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ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL
S5 EEE
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Sl. PAGE Marks FACULTY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
NO NO. Secured SIGN

1 DRAW AND STUDY THE CIRCUIT

SYMBOLS

STUDY OF ELECTRONIC
2 COMPONENTS
FAMILIRISATION OF IC
3 PACKAGES
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
4
CENTER- TAPPED FULL WAVE
5 RECTIFIER
FULL WAVE BRIDGE
6 RECTIFIER
HALF ADDER & FULL ADDER
7
HALF SUBTRACTOR & FULL
8 SUBTRACTOR
SINGLE STAGE RC COUPLED
9 AMPLIFIER
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
10
11 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
USING TRANSISTOR
 GENERAL RULES FOR PERSONAL SAFETY

1. Always wear tight shirt/lab coat, pants and shoes inside workshops.
2. REMOVE ALL METAL JEWELLERY since rings, wrist watches or bands,
necklaces, etc. make excellent electrodes in the event of accidental contact with
electric power sources.
3. DO NOT MAKE CIRCUIT CHANGES without turning off the power.
4. Make sure that equipment working on electrical power are grounded properly.
5. Avoid standing on metal surfaces or wet concrete. Keep your shoes dry.
6. Never handle electrical equipment with wet skin.
7. Hot soldering irons should be rested in its holder. Never leave a hot iron unattended.
8. Avoid use of loose clothing and hair near machines and avoid running around inside lab.

TO PROTECT EQUIPMENT AND MINIMIZE MAINTENANCE:

DO: 1. SET MULTIRANGE METERS to highest range before connecting to an unknown

source.

2. INFORM YOUR INSTRUCTOR about faulty equipment so that it

can be sent for repair.

DO NOT: 1. Do not MOVE EQUIPMENT around the room except under the supervision of an
instructor.
EX. No: 4
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
DATE:

AIM
To design, setup and study the characteristics of half wave rectifier circuit and to
determine the ripple factor.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

SL COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
No
1 Diode IN 4007 1
2 Capacitor 10 µF 1
3 Resistor 1.2 KΩ 1
4 Transformer 230/6-0-6 V 1
5 Probe 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 DSO 1

THEORY
Half wave rectifier is an electronic circuit used to convert AC voltage or current into DC
voltage or current. This includes a transformer, diode and a load resistor across which DC
voltage is developed.

WORKING OF HALFWAVE RECTIFIER:-

During the positive half cycle of the input AC voltage the upper end of the
secondary winding is positive with respect to the bottom end. The diode is forward biased and
therefore it conducts. If the forward resistance of the diode is assumed to be zero, the input
voltage during positive half cycle is directly applied to the load resistor RL.

During negative half cycle, ie, when the lower end of the secondary winding is positive with
respect to upper end. The diode is reverse biased and so does not conduct. Thus during this cycle
of the input AC voltage .The voltage across the load remains zero, ie no output during this cycle.
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

TABULAR COLUMN

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

= volts = volts

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

CAPACITOR VALUE
SAMPLE CALCULATION
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

=
= =
=

Ripple factor, r = -1
=
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

By using capacitor=
= - =
= =
= -( )=
Ripple factor, r = =

PROCEDURE
• Wire up the half wave rectifier circuit without capacitor after testing all the components.
• Switch on the main supply, observe the transformer secondary voltage wave form, and
output voltage waveform across the load resistor, simultaneously on the CRO screen.
Note down and calculate and .Calculate the ripple factor.
• Connect the capacitor filter. And observe the wave forms and calculate the ripple factor.

RESULT

 Studied the characteristics and plotted the waveform of half wave rectifier with and
without filter.
 The ripple factor of half wave rectifier is also calculated.

Ripple factor, r without filter =

Ripple factor, r with filter =
EX. No: 5 CENTER- TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
DATE:

AIM
To setup and study the characteristics of center- tapped full wave rectifier and to
determine the ripple factor.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

SL COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
No
1 Diode IN 4007 2
2 Capacitor 10 µF 1
3 Resistor 1.2 KΩ 1
4 Transformer 230/6-0-6 V 1
5 Probe 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 DSO 1

THEORY
The circuit includes a center-tapped transformer, diodes and a load resistor RL.

WORKING OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

During positive half cycle, diode D1 is forward biased, hence it conducts and the diode
D2 is reverse biased, hence it is doesn’t conduct. Thus the current flows through D1, RL and
upper half of the secondary winding.
During the negative half cycle, the diode D1 is reverse biased. So it is doesn’t conduct,
and the diode D2 is forward biased, so it conducts. Thus the current flows through D2, RL and
lower half of the winding. load current is in the same direction for all the half cycles.

