GENERAL DIETS

Philip Jone M. Berguila, RN, MAN

 • The regular or full diet, the most frequently used of
all hospital diets, is designed to maintain optimal
nutritional status. It follows the principles of good
meal planning and permits the use of all foods.
• Nutritional requirements vary depending on age, sex,
size and activity level. The Food Plan outlined below
provides approximately 1900 kcalories and 60 grams
protein. It is thus adequate in protein for most adults
Regular or Full and meets the energy allowance for a moderately
active Filipino woman. in caloric value may be made by
increasing (e.g. for males) or decreasing (e.g. for bed
Diet patients) the sugar, fat or rice exchanges.
• Indications for Use:
For ambulatory or bed patients whose
conditions do not necessitate a modified diet.
• Food Selection Guide:
• All foods are allowed
 Daily Food Plan
Food Group Amount
Vegetables At least 2 servings; ½-3/4 cup
cooked per serving, one should be
leafy, green ,yellow

Fruits 2 - 3 servings; one should be

vitamin C-rich.

Regular or Full Milk, evaporated At least 2 tablespoons.

Diet Rice or substitute 10 - 13 exchanges.

Meat, fish or substitute 5 -6 exchanges; liver or glandular

organs once a week; eggs, 3- 4
times a week; 1/2 cup cooked
dried beans may be used in place
of 1 meat and fish exchange.

Fat 2 tablespoons.

Sugar or sweets 2 - 3 tablespoons.

 Suggested Meal Pattern

Breakfast Fruit
Egg or Substitute
Rice or Bread with Butter,
Margarine or Jam
Regular or Full Hot Beverage

Diet Lunch Soup

Meat, fish, Poultry or
substitute
Vegetable
Rice or Substitute
Fruit or Dessert

Supper Same as Lunch

Snacks As desired, if necessary

 • This is essentially a regular diet which
includes liberal amounts of foods rich in
dietary fiber. Fluids are also increased.
Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet
• Indications for Use:
High Fiber • Atonic constipation
•
Diet •
Diverticular disease
Irritable Bowel syndrome
• Gastric ulcers
• Cancer of the colon
• Cardiovascular disease'
• Diabetes Mellitus'
 Food Selection Guide
All foods are allowed. The following foods are emphasized.

Vegetables Leafy, legumes (lentils,dried

beans, peas);

Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet Fruits Those with edibie skin and seeds;
ripe papaya, dried, like prunes,
raisins and dried mango.
High Fiber Whole grain like unpolished rice,
Diet Rice or substitute pinipig, rolled oats, whole kernel
corn, whole wheat or rye bread;
ready-to-eat high fiber breakfast
cereals.

Others Cereal (rice, wheat, etc.) bran and

fiber supplements, ONLY IF
PRESCRIBED BY PHYSICIAN,•
 Daily Food Plan

Food Group
Vegetables 2- 3 servings; 1/2 - 3/4 cup
cooked per serving. One
should be leafy, green or
Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet yellow. Serve lentils often.

Fruits 3- 4 servings; one should be

High Fiber vitamin C rich.

Diet Milk, evaporated At least 2 tablespoons.

Rice or substitute 9 - 12 exchanges.

Meat, fish or substitute 5 - 6 exchanges; use dried

beans often.

Fat 2 tablespoons.

Sugar or sweets 2-3 tablespoons.

 Sample Menu(based on Regular Diet Pattern)

Breakfast Fresh Fruit Platter

Spanish Omelet
Bread with Butter, Margarine or
Jam
Oatmeal with Milk and Sugar
Hot Beverage
Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet
Corn Soup

High Fiber Lunch Meat Loaf

Vegetable Salad
Ricel
Diet Fresh or Dried Fruit

Clam Chowder
Supper Pork Pata with White or Kidney
Beans
Vegetable Guisado
Rice
Fresh or Dried Fruit

Snacks As desired, if necessary

 • The full bland diet. also called Bland V, is
a regular diet in which the only
restrictions are foods which stimulate
gastric acid secretion and motility. Aside
Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet from these restrictions (Daily food plan),
food selection and methods of
preparation are the same as the Full or
Full Bland Regular Diet. Small, frequent meals help
to reduce gastric acid secretion and
Diet motility.

