AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN

An Undergraduate Design

Presented to Engr. Mark Anthony Guro

College of Engineering

Mindanao State University

Marawi City

In Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for the Course

ME 162 (Air Conditioning Engineering)

for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Presented by:

Junken C. Esparrago

Zamanoden D. Unda

Salahudin S. Hadji jamel

June 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Members of the group wishes to express their indebtedness to the following

who, in one way or another, had measurably aided them to come up with an informative

and worth Design. First and foremost, special thank is given to the Almighty God, for the

Blessings, good health, and wisdom bestowed them and their family, friends, classmates,

and instructors;

To their Families, friends and dear ones who gave inspiration and support, may it

be in their triumph, joy, laughter and misty series of our lives;

Lastly, to Engr. Mark Anthony Guro their Professor, for extending his expertise in

Air conditioning design and for sharing his books.

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. i
CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................. 7
AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATION .......................................................................... 7
DESIGN DATA .......................................................................................................................... 8
ZONING ................................................................................................................................... 11
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN ......................................................................................... 106
TOTAL LATENT HEAT GAIN ............................................................................................ 111
CHAPTER III ........................................................................................................................... 116
PSYCHROMETRIC ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 116
CHAPTER IV............................................................................................................................ 140
DUCT SIZING........................................................................................................................ 140
CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................................. 159
PIPE SIZING .......................................................................................................................... 159
CHAPTER VI............................................................................................................................ 174
SCHEDULE OF EQUIPMENTS ........................................................................................... 174
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 176

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

Air conditioning is a field of engineering which is concerned in maintaining conditions that

are 1) conductive to human comfort, or 2) required by a product, or process with in a space.

Because of these applications air conditioning business has never been made obsolete. It continues

to find its place in the market and also the science of air conditioning continuous to evolve and has

change in many aspects relative to our fast-changing world.

Since air conditioning involves heating or cooling of air to be conductive to human

comfort, its application can be seen in office buildings, department stores, cinemas, and other

applications where the volume of people and the outside environmental condition and the type of

services involve has a great impact in the inside condition of the space. Air conditioning

application can also be applied in residential homes and other small-scale application which is

concern in maintaining comfort air circulation inside room or space. These residential applications

are widely applied in the city where there is a high rise in the outside temperature especially at

sunny days. Also, in areas where temperature drop very low that it is not already comfortable for

human condition. All of these applications have made Air conditioning engineering a big business

for engineers and investors.

For students to understand fully the principle of air conditioning, he has to know the basic

concepts in air conditioning calculation which is primary concern of this paper.

This paper aims to design an air conditioning system for proposed 2-Storey Commercial

Building in brgy. Libertad, Butuan City.

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Statement of the Problem

This design generally aims to design an air conditioning system for a proposed 2-Storey

Commercial Building in brgy. Libertad, Butuan City. This will able the students to know and be

aware of the process involve in designing a centralized air conditioning system.

Specifically, this design attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What are the factors need to be considered in designing an air conditioning system?

2. What are the processes involve in the design?

3. What are the equipment involves in an air conditioning system?

Objective of the Study

The primary objective of this design is to be able to know the steps and factors that should

be considered in designing an air conditioning system. Also, this design will serve as practical

exercise for students in order to enhance their knowledge in the field of air conditioning

engineering.

Significance of the Study

This design when completed will provide students a good reference in air conditioning

design. Also, this design will be good test of the capability of the future air conditioning designers.

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Definition of Key Terms

Return Air – return air passed through the conditioner before being resupplied to the conditioned

space.

Comfort Air Conditioning – the process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature,

humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort requirements of the occupants of the

conditioned space.

Heat – is form of energy that is transferred by virtue of a temperature difference.

Latent Heat – The change of enthalpy during a change of state, usually expressed in J/kg (Btu per

lb). With pure substances, latent heat is absorbed or rejected at constant temperature at any

pressure.

Sensible Heat – The heat which is associated with a change in temperature; specific heat exchange

of temperature; in contrast to a heat interchange in which a change of state (latent heat) occurs.

Inch of water – a unit pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of 1-in. high liquid water

at temperature of 4oC (39.2F).

Infiltration – is the air flowing inward as through a wall, leak, etc.

Psychrometer – instrument for measuring relative humidities by means of wet and dry bulb

temperatures.

Thermal Resistance – is the reciprocal of conductance thermal.

Ventilation – the process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to

or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.

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The Commercial Building

The Commercial Building in brgy. Libertad, Butuan City is a two-story commercial

building. It has a land area of about 4,643 m2. The height of the building is about 8.8 m measured

from the ground up to the roof. The Building is situated between Hermanos Multi-Purpose Coop.

and Rusi Butuan and to its front is the gasoline station. It is facing south west and has a degree of

latitude of about 8 degrees.

Blueprints of the Commercial Building

Figure 1.1 Location Plan

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Figure 1.2 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 1.3 Second Floor Plan

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Figure 1.4 Ground Floor Electrical Plan

Figure 1.5 Second Floor Electrical Plan

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 CHAPTER II
AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATION

The air conditioning load is estimated to provide the basis for selecting the conditioning

equipment. It must take into account the heat coming into the space from outdoor on design day,

as well as the heat being generated within the space. The time of peak load can usually be

established by inspection, although, in some cases estimates must be made for several different

times of the day.

The variables affecting air conditioning cooling load calculations are numerous, often

difficult to define precisely and always intricately interrelated. Many cooling load components

vary in magnitude over a wide range during twenty-four hours period. Since these cyclic changes

in load components are often not in phase with each other, each must be analyzed to establish the

resultant maximum cooling load for a building or zone. A zoned system (a system of conditioning

equipment serving several independent areas, each with its own temperature control) need

recognize no greater total cooling load capacity than the largest hourly summary of simultaneous

zone loads throughout a design a design day; however, it must handle the peak cooling load for

each zone at its individual peak hour. At certain times of the day during the heating or intermediate

sessions, some zones may require heating while others require cooling.

Factors affecting cooling load estimate:

1. Conduction through exterior roof and walls

2. Heat gain through interior partitions, ceiling, and floors

3. Heat sources within the condition space

a. Lighting

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 b. People

c. Appliances and laboratory equipment

4. Infiltration and Ventilation air

DESIGN DATA
In the calculation of the total air conditioning load, the data below are the data to be used:

Indoor temperature of the building = 78 °F

Outdoor temperature = 95 °F

Latitude of the Location = 8 ° North Latitude

Design Month = May

Daily range of the location = 20 °F

Coefficient of heat transfer (U)

WALL (Materials from ASHRAE 1981)

Conductance Resistance
Customary Unit
SI Unit
2
℉ 2
𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑟 𝑚 𝐾/𝑊
𝐵𝑇𝑈
1. Outside Surface (15 mph) 3.45 0.29 0.05
2. Plaster, lightweight aggregate, 0.5 in 3.12 0.32 0.06
3. CHB 6” (sand and gravel aggregate) 1.15 0.87 0.15
4. Plaster, lightweight aggregate, 0.5 in 3.12 0.32 0.06
5. Inside Surface (Still Air) 1.47 0.68 0.12
2.48 0.44

1 W Btu
U= = 2.27 2 = 0.40
R m K h. ft 2 . F

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PARTITIONS

Conductance Resistance
Customary Unit
SI Unit
℉
𝑓𝑡 2 ℎ𝑟 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊
𝐵𝑇𝑈
1. Outside Surface (15 mph) 3.45 0.29 0.05

2. Plaster, lightweight aggregate, 0.5 in 3.12 0.32 0.06

3. CHB 4” (sand and gravel aggregate) 1.40 0.71 0.13

4. Plaster, lightweight aggregate, 0.5 in 3.12 0.32 0.06

5. Inside Surface (Still Air) 1.47 0.68 0.12

2.71 0.49

1 W Btu
U= = 2.04 2 = 0.37
R m K h. ft 2 . F

CEILING

Resistance
Materials (from ASHRAE 1981) Customary Unit
SI Unit
℉
𝑓𝑡 2 ℎ𝑟 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊
𝐵𝑇𝑈
1. Bottom surface (Still Air) (Chapter 23.12) 0.68 0.12
2. Gypsum Board (0.5 in) (Chapter 23.14) 0.45 0.079
3. Nominal Ceiling hoist (Chapter 9.06 1.595
4. Sand and gravel aggregate – 5” thick (Chapter 23.12) 0.55 0.097
5. Non-reflective air space (Chapter 23.12) 0.92 0.162

6. Tile on top surface (Chapter 23.24) 0.05 0.009

7. Top surface (Still Air) (Chapter 23.12) 0.68 0.12

Total Resistance 12.39 2.182

1 BTU W
U= = 0.081 2 = 0.46 2
R ft hr℉ m K

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FLOOR
Resistance
Material (From ASHRAE 1981) Customary Unit
SI Unit
℉
𝑓𝑡 2 ℎ𝑟 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊
𝐵𝑇𝑈
1. Top surface (Still Air) (Chapter 23.12) 0.68 0.12
2. Tile (Chapter 23.24) 0.05 0.009
3. Cement mortar (Chapter 23.15, table 3 A) 0.6 0.106
4. Sand and Gravel aggregate (Chapter 23.16) 0.008 0.0014
Total Resistance 0.642 0.2364

1 W
U= = 4.23 2
0.2364 m K

DOORS
Door 1, D1
Description: 25 mm thick Single Glass Door on Powder Coated Aluminum Frame
From Chapter 23, Table 8, Part A, No Storm, No Shade, Summer
W 𝐵𝑡𝑢
U = 5.9 = 1.04
m2 K ℎ.𝑓𝑡 2 .𝐹
Door 2, D2
Description: 25 mm thick Wood Panel Door
From Chapter 23, Table 9A, No Storm Door, Summer:
𝐵𝑡𝑢
U = 0.54
ℎ.𝑓𝑡 2 .𝐹
Door 3, D3
Description: 25 mm thick Wood Panel Door
From Chapter 23, Table 9A, No Storm Door, Summer:
𝐵𝑡𝑢
U = 0.54
ℎ.𝑓𝑡 2 .𝐹
Door 4, D4
Description: 600 X 2100mm Phenolic Panel Door
From Chapter 23, Table 8, Part B, Single Walled, Summer
𝐵𝑡𝑢
U = 4.5
ℎ.𝑓𝑡 2 .𝐹
Door 5, D5
Description: 700 X 2100mm Phenolic Panel Door
From Chapter 23, Table 8, Part B, Single Walled, Summer
𝐵𝑡𝑢
U = 4.5
ℎ.𝑓𝑡 2 .𝐹

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Door 6, D6
Description: 650 X 1900mm Phenolic Panel Door
From Chapter 23, Table 8, Part B, Single Walled, Summer
𝐵𝑡𝑢
U = 4.5
ℎ.𝑓𝑡 2 .𝐹
WINDOW
Window 1 -12
Description: 8 mm Clear Glass, Metal Frame
From Chapter 23, Table 8, Part C, All Glass- Single Glass
𝐵𝑡𝑢
U = 1.00
ℎ.𝑓𝑡 2 .𝐹
AREAS
• Doors
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
• Windows
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
𝑚2
ZONING

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 Figure 2.1 Ground Floor

Figure 2.1 Second Floor

ZONE 1

Wall and partition Area:

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 Area
Wall Orientation
SI (m2) Customary (ft2)

1 NE 58.383 628.12

2 SE 33.425 359.6

3 SW 25.37 272.94

4 NW 17.5 188.27

Partition 196.35 2112.41

Table 2.1.1 Wall Orientation and area

CLTD:

From Table 6, PP 26.9 of ASHRAE, the group description of the wall is group E.

Table 6, PP 26.11 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of group E wall. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 9 20 25 26 26 26

South East 8 19 31 37 37 36

South West 5 6 9 18 24 32

North West 5 5 8 13 16 20

Table 2.1.2 CLTD for Group E walls

CLTD Corrected:

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

where:

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 Tr = Indoor temperature of the building

= 78 ºF

78 - Tr = indoor design temperature correction

= 78 – 78

= 0

To – 85 = outdoor design temperature correction

To = average outside temperature on design

= 95 - % of daily range x daily range

LM = latitude month correction

K = color adjustment factor

= 0.65 if permanent light colored

% of Daily Range can be determined from (AHSRAE 1981, Chapter 26.6, Table 3).

Time %DR To = 95 - % DR x DR To - 85

8:00 am 84% 78.2 0F -6.8 0F

10:00 am 56% 83.8 0F -1.2 0F

12:00 pm 23% 90.4 0F 5.4 0F

2:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

3:00 pm 0% 95 0F 10 0F

4:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

Table 2.1.3 Outdoor Design Temperature correction

Determining the latitude month correction from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.14, table 9

Design Month: May

Latitude: 80

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 Wall orientation North east South east South west North west

LM 4 -7 -7 4

Table 2.1.4 Latitude Month Correction

Solving for the CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 1.65 14.4 24.25 28.9 29.5 28.9

South East -6.15 6.6 21 28.9 29.5 28.25

South West -8.1 -1.85 6.7 16.55 21.05 25.65

North West -0.95 4.65 13.2 20.45 23 25

Table 2.1.5 CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLVING FOR THE HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE WALLS

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 628.12 0.4 414.559 3617.97 6092.76 7261.06 7411.81 7261.06

2 1 4 7 6 7

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 South East 359.6 0.4 4156.97

-884.616 949.344 3020.64 6 4243.28 4063.48

South West 272.94 0.4 731.479 1806.86 2298.15 2800.36

-884.326 -201.976 2 3 5 4

North West 188.27 0.4 350.182 994.065 1540.04 1732.08

-71.5426 2 6 9 4 1882.7

4715.52 10838.9 14764.9 15685.3 16007.6

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -1425.93 1 5 6 4 1

Table 2.1.6 Heat Gain through walls

WINDOWS AND DOORS

Windows and doors Area

Area of Windows Area of Doors

Orientation
SI (m2) Customary (ft2) SI (m2) Customary (ft2)

NE 1.608 17.3 1.47 15.81

SE n/a n/a n/a n/a

SW 25.31 272.3 7 75.31

NW n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.1.7 Window and Door Orientation and area

Table 10, PP 26.16 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of through glasses. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD

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 CLTD for
Conduction 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
through glass
SI(0C or K) 0 2 5 7 8 8

British( 0F) 0 4 9 13 14 14

Table 2.1.8 CLTD for Glass (SI units)

Solving for the CLTD corrected of windows and doors

From the previous formula,

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East -4.2 4 13.85 20.45 21.7 21.1

South East -11.35 -3.15 6.7 13.3 14.55 13.95

South West -11.35 -3.15 6.7 13.3 14.55 13.95

North West -4.2 4 13.85 20.45 21.7 21.1

Table 2.1.9 CLTD Corrected of Windows and Doors

Solving For the Heat Gain through the Windows

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

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 SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 17.3 1 -72.66 69.2 239.605 353.785 375.41 365.03

South East n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South West 272.3 1 3961.96 3798.58

-3090.61 -857.745 1824.41 3621.59 5 5

North West n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

2064.01 3975.37 4337.37 4163.61

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -3163.27 -788.545 5 5 5 5

Table 2.1.10 Heat Gain through windows

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 11.38 1.04 163.917 242.029 256.823 249.722

-49.7078 47.3408 5 8 8 7

South East 1.68 1.04 11.7062 23.2377 25.4217 24.3734

-19.8307 -5.50368 4 6 6 4

41.8371 175.623 265.267 282.245 274.096

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -69.5385 2 7 6 6 1

Table 2.1.11 Heat Gain through Doors

8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

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 `TOTAL HEAT GAIN

of Doors and windows -3232.81 -746.708 2239.639 4240.643 4619.621 4437.711

Table 2.1.12 Total Heat Gain of Windows and Doors

Solving Heat Gain through interior partition, ceiling and floor

Whenever a conditioned space is adjacent to a space in which a different temperature

prevails, transfer of heat through the separating structural sectioned must be considered.