Peak inverse Voltage, PIV = 2 Vm

FULL WAVE CENTER- TAPPED RECTIFIER WITH OUT FILTER

FULL WAVE CENTER- TAPPED RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

TABULAR COLUMN

FULL WAVE CENTER- TAPPED RECTIFIER WITH OUT FILTER

= volts = volts
FULL WAVE CENTER- TAPPED RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

CAPACITOR VALUE

SAMPLE CALCULATION
FULL WAVE CENTER- TAPPED RECTIFIER WITH OUT FILTER
=
= =

=
2
Ripple factor, r = -1
=
FULL WAVE CENTER- TAPPED RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

By using capacitor
= - =
= =
= -( )=
Ripple factor, r = =

PROCEDURE
• Wire up the center tapped full wave rectifier circuit without capacitor after testing all
the components.
• Switch ON the main supply, observe the wave form on the DSO screen. Note down
Vm and calculate Vrms and Vdc.
• Calculate the ripple factor using the expression.
• Connect the capacitor filter and observe the wave forms Note down Vm, Vmax, and
Vmin and calculate the ripple factor using the expression

RESULT
 Studied the characteristics and plotted the waveform of center tapped full wave
rectifier with and without filter.
 The ripple factor of center-tapped full-wave rectifier is calculated.
Ripple factor r, without =
Ripple factor r, with filter =
EX. No: 6
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
DATE:

AIM
To setup and study the characteristics of full wave bridge rectifier and to determine the
ripple factor.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
SL COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
No
1 Diode IN4007 4
2 Capacitor 10 µF 1
3 Resistor 1.2 KΩ 1
4 Transformer 230/6-0-6 V 1
5 Probe 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 DSO 1

THEORY
The circuit consists of a transformer, four diodes and a load resistor RL.

WORKING OF FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

During positive half cycle , D1 and D3 becomes forward biased and it conducts.
D2 and D4 are reverse biased and hence it does not conduct. The current flows through
secondary winding D1, D3 and RL.
During negative half cycle D2 and D4 becomes forward biased and it conducts.
D1 and D3 are reverse biased and hence it does not conduct. The current flows through
secondary winding D2, D4 and RL.

Peak inverse voltage , PIV =Vm.

.
 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

TABULAR COLUMN

FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

= volts = volts
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

CAPACITOR VALUE

SAMPLE CALCULATION
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER
=
= =

=
2
Ripple factor, r = -1
=
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

By using capacitor =
= - =
= =
= -( )=
Ripple factor, r = =

PROCEDURE
• Wire up the center tapped full wave rectifier circuit without capacitor after testing all
the components.
• Switch ON the main supply, observe the wave form on the DSO screen. Note down
Vm and calculate Vrms and Vdc.
• Calculate the ripple factor using the expression.
 Connect the capacitor filter and observe the wave forms Note down Vm, Vmax, and
Vmin
and calculate the ripple factor using the expression
RESULT
 Studied the characteristics and plotted the wave form of full wave bridge rectifier with
and without filter.
 The ripple factor of full wave bridge rectifier is calculated
 Ripple factor r, without filter =
 Ripple factor r, with filter =
 EX. No:7
DATE: HALF ADDER AND FULL ADDER

AIM
To design and setup half adder and full adder using

1.X-OR ,AND and OR gate

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

Sl.No Components Specfication Quantity
1. IC 7400,7486,7408 1 each

2. IC Trainer kit 1

THEORY

The simplest binary adder is called half adder. It has two input bits and two output bits. The
output bit is the sum and other is carry. They are represented by S and C respectively in the logic
symbol.

A full adder is a combinational circuit that adds two bits and a carry. The output a sum bits and
the other is carry. It has three inputs and two output bits. One output bit is the sum and the other
is carry.

PROCEDURE
1.Check all the components.

2.Set up the half adder and full adder circuits and feed inputs and enter it in the truth table.

3.Observation of output corresponding to inputs and enter it in the truth table.