• Indications for Use:

• Hyperacidity
• Gastric and duodena! ulcers
 Sample Menu
Breakfast Ripe Papaya
Sausage with Tomato Slices
Rice (not more than 1 cup)
Decaffeinated Coffee with Cream and
Sugar

Mid-Morning Meat Sandwich

Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet Gelatin Dessert

Lunch Noodle Soup

Broiled Fish
Full Bland Mixed Vegetables Guisado
Rice (not more than 1 cup)

Diet Mid-Aftenoon
Banana

Ensaymada
Cheese
Chocolate Milk Drink

Chicken Tinola with Chayote and Sili

Supper Leaves Rice
Plain Pudding or Custard
Crackers

Bed Time Hard Cooked Egg

Fruit Juice or Milk
 • Either for religious reasons or out of concern for
ecologic or basic health principles, many
individuals today are choosing a vegetarian
dietary regimen, Vegetarian diets are classified
Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet
as:
• lacto-ovo-vegetarian,
• lacto-vegetarian,
Vegetarian •
•
ovo vegetarian,
pesco-vegetarian,
Diet •
•
semi-vegetarian
total vegetarian;

Seasonings and condiments derived from animal sources

such as patis and bagoong are not used in strict vegetarian
diets.
 Lacto-Ovo•Vegetarien Diet

• This diet includes plant foods and allows moderate use of dairy
products, preferably low-fat, and infertile eggs (thus ba/utis not
allowed). The meal plan is similar to a regular diet except that a main
Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet dish of legumes or meat analogues or textured vegetable protein (TVP)
made from cereals, gluten, legumes, and/or nuts is substituted for
meat, fish or poultry. The diet includes liberal amounts of fruits and
vegetables, and when well planned, meets the nutrient needs of normal
Vegetarian adults. Growing children and pregnant and lactating women should
take an iron supplement.

Diet • Besides tokwa or tofu, there are now a number of meat analogues
available in the market which may be used as main dishes for
vegetarian diets. They are popularly called "vegemeat" and come in
different forms - chunks, choplets, or ground. They may be prepared
just like any meat recipe - asado, menudo, "steak", "meat" balls, etc.
• A critical nutrient lacking in most vegetarian diets is vitamin B12 since
this vitamin is found only in animal food products.
 Lacto-Vegetarian Diet
• This diet includes plant foods and dairy products but no eggs.
This plan can also provide the recommended nutrients if well
planned.

Ovo-Vegetarian Diet
• This diet includes plant foods and allows the use of eggs. It
may be low in calcium.
Simple Modifications of the Regular Diet
Pesco-Vgetarian Diet

Vegetarian • This diet is similar to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet but allows fish.

Diet Semi-Vegetarian Diet

• This is a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet with the inclusion of chicken
and fish. Red meats are excluded.

Total Vegetarian Diet (VEGAN)

• This does not include all foods of animal origin and is thus likely
to be deficient in many nutrients.
An extreme type of the total vegetarian diet is the Zen Macrobiotic
Diet. This regimen consists of ten stages, each one becoming
more restrictive until finally, only rice is allowed. The diet is very
inadequate and prolonged use may result in multiple nutritional
deficiency disease.
 • The main food for infants is milk. Breastmilk is best
Pediatric Diets and breast feeding should be encouraged at all times.
Breastmilk has specific characteristics suited to the
nutritional needs and physiological development of the
infant. Furthermore, breastfeeding enhances the
bonding process between mother and child during the

Supplemental first year of life.

• Except for vitamin D, the nutritional needs of the infant

Diet for the first six months of life can be met by breastmilk
alone provided breastfeeding is adequate. The main
(One to Six Months) aim of supplemental feeding between 4 and 6 months
is to introduce spoon feeding and new textures and
flavors to the infant to prepare him for later weaning
and to establish healthy eating habits early in life.
Early supplementation with vitamin D is desirable.
Pediatric Diets Indications for Use:
• The diet outlined below s suitable for healthy infants aged

Supplemental 4 to 6 months. Earlier supplementation depends on the

needs and developmental readiness of the infant as
determined by the attending physician.