Wall Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

Where

tb = Average air temperature in adjacent space

ti = Air temperature in conditioned space

Quoted from ASHRAE Chapter 26.20: “tb – ti should be considered the difference between the

outdoor air and conditioned-space design dry-bulb temperatures minus 2.8 0C (5 0F)”.

Therefore,

t b − t i = (t o − t r ) − 5 0 F

t b − t i = (95 − 78)0 C − 5 0 F

t b − t i = 120 f

The cross-sectional area and overall coefficient of heat transfer U of the partition is

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 Btu
A = 2112.41 ft 2 and U = 0.37
h. ft 2 . F

Therefore the heat gain through interior partition is

Btu
q = (0.37 ) (2112.41 ft 2 )(120 F)
h. ft 2 . F

q = 9379.1 BTU/hr

Glass Partition and Door

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )
ITEM No. of Item Area (ft2) U q = U x A x (tb - ti)

(BTU/hr*ft2*F)

Doors 4 D4 63.26 4.5 3416.04

TOTAL Heat Gain from doors and windows partition 3416.04

Table 2.1.13 Heat Gain thru glass windows and door partition

Solving for the heat gain through the ceiling

The ceiling consists of two materials.

From the architectural plan of the building, the area of the ceiling of zone1 is

A = 1777 ft 2

and

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t b − t i = 12 0 F , U = 0.081 W⁄m2 K

The heat transfer through ceiling is

q = (1777 ft 2 ) (0.081 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F ) (12F)

q = 1727.244 BTU/hr

Solving for the heat gain through the floor

From the architectural plan of the building, the area of the ceiling of zone1 is

A = 1777 ft 2

and

t b − t i = 14. 2 0 C , U = 0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F

The heat transfer through wall is

q = (1777 ft 2 ) (0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F ) (12 0 F)

q = 15929.028 BTU/hr

HEAT FROM SOLAR RADIATION

Equation used:

q = A x SC x SHGF x CLF

Where,

SC = Shading Coefficient – The Ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system under

a specific set of conditions to the solar gain through a single light of the reference glass

under the same condition (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38)

SC = 0.69 for 6mm tinted Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

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 SC = 0.94 for 6mm clear Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.17, Table 11A)

CLF = Cooling Load Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.22 Table 14)

Orientation SHGF

North East/North West 198

South East/South West 97

Table 1.2.14 Solar Heat Gain Factor

Determining the CLF:

Design Month: May

Degrees of Latitude: 8 deg Latitude

WALL SOLAR TIME

ORIEN AREA
TATIO (ft2) SC SHGF 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
N
NE 4W6 17.3 0.94 198 0.74 0.37 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20

SE n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

SW 272.3 0.94 97 0.14 0.19 0.38 0.75 0.83 0.81

NW n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.1.15 CLF of windows

Solving for the Heat Gain through Solar Radiation,

WALL SOLAR TIME and Solar Heat Gain Below (BTU/hr)

ORIENTATION

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 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

NE 2382.708 1191.354 869.3665 772.7702 708.3727 643.9752

SE n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

SW 3475.964 4717.38 9434.759 18621.24 20607.5 20110.93

NW n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

TOTAL 5858.672 5908.734 10304.13 19394.01 21315.87 20754.91

Table 2.1.16 Heat Gain through Solar Radiation

Heat Gain from the Condition Space

Heat gain from the condition space is the sensible and Latent heat released within the

condition space by the occupants, lights, appliances, machines and other equipment.

Heat Gain from Lightings

Some of the energy emanating from the lights is in the form of radiation, which only affects

the air after it has been absorb by the walls, floors and furniture and has warmed them to a

temperature higher than the air temperature. This absorbed energy, stored by the structure,

contributes to the space cooling load after a time lag, and is present after the lights are switched

off.

The calculations performed in this section are divided according to zone or area in which

the space is air conditioned. These areas are identified below.

From Electrical Plan

C1 = 7 Pin Lights x 11 W = (77 W)(3.41 BTU/hr) = 262.57 BTU/hr

C1 = 28 down light x 25 watts = (700 W)(3.41 BTU/hr) = 2387 BTU/hr

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 ballast factor = 1.2 (pinlight)
= 1.2 (downlight)
use factor = 1
From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.22, table 15:
a = 0.55
From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23, table 16,
b = type C (medium)
Lights are turned on for 10 hrs.

Solving for the Lighting Heat Gain

qs = total wattage x use factor x ballast factor x CLF Total q
Time CLF
For 25W Downlight For 11W pin Light (BTU/hr)

8:00 am 0.78 655.2 72.072 245.7655

10:00 am 0.81 680.4 74.844 255.218

12:00 pm 0.25 210 23.1 78.771

2:00 pm 0.22 184.8 20.328 69.31848

3:00 pm 0.21 176.4 19.404 66.16764

4:00 pm 0.20 168 18.48 63.0168

Table 2.1.17 Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from people

Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation, commonly called metabolic rate.

The metabolic rate varies with the individual and with his activity level. This heat is carried to the

surface of the body by the blood stream and is dissipated by:

1. Radiation from the body surface to the surrounding surfaces.

2. Convection from the body and the respiratory track the surrounding air.

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 3. Evaporation of moisture from the body surface and in the respiratory track to the

surrounding air.

The same as the lighting calculation the heat gain from people will be divided according to

zones.

Sensible and Latent Heat from People in Zone 1:

From the Architectural Plan, Maximum no of Person = 45

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 18

Degree of activity: seated, very light work typing

Sensible Heat = 75W = 255 BTU/hr

Latent Heat = 75 W = 255 BTU/hr

Equation used:

Sensible Load = no. of People x qs x CLF

Latent Load = no. of people x qL

The CLF can be determined from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 19

Time No. of People CLF Sensible Load, BTU/hr Latent Load, BTU/hr

8:00am 45 0.85 9753.75 11475

10:00 am 45 0.89 10212.75

11475
12:00 pm 45 0.34 3901.5
11475
2:00 pm 0.23 2639.25
45 11475
3:00 pm 45 0.20 2295
11475
4:00 pm 45 0.17 1950.75
11475
Table 2.1.18 Heat Gain from People

25 | P a g e
Heat Gain from Appliances:

In estimating the cooling load, heat gain from all heat producing appliances must be taken.

Zoning process still applies in the calculation.

Types of appliances: 20 Personal computers

Total hours of operation: 8 hrs

Sensible heat qS = qinput x Fu x FR

Where qinput = nameplate rated capacity (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14 table 9B)

= 575 W

Fu = usage factor = 0.5 (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.26)

FR = Ratio of heat gain to appliances energy consumption

= 29.7 W / 133 W (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14, table 9B)

= 0.22

Therefore qS = (63.25 W)(3.41 BTU/hr) = 215.6825 BTU/hr

Equation used: Sensible load = qS x CLF x no. of appliances

where CLF is from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.28, table 22

Solving for the heat Gain

Time Total hours on CLF Sensible Load

8:00 am 8 0.78 1345.859

10:00 am 8 0.45 776.457

12:00 pm 8 0.30 517.638

2:00 pm 8 0.22 379.6012

3:00 pm 8 0.19 327.8374

26 | P a g e
 4:00 pm 8 0.16 276.0736

Table 2.1.19Heat Gain from Appliances

Heat Gain from Infiltration and Ventilation Air

Infiltration of air and particularly moisture into the conditioned space is frequently a source

of sizable heat gain or loss. The quality of infiltration air varies according to tightness of doors and

windows, porosity of the building shell, height of the building, and the amount of ventilation and

exhaust air.

Infiltration

Assumptions:

Wind Velocity = 7.5 mph

Air leakage: (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 22.10, Table 4)

For doors = 5.08 L/sec. sq. m (ANSI A134.2)

For windows = 0.77 L/sec. m of sash crack (ANSI A134.1)

Equation used:

qS = 1.10 x scfm x T

qL = 4840 x scfm x W

where,

T = Outdoor temperature – indoor temperature

W = W0 (Humidity outside @ t0 = 950F and  = 77 %) - W1 (Humidity inside @ t1 =

780F and  = 50 %)

From psychometric chart,

W0 = 0.0278 lba/lbw and W1 = 0.0102 lba / lbw

27 | P a g e
Calculations:

Infiltration thru Doors

No of Doors = 3 D1: 𝑚2

1 D3: 𝑚2

1 D2: 𝑚2

For Door 1:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0.8m x 2.2m)(3)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 56.79cfm

For Door 3:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 )( )( ) ( ) (0.8m x 2.15m)(1)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 18.5 cfm

For Door 2:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 )( )( ) ( ) (0.7 X 2.1)(1)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 15.81 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

28 | P a g e
 q S = (1.10) (56.79 + 18.5 + 15.81 cfm )(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (1703.57 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 412.88 W

Latent Heat:

q L = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(56.79 + 18.5)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (6,413.503 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 499.58 W

Infiltration thru Windows

No of windows = 4W6: 𝑚2

= 1 W3: 𝑚2

= 2 W4: 𝑚2

Length Window sash crack:

LW4 = 12.1 m

LW3 = 11.8 m

LW6 = 2.54 m

For Window 3:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (11.8 m)(1)
sec. m 1000 L m min

29 | P a g e
 Infiltration = 19.24 cfm

For Window 4:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (12.1 m)(2)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 39.45 cfm

For Window 6:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (2.54 m)(4)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 16.56 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10 )(19.24 + 39.45 + 16.56)(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (1407.175 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 412.66 W

Latent Heat:

q S = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(19.24 + 39.45 + 16.56)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (6410.096 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 1879.79 W

Ventilation

30 | P a g e
 Outdoor air must be introduced for ventilation of conditioned spaces. The heat gain and

corresponding cooling load due to introduction of outside air for ventilation can be determined

once indoor and outdoor conditioned are fixed

Heat Gain from Ventilation

Equation used:

qS = 1.1 x CFM x ∆T

qL = 4840 x CFM x ∆W

where,

∆T = (95F – 78F) = 17 0F

∆W = 0.0176

From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

Time No. of people CFM Sensible Load Latent Load

8:00 am 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

10:00 am 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

12:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

2:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

31 | P a g e
 3:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

4:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

Table 1.2.20 Sensible and Latent heat from Ventilation

Zone 2

32 | P a g e
Wall and Partition Area
Area
Wall Orientation
SI (𝑚2 ) Customary (𝑓𝑡 2 )
1 NE 36.051 387.851
2 SE 33.28 358.04
3 SW 23.476 252.564
4 NW 34.64 372.68
Partition 83.3185 896.84
Table 2.2.1 Wall Orientation, Partition and Area.
CLTD:

From Table 6, PP 26.9 of ASHRAE, the group description of the wall is group E.

Table 6, PP 26.11 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of group E wall. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD. (English Unit)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 9 20 25 26 26 26

South East 8 19 31 37 37 36

South West 5 6 9 18 24 32

North West 5 5 8 13 16 20

Table 2.2.2 CLTD for Group E walls

CLTD Corrected:

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

where:

33 | P a g e
 Tr = Indoor temperature of the building

= 78 ºF

78 - Tr = indoor design temperature correction

= 78 – 78

= 0

To – 85 = outdoor design temperature correction

To = average outside temperature on design

= 95 - % of daily range x daily range

LM = latitude month correction

K = color adjustment factor

= 0.65 if permanent light colored

% of Daily Range can be determined from (AHSRAE 1981, Chapter 26.6, Table 3).

Time %DR To = 95 - % DR x DR To - 85

8:00 am 84% 78.2 0F -6.8 0F

10:00 am 56% 83.8 0F -1.2 0F

12:00 pm 23% 90.4 0F 5.4 0F

2:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

3:00 pm 0% 95 0F 10 0F

4:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

Table 2.2.3 Outdoor Design Temperature correction

Determining the latitude month correction from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.14, table 9

Design Month: May

Latitude: 80

34 | P a g e
 Wall orientation North east South east South west North west

LM 4 -7 -7 4

Table 2.2.4 Latitude Month Correction

Solving for the CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 1.65 14.4 24.25 28.9 29.5 28.9

South East -6.15 6.6 21 28.9 29.5 28.25

South West -8.1 -1.85 6.7 16.55 21.05 25.65

North West -0.95 4.65 13.2 20.45 23 25

Table 2.2.5 CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLVING FOR THE HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE WALLS

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 0.4 2234.02

387.851
255.982 2 3762.155 4483.558 4576.642 4483.558

35 | P a g e
 South East 0.4 -
358.04
880.778 945.225 3007.536 4138.942 4224.872 4045.852
6
South West 0.4 - -
252.564
818.307 186.897 676.8715 1671.974 2126.589 2591.307

North West 0.4 - 693.184

372.68
141.618 8 1967.75 3048.522 3428.656 3726.8

- 3685.53

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: 1584.72 5 9414.313 13343 14356.76 14847.52

Table 2.2.6 Heat Gain through walls

Windows and Doors

Windows and doors Area:
Area of Windows Area of Doors
Orientation
SI (m2) Customary (ft2) SI (m2) Customary (ft2)

NW n/a n/a 1.72 18.5141

SW 16.2562 174.891 3.53 37.87

NE 0.804 8.65 n/a n/a

SE n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.2.7 Window and Door Orientation and area

Table 10, PP 26.16 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of through glasses. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD

CLTD for
Conduction 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
through glass

36 | P a g e
 SI(0C) 0 2 5 7 8 8

British( 0F) 0 4 9 13 14 14

Table 2.2.8 CLTD for Glass

Solving for the CLTD corrected of windows and doors

From the previous formula,

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East -4.2 4 13.85 20.45 21.7 21.1

South West -11.35 -3.15 6.7 13.3 14.55 13.95

North West -4.2 4 13.85 20.45 21.7 21.1

Table 2.2.9 CLTD Corrected of Windows and Doors

Solving For the Heat Gain through the Windows

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 8.65 1 119.802 176.892

-36.33 34.6 5 5 187.705 182.515

37 | P a g e
 South West 174.89 1 1171.76 2326.03 2439.71

-1985 -550.904 3 7 2544.65 6

1291.56 2732.35 2622.23

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -2021.33 -516.304 6 2502.93 5 1

Table 2.2.10 Heat Gain through windows

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North West 18.514 0.54 39.9902 138.466 204.450 216.947 210.948

-41.9898 4 2 1 1 5

South West 37.87 1.04 263.878 523.817 573.048

-447.017 -124.062 2 8 8 549.418

402.344 728.267 789.995 760.366

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -489.007 -84.0718 4 9 9 5

Table 2.2.11 Heat Gain through Doors

`TOTAL HEAT GAIN 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

of Doors and windows -2510.34 -600.376 1693.91 3231.198 3522.351 3382.598

Table 2.2.12 Total Heat Gain of Windows and Doors

Solving Heat Gain through interior partition, ceiling and floor

Whenever a conditioned space is adjacent to a space in which a different temperature

prevails, transfer of heat through the separating structural sectioned must be considered.

