LESSON PLAN IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

I. LEARNING COMPETENCIES
The learners are able to:
1. Draw the Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. determine the total number of valence electrons in the molecules.
2. draw the Lewis Dot structure of given compounds.
3. realize the importance of Lewis Dot structure in combining compounds.
III. CONTENT
Subject Matter: Lewis Structure of Molecular Covalent
Compounds
A. Timeframe: 60 minutes
B. References:
th
-Zumdahl, Steven S. (2004) Introductory Chemistry, 5 Ed. Houghton-
Mifflin Company, Boston, MA, USA
-Coronel-Magno, Marcelita. (2016). Basic Chemistry (For Senior High School),
Anvil Publishing, Mandaluyong City, Philippines

C. Strategies: Cooperative Learning, Discussion, Reflective Thinking

D. Materials:
- PowerPoint presentation containing activity and lecture to be presented
using a laptop and projector
- Element’s symbols and Dots printed on a bond paper for motivation
- strips of white and coloured paper for evaluation
- box for evaluation

IV. PROCEDURE

Teacher’s Activities Students’ Activities

A. Daily Routine:
Good morning, class! Happy to see you again. Good morning Sir! It’s nice seeing you
again Sir!
Mr. Cruz, kindly lead the prayer. Mr. Cruz leads the prayer.
Thank you, Mr. Cruz.

When John Cogley said, “Tolerance implies respect KRA 2: Objective 6 maintained learning
for another person, not because he is wrong or even environment that promotes fairness,
he is right, but because he is human”. What we can respect and care to encourage learning
infer to that?
When someone commit mistakes we never
publicize it, hence we forgive and discuss
it privately.

The motivation will be given

as a collaborative group activity. This *for some reason, instructions are
will also be a drill that will recall the translated to local dialect for easy
previous lesson about – Valence understanding.
Electron of an Element. A
PowerPoint presentation will be
 used.
Last meeting, we tackled about the elements The students will go to their
involved in covalent bonding, because not all in the corresponding groups and will get their
Periodic table of elements are subject to covalent corresponding materials.
bonding. Group the students into six groups. Each
group will be given an Element symbols and dots to They will collaborate with their group
be used in their activity. mates what will be the final output of the
team.

Here are the instructions to our activity: They will post it on the board after 10-
- 1. Identify the given Symbol and provide its mins.
valence electron.
- 2. Use the given dots as a valence electron. Somebody in the group will read their
- 3. Tape it on the given manila paper or activity for 5-mins.
cartolina.

A. Lesson Proper
Discuss the different covalent bond and how to draw a Lewis dot structure. A
PowerPoint presentation will be used.

Teacher’s Activities Students’ Activities

In real-life, there’s a friend who sticks closer
than a brother. We share sentiments. So as
molecules around us.
The students will pay attention and
will take notes to the discussion.
Atoms gain, lose or share electrons to
give a stable electron configuration
characterized by 8 valence electrons (The Octet
Rule) in forming a compound. Gilbert Lewis
suggested that covalent bond is formed by
sharing of electrons in atoms. Sharing of
electrons can be illustrated using the Lewis
electron-dot symbols.

*Presentation of the discussion will be

projected.

*This is a copy of the lecture to be distributed to the students.

Take the case of two atoms of hydrogen which share their electrons to form a
hydrogen molecule. Hydrogen is an exception to the octet rule. A hydrogen atom
needs to have two electrons only to become stable. For the hydrogen to become
stable, it needs one more electron. If there are two hydrogen atoms, the bond
formation is shown in (Fig.1)
 Figure 1. Covalent Bond formation of hydrogen

The bond formed in the formation of molecules can be represented using the
Lewis structure (Fig.2).

H + H
H H
Single bond
Figure 2. Two hydrogen atoms forming a single bond

In the Lewis structure, the bond that is formed by shared electron is

represented by a line or a pair of dots. A single bond is represented by a bar (-)
which means that there is one pair of electrons being shared by the two atoms. When
two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a double bond is formed, and
it is represented by a double bar (=). `

Consider sulfur and oxygen which have 6 electrons in their valence shells.
They can both share two electrons each forming a double bond to attain the noble
gas configuration as shown in Figure 3. Some of the valence electrons of sulfur and
oxygen are not bonded. These nonbonding pairs are called lone pairs. Both sulfur
and oxygen have two lone pairs.