Diet
Ordering Information
(One to Six • When additional foods are desired for infants aged 4 to 6
months (or younger), the order should be specific and state
Months) the food and amount to be given.
 Food Selection Guide

Pediatric Diets Supplemental Foods Age Started

Cereals, strained or 4 months
blenderized,
Supplemental thin lugao, scraped or
mashed fruit, vegetable
Diet water

(One to Six Thick lugao, vegetable

puree, strained juice
5 months

Months) Flaked fish or ground meat, 6 months

hard cooked egg yolk
 • The diet for infants aged 6 to 12 months is dosignod
to meet their increasing nutritional needs which can
no longer be met by milk alone. Breastmilk is still the
best for babies at this age and mothers should be
encouraged to continue breasfeeding as long as they
Pediatric Diets can.
• Excluding milk, the foods listed in the food plan below
provides about 470-670 k calories and about 18 - 22
grams protein. The diet tends to be low in iron since
our rice, the most common cereal used for infants, is
Infant Diet not enriched. Iron supplementation is thus desirable.

(6 - 12 Months) Indications for Use

• This diet is designed for infants aged 6-12 months.
The infants individual growth and development pattern
is the most suitable guide to determine when to
introduce semi-solid and solid foods as well as how
much to introduce. Indications of readiness for solid
foods are when:
• the infant has doubled his or her birth weight;
the infant consumes 8 oz. formula and is hungry in less than 4
hours;
• the infant consumes 32 oz. of milk a day and wants more;
the infant is 6 months old.
Pediatric Diets Ordering Information
• The order should state the age of the infant.

Infant Diet
(6 - 12 Daily Food Plan and Food Selection Guide
• The amounts of some foods given in the table are

Months) ranges, the lower limits of which are for the younger
infants in this age group. Gradually increasing
amounts are recommended for older infants. Likewise,
mashed or pureed foods are appropriate for younger
infants, while foods may be chopped or finely diced for
older ones.
 Food Group Amount Allowed Foods
Rice or Substitute 1-3 exchanges Preferably enriched; rice
gruel, soft cooked for older
infants; strained oatmeal,
farina, toast or crackers.

Pediatric Diets Sugar 6 teaspoons Sucrose, corn syrup.

Fat 2 teaspoons Butter or margarine.

Milk (if not breastfed) As ordered by physician Prepared according to

Infant Diet formula.

Meat or substitute 1-2 exchanges Mashed hard cooked egg

(6 - 12 yolk; whole egg after ninth
month; pureed or sieved,

Months) chopped. thinly sliced lean

meat, liver, chicken; flaked
fish and mashed dried beans.

Pureed or mashed, finely

Fruit 3-4 tablespoons diced, sliced banana, papaya,
ripe mango, avocado; apple
sauce, fruit juices.

Vegetable 4-5 tablespoons Pureed, sieved, mashed,or

chopped squash,
chayote,carrots,upo, and
green leafy vegetables.
Pediatric Diets Foods to Avoid

• Strong-flavored vegetables as onions. radish,

cabbage, etc.
Infant Diet • Very hot or very cold foods
• Fried foods
(6 - 12 • Excessive spices and seasonings

Months) • Monosodium glutamate (vetsin), salt-pepper

• Candy, chocolate, nuts
• Coffee, tea, carbonated beverages
 • The diet for preschool children is designed to include
Pediatric Diets a variety of foods with different textures and flavors
provided throughout the day. The diet aims to promote
optimal growth and to meet the child's developmental
and behavioral needs. Foods are given in age-
appropriate amounts, and nutrient-dense forms are

Diets for the especially important since the child's nutritional

requirements for growth are great

Preschool • Two food plans are outlined below, one for toddlers aged 1
to 3 years and another for children aged 4 to 6 years. The
Children food plan for toddlers provides about 1 ,200-1 ,400
kcalories and 32 - 42 g protein, while that for older
preschoolers provides 1 ,500-1 ,700 kcalories and 46 - 56 g
protein.
•
Pediatric Diets • Food selection focuses on good sources of vitamin A
and C, protein, iron and calcium. When a variety of
foods in appropriate amounts is consumed, the diet
will meet the RDA of vitamins and minerals for age.
Diets for the Indication for use

Preschool • Healthy preschool children aged 1-6 years.

Children Ordering Information

• The diet order should state the age of the child
 Amount
Food Group Toddler (1-3years) Pre-school child Allowed Foods
(4-6years)
Rice or Substitute 5-6 exch. 7-8 exch. All except whole kernel corn and
Pediatric Diets malagkit for young toddlers.

Sucrose, syrups, jams, jellies.