38 | P a g e
Wall Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

Where

tb = Average air temperature in adjacent space

ti = Air temperature in conditioned space

Quoted from ASHRAE Chapter 26.20: “tb – ti should be considered the difference between the

outdoor air and conditioned-space design dry-bulb temperatures minus 2.8 0C (5 0F)”.

Therefore,

t b − t i = (t o − t r ) − 50 F

t b − t i = (95 − 78)0 F − 50 F

t b − t i = 120 F

The cross-sectional area and overall coefficient of heat transfer U of the partition is

BTU
A = 896.84 ft 2 and U = 0.37
(hr ∗ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ 𝐹)

Therefore the heat gain through interior partition is

q = (0.37 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F) (896.84ft 2 )(120 F)

q = 3981.97 BTU/hr

Glass and Door Partition

39 | P a g e
Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

ITEM No. of Item Area (ft2) U q = U x A x (tb - ti)

(BTU/hr*ft2*F)

DOOR 2 D4 31.63 4.5 1,708.02

TOTAL Heat Gain from doors partition 1,708.02

Table 2.2.13 Heat Gain thru glass windows and door partition

Solving for the heat gain through the ceiling

The ceiling consists of two materials.

From the architectural plan of the building, the area of the ceiling of zone is

A = 1083.156 ft 2

and

t b − t i = 12 0 F , U = 0.081 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F

The heat transfer through ceiling is

q = (1083.156 ft 2 ) (0.081 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F ) (12F)

q = 1052.828 BTU/hr

Solving for the heat gain through the floor

From the architectural plan of the building, the area of the ceiling of zone1 is

A = 1083.156 ft 2

40 | P a g e
and

t b − t i = 12 0 F , U = 0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F

The heat transfer through wall is

q = (1969.27 ft 2 ) (0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F ) (12 0 F)

q = 17,652.536 BTU/hr

HEAT FROM SOLAR RADIATION

Equation used:

q = A x SC x SHGF x CLF

Where,

SC = Shading Coefficient – The Ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system under

a specific set of conditions to the solar gain through a single light of the reference glass

under the same condition (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38)

SC = 0.69 for 6mm tinted Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SC = 0.94 for 6mm clear Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.17, Table 11A)

CLF = Cooling Load Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23. Table 17B)

Orientation SHGF

North East/North West 198

South East/South West 97

Table 2.2.14 Solar Heat Gain Factor

41 | P a g e
Determining the CLF:

Design Month: May

Degrees of Latitude: 8 deg Latitude

WALL SOLAR TIME

ORIEN AREA
TATIO (ft2) SC SHGF 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
N
NE 2W6 8.65 0.94 198 0.74 0.37 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20

1W1 74.434 0.94 97 0.14 0.19 0.38 0.75 0.83 0.81

SW
2W2 174.981 0.94 97 0.14 0.19 0.38 0.75 0.83 0.81

Table 2.2.15 CLF of windows

Solving for the Heat Gain through Solar Radiation,

SOLAR TIME and Solar Heat Gain Below (BTU/hr)

WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

NE 1191.354 595.6771 434.6833 386.3851 354.1864 321.9876

SW 3183.832 4320.916 8641.831 17056.25 18875.58 18420.74

TOTAL 4375.186 4916.593 9076.514 17442.64 19229.77 18742.73

Table 2.2.16 Heat Gain through Solar Radiation

Heat Gain from the Condition Space

Heat gain from the condition space is the sensible and Latent heat released within the

condition space by the occupants, lights, appliances, machines and other equipment.

42 | P a g e
Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from Lightings

From Electrical Plan,
C1 = 4 pin light x 11 watts = (44 W)(3.41) = 150.04 BTU/hr
C1 = 16 down light x 25 watts = (400 W)(3.41) = 1364 BTU/hr
ballast factor = 1.2 (pinlight)
= 1.2 (downlight)
use factor = 1
From ASHRAE 1981,Chapter 26.22, table 15:
a = 0.55
From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23, table 16,
b = type C (medium)
Lights are turned on for 10 hrs.
Solving for the Lighting Heat Gain
qs = total wattage x use factor x ballast factor x CLF Total q
Time CLF
For 25W Downlight For 11W pin Light (BTU/hr)

8:00 am 0.78 1276.704 140.4374 1417.141

10:00 am 0.81 1325.808 145.8389 1471.647

12:00 pm 0.25 409.2 45.012 454.212

2:00 pm 0.22 360.096 39.61056 399.7066

3:00 pm 0.21 343.728 37.81008 381.5381

4:00x pm 0.20 327.36 36.0096 363.3696

Table 2.2.17 Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from people

43 | P a g e
 Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation, commonly called metabolic rate.

The metabolic rate varies with the individual and with his activity level. This heat is carried to the

surface of the body by the blood stream and is dissipated by:

1. Radiation from the body surface to the surrounding surfaces.

2. Convection from the body and the respiratory track the surrounding air.

3. Evaporation of moisture from the body surface and in the respiratory track to the

surrounding air.

The same as the lighting calculation the heat gain from people will be divided according to

zones.

Sensible and Latent Heat from People in Zone 2:

From the Architectural Plan, Maximum no of Person = 20

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 18

Degree of activity: seated, very light work typing

Sensible Heat = 75W = 255 BTU/hr

Latent Heat = 75 W = 255 BTU/hr

Equation used:

Sensible Load = no. of People x qs x CLF

Latent Load = no. of people x qL

The CLF can be determine from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 19

Time No. of People CLF Sensible Load, Watts Latent Load, Watts

8:00am 20 0.85 4335 5100

10:00 am 20 0.89 4539

5100

44 | P a g e
 12:00 pm 20 0.34 1734
5100
2:00 pm 20 0.23 1173
5100
3:00 pm 20 0.20 1020
5100
4:00 pm 20 0.17 867
5100
Table 2.2.18 Heat Gain from People
Heat Gain from Appliances:

In estimating the cooling load, heat gain from all heat producing appliances must be taken.

Zoning process still applies in the calculation.

Types of appliances: 12 Personal computers

Total hours of operation: 8 hrs

Sensible heat qS = qinput x Fu x FR

Where qinput = nameplate rated capacity (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14 table 9B)

= 575 W

Fu = usage factor = 0.5 (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.26)

FR = Ratio of heat gain to appliances energy consumption

= 29.7 W / 133 W (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14, table 9B)

= 0.22

Therefore qS = (63.25 W)(3.41) = 215.6825

Equation used: Sensible load = qS x CLF x no. of appliances

where CLF is from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.28, table 22

Solving for the heat Gain

Time Total hours on CLF Sensible Load

8:00 am 8 0.78 1345.859

45 | P a g e
 10:00 am 8 0.45 776.457

12:00 pm 8 0.30 517.638

2:00 pm 8 0.22 379.6012

3:00 pm 8 0.19 327.8374

4:00 pm 8 0.16 276.0736

Table 2.2.19Heat Gain from Appliances

Heat Gain from Infiltration and Ventilation Air

Infiltration of air and particularly moisture into the conditioned space is frequently a source

of sizable heat gain or loss. The quality of infiltration air varies according to tightness of doors and

windows, porosity of the building shell, height of the building, and the amount of ventilation and

exhaust air.

Infiltration

Assumptions:

Wind Velocity = 7.5 mph

Air leakage: (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 22.10, Table 4)

For doors = 5.08 L/sec. sq. m (ANSI A134.2)

For windows = 0.77 L/sec. m of sash crack (ANSI A134.1)

Equation used:

qS = 1.10 x scfm x T

qL = 4840 x scfm x W

where,

T = Outdoor temperature – indoor temperature

46 | P a g e
 W = W0 (Humidity outside @ t0 = 950F and  = 77 %) - W1 (Humidity inside @ t1 =

780F and  = 50 %)

From psychometric chart,

W0 = 0.0278 lba/lbw and W1 = 0.0102 lba / lbw

Calculations:

Infiltration thru Doors

No of Doors = 2 D1: 𝑚2

1 D3: 𝑚2

For Door 1:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 )( )( ) ( ) (0.8m x 2.2m)(2)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 56.79 cfm

For Door 3:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 )( )( ) ( ) (0.8m x 2.15m)(1)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 18.5 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10) (56.79 + 18.5 cfm )(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (1,407.923 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

47 | P a g e
 q S = 412.88 W

Latent Heat:

q L = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(56.79 + 18.5)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (6,413.503 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 1,880.793 W

Infiltration thru Windows

No of windows = 2 W6: 𝑚2

= 1 W1: 𝑚2

= 1 W2: 𝑚2

Length Window sash crack:

LW1 = 10.65 m

LW2 = 12.8 m

LW6 = 2.54 m

For Window 1:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (10.65 m)(1)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 17.363 cfm

For Window 2:

48 | P a g e
 L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec
Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (12.8 m)(1)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 20.868 cfm

For Window 6:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (2.54 m)(2)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 8.282 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10 )(17.363 + 20.868 + 8.282)(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (869.7931 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 255.071 W

Latent Heat:

q S = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(17.363 + 20.868 + 8.282)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (3,962.16 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 1,161.925 W

Ventilation

Outdoor air must be introduced for ventilation of conditioned spaces. The heat gain and

corresponding cooling load due to introduction of outside air for ventilation can be determined

once indoor and outdoor conditioned are fixed

49 | P a g e
Heat Gain from Ventilation

Equation used:

qS = 1.1 x CFM x ∆T

qL = 4840 x CFM x ∆W

where,

∆T = (95F – 78F) = 17 0F

∆W = 0.0176

From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

Time No. of people CFM Sensible Load Latent Load

8:00 am 20 150 2805 12,777.6

10:00 am 20 150 2805 12,777.6

12:00 pm 20 150 2805 12,777.6

2:00 pm 20 150 2805 12,777.6

3:00 pm 20 150 2805 12,777.6

4:00 pm 20 150 2805 12,777.6

Table 2.2.20 Sensible and Latent heat from Ventilation

Zone 3

Wall and Partition Area

Area
Wall Orientation
SI (𝑚2 ) Customary (𝑓𝑡 2 )

50 | P a g e
 1 NE 46.33 498.437
2 NW 17.76 191.069
Partition 102.29 1100.477
Table 2.3.1 Wall Orientation, Partition and Area.
CLTD:

From Table 6, PP 26.9 of ASHRAE, the group description of the wall is group E.

Table 6, PP 26.11 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of group E wall. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD (English Unit)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 9 20 25 26 26 26

North West 5 5 8 13 16 20

Table 2.3.2 CLTD for Group E walls

CLTD Corrected:

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

where:

Tr = Indoor temperature of the building

= 78 ºF

78 - Tr = indoor design temperature correction

= 78 – 78

= 0

51 | P a g e
 To – 85 = outdoor design temperature correction

To = average outside temperature on design

= 95 - % of daily range x daily range

LM = latitude month correction

K = color adjustment factor

= 0.65 if permanent light colored

% of Daily Range can be determined from (AHSRAE 1981, Chapter 26.6, Table 3).