HALF ADDER

Half Adder
TRUTH TABLE

A B S C
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1

HALF ADDER USING X-OR and AND

C=

FULL ADDER

FULL ADDER

TRUTH TABLE

Inputs Outputs
A B S
0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

FULL ADDER USING X-OR,AND and OR

S= B +A +AB

( ) +(

= +A B

=A

C= +A + AB + AB

=AB )+ ( )

=AB + (A B)

RESULT

Designed and setup half and full adder using X-OR , AND and OR gate
 EX. No:8 HALF SUBTRACTOR AND FULL
Date:
SUBTRACTOR

AIM
To design and setup half subtractor and full subtractor using

1.X-OR ,AND , OR and NOT gate

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

Sl.No Components Specfication Quantity
1. IC 7400,7486,7408,7404 1 each

2. IC Trainer kit 1

THEORY

HALF SUBTRACTOR:

The half subtractor is constructed using X-OR and AND Gate. The half subtractor has two input
and two outputs. The outputs are difference and borrow. The difference can be applied using X-
OR Gate, borrow output can be implemented using an AND Gate and an inverter.

FULL SUBTRACTOR:

The full subtractor is a combination of X-OR, AND, OR, NOT Gates. In a full subtractor the
logic circuit should have three inputs and two outputs. The two half subtractor put together gives
a full subtractor .The first half subtractor will be C and A B. The output will be difference output
of full subtractor. The expression AB assembles the borrow output of the half subtractor and the
second term is the inverted difference output of first X-OR. LOGIC DIAGRAM:

HALF SUBTRACTOR
TRUTH TABLE:

A B BORROW DIFFERENCE

0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0

FULL SUBTRACTOR

FULL SUBTRACTOR USING TWO HALF SUBTRACTOR:

 TRUTH TABLE:
A B C BORROW DIFFERENCE

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

PROCEEDURE:

(i) Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

(ii) Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram.

(iii) Observe the output and verify the truth table

RESULT

Designed and setup full subtractor and verified the truth table.
 Ex No: 10
Date: RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM

To setup RC phase shift oscillator for 1 KHz and

(i) plot the output waveform

(ii) measure the frequency of oscillation

COMPONENTS REQURIED

Sl. no. Name and specification Quantity

1. Capacitor 0.01 µF 3 nos.

1 µF 1 no.
22 µF 1 no.
2. Resistor 470 Ω 1 no.

1.8 KΩ 1 no.
4.7 KΩ 2 nos.
10 KΩ 1 no.
47 KΩ 1 no.

3. Variable resistor – 10 KΩ 1 no.

Potentiometer (lin)
4. Transistor BC 548 1 no.
5. Power supply 12 V 1 no.

6. Oscilloscope 0 to 20 1 no.
MHz
7. Multimeter 1 no.

8. Breadboard 1 no.
9. Connecting wires
THEORY

An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating ac signal voltage with a dc supply as the only
input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by the circuit elements. An
oscillator requires an amplifier a frequency selective network and positive feedback from the
output to the input. The Barkhausen criteria for sustained oscillator is Aβ = 1, where A is gain of
the amplifier and β is the feedback factor.

If common emitter amplifier is used with resistive collector load, there is

o
an 180 phaseshift between input and output. The feedback network introduces an
additional 180o phaseshift at a particular frequency. The three section RC network offers
180ophaseshift and the β of . Hence for unity gain feedback, the gain of the amplifier
should be 29. The phase shift oscillator is particularly useful as audio frequency
generator. The frequency of oscillation is given by .

PROCEDURE

1) Test the components

2) Assemble the amplifier part of the circuit in a breadboard
3) Connect the feedback network
4) Connect the output of the circuit to an oscilloscope
5) Adjust the 10 KΩ pot and observe the output
6) Measure the frequency and amplitude of the output
7) Plot output waveform

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 From the given component values, the frequency of oscillation

f= = =

OBSERVATIONS

1. DC conditions of amplifier section

(i) VCC =
(ii) VBE =
(iii) VCE =

2. Output waveform

Time Period T =

Frequency f = 1/T =

RESULT
EX. No:9
DATE:
SINGLE STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

AIM

To set up a single stage RC coupled CE amplifier with potential divider bias and

(i) Observe the phase difference between input and output waveforms
(ii) Measure mid band gain

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Sl. no. Name and Specification Quantity

1. Resistors 2.2K Ω 1 no.
820 Ω 1 no.
680 Ω 1 no.
10 KΩ 1 no.
47 KΩ 1 no.

2. Capacitor 10 µF 2 nos.
22 µF 1 no.
3. Transistor BC 107 1 no.

4. Function generator 0 to 1 MHz 1 no.

5. Oscilloscope 0 to 20 MHz 1 no.

6. Power supply 12 V dc 1 no.
7. Multimeter 1 no.
8. Breadboard 1 no.

9. Connecting wires
THEORY

RC coupled CE amplifier is widely used in audio frequency applications as

voltage amplifiers. In a CE amplifier base current controls the collector current. A
small change in IB results in relatively large change in IC. The transistor is biased in
active region using potential divider bias. That is emitter - base junction is forward
biased and collector - base junction is reverse biased.