Sugar 6 tsp. 6 tsp.
Cream, butter or margarine.

Fat 5 tsp. 6 tsp. Plain pudding, gelatin, ice cream,

Diets for the Desserts As needed: made from food As needed: made from food
cakes and cookies.

Preschool Soup and Beverages

allowance

Made from food allowance

allowance

Made from food allowance

Children Milk 2 cups

Chopped or ground lean meat,

Meat, Fish or Substitute 2-3 exch. 3-4 exch. liver, chicken; flaked fish, eggs;
mashed dried beans; mild
cheeses.

Fruit 1-2 exch 2 exch.

one should be vitamin one should be vitamin C-rich
C-rich

Vegetable 1-2 exch. 2 exch.

All except strong flavored for the
younger children; chopped or cut
in small pieces, skin, seeds, and
long fibers if any removed.
 Foods to Avoid
• Whole kernel corn, nuts and malagkit for the
Pediatric Diets younger toddlers
• Highly seasoned and vegetables
• Highly spiced, canned or cured meat, fish; fish
Diets for the with smaii bones, sharp cheeses. Nuts and
coconut, unless properly processed
Preschool • Candy and excess sweets
• Rich cakes and pastries
Children • Highly seasoned soups
• Coffee, tea, carbonated beverages
• Monosocium glutamate (vetsin) and salt-
pepper (salitre)
 • These diets are designed to meet the increased
nutrient needs during pregnancy and lactation due to
normal physiologic changes. The calcium and iron
contents of the diets outlined below are somewhat
lower than the RDA. More milk or frequent use of dilis
will improve the calcium content of the diets, while
iron supplementation is highly recommended. The
vitamins A and C of the diets can be assured through a
wise choice of food.
Diets for
Pregnancy • The food list for pregnancy outlined below supplies
about 2300 kcalories and 75 g protein while that for
and Lactation lactation supplies about 2500 kcalories and 85 g
protein.

• Adolescent pregnant girls require a diet higher in

calories, protein, vitamins and minerals to meet both
the needs of the developing fetus and their own
growth.
•
 Daily Food Plan
Food Group Pregnancy Lactation
Rice or substitute 2 exchanges 13 exchanges

Sugar 6 teaspoons 6 teaspoons

Fat 7 teaspoons 7 teaspoons

Diets for Milk 1 cup 1 cup

Pregnancy Meat or substitute 4 exchanges liver or

glandular organs twice a
4-5 exchanges liver or
glandular organs twice a
week; eggs, 3 to 4 times a week; 1 egg daily
and Lactation Fruit
week

3 to 4; 2 of which should Same as pregnancy

be vitamin C-rich
Vegetable
3 exchanges; 1 to 2 of 4 exchanges; 2 of which
which should be leafy or should be leafy green
green
 • The diet outlined below is lower in energy value than the
full or regular diet since energy requirements are reduced
Diet for the in the elderly. The diet provides about 1700 kcal and 60
grams protein.

Elderly •
 • Food Selection Guide

The food selection guide for the regular diet may be

followed with the following modifications:
• Avoid fried and fatty foods, gravies, cream sauces, salad
dressings, rich desserts.
• Avoid excessive spices and seasonings.
• Avoid strong coffee and tea, if these cause nervousness
and sleeplessness. Decaffeinated coffee or coffee
Diet for the substitutes may be used instead.
• Large and hard pieces of food may be chopped, ground
Elderly or pureed if a mechanical soft diet is needed.
• Certain foods such as dried beans, cabbage, cauliflower,
radishes may be omitted if these cause distress.
• Limit foods with little nutritive value such as gelatin
desserts, clear broth and carbonated beverages.
• include liberal amounts of fruits and vegetables for
dietary fiber.
• Encourage plenty of fluids.
 Daily Food Plan
Food Group Amount
Vegetable At least 2 servings: 1/2-3/4 cup
cooked per serving; one should be
leafy, green or yellow.

Fruit 2-3 exchanges: one should be

vitamin C-rich

Diet for the Milk As tolerated

Elderly Rice or substitute

10 exchanges

5-6 exchanges: liver or glandular

organs once a week; eggs 3-4 times
Meat, fish or substitute a week; 1/2 c cooked dried beans
may be substituted for 1 meat
exchange

Fat 1 tablespoon

Sugar 5 teaspoons
THANK YOU!