Time %DR To = 95 - % DR x DR To - 85

8:00 am 84% 78.2 0F -6.8 0F

10:00 am 56% 83.8 0F -1.2 0F

12:00 pm 23% 90.4 0F 5.4 0F

2:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

3:00 pm 0% 95 0F 10 0F

4:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

Table 2.3.3 Outdoor Design Temperature correction

Heat Gain through Roof:

Equation used:

q = U x A x CLTD

Materials (from ASHRAE 1981) Resistance

Customary unit SI unit

52 | P a g e
 (ft2 hr 0F / BTU) (m2 K / W)

1. Inside surface (still air) (Chapter 23.12) 0.68 0.120

2. Gypsum board (Chapter 23.14) 0.45 0.0079

3. 450 slope, non-reflective air space (Chapter 0.76 1.34

23.12) 4.35 0.77

4. Nominal ceiling rafter (Chapter 23.25) 0.33 0.06

5. Built up roofing (Chapter 23.17) 0.25 0.12

6. Outside surface (7.5 mph) (Chapter 23.12) 6.82 2.42

TOTAL RESISTANCE:

Therefore,

1 1 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ ℎ𝑟 ∗ 0𝐹⁄
U= = = 0.14663 𝐵𝑇𝑈
R 6.82

CLTD:

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.8, Table 5A, the CLTD for concrete roof are listed below

SOLAR TIME
ROOF
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

CLTD 1 20 44 64 70 73

Table 2.3.4 CLTD of Roof

Solving for the CLTD Corrected through roof

ROOF SOLAR TIME

53 | P a g e
 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

CLTDcorr -10.7 7.25 29.45 46.45 50.95 52.3

Table 2.3.5 CLTD Corrected of Roof

SOLAR TIME
AREA
(ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

ROOF 804.98 0.14663 855.748 3476.10 5482.68 6013.84

-1262.97 1 8 9 3 6173.19

855.748 3476.10 5482.68 6013.84

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -1262.97 1 8 9 3 6173.19

Table 2.3.6 Heat Gain thru Roof

Determining the latitude month correction from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.14, table 9 (English

Unit)

Design Month: May

Latitude: 80

Wall orientation North east North west

LM 4 4

Table 2.3.7 Latitude Month Correction

Solving for the CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 1.65 14.4 24.25 28.9 29.5 28.9

54 | P a g e
 North West -0.95 4.65 13.2 20.45 23 25

Table 2.3.8 CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLVING FOR THE HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE WALLS

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 0.4 2870.99

498.437
328.968 7 4834.839 5761.932 5881.557 5761.932

North West 0.4 - 355.388

191.069
72.6062 3 1008.844 1562.944 1757.835 1910.69

3226.38

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: 256.362 5 5843.683 7324.876 7639.392 7672.622

Table 2.3.9 Heat Gain through walls

Windows and Doors

Windows and doors Area:
Area of Windows Area of Doors
Orientation
SI (m2) Customary (ft2) SI (m2) Customary (ft2)

NE 7.92 85.25 n/a n/a

SW n/a n/a 5.16 16.925

Table 2.3.10 Window and Door Orientation and area

55 | P a g e
Table 10, PP 26.16 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of through glasses. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD

CLTD for
Conduction 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
through glass
SI(0C or K) 0 2 5 7 8 8

British( 0F) 0 4 9 13 14 14

Table 2.3.11 CLTD for Glass

Solving for the CLTD corrected of windows and doors

From the previous formula,

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East -4.2 4 13.85 20.45 21.7 21.1

South West -11.35 -3.15 6.7 13.3 14.55 13.95

Table 2.3.12 CLTD Corrected of Windows and Doors

Solving For the Heat Gain through the Windows

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

56 | P a g e
 SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 85.25 1 1180.71 1743.36 1849.92 1798.77

-358.05 341 3 3 5 5

South West 16.925 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -358.05 341 1180.71 1743.36 1849.93 1798.78

Table 2.3.12 Heat Gain through windows

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South West 16.925 0.54 61.2346 121.555 132.979

-103.733 -28.7894 5 4 7 127.496

61.2346 121.555 132.979

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -103.733 -28.7894 5 4 7 127.496

Table 2.3.13 Heat Gain through Doors

`TOTAL HEAT GAIN 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

of Doors and windows -461.783 312.2106 1241.945 1864.915 1982.91 1926.276

Table 2.3.14 Total Heat Gain of Windows and Doors

Solving Heat Gain through interior partition, ceiling and floor

Whenever a conditioned space is adjacent to a space in which a different temperature

prevails, transfer of heat through the separating structural sectioned must be considered.

57 | P a g e
Wall Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

Where

tb = Average air temperature in adjacent space

ti = Air temperature in conditioned space

Quoted from ASHRAE Chapter 26.20: “tb – ti should be considered the difference between the

outdoor air and conditioned-space design dry-bulb temperatures minus 2.8 0C (5 0F)”.

Therefore,

t b − t i = (t o − t r ) − 50 F

t b − t i = (95 − 78)0 F − 50 F

t b − t i = 120 F

The cross-sectional area and overall coefficient of heat transfer U of the partition is

BTU
A = 1100.477 ft 2 and U = 0.37
(hr ∗ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ 𝐹)

Therefore the heat gain through interior partition is

q = (0.37 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F) (1100.477 ft 2 )(120 F)

q = 4886.1179 BTU/hr

Windows and Door Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

58 | P a g e
 q = U × A X (t b − t i )

ITEM No. of Item Area (ft2) U q = U x A x (tb - ti)

(BTU/hr*ft2*F)

DOOR 3 D3 55.5133 0.54 359.726

TOTAL Heat Gain from doors partition 359.726

Table 2.3.15 Heat Gain thru glass windows and door partition

Solving for the heat gain through the floor

From the architectural plan of the building, the area of the ceiling of zone1 is

A = 804.98 ft 2

and

t b − t i = 12 0 F , U = 0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F

The heat transfer through wall is

q = (804.98 ft 2 ) (0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F ) (12 0 F)

q = 7,215.84 BTU/hr

HEAT FROM SOLAR RADIATION

Equation used:

q = A x SC x SHGF x CLF
Where,

SC = Shading Coefficient – The Ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system under

a specific set of conditions to the solar gain through a single light of the reference glass

under the same condition (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38)

59 | P a g e
 SC = 0.69 for 6mm tinted Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SC = 0.94 for 6mm clear Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.17, Table 11A)

CLF = Cooling Load Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23. Table 17B)

Orientation SHGF

North East/North West 198

South East/South West 97

Table 2.3.16 Solar Heat Gain Factor

Determining the CLF:

Design Month: May

Degrees of Latitude: 8 deg Latitude

WALL SOLAR TIME

ORIEN AREA
TATIO (ft2) SC SHGF 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
N
NE 3W11 85.207 0.94 198 0.74 0.37 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20

Table 2.3.17 CLF of windows

Solving for the Heat Gain through Solar Radiation,

SOLAR TIME and Solar Heat Gain Below (W)

WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

60 | P a g e
 NE 11735.46 5867.729 4281.856 3806.094 3488.92 3171.745

TOTAL 11735.46 5867.729 4281.856 3806.094 3488.92 3171.745

Table 2.3.18 Heat Gain through Solar Radiation

Heat Gain from the Condition Space

Heat gain from the condition space is the sensible and Latent heat released within the

condition space by the occupants, lights, appliances, machines and other equipment.

Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from Lightings

From Electrical Plan,
C1 = 18 down light x 25 watts = (450 W)(3.41) = 1534.5 BTU/hr
ballast factor = 1.2 (down light)
use factor = 1
From ASHRAE 1981,Chapter 26.22, table 15:
a = 0.55
From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23, table 16,
b = type C (medium)
Lights are turned on for 10 hrs.
Solving for the Lighting Heat Gain
qs = total wattage x use factor x
Total q
Time CLF ballast factor x CLF
(BTU/hr)
For 25W Downlight

8:00 am 0.78 1436.292 1436.292

10:00 am 0.81 1491.534 1491.534

12:00 pm 0.25 460.35 460.35

2:00 pm 0.22 405.108 405.108

61 | P a g e
 3:00 pm 0.21 386.694 386.694

4:00 pm 0.20 368.28 368.28

Table 2.1.19 Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from people

Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation, commonly called metabolic rate.

The metabolic rate varies with the individual and with his activity level. This heat is carried to the

surface of the body by the blood stream and is dissipated by:

4. Radiation from the body surface to the surrounding surfaces.

5. Convection from the body and the respiratory track the surrounding air.

6. Evaporation of moisture from the body surface and in the respiratory track to the

surrounding air.

The same as the lighting calculation the heat gain from people will be divided according to

zones.

Sensible and Latent Heat from People in Zone 3:

From the Architectural Plan, Maximum no of Person = 45

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 18

Degree of activity: seated, very light work typing

Sensible Heat = 75W = 255 BTU/hr

Latent Heat = 75 W = 255 BTU/hr

Equation used:

Sensible Load = no. of People x qs x CLF

Latent Load = no. of people x qL

The CLF can be determine from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 19

62 | P a g e
 Time No. of People CLF Sensible Load, BTU/hr Latent Load, BTU/hr

8:00am 45 0.85 9753.75 11475

10:00 am 45 0.89 10212.75 11475

12:00 pm 45 0.34 3901.5 11475

2:00 pm 45 0.23 2639.25 11475

3:00 pm 45 0.20 2295 11475

4:00 pm 45 0.17 1950.75 11475

Table 2.3.20 Heat Gain from People

Heat Gain from Appliances:

In estimating the cooling load, heat gain from all heat producing appliances must be taken.

Zoning process still applies in the calculation.

Types of appliances: 15 Personal computers

Total hours of operation: 8 hrs

Sensible heat qS = qinput x Fu x FR

Where qinput = nameplate rated capacity (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14 table 9B)

= 575 W

Fu = usage factor = 0.5 (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.26)

FR = Ratio of heat gain to appliances energy consumption

= 29.7 W / 133 W (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14, table 9B)

= 0.22

Therefore qS = (63.25 W)(3.41) = 215.6825

Equation used: Sensible load = qS x CLF x no. of appliances

63 | P a g e
where CLF is from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.28, table 22

Time Total hours on CLF Sensible Load

8:00 am 8 0.78 2523.485

10:00 am 8 0.45 1455.857

12:00 pm 8 0.30 970.5713

2:00 pm 8 0.22 711.7523

3:00 pm 8 0.19 614.6951

4:00 pm 8 0.16 517.638

Table 2.3.21 Heat Gain from Appliances

Heat Gain from Infiltration and Ventilation Air

Infiltration of air and particularly moisture into the conditioned space is frequently a source

of sizable heat gain or loss. The quality of infiltration air varies according to tightness of doors and

windows, porosity of the building shell, height of the building, and the amount of ventilation and

exhaust air.

Infiltration

Assumptions:

Wind Velocity = 7.5 mph

Air leakage: (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 22.10, Table 4)

For doors = 5.08 L/sec. sq. m (ANSI A134.2)

For windows = 0.77 L/sec. m of sash crack (ANSI A134.1)

Equation used:

qS = 1.10 x scfm x T

64 | P a g e
 qL = 4840 x scfm x W

where,

T = Outdoor temperature – indoor temperature

W = W0 (Humidity outside @ t0 = 950F and  = 77 %) - W1 (Humidity inside @ t1 =

780F and  = 50 %)

From psychometric chart,

W0 = 0.0278 lba/lbw and W1 = 0.0102 lba / lbw

Calculations:

Infiltration thru Doors

No of Doors = 3 D3: 𝑚2

For Door 3:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0.8m x 2.15m)(3)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 55.5 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10) (55.5 )(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (1,023.85 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 304.35 W

Latent Heat:

q L = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(55.5)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

65 | P a g e
 1W
q L = (4,727.712 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 1,386.426 W

Infiltration thru Windows

No of windows = 3 W11: 𝑚2

Length Window sash crack:

LW1 = 10.65 m

LW2 = 12.8 m

LW6 = 2.54 m

For Window 11:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (10.65 m)(3)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 52.088 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10 )(52.088)(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (974.046 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 285.644 W

Latent Heat:

q S = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(52.088)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

66 | P a g e
 1W
q L = (4,437 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 1,301.1918 W

Ventilation

Outdoor air must be introduced for ventilation of conditioned spaces. The heat gain and

corresponding cooling load due to introduction of outside air for ventilation can be determined

once indoor and outdoor conditioned are fixed

Heat Gain from Ventilation

Equation used:

qS = 1.1 x CFM x ∆T

qL = 4840 x CFM x ∆W

where,

∆T = (95F – 78F) = 17 0F

∆W = 0.0176

From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

Time No. of people CFM Sensible Load Latent Load

8:00 am 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

10:00 am 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

67 | P a g e
 12:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

2:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

3:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

4:00 pm 45 337.5 6311.25 28749.6

Table 2.3.22 Sensible and Latent heat from Ventilation

Zone 4

Wall and Partition Area

Area
Wall Orientation
SI (𝑚2 ) Customary (𝑓𝑡 2 )

68 | P a g e
 1 SE 16.45 270.6
2 SW 42.655 458.9
Partition 185.11 1991.54
Table 2.4.1 Wall Orientation, Partition and Area.
CLTD:

From Table 6, PP 26.9 of ASHRAE, the group description of the wall is group E.

Table 6, PP 26.11 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of group E wall. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

South East 8 19 31 37 37 36

South West 5 6 9 18 24 32

Table 2.4.2 CLTD for Group E walls

CLTD Corrected:

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

where:

Tr = Indoor temperature of the building

= 78 ºF

78 - Tr = indoor design temperature correction

= 78 – 78

= 0

69 | P a g e
 To – 85 = outdoor design temperature correction

To = average outside temperature on design

= 95 - % of daily range x daily range

LM = latitude month correction

K = color adjustment factor

= 0.65 if permanent light colored

% of Daily Range can be determined from (AHSRAE 1981, Chapter 26.6, Table 3).

Time %DR To = 95 - % DR x DR To - 85

8:00 am 84% 78.2 0F -6.8 0F

10:00 am 56% 83.8 0F -1.2 0F

12:00 pm 23% 90.4 0F 5.4 0F

2:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

3:00 pm 0% 95 0F 10 0F

4:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

Table 2.4.3 Outdoor Design Temperature correction

Heat Gain through Roof:

Equation used:

q = U x A x CLTD

Materials (from ASHRAE 1981) Resistance

Customary unit SI unit

70 | P a g e
 (ft2 hr 0F / BTU) (m2 K / W)

7. Inside surface (still air) (Chapter 23.12) 0.68 0.120

8. Gypsum board (Chapter 23.14) 0.45 0.0079

9. 450 slope, non-reflective air space (Chapter 0.76 1.34

23.12) 4.35 0.77

10. Nominal ceiling rafter (Chapter 23.25) 0.33 0.06

11. Built up roofing (Chapter 23.17) 0.25 0.12

12. Outside surface (7.5 mph) (Chapter 23.12) 6.82 2.42

TOTAL RESISTANCE:

Therefore,

1 1 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ ℎ𝑟 ∗ 0𝐹⁄
U= = = 0.14663 𝐵𝑇𝑈
R 6.82

CLTD:

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.8, Table 5A, the CLTD for concrete roof are listed below

SOLAR TIME
ROOF
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

CLTD 1 20 44 64 70 73

Table 2.4.4 CLTD of Roof

Solving for the CLTD Corrected through roof

ROOF SOLAR TIME

71 | P a g e
 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

CLTDcorr -10.7 7.25 29.45 46.45 50.95 52.3

Table 2.4.3 CLTD Corrected of Roof

SOLAR TIME
AREA
(ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

ROOF 1663.8 0.14663 1768.73 11332.0 12429.9 12759.2

-2610.4 2 7184.71 8 1 6

1768.73 11332.0 12429.9 12759.2

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -2610.4 2 7184.71 8 1 6

Table 2.4.5 Heat Gain thru Roof

Determining the latitude month correction from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.14, table 9 (English

Unit)

Design Month: May

Latitude: 80

Wall orientation South East South West

LM -7 -7

Table 2.1.4 Latitude Month Correction

Solving for the CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

72 | P a g e
 South East -6.15 6.6 21 28.9 29.5 28.25

South West -8.1 -1.85 6.7 16.55 21.05 25.65

Table 2.4.6 CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLVING FOR THE HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE WALLS

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

South East 0.4 -

270.6
665.676 714.384 2273.04 3128.136 3193.08 3057.78

South West 0.4 -

458.9
1486.84 - 1229.852 3037.918 3863.938 4708.314
339.586
-

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: 2152.52 374.798 3502.892 6166.054 7057.018 7766.094

Table 2.4.7 Heat Gain through walls

Windows and Doors

Windows and doors Area:
Area of Windows Area of Doors
Orientation
SI (m2) Customary (ft2) SI (m2) Customary (ft2)

South East n/a n/a n/a n/a

South West 65.6 705.75 n/a n/a

73 | P a g e
 Table 2.4.8 Window and Door Orientation and area

Table 10, PP 26.16 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of through glasses. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD

CLTD for
Conduction 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
through glass
SI(0C or K) 0 2 5 7 8 8

British( 0F) 0 4 9 13 14 14

Table 2.4.9 CLTD for Glass

Solving for the CLTD corrected of windows and doors

From the previous formula,

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

South East -11.35 -3.15 6.7 13.3 14.55 13.95

South West -11.35 -3.15 6.7 13.3 14.55 13.95

Table 2.4.10 CLTD Corrected of Windows and Doors

Solving For the Heat Gain through the Windows

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

74 | P a g e
 SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

South East n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South West 705.75 1 9774.63 14432.5 15314.7 14891.3

-2964.15 2823 8 9 8 3

4728.52 9386.47 10268.6 9845.21

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -8010.26 -2223.11 5 5 6 3

Table 2.4.11 Heat Gain through windows

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South East n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.4.12 Heat Gain through Doors

`TOTAL HEAT GAIN 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

of Doors and windows -8010.26 -2223.11 4728.525 9386.475 10268.66 9845.213

Table 2.4.13 Total Heat Gain of Windows and Doors

Solving Heat Gain through interior partition, ceiling and floor

75 | P a g e
 Whenever a conditioned space is adjacent to a space in which a different temperature

prevails, transfer of heat through the separating structural sectioned must be considered.

