyst: Yeast
Conditions:
nitrate ● Catalyst: O2/ K2Cr2O7
Nitrate -Add aluminium powder Gas (NH3) turns
NO3- -Add excess aqueous sodium red litmus blue
hydroxide Esterification
-Heat mixture Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid → Ester + Water
-Test gas using red litmus paper
Conditions:
● Temperature: -
Extraction Decomposition Metal Reaction
● Pressure: -
from oxide of carbonate
Electrolysis Cannot be Potassium ___ + H2O (I) → ● Catalyst: -
decomposed by ___OH- + H2 (g) Indicator Colour of indicator in ______ solution
heat Sodium Acid Neutral Alkaline
Universal Indicator Red Green Purple
Calcium Methyl Orange Red Orange Yellow
Most Reactive Displace Less Reactive

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pale pink Pink

Magnesium
Cation Anion
___ + Heat → Aluminium ___ + H2O (g) → K+ F-
___O2- + CO2 (g) ___O2- + H2 (g) Na+ SO42-
Carbon Zinc Ca2+ NO3-
Mg2+ CO32-
Hydrogen Iron Al3+
Zn2+ Ease of
Lead ___ + Acid (aq) →
Fe2+ discharge
Salt + H2 (g)
Sn2+ increases
Copper
Pb2+ Cl-
Silver H+ Br-
Cu2+ I-
Found as element Gold Rusting
4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) + 2 x H2O (l/g) → 2Fe2O3∙ x H2O
Effects of Carbon Monoxide: Headaches; breathing difficulties; photochemical smog (s)
Effects of Nitrogen Oxides: Acid rain; ozone; photochemical smog Blast Furnace
Effects of Methane: Global warming Raw materials:
Effects of Ozone: Irritate eyes, lungs; asthma attacks Fe2O3, C, CaO, O2
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide: Breathing difficulties; asthma attacks; acid rain Output:
Effects of Unburnt Hydrocarbons: Photochemical smog Fe, CaSiO3, N2, CO2, CO
Catalytic Converter Reactions:
2CO (g) + 2NO (g) → 2CO2 (g) + N2 (g) C (S) + O (g) → CO2 (g)
2C8H18 (g) + 25O2 (g) → 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g) CO2 (g) + C (s) → 2CO (g)
Flue Gas Desulfurisation Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (l) + 3 CO2 (g)
CaCO3 (s) + SO2 (g) → CaSO3 (s) + CO2 (g)
CaO (s) + SO2 (g) → CaSO3 (s)