Lone pairs

S + O S O or S O
Double bond
Figure 3. Formation of sulfur monoxide molecule

A triple bond is represented with three bars (=). As shown in Figure 4,

nitrogen can form a bond with another nitrogen atom forming a triple bond.

N + N N N or N N
 Triple bond
Figure 4. Formation of nitrogen dioxide molecule

How to draw Lewis Structure?

For simple molecules and molecular ions, draw Lewis structures by merely
pairing up the unpaired electrons as shown in Figure 1 and 3. For more complex
molecules and ions, the following procedure can be used:

1. Determine the total number of valence electrons in the molecule (indicated by

the position of the element in the periodic table). For polyatomic ions, subtract
electron for each positive charge and add electron for each negative charge.

2. Arrange the atoms to show specific connection. Draw a skeleton structure.

Arrange the atoms around a central atom. Element which are less
electronegative should be placed in the center. With a single bond, connect
each atom to the central atom.

3. Distribute the remaining electrons as lone pairs around the terminal atoms to
give each atom an octet.

4. Place all remaining electrons on the central atom.

To achieve an octet, rearrange the electrons of the terminal atoms to make multiple
bonds (double or triple) with the central atom.

Try to apply the procedure in determining the Lewis structure for CH₂O and NO+:

1. C: 4 valence electrons/atom x 1 atom = 4

H: 1 valence electron/atom x 2 atoms = 2
O: 6 valence electrons/atom x 1 atom = 6

12 valence electrons

For positive ion, add the number of valence electrons on the atoms in the ion
and subtract the number of positive charges on the ion from the total
number of valence electrons:

N: 5 valence electrons/atom x 1 atom = 5

O: 6 valence electrons/atom x 1 atom = 6
+ -1 electron (positive charge = -1
 10 valence electrons

2. Because carbon is less electronegative than oxygen and hydrogen is normally

terminal therefore C is the central atom.

O N O

H C H
Put a bonding pair of electrons between each pair of bonded atoms
O

H C H

Six electrons are shared and six remain unshared.

N O

Note that brackets are placed around the structure, indicating the charge
outside the brackets. Two electrons are used and eight unshared.

3. Place all 6 unshared to oxygen as three lone pairs as shown below.

H C H

Oxygen now has an octet and hydrogen has 2 electrons, carbon has only 6
electrons.

N O

All eight unshared electrons are distributed to nitrogen and oxygen as two
lone pairs. Both has only 6 electrons. Neither atom has an octet.

4. All remaining electrons have been distributed to the terminal atom so there
are no electrons left unshared on the central atom.

5. Carbon has only 6 electrons. To give carbon 8 electrons (octet), share one of
the lone pairs of electrons on oxygen to form a double bond:
 O O

HCH HC H

This is the Lewis electron structure of CH₂O. Carbon and oxygen now have an octet
of electrons. O has two lone pairs and two bonding pairs, and C has four bonding
pairs.

N O N O

In the case of O and N, octet is not yet formed thus you need to move another pair to
form a triple bond:

N O

Nitrogen and oxygen now have 8 electrons, hence octet rule is followed.

V. EVALUATION

Directions: Provide the valence electrons of each atom in a molecule and Draw their
corresponding Lewis dot structure.

1. SiH₄

2. SO₃

3. H₂S
 4. CH₂Br₂

5. HCN

Reflection:
How was your thought of combining the electron two substances?
As a way of presenting the students’ answers (if there is enough time), let them
present their answers in front. This is a way to let other students get an understanding of
their classmates’ reflections and arguments.

VI. ASSIGNMENT

List down any covalent compounds can be found in your house and search the
net how are they were formed. Write your collected information on your notebook.

Daily Routine:
iv. Entertain further questions
v. Brief the students about the next lesson
vi. End the class with a prayer

Prepared by:

Dhevin L.Vergara
Special Science Teacher 1

Observed by:

Ma. Rossini V. Abelarde Circes V. Sison, PhD Girlie A. Panaguiton, PhD

STEM-Group Head Master Teacher II OIC- Asst. Principal in
Academics