Wall Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

Where

tb = Average air temperature in adjacent space

ti = Air temperature in conditioned space

Quoted from ASHRAE Chapter 26.20: “tb – ti should be considered the difference between the

outdoor air and conditioned-space design dry-bulb temperatures minus 2.8 0C (5 0F)”.

Therefore,

t b − t i = (t o − t r ) − 50 F

t b − t i = (95 − 78)0 F − 50 F

t b − t i = 120 F

The cross-sectional area and overall coefficient of heat transfer U of the partition is

BTU
A = 1991.54 ft 2 and U = 0.37
(hr ∗ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ 𝐹)

Therefore the heat gain through interior partition is

q = (0.37 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F) (1991.54ft 2 )(120 F)

76 | P a g e
 q = 8842.44 BTU/hr

Glass and Door Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

ITEM No. of Item Area (ft2) U q = U x A x (tb - ti)

(BTU/hr*ft2*F)

DOOR 6 D3 10.32 0.54 66.8736

TOTAL Heat Gain from doors partition 66.8736

Table 2.4.14 Heat Gain thru glass windows and door partition

Solving for the heat gain through the floor

From the architectural plan of the building, the area of the ceiling of zone1 is

A = 1663.79 ft 2

and

t b − t i = 12 0 F , U = 0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F

The heat transfer through wall is

q = (1663.79 ft 2 ) (0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F ) (12 0 F)

q = 14914.21 BTU/hr

HEAT FROM SOLAR RADIATION

Equation used:

77 | P a g e
q = A x SC x SHGF x CLF

Where,

SC = Shading Coefficient – The Ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system under

a specific set of conditions to the solar gain through a single light of the reference glass

under the same condition (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38)

SC = 0.69 for 6mm tinted Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SC = 0.94 for 6mm clear Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.17, Table 11A)

CLF = Cooling Load Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23. Table 17B)

Orientation SHGF

North East/North West 198

South East/South West 97

Table 2.4.15 Solar Heat Gain Factor

Determining the CLF:

Design Month: May

Degrees of Latitude: 8 deg Latitude

WALL SOLAR TIME

ORIEN AREA
TATIO (ft2) SC SHGF 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
N
SE 3W10 356.64 0.94 97 0.14 0.19 0.38 0.75 0.83 0.81

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 2W9 123.94 0.94 97 0.14 0.19 0.38 0.75 0.83 0.81

1W8 132.87 0.94 97 0.14 0.19 0.38 0.75 0.83 0.81

1W7 92.31 0.94 97 0.14 0.19 0.38 0.75 0.83 0.81

SW n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.4.16 CLF of windows

Solving for the Heat Gain through Solar Radiation,

SOLAR TIME and Solar Heat Gain Below (W)

WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

4552.581 6178.503 12357.01 24388.83 26990.3 26339.93

1582.119 2147.161 4294.323 8475.637 9379.705 9153.688

SE
1696.112 2301.866 4603.733 9086.315 10055.52 9813.22

1178.356 1599.197 3198.394 6312.619 6985.965 6817.629

SW n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

TOTAL 9009.168 12226.73 24453.46 48263.4 53411.49 52124.47

Table 2.4.17 Heat Gain through Solar Radiation

Heat Gain from the Condition Space

Heat gain from the condition space is the sensible and Latent heat released within the

condition space by the occupants, lights, appliances, machines and other equipment.

Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from Lightings

From Electrical Plan,
C1 = 36 down light x 25 watts = 300 watts (3.41) = 1023 BTU/hr
ballast factor = 1.2 (downlight)

79 | P a g e
 use factor = 1
From ASHRAE 1981,Chapter 26.22, table 15:
a = 0.55
From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23, table 16,
b = type C (medium)
Lights are turned on for 10 hrs.
Solving for the Lighting Heat Gain
qs = total wattage x use
Total q
factor x ballast factor x
Time CLF (BTU/hr)
CLF

For 25W Downlight

8:00 am 0.78 280.8 957.528

10:00 am 0.81 291.6 994.356

12:00 pm 0.25 90 306.9

2:00 pm 0.22 79.2 270.072

3:00 pm 0.21 75.6 257.796

4:00 pm 0.20 72 245.52

Table 2.4.18 Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from people

Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation, commonly called metabolic rate.

The metabolic rate varies with the individual and with his activity level. This heat is carried to the

surface of the body by the blood stream and is dissipated by:

7. Radiation from the body surface to the surrounding surfaces.

8. Convection from the body and the respiratory track the surrounding air.

80 | P a g e
 9. Evaporation of moisture from the body surface and in the respiratory track to the

surrounding air.

The same as the lighting calculation the heat gain from people will be divided according to

zones.

Sensible and Latent Heat from People in Zone 4:

From the Architectural Plan, Maximum no of Person = 80

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 18

Degree of activity: seated, very light work typing

Sensible Heat = 75W = 255 BTU/hr

Latent Heat = 75 W = 255 BTU/hr

Equation used:

Sensible Load = no. of People x qs x CLF

Latent Load = no. of people x qL

The CLF can be determine from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 19

Time No. of People CLF Sensible Load, BTU/hr Latent Load, BTU/hr

8:00am 80 0.85 17340 20400

10:00 am 80 0.89 18156

20400
12:00 pm 80 0.34 6936
20400
2:00 pm 80 0.23 4692
20400
3:00 pm 80 0.20 4080
20400
4:00 pm 80 0.17 3468
20400
Table 2.4.19 Heat Gain from People

81 | P a g e
Heat Gain from Appliances:

In estimating the cooling load, heat gain from all heat producing appliances must be taken.

Zoning process still applies in the calculation.

Types of appliances: 45 Personal computers

Total hours of operation: 8 hrs

Sensible heat qS = qinput x Fu x FR

Where qinput = nameplate rated capacity (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14 table 9B)

= 575 W

Fu = usage factor = 0.5 (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.26)

FR = Ratio of heat gain to appliances energy consumption

= 29.7 W / 133 W (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14, table 9B)

= 0.22

Therefore qS = 63.25 W (3.41) = 215.68 BTU/hr

Equation used: Sensible load = qS x CLF x no. of appliances

where CLF is from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.28, table 22

Solving for the heat Gain

Time Total hours on CLF Sensible Load

8:00 am 45 0.78 7570.456

10:00 am 45 0.45 4367.571

12:00 pm 45 0.30 2911.714

2:00 pm 45 0.22 2135.257

3:00 pm 45 0.19 1844.085

82 | P a g e
 4:00 pm 45 0.16 1552.914

Table 2.4.20 Heat Gain from Appliances

Heat Gain from Infiltration and Ventilation Air

Infiltration of air and particularly moisture into the conditioned space is frequently a source

of sizable heat gain or loss. The quality of infiltration air varies according to tightness of doors and

windows, porosity of the building shell, height of the building, and the amount of ventilation and

exhaust air.

Infiltration

Assumptions:

Wind Velocity = 7.5 mph

Air leakage: (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 22.10, Table 4)

For doors = 5.08 L/sec. sq. m (ANSI A134.2)

For windows = 0.77 L/sec. m of sash crack (ANSI A134.1)

Equation used:

qS = 1.10 x scfm x T

qL = 4840 x scfm x W

where,

T = Outdoor temperature – indoor temperature

W = W0 (Humidity outside @ t0 = 950F and  = 77 %) - W1 (Humidity inside @ t1 =

780F and  = 50 %)

From psychometric chart,

W0 = 0.0278 lba/lbw and W1 = 0.0102 lba / lbw

83 | P a g e
Calculations:

Infiltration thru Doors

No of Doors = 6 D3: 𝑚2

For Door 3:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0.8m x 2.15m)(6)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 110.998 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10) (110.998 )(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (2075.66 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 608.699 W

Latent Heat:

q L = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(110.998)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (9455.254 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 7574.461 W

Infiltration thru Windows

No of windows = 3 W10: 𝑚2

84 | P a g e
 = 2 W9: 𝑚2

= 1 W8: 𝑚2

= 1 W7: 𝑚2

Length Window sash crack:

LW10 = 13.7 m

LW9 = 10.4 m

LW8 = 14.7 m

LW7 = 11.8 m

For Window 10:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (13.7 m)(3)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 67.0 cfm

For Window 9:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (5.76 m)(2)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 6.282 cfm

For Window 8:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (14.7 m)(1)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 23.97 cfm

For Window 7:

85 | P a g e
 L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec
Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (11.8 m)(1)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 19.24 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10 )(67 + 6.282 + 23.97 + 19.24)(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (2178.4 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 638.83 W

Latent Heat:

q S = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(67 + 6.282 + 23.97 + 19.24)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (9923.25 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 2910.05 W

Ventilation

Outdoor air must be introduced for ventilation of conditioned spaces. The heat gain and

corresponding cooling load due to introduction of outside air for ventilation can be determined

once indoor and outdoor conditioned are fixed

Heat Gain from Ventilation

86 | P a g e
Equation used:

qS = 1.1 x CFM x ∆T

qL = 4840 x CFM x ∆W

where,

∆T = (95F – 78F) = 17 0F

∆W = 0.0176

From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

Sensible Load Latent Load

Time No. of people CFM
(BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)

8:00 am 80 600 11220 51110.4

10:00 am 80 600 11220 51110.4

12:00 pm 80 600 11220 51110.4

2:00 pm 80 600 11220 51110.4

3:00 pm 80 600 11220 51110.4

4:00 pm 80 600 11220 51110.4

Table 2.4.21 Sensible and Latent heat from Ventilation

Zone 5

87 | P a g e
Wall and Partition Area
Area
Wall Orientation
SI (𝑚2 ) Customary (𝑓𝑡 2 )
1 NE 26.395 283.968
2 SE 31.675 188.272
Partition 57.085 614.14
Table 2.5.1 Wall Orientation, Partition and Area.
CLTD:

From Table 6, PP 26.9 of ASHRAE, the group description of the wall is group E.

Table 6, PP 26.11 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of group E wall. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD (English Unit)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 9 20 25 26 26 26

South East 8 19 31 37 37 36

Table 2.5.2 CLTD for Group E walls

CLTD Corrected:

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

where:

Tr = Indoor temperature of the building

= 78 ºF

88 | P a g e
 78 - Tr = indoor design temperature correction

= 78 – 78

= 0

To – 85 = outdoor design temperature correction

To = average outside temperature on design

= 95 - % of daily range x daily range

LM = latitude month correction

K = color adjustment factor

= 0.65 if permanent light colored

% of Daily Range can be determined from (AHSRAE 1981, Chapter 26.6, Table 3).

Time %DR To = 95 - % DR x DR To - 85

8:00 am 84% 78.2 0F -6.8 0F

10:00 am 56% 83.8 0F -1.2 0F

12:00 pm 23% 90.4 0F 5.4 0F

2:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

3:00 pm 0% 95 0F 10 0F

4:00 pm 3% 94.4 0F 9.4 0F

Table 2.5.3 Outdoor Design Temperature correction

Heat Gain through Roof:

Equation used:

q = U x A x CLTD

89 | P a g e
 Materials (from ASHRAE 1981) Resistance

Customary unit SI unit

(ft2 hr 0F / BTU) (m2 K / W)

13. Inside surface (still air) (Chapter 23.12) 0.68 0.120

14. Gypsum board (Chapter 23.14) 0.45 0.0079

15. 450 slope, non-reflective air space (Chapter 0.76 1.34

23.12) 4.35 0.77

16. Nominal ceiling rafter (Chapter 23.25) 0.33 0.06

17. Built up roofing (Chapter 23.17) 0.25 0.12

18. Outside surface (7.5 mph) (Chapter 23.12) 6.82 2.42

TOTAL RESISTANCE:

Therefore,

1 1 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ ℎ𝑟 ∗ 0𝐹⁄
U= = = 0.14663 𝐵𝑇𝑈
R 6.82

CLTD:

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.8, Table 5A, the CLTD for concrete roof are listed below

SOLAR TIME
ROOF
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

CLTD 1 20 44 64 70 73

Table 2.5.4 CLTD of Roof

90 | P a g e
Solving for the CLTD Corrected through roof

SOLAR TIME
ROOF
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

CLTDcorr -10.7 7.25 29.45 46.45 50.95 52.3

Table 2.5.6 CLTD Corrected of Roof

SOLAR TIME
AREA
(ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

ROOF 498.38 0.14663 529.811 2152.13 3394.44 3723.29 3821.95

-781.929 6 1 8 7 1

529.811 2152.13 3394.44 3723.29 3821.95

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -781.929 6 1 8 7 1

Table 2.5.7 Heat Gain thru Roof

Determining the latitude month correction from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.14, table 9 (English

Unit)

Design Month: May

Latitude: 80

Wall orientation North East South West

LM 4 -7

Table 2.5.8 Latitude Month Correction

Solving for the CLTD Corrected of walls

91 | P a g e
 SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 1.65 14.4 24.25 28.9 29.5 28.9