The output signal is 180o out of phase with input signal. RC coupled
amplifier provides uniform gain at mid frequencies. Gain decreases at low
frequencies and high frequencies. The output voltage and hence the voltage gain
is decided by RL.

Voltage gain,

But Zin = R1║ R2║Rin and is approximately equal to Rin (typically 1 KΩ), where
Rin is the input dynamic resistance of transistor. Similarly Zout = RC║ RL║ RO, where RO
is the output dynamic resistance of transistor. Since RO >> RC and RL, Zout=RC ‖ RL =Rac.
Therefore Voltage gain . Since Rin is constant, voltage gain decreases with
decrease in RL.

PROCEDURE

1) Test the components

2) Assemble the circuit in a bread board
3) Give VCC and measure the dc bias conditions
4) Give 1KHz, 50 mV (pp)sinusoidal signal as input, observe and plot the
waveforms at collector and at the output point
5) Then measure the output voltage without RL and with RL
6) Calculate the voltage gain in each case.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CALCULATIONS

1. DC conditions

Vcc =

VBE =

VCE =

2. Input and output waveforms

 3. Calculation of gain

Gain without RL

Vin = 50 mV (pp)

F = 10 KHz

Gain = =

Gain with RL

Vin = 50 mV (pp)

F = 10 KHz

Gain = =

RESULT
EX. No:10
DATE:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING TRANSISTOR

AIM

To construct a transistor astable multivibrator circuit for 1 KHz and

(i) plot the collector and base waveforms
(ii) measure the frequency of oscillation

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Sl. no. Name and specification Quantity

1. Capacitor 0.01 µF 2 nos.

2. Resistor 4.7 KΩ 2 nos.

82 KΩ 2 nos.

3. Transistor BC 107 2 nos.

4. Power supply 5V 1 no.

5. Oscilloscope 0 to 20 1 no.
MHz
6. Multimeter 1 no.
7. Breadboard 1 no.
8. Connecting wires

PRINCIPLE

Astablemultivibrator is also called free running multivibrator and is used as a

square wave oscillator. The transistors in the circuit do not have stable state. i.e. when
Vcc is given, one transistor turns ON (goes to saturation region) and the other turns OFF
(goes to cut off region). After sometime (determined by charging and discharging of the
two capacitors in the circuit), the ON transistor is turns OFF and the OFF transistor turns
ON. This cycle repeats as long as the supply is given.
When the power supply is turned ON, one of the transistors is ON and the other is OFF due to
transistor mismatch. When Q1 is ON, Q2 is OFF due to the cross coupling. Collector of Q1 is at
Vsat (≈ 0) and collector of Q2 is at Vcc. Now the previously charged capacitor (when Q2 is ON)
discharges through Q1 and after discharging completely it starts charging towards Vcc. But as
one side of the capacitor reaches 0.7V, Q2 turns ON and its collector voltage falls to
approximately 0V (Vcesat). This sudden change is coupled to the base of Q1 via C2. Thus Q1
turns OFF and the collector of Q1 reaches Vcc. Then C2 (which was charged when Q1 was ON),
discharges through Q2 and when other side of C2 reaches 0.7V, Q1 turns ON. These actions
continue. Thus OFF time of Q2 is determined by the values of R1 and C1 (TOFFQ2 = 0.693 R1
C1) while the OFF period of Q1 is determined by the values of R2 and C2 (TOFFQ1 = 0.693 R2
C2). If R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C, we get a square wave from collector of the transistors.
The time period of the square wave, T = 0.693 R1 C1 + 0.693 R2 C2

= 1.38 R C and f = .

PROCEDURE

1) Test the components

2) Assemble the circuit in a breadboard
3) Switch ON the power supply
4) Connect the outputs of the circuit to an oscilloscope
5) Observe the collector and base waveforms of the two transistors
6) Measure the frequency and amplitude of the outputs
7) Plot all waveforms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATIONS

1. For 1 KHz frequency astablemultivibrator circuit

ON time of Q1, T1 =

OFF time of Q1, T2 =

Time period, T = T1 + T2 =

Frequency, f = =

RESULT