South East -6.15 6.6 21 28.9 28.85 26.95

Table 2.5.9 CLTD Corrected of walls

SOLVING FOR THE HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE WALLS

Equation used:

Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East 283.968 0.4 187.419 2754.49 3282.67 3350.822 3282.67

1635.66
South East 0.4 - 497.038
188.272
463.149 1 1581.485 2176.424 2172.659 2029.572

2132.69

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -275.73 8 4335.975 5459.094 5523.481 5312.242

Table 2.5.10 Heat Gain through walls

Windows and Doors

Windows and doors Area:
Area of Windows Area of Doors
Orientation
SI (m2) Customary (ft2) SI (m2) Customary (ft2)

North East 5.2 55.94 n/a n/a

92 | P a g e
 South East n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.5.11 Window and Door Orientation and area

Table 10, PP 26.16 of ASHRAE tabulates the CLTD of through glasses. Table below shows the

values of the CLTD

CLTD for
Conduction 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
through glass
SI(0C or K) 0 2 5 7 8 8

British( 0F) 0 4 9 13 14 14

Table 2.5.12 CLTD for Glass

Solving for the CLTD corrected of windows and doors

From the previous formula,

CLTDcorrected = (CLTD + LM)(K) + (78 − Tr ) + (To − 85)

SOLAR TIME
WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East -4.2 4 13.85 20.45 21.7 21.1

South East -11.35 -3.15 6.7 13.3 14.55 13.95

Table 2.5.13 CLTD Corrected of Windows and Doors

Solving For the Heat Gain through the Windows

Equation used:

93 | P a g e
 Q = U × A × CLTDcorrected

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

55.94 1 1143.97 1213.89 1180.33

North East
-234.948 223.76 774.769 3 8 4

South East n/a 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1143.97 1213.89 1180.33

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: -234.948 223.76 774.769 3 8 4

Table 2.5.14 Heat Gain through windows

SOLAR TIME
WALL
AREA
ORIENTATI
ON (ft2) U 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

North East n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

South West n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

TOTAL HEAT GAIN: n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.5.15 Heat Gain through Doors

`TOTAL HEAT GAIN 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

of Doors and windows -234.948 223.76 774.769 1143.973 1213.898 1180.334

Table 2.5.16 Total Heat Gain of Windows and Doors

Solving Heat Gain through interior partition, ceiling and floor

94 | P a g e
 Whenever a conditioned space is adjacent to a space in which a different temperature

prevails, transfer of heat through the separating structural sectioned must be considered.

Wall Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

Where

tb = Average air temperature in adjacent space

ti = Air temperature in conditioned space

Quoted from ASHRAE Chapter 26.20: “tb – ti should be considered the difference between the

outdoor air and conditioned-space design dry-bulb temperatures minus 2.8 0C (5 0F)”.

Therefore,

t b − t i = (t o − t r ) − 50 F

t b − t i = (95 − 78)0 F − 50 F

t b − t i = 120 F

The cross-sectional area and overall coefficient of heat transfer U of the partition is

BTU
A = 614.14 ft 2 and U = 0.37
(hr ∗ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ 𝐹)

Therefore the heat gain through interior partition is

q = (0.37 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F) (614.14ft 2 )(120 F)

95 | P a g e
 q = 2726.782 BTU/hr

Glass and Door Partition

Calculations: From ASHRAE HANDBOOK

q = U × A X (t b − t i )

ITEM No. of Item Area (ft2) U q = U x A x (tb - ti)

(BTU/hr*ft2*F)

DOOR 2 D3 3.44 0.54 22.2912

TOTAL Heat Gain from doors partition 22.2912

Table 2.5.17 Heat Gain thru glass windows and door partition

Solving for the heat gain through the floor

From the architectural plan of the building, the area of the ceiling of zone1 is

A = 498.38 ft 2

and

t b − t i = 12 0 F , U = 0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F

The heat transfer through wall is

q = (498.38 ft 2 ) (0.747 BTU⁄hr ∗ ft 2 ∗ F ) (12 0 F)

q = 4467.48 BTU/hr

HEAT FROM SOLAR RADIATION

Equation used:

q = A x SC x SHGF x CLF

96 | P a g e
Where,

SC = Shading Coefficient – The Ratio of the solar heat gain through a glazing system under

a specific set of conditions to the solar gain through a single light of the reference glass

under the same condition (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38)

SC = 0.69 for 6mm tinted Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SC = 0.94 for 6mm clear Glass (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 27.38, Table 28)

SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.17, Table 11A)

CLF = Cooling Load Factor (from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23. Table 17B)

Orientation SHGF

North East/North West 198

South East/South West 97

Table 2.5.19 Solar Heat Gain Factor

Determining the CLF:

Design Month: May

Degrees of Latitude: 8 deg Latitude

WALL SOLAR TIME

ORIEN AREA
TATIO (ft2) SC SHGF 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
N
NE 2W11 55.94 0.94 198 0.74 0.37 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20

97 | P a g e
 SW n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Table 2.5.20 CLF of windows

Solving for the Heat Gain through Solar Radiation,

SOLAR TIME and Solar Heat Gain Below (BTU/hr)

WALL
ORIENTATION 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

NE 7704.549 3852.275 2811.119 2498.773 2290.542 2082.311

SW n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

TOTAL 7704.549 3852.275 2811.119 2498.773 2290.542 2082.311

Table 2.5.21 Heat Gain through Solar Radiation

Heat Gain from the Condition Space

Heat gain from the condition space is the sensible and Latent heat released within the

condition space by the occupants, lights, appliances, machines and other equipment.

Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from Lightings

From Electrical Plan,
C1 = 12 down light x 25 watts = 275 watts (3.41) = 937.75 BRU/hr
ballast factor = = 1.2 (downlight)
use factor = 1
From ASHRAE 1981,Chapter 26.22, table 15:
a = 0.55
From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.23, table 16,
b = type C (medium)
Lights are turned on for 10 hrs.
Solving for the Lighting Heat Gain

98 | P a g e
 qs = total wattage x use Total q

Time CLF factor x ballast factor x CLF (BTU/hr)

For 25W Downlight

8:00 am 0.78 877.734 877.734

10:00 am 0.81 911.493 911.493

12:00 pm 0.25 281.325 281.325

2:00 pm 0.22 247.566 247.566

3:00 pm 0.21 236.313 236.313

4:00 pm 0.20 225.06 225.06

Table 2.5.22 Heat Gain from Lightings

Heat Gain from people

Heat is generated within the human body by oxidation, commonly called metabolic rate.

The metabolic rate varies with the individual and with his activity level. This heat is carried to the

surface of the body by the blood stream and is dissipated by:

10. Radiation from the body surface to the surrounding surfaces.

11. Convection from the body and the respiratory track the surrounding air.

12. Evaporation of moisture from the body surface and in the respiratory track to the

surrounding air.

The same as the lighting calculation the heat gain from people will be divided according to

zones.

Sensible and Latent Heat from People in Zone 5:

From the Architectural Plan, Maximum no of Person = 35

From ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 18

99 | P a g e
Degree of activity: seated, very light work typing

Sensible Heat = 75W = 255 BTU/hr

Latent Heat = 75 W = 255 BTU/hr

Equation used:

Sensible Load = no. of People x qs x CLF

Latent Load = no. of people x qL

The CLF can be determine from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.25, Table 19

Time No. of People CLF Sensible Load, Watts Latent Load, Watts

8:00am 35 0.85 7586.25 8925

10:00 am 35 0.89 7943.25

8925
12:00 pm 35 0.34 3034.5
8925
2:00 pm 35 0.23 2052.75
8925
3:00 pm 35 0.20 1785
8925
4:00 pm 35 0.17 1517.25
8925
Table 2.5.23 Heat Gain from People
Heat Gain from Appliances:

In estimating the cooling load, heat gain from all heat producing appliances must be taken.

Zoning process still applies in the calculation.

Types of appliances: 15 Personal computers

Total hours of operation: 8 hrs

Sensible heat qS = qinput x Fu x FR

Where qinput = nameplate rated capacity (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14 table 9B)

100 | P a g e
 = 575 W

Fu = usage factor = 0.5 (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.26)

FR = Ratio of heat gain to appliances energy consumption

= 29.7 W / 133 W (ASHRAE 1997, Chapter 28.14, table 9B)

= 0.22

Therefore qS = 63.25 W (3.41) = 215.2625 BTU/hr

Equation used: Sensible load = qS x CLF x no. of appliances

where CLF is from ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 26.28, table 22

Solving for the heat Gain

Time Total hours on CLF Sensible Load

8:00 am 15 0.78 2518.571

10:00 am 15 0.45 1453.022

12:00 pm 15 0.30 968.6813

2:00 pm 15 0.22 710.3663

3:00 pm 15 0.19 613.4981

4:00 pm 15 0.16 516.63

Ta1ble 2.5.24Heat Gain from Appliances

Heat Gain from Infiltration and Ventilation Air

Infiltration of air and particularly moisture into the conditioned space is frequently a source

of sizable heat gain or loss. The quality of infiltration air varies according to tightness of doors and

windows, porosity of the building shell, height of the building, and the amount of ventilation and

exhaust air.

101 | P a g e
Infiltration

Assumptions:

Wind Velocity = 7.5 mph

Air leakage: (ASHRAE 1981, Chapter 22.10, Table 4)

For doors = 5.08 L/sec. sq. m (ANSI A134.2)

For windows = 0.77 L/sec. m of sash crack (ANSI A134.1)

Equation used:

qS = 1.10 x scfm x T

qL = 4840 x scfm x W

where,

T = Outdoor temperature – indoor temperature

W = W0 (Humidity outside @ t0 = 950F and  = 77 %) - W1 (Humidity inside @ t1 =

780F and  = 50 %)

From psychometric chart,

W0 = 0.0278 lba/lbw and W1 = 0.0102 lba / lbw

Calculations:

Infiltration thru Doors

No of Doors 2 D3: 𝑚2

For Door 3:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (5.08 )( )( ) ( ) (0.8m x 2.15m)(2)
sec. m2 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 37.0 cfm

102 | P a g e
Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

q S = (1.10) (37.0)(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (691.9 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 202.9 W

Latent Heat:

q L = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(37.0)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (3151.81 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 1003.76 W

Infiltration thru Windows

No of windows = 2 W11: 𝑚2

Length Window sash crack:

LW11 = 7.12 m

For Window 11:

L 1m3 3.28 ft 3 60 sec

Infiltration = (0.77 )( )( ) ( ) (7.12 m)(2)
sec. m 1000 L m min

Infiltration = 23.215 cfm

Sensible Heat:

q S = 1.10 x scfm x T

103 | P a g e
 q S = (1.10 )(23.215)(95 − 78) BTU⁄hr

1W
q S = (434.12 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q S = 127.308 W

Latent Heat:

q S = 4840 x scfm x W

q L = (4840)(23.215)(0.0278 − 0.0102) BTU⁄hr

1W
q L = (1977.55 BTU⁄hr) ( )
3.41 BTU⁄hr

q L = 579.93 W

Ventilation

Outdoor air must be introduced for ventilation of conditioned spaces. The heat gain and

corresponding cooling load due to introduction of outside air for ventilation can be determined

once indoor and outdoor conditioned are fixed

Heat Gain from Ventilation

Equation used:

qS = 1.1 x CFM x ∆T

qL = 4840 x CFM x ∆W

where,

∆T = (95F – 78F) = 17 0F

∆W = 0.0176

104 | P a g e
 From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

Sensible Load Latent Load

Time No. of people CFM
(BTU/hr) (BTU/hr)

8:00 am 35 262.5 4908.75 22360.8

10:00 am 35
262.5 4908.75 22360.8
12:00 pm 35
262.5 4908.75 22360.8
2:00 pm 35
262.5 4908.75 22360.8
3:00 pm 35
262.5 4908.75 22360.8
4:00 pm 35
262.5 4908.75 22360.8
Table 2.5.25 Sensible and Latent heat from Ventilation

105 | P a g e
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN (BTU/hr)

TIME
(ZONE1) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
Heat Gain from walls -1425.93 4715.521 10838.95 14764.96 15685.34 16007.61

Heat gain from Doors & Windows -3232.81 -746.708 2239.639 4240.643 4619.621 4437.711

Heat Gain through wall Partition 9379.1 9379.1 9379.1 9379.1 9379.1 9379.1

Heat thru window & door Partitions 3416.04 3416.04 3416.04 3416.04 3416.04 3416.04

Sensible Heat through ceiling 1727.244 1727.244 1727.244 1727.244 1727.244 1727.244

Sensible Heat through the floor 15929.03 15929.03 15929.03 15929.03 15929.03 15929.03

Solar Radiation from Windows 5858.672 5908.734 10304.13 19394.01 21315.87 20754.91

Sensible Load From Lightings 245.7655 255.218 78.771 69.31848 66.16764 63.0168

Sensible Load from People 9753.75 10212.75 3901.5 2639.25 2295 1950.75

Sensible Load from Appliances 1345.859 776.457 517.638 379.6012 327.8374 276.0736

Infiltration thru Doors 1703.57 1703.57 1703.57 1703.57 1703.57 1703.57

Infiltration thru windows 1407.175 1407.175 1407.175 1407.175 1407.175 1407.175

Zone1 Ventilation 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (QS) 41312.37 49889.04 56647.69 70254.85 73076.9 72257.14

Table 2.6.1 Overall Sensible Heat Gain for Zone 1

106 | P a g e
 TIME
(ZONE 2)ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
Heat Gain from walls -1584.72 3685.535 9414.313 13343 14356.76 14847.52

Heat gain from Doors & Windows -2510.34 -600.376 1693.91 3231.198 3522.351 3382.598

Heat Gain through Wall Partitions 3981.97 3981.97 3981.97 3981.97 3981.97 3981.97

Heat thru window & door Partitions 1,708.02 1,708.02 1,708.02 1,708.02 1,708.02 1,708.02

Sensible Heat through ceiling 1052.828 1052.828 1052.828 1052.828 1052.828 1052.828

Sensible Heat through the floor 17652.536 17652.536 17652.536 17652.536 17652.536 17652.536

Solar Radiation from Doors & Windows 4375.186 4916.593 9076.514 17442.64 19229.77 18742.73

Sensible Load From Lightings 1417.141 1471.647 454.212 399.7066 381.5381 363.3696

Sensible Load from People 4335 4539 1734 1173 1020 867

Sensible Load from Appliances 1345.859 776.457 517.638 379.6012 327.8374 276.0736

Infiltration thru Doors 1407.923 1407.923 1407.923 1407.923 1407.923 1407.923

Infiltration thru windows 869.7931 869.7931 869.7931 869.7931 869.7931 869.7931

Zone 2 Ventilation 2805 2805 2805 2805 2805 2805

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (QS) 36856.2 44266.93 52368.66 65447.22 68316.33 67957.36

Table 2.6.2 Overall Sensible Heat Gain for Zone 2

107 | P a g e
 TIME
(ZONE3) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
Heat Gain through roof -1262.97 855.7481 3476.108 5482.689 6013.843 6173.19

Heat Gain from wall 256.362 3226.385 5843.683 7324.876 7639.392 7672.622

Heat gain thru Windows and Doors -461.783 312.2106 1241.945 1864.915 1982.91 1926.276

Heat Gain through wall Partition 4886.1179 4886.1179 4886.1179 4886.1179 4886.1179 4886.1179

Heat thru window & door Partitions 359.726 359.726 359.726 359.726 359.726 359.726
Sensible Heat through the floor 7215.84 7215.84 7215.84 7215.84 7215.84 7215.84

Solar Radiation from Windows 11735.46 5867.729 4281.856 3806.094 3488.92 3171.745

Sensible Load From Lightings 1436.292 1491.534 460.35 405.108 386.694 368.28

Sensible Load from People 9753.75 10212.75 3901.5 2295 1950.75

2639.25
Sensible Load from Appliances 2523.485 1455.857 970.5713 711.7523 614.6951 517.638

Infiltration thru window 285.644 285.644 285.644 285.644 285.644 285.644

Infiltration thru Door 304.35 304.35 304.35 304.35 304.35 304.35

Zone 3 Ventilation 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25 6311.25

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (Qs) 43343.52 42785.14 39538.94 41597.61 41784.38 41143.43

Table 2.6.3 Overall Sensible Heat Gain for Zone 3

108 | P a g e
 TIME
(ZONE4) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
Heat Gain through roof -2610.4 1768.732 7184.71 11332.08 12429.91 12759.26

Heat Gain from wall -2152.52 374.798 3502.892 6166.054 7057.018 7766.094

Heat gain thru Door, Window -8010.26 -2223.11 4728.525 9386.475 10268.66 9845.213

Heat Gain through wall Partition 8842.44 8842.44 8842.44 8842.44 8842.44 8842.44

Heat thru window & door Partitions 66.8736 66.8736 66.8736 66.8736 66.8736 66.8736

Sensible Heat through the floor 14914.21 14914.21 14914.21 14914.21 14914.21 14914.21

Solar Radiation from Windows 9009.168 12226.73 24453.46 48263.4 53411.49 52124.47

Sensible Load From Lightings 957.528 994.356 306.9 270.072 257.796 245052

Sensible Load from People 17340 18156 6936 4692 4080 3468

Sensible Load from Appliances 7520.456 4367.571 2911.714 2135.257 1844.085 1552.914

Infiltration thru Door 2075.66

2075.66 2075.66 2075.66 2075.66 2075.66
Infiltration thru window 2178.8
2178.8 2178.8 2178.8 2178.8 2178.8
Zone 4 Ventilation 11220 11220 11220 11220 11220 11220

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (Qs) 61351.96 74963.06 89322.18 121543.3 128646.9 371865.9

Table 2.6.4 Overall Sensible Heat Gain for Zone 4

109 | P a g e
 TIME
(ZONE5) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm
Heat Gain through roof -781.929 529.8116 2152.131 3394.448 3723.297 3821.951

Heat Gain from wall -275.73 2132.698 4335.975 5459.094 5523.481 5312.242

Heat gain thru Window and Doors -234.948 223.76 774.769 1143.973 1213.898 1180.334

Heat Gain through wall Partition 2726.782 2726.782 2726.782 2726.782 2726.782 2726.782

Heat thru window & door Partitions 22.2912 22.2912 22.2912 22.2912 22.2912 22.2912

Sensible Heat through the floor 4467.48 4467.48 4467.48 4467.48 4467.48 4467.48

Solar Radiation from Windows 7704.549 3852.275 2811.119 2498.773 2290.542 2082.311

Sensible Load From Lightings 877.734 911.493 281.325 247.566 236.313 225.06

Sensible Load from People 7582.25 7943.25 3034.5 2052.75 1785 1517.25

Sensible Load from Appliances 2518.571 1453.022 968.6813 710.3663 613.4981 516.63

Infiltration thru doors 691.9 691.9 691.9 691.9 691.9 691.9

Infiltration thru window 434.12 434.12 434.12 434.12 434.12 434.12

Zone5 Ventilation
4908.75 4908.75 4908.75 4908.75 4908.75 4908.75

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (Qs) 30641.82 30297.63 27609.82 28758.29 28637.35 27907.1

Table 2.6.5 Overall Sensible Heat Gain for Zone 5

110 | P a g e
TOTAL LATENT HEAT GAIN (BTU/hr)

TIME
ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Latent Heat produced by People 11475 11475 11475 11475 11475 11475

Infiltration through doors 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503

Infiltration through windows 6410.096 6410.096 6410.096 6410.096 6410.096 6410.096

Ventilation 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6

TOTAL LATENT HEAT (QL) 53048.2

53048.2 53048.2 53048.2 53048.2 53048.2
Table 2.6.6 Overall Latent Heat Gain for Zone 1

TIME
(ZONE 2) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Latent Heat produced by People 5100 5100 5100 5100 5100 5100

Infiltration through doors 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503 6413.503

Infiltration through windows 3962.16 3962.16 3962.16 3962.16 3962.16 3962.16

Ventilation 12777.6 12777.6 12777.6 12777.6 12777.6 12777.6

111 | P a g e
 TOTAL LATENT HEAT (QL) 28253.26
28253.26 28253.26 28253.26 28253.26 28253.26
Table 2.6.7 Overall Latent Heat Gain for Zone 2

TIME
(ZONE 3) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Latent Heat produced by People 11475 11475 11475 11475 11475 11475

Infiltration through windows 4437 4437 4437 4437 4437 4437

Infiltration through Doors 4727.712 4727.712 4727.712 4727.712 4727.712 4727.712

Ventilation 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6 28749.6

TOTAL LATENT HEAT (QL) 49389.31

49389.31 49389.31 49389.31 49389.31 49389.31
Table 2.6.8 Overall Latent Heat Gain for Zone 3

TIME
(ZONE 4) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Latent Heat produced by People 20400

20400 20400 20400 20400 20400
Infiltration through doors 9455.254 9455.254 9455.254 9455.254 9455.254 9455.254

Infiltration through windows 9923.25 9923.25 9923.25 9923.25 9923.25 9923.25

112 | P a g e
Ventilation 51110.4 51110.4 51110.4 51110.4 51110.4 51110.4

TOTAL LATENT HEAT (QL) 90888.9

90888.9 90888.9 90888.9 90888.9 90888.9
Table 2.6.9 Overall Latent Heat Gain for Zone 4

TIME
(ZONE5) ITEM
8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Latent Heat produced by People 8925 8925 8925 8925 8925 8925

Infiltration through doors 3151.81 3151.81 3151.81 3151.81 3151.81 3151.81

Infiltration through windows 1977.55 1977.55 1977.55 1977.55 1977.55 1977.55

Ventilation 22360.8 22360.8 22360.8 22360.8 22360.8 22360.8

TOTAL LATENT HEAT (QL) 36415.16

36415.16 36415.16 36415.16 36415.16 36415.16
Table 2.6.10 Overall Latent Heat Gain for Zone 5

113 | P a g e
GRAND TOTAL SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT GAIN (BTU/hr)

Total Sensible Heat Gain (QS) 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Zone 1 41312.37 49889.04 56647.69 70254.85 73076.9 72257.14

Zone 2 36856.2 44266.93 52368.66 65447.22 68316.33 67957.36

Zone 3 43343.52 42785.14 39538.94 41597.61 41784.38 41143.43

Zone 4 61351.96 74963.06 89322.18 121543.3 128646.9 371865.9

Zone 5 30641.82 30297.63 27609.82 28758.29 28637.35 27907.1

Grand Total Sensible Heat Gain: 213505.9 242201.8 265487.3 327601.3 340461.9 581130.9

Table 2.6.11 Grand Total Sensible Heat Gain

Total Latent Heat Gain (QL) 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Zone 1
53048.2 53048.2 53048.2 53048.2 53048.2 53048.2
Zone 2 28253.26 28253.26 28253.26 28253.26 28253.26 28253.26

Zone 3 49389.31 49389.31 49389.31 49389.31 49389.31 49389.31

Zone 4 90888.9 90888.9 90888.9 90888.9 90888.9 90888.9

Zone 5 36415.16
36415.16 36415.16 36415.16 36415.16 36415.16

114 | P a g e
Grand Total Latent Heat Gain: 257994.8
257994.8 257994.8 257994.8 257994.8 257994.8
Table 2.6.12 Grand Total Latent Heat Gain

Heat Gain 8:00 am 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm 3:00 pm 4:00 pm

Grand Total Sensible Heat Gain 213505.9 242201.8 265487.3 327601.3 340461.9 581130.9

Grand Total Latent Heat Gain 257994.8

257994.8 257994.8 257994.8 257994.8 257994.8
Grand Total Heat Gain: 471500.7
500196.6 523482.1 585596.1 598456.7 839125.7
Table 2.6.13 Grand Total Load

Therefore, the Peak load is at time of 4:00 pm.

115 | P a g e
 CHAPTER III

PSYCHROMETRIC ANALYSIS

Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram of AHU and the space

116 | P a g e
 Figure 3.2 Psychrometric Chart
Given:

@ T2 = 78 oF & 2 (Relative Humidity) = 50 %

h2 = 30.85 BTU/ lba (Computer Aided Thermodynamics Table III)

@ T4 = 95 0F & 2 = 78 % (Relative humidity of Butan City in May based on internet)

h4 = 54.9 BTU / lba (Computer Aided Thermodynamics Table III)

ZONE 1

QS = 73076.9 BTU/hr

QL = 53048.2 BTU/hr

∑ QS 73076.9
SHR = = = 0.58
∑ QS + ∑ QL 73076.9 + 53048.2

Point 1 can then be determine by drawing a line parallel to line SHR at point 2 and intersecting it

to the line of projection of T1 = 60 oF, therefore,

h1 = 25.39 BTU/ lba, W1 = 0.009245 lbw / lba (from Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III)

Figure 3.3 Heat and Mass Balance in Space

117 | P a g e
Ein = Eout ∶

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h3 m3 + h2 m2 ; where h2 = h3

min = mout ∶

m1 = m2 + m3

Therefore,

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h2 m1

73076.9 BTU⁄hr + 53048.2 BTU⁄hr

m1 =
30.85 BTU⁄lb − 25.39 BTU⁄lb
a a

lba⁄
m1 = 23099.84 hr

lba⁄
m1 = 385.0 min

Ein = Eout :

h5 m5 = h4 m4 + h2 m2 ; where m5 = m6 = m1

m4 (mass flow rate of return air) must be identical to m3 (mass flow rate of dry air withdrawn from

space). Therefore, m4 = m3

CFM3 = CHMOA = 7.5 ft3/ min x 45 = 337.5 ft3 / min

118 | P a g e
Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

“The mass flow rate of moist air must be the same whether actual density or standard air density

is employed.” Quoted from Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 403

Therefore,

V
CFM =
0.075 lb⁄ft 3

Where, 0.075 lb/ ft3 is the specific density of standard air

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 402, Specific Density is defined as

1+W
 =
𝑣

Substituting this to the previous equation,

V 1 + W3 V
CFM = ( )( ) ; but =m
0.075 lb⁄ft 3 𝑣 𝑣

CFM
m3 = 0.075 lb⁄ft 3 ( )
1 + W3

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for the non-smoking

areas is 7.5 CFM / person.

W2 = W3 = 0.0102 lbw / lba

lb 337.5 cfm lba

m3 = m4 = 0.075 ( ) = 25.06
ft 3 1 + 0.0102 min

119 | P a g e
m2 = m1 − m3

lba lba lba

m2 = 385.0 − 25.06 = 359.94
min min min

Therefore,

h4 m4 + h2 m2
h5 =
m5

lba BTU lb BTU

(25.06 ) (54.9 ) + (359.94 a ) (30.85 )
min lba min lba
h5 =
lba
385.0 min

BTU
h5 = 32.42
lba

TONS OF REFRIGERATION:

TOR = m1 (h5 − h6 )

lba BTU BTU Ton

TOR = 385.0 (32.42 − 25.39 )( )
min lba lba BTU
200 min

TOR = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟑 𝐓𝐨𝐧𝐬

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF SUPPLY AIR:

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 401,

BTU
QS = ma cp (t1 − t 0 ) ; where cp = 0.245
hr. ℉
QS
ma =
cp (t1 − t 0 )

From Thermodynamics

CFMsupply = Vsupply = 𝑣supply ma

120 | P a g e
Therefore,

𝑣supply QS
CFMsupply =
cp (t room − t supply )

From Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III, at state 1

vsupply = 13.31 ft3 / lba

Therefore,

ft 3 hr
(13.31 ) (73076.9 BTU⁄hr) (
lba 60 min)
CFMsupply =
BTU
0.245 (78℉ − 60℉)
hr. ℉

CFMsupply = 3675.94 𝐜𝐟𝐦

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF RETURN AIR:

CFMreturn = CFMsupply − CFMOA

CFMreturn = 3675.94 cfm − 337.5 cfm

CFMreturn = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟒 𝐜𝐟𝐦

The process in determining the Tons of Refrigeration on other zones are the same in zone1.

ZONE 2

QS = 68316.22 BTU/hr

QL = 28253.36 BTU/hr

∑ QS 68316.22
SHR = = = 0.71
∑ QS + ∑ QL 68316.22 + 28253.260

121 | P a g e
Point 1 can then be determine by drawing a line parallel to line SHR at point 2 and intersecting it

to the line of projection of T1 = 60 oF, therefore,

h1 = 23.7 BTU/ lba, W1 = 0.007685 lbw / lba (from Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table

Figure 3.3 Heat and Mass Balance in Space

Ein = Eout ∶

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h3 m3 + h2 m2 ; where h2 = h3

min = mout ∶

m1 = m2 + m3

Therefore,

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h2 m1

68316.22 BTU⁄hr + 28253.26 BTU⁄hr

m1 =
30.85 BTU⁄lb − 23.7 BTU⁄lb
a a

lba⁄
m1 = 16506.22 hr

lba⁄
m1 = 225.1 min

122 | P a g e
Ein = Eout :

h5 m5 = h4 m4 + h2 m2 ; where m5 = m6 = m1

m4 (mass flow rate of return air) must be identical to m3 (mass flow rate of dry air withdrawn from

space). Therefore, m4 = m3

CFM3 = CHMOA = 7.5 ft3/ min x 20 = 150 ft3 / min

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

“The mass flow rate of moist air must be the same whether actual density or standard air density

is employed.” Quoted from Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 403

Therefore,

V
CFM =
0.075 lb⁄ft 3

Where, 0.075 lb/ ft3 is the specific density of standard air

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 402, Specific Density is defined as

1+W
 =
𝑣

123 | P a g e
Substituting this to the previous equation,

V 1 + W3 V
CFM = ( )( ) ; but =m
0.075 lb⁄ft 3 𝑣 𝑣

CFM
m3 = 0.075 lb⁄ft 3 ( )
1 + W3

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for the non-smoking

areas is 7.5 CFM / person.

W2 = W3 = 0.0102 lbw / lba

lb 150 cfm lba

m3 = m4 = 0.075 ( ) = 11.14
ft 3 1 + 0.0102 min

m2 = m1 − m3

lba lba lba

m2 = 225.1 − 11.14 = 213.96
min min min

Therefore,

h4 m4 + h2 m2
h5 =
m5

lba BTU lb BTU

(11.14 ) (54.9 ) + (213.96 a ) (30.85 )
min lba min lba
h5 =
lba
225.1 min

BTU
h5 = 32.04
lba

TONS OF REFRIGERATION:

TOR = m1 (h5 − h6 )

124 | P a g e
 lba BTU BTU Ton
TOR = 225.1 (32.04 − 23.7 )( )
min lba lba BTU
200 min

TOR = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝐓𝐨𝐧𝐬

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF SUPPLY AIR:

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 401,

BTU
QS = ma cp (t1 − t 0 ) ; where cp = 0.245
hr. ℉
QS
ma =
cp (t1 − t 0 )

From Thermodynamics

CFMsupply = Vsupply = 𝑣supply ma

Therefore,

𝑣supply QS
CFMsupply =
cp (t room − t supply )

From Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III, at state 1

vsupply = 13.32 ft3 / lba

Therefore,

ft 3 hr
(13.32 ) ( 68316.22 BTU⁄hr) (
lba 60 min)
CFMsupply =
BTU
0.245 (78℉ − 60℉)
hr. ℉

CFMsupply = 3436.47 𝐜𝐟𝐦

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF RETURN AIR:

CFMreturn = CFMsupply − CFMOA

125 | P a g e
CFMreturn = 3436.47 cfm − 150 cfm

CFMreturn = 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟕 𝐜𝐟𝐦

ZONE 3

QS = 43343.52 BTU/hr

QL = 49389.31 BTU/hr

∑ QS 43343.52
SHR = = = 0.47
∑ QS + ∑ QL 43343.52 + 49389.31

Point 1 can then be determine by drawing a line parallel to line SHR at point 2 and intersecting it

to the line of projection of T1 = 60 oF, therefore,

h1 = 21.29 BTU/ lba, W1 =0.00547 lbw / lba (from Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III)

Figure 3.3 Heat and Mass Balance in Space

Ein = Eout ∶

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h3 m3 + h2 m2 ; where h2 = h3

min = mout ∶

126 | P a g e
 m1 = m2 + m3

Therefore,

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h2 m1

43343.52 BTU⁄hr + 49389.31 BTU⁄hr

m1 =
30.85 BTU⁄lb − 21.29 BTU⁄lb
a a

lba⁄
m1 = 9700.09 hr

lba⁄
m1 = 161.67 min

Ein = Eout :

h5 m5 = h4 m4 + h2 m2 ; where m5 = m6 = m1

m4 (mass flow rate of return air) must be identical to m3 (mass flow rate of dry air withdrawn from

space). Therefore, m4 = m3

CFM3 = CHMOA = 7.5 ft3/ min x 45 = 337.5 ft3 / min

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

“The mass flow rate of moist air must be the same whether actual density or standard air density

is employed.” Quoted from Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 403

127 | P a g e
Therefore,

V
CFM =
0.075 lb⁄ft 3

Where, 0.075 lb/ ft3 is the specific density of standard air

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 402, Specific Density is defined as

1+W
 =
𝑣

Substituting this to the previous equation,

V 1 + W3 V
CFM = ( )( ) ; but =m
0.075 lb⁄ft 3 𝑣 𝑣

CFM
m3 = 0.075 lb⁄ft 3 ( )
1 + W3

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for the non-smoking

areas is 7.5 CFM / person.

W2 = W3 = 0.0102 lbw / lba

lb 337.5 cfm lba

m3 = m4 = 0.075 3
( ) = 25.06
ft 1 + 0.0102 min

m2 = m1 − m3

lba lba lba

m2 = 161.67 − 25.06 = 136.61
min min min

Therefore,

h4 m4 + h2 m2
h5 =
m5

128 | P a g e
 lba BTU lb BTU
(25.06 ) (54.9 ) + (136.61 a ) (30.85 )
min lba min lba
h5 =
lba
161.67 min

BTU
h5 = 34.58
lba

TONS OF REFRIGERATION:

TOR = m1 (h5 − h6 )

lba BTU BTU Ton

TOR = 161.67 (34.58 − 21.29 )( )
min lba lba BTU
200 min

TOR = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝐓𝐨𝐧𝐬

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF SUPPLY AIR:

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 401,

BTU
QS = ma cp (t1 − t 0 ) ; where cp = 0.245
hr. ℉
QS
ma =
cp (t1 − t 0 )

From Thermodynamics

CFMsupply = Vsupply = 𝑣supply ma

Therefore,

𝑣supply QS
CFMsupply =
cp (t room − t supply )

From Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III, at state 1

vsupply = 13.22 ft3 / lba

129 | P a g e
Therefore,

ft 3 hr
(13.22 ) (43343.52 BTU⁄hr) (
lba 60 min)
CFMsupply =
BTU
0.245 (78℉ − 60℉)
hr. ℉

CFMsupply = 2165.54 𝐜𝐟𝐦

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF RETURN AIR:

CFMreturn = CFMsupply − CFMOA

CFMreturn = 2165.54 cfm − 337.5 cfm

CFMreturn = 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟒 𝐜𝐟𝐦

ZONE 4

QS = 371,865.9 BTU/hr

QL = 90888.9 BTU/hr

∑ QS 371,865.9
SHR = = = 0.80
∑ QS + ∑ QL 371,865.9 + 90888.9

Point 1 can then be determine by drawing a line parallel to line SHR at point 2 and intersecting it

to the line of projection of T1 = 60 oF, therefore,

h1 = 26.12 BTU/ lba, W1 = 0.009916 lbw / lba (from Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III)

130 | P a g e
 Figure 3.3 Heat and Mass Balance in Space

Ein = Eout ∶

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h3 m3 + h2 m2 ; where h2 = h3

min = mout ∶

m1 = m2 + m3

Therefore,

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h2 m1

371865.9 BTU⁄hr + 90888.9 BTU⁄hr

m1 =
30.85 BTU⁄lb − 26.12 BTU⁄lb
a a

lba⁄
m1 = 97834.0 hr

lba⁄
m1 = 1,630.57 min

Ein = Eout :

131 | P a g e
 h5 m5 = h4 m4 + h2 m2 ; where m5 = m6 = m1

m4 (mass flow rate of return air) must be identical to m3 (mass flow rate of dry air withdrawn from

space). Therefore, m4 = m3

CFM3 = CHMOA = 7.5 ft3/ min x 80 = 600 ft3 / min

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

“The mass flow rate of moist air must be the same whether actual density or standard air density

is employed.” Quoted from Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 403

Therefore,

V
CFM =
0.075 lb⁄ft 3

Where, 0.075 lb/ ft3 is the specific density of standard air

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 402, Specific Density is defined as

1+W
 =
𝑣

Substituting this to the previous equation,

V 1 + W3 V
CFM = ( )( ) ; but =m
0.075 lb⁄ft 3 𝑣 𝑣

CFM
m3 = 0.075 lb⁄ft 3 ( )
1 + W3

132 | P a g e
Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for the non-smoking

areas is 7.5 CFM / person.

W2 = W3 = 0.0102 lbw / lba

lb 600 cfm lba

m3 = m4 = 0.075 3
( ) = 44.55
ft 1 + 0.0102 min

m2 = m1 − m3

lba lba lba

m2 = 1,630.57 − 44.55 = 1586.02
min min min

Therefore,

h4 m4 + h2 m2
h5 =
m5

lba BTU lb BTU

(44.55 ) (54.9 ) + (1586.02 a ) (30.85 )
min lba min lba
h5 =
lb
1630.57 a
min
BTU
h5 = 31.51
lba

TONS OF REFRIGERATION:

TOR = m1 (h5 − h6 )

lba BTU BTU Ton

TOR = 1630.57 (31.51 − 26.12 )( )
min lba lba BTU
200 min

TOR = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟒 𝐓𝐨𝐧𝐬

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF SUPPLY AIR:

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 401,

133 | P a g e
 BTU
QS = ma cp (t1 − t 0 ) ; where cp = 0.245
hr. ℉
QS
ma =
cp (t1 − t 0 )

From Thermodynamics

CFMsupply = Vsupply = 𝑣supply ma

Therefore,

𝑣supply QS
CFMsupply =
cp (t room − t supply )

From Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III, at state 1

vsupply = 13.31 ft3 / lba

Therefore,

ft 3 hr
(13.31 ) (371865.9 BTU⁄hr) (
lba 60 min)
CFMsupply =
BTU
0.245 (78℉ − 60℉)
hr. ℉

CFMsupply = 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝐜𝐟𝐦

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF RETURN AIR:

CFMreturn = CFMsupply − CFMOA

CFMreturn = 18705.68 cfm − 600 cfm

CFMreturn = 18105.68 𝐜𝐟𝐦

134 | P a g e
ZONE 5

QS = 30641.82 BTU/hr

QL = 36415.15 BTU/hr

∑ QS 30641.82
SHR = = = 0.46
∑ QS + ∑ QL 30641.82 + 36415.15

Point 1 can then be determine by drawing a line parallel to line SHR at point 2 and intersecting it

to the line of projection of T1 = 60 oF, therefore,

h1 = 25.39 BTU/ lba, W1 = 0.009245 lbw / lba (from Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III)

Figure 3.3 Heat and Mass Balance in Space

Ein = Eout ∶

h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h3 m3 + h2 m2 ; where h2 = h3

min = mout ∶

m1 = m2 + m3

Therefore,

135 | P a g e
 h1 m1 + ∑ QS + ∑ QL = h2 m1

30641.82 BTU⁄hr + 36415.15 BTU⁄hr

m1 =
30.85 BTU⁄lb − 25.39 BTU⁄lb
a a

lba⁄
m1 = 12281.5 hr

lba⁄
m1 = 204.69 min

Ein = Eout :

h5 m5 = h4 m4 + h2 m2 ; where m5 = m6 = m1

m4 (mass flow rate of return air) must be identical to m3 (mass flow rate of dry air withdrawn from

space). Therefore, m4 = m3

CFM3 = CHMOA = 7.5 ft3/ min x 35 = 262.5 ft3 / min

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for non-smoking area is

7.5 CFM / person.

“The mass flow rate of moist air must be the same whether actual density or standard air density

is employed.” Quoted from Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 403

Therefore,

136 | P a g e
 V
CFM =
0.075 lb⁄ft 3

Where, 0.075 lb/ ft3 is the specific density of standard air

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 402, Specific Density is defined as

1+W
 =
𝑣

Substituting this to the previous equation,

V 1 + W3 V
CFM = ( )( ) ; but =m
0.075 lb⁄ft 3 𝑣 𝑣

CFM
m3 = 0.075 lb⁄ft 3 ( )
1 + W3

Recall: From Carrier Handbook table 45, the standard CFM per person for the non-smoking

areas is 7.5 CFM / person.

W2 = W3 = 0.0102 lbw / lba

lb 262.5 cfm lba

m3 = m4 = 0.075 3
( ) = 19.49
ft 1 + 0.0102 min

m2 = m1 − m3

lba lba lba

m2 = 204.69 − 19.49 = 185.2
min min min

Therefore,

h4 m4 + h2 m2
h5 =
m5

137 | P a g e
 lba BTU lb BTU
(19.49 ) (54.9 ) + (185.2 a ) (30.85 )
min lba min lba
h5 =
lba
204.69 min

BTU
h5 = 33.14
lba

TONS OF REFRIGERATION:

TOR = m1 (h5 − h6 )

lba BTU BTU Ton

TOR = 204.69 (33.14 − 25.39 )( )
min lba lba BTU
200 min

TOR = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟑 𝐓𝐨𝐧𝐬

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF SUPPLY AIR:

From Thermal Environmental Engineering, by Threlkeld, PP. 401,

BTU
QS = ma cp (t1 − t 0 ) ; where cp = 0.245
hr. ℉
QS
ma =
cp (t1 − t 0 )

From Thermodynamics

CFMsupply = Vsupply = 𝑣supply ma

Therefore,

𝑣supply QS
CFMsupply =
cp (t room − t supply )

From Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table III, at state 1

vsupply = 13.31 ft3 / lba

138 | P a g e
Therefore,

ft 3 hr
(13.31 ) (30641.82 BTU⁄hr) (
lba 60 min)
CFMsupply =
BTU
0.245 (78℉ − 60℉)
hr. ℉

CFMsupply = 1541.36 𝐜𝐟𝐦

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF RETURN AIR:

CFMreturn = CFMsupply − CFMOA

CFMreturn = 1541.36 cfm − 262.5 cfm

CFMreturn = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝐜𝐟𝐦

Zone CFMSupply CFMReturn TOR

Zone 1 3675.94 3338.44 13.53

Zone 2 3436.47 3286.47 10.64

Zone 3 2165.54 1828.04 10.74

Zone 4 18705.68 18105.68 43.94

Zone 5 1541.36 1278.86 7.93

Table 3.1

139 | P a g e
 CHAPTER IV
DUCT SIZING
The function of a duct sizing is to transmit air from the air handling apparatus to the space

to be conditioned. To fulfill this function in physical manner, the system must be designed with

prescribe limits available space, frictional loss, sound level, heat and leakage losses and gains.

Duct Layout

Fig 4.1 Ground Floor

Fig 4.2 Second Floor

140 | P a g e
CFM Supply and Return

Zone CFMSupply CFMReturn TOR

Zone 1 3675.94 3338.44 13.53

Zone 2 3436.47 3286.47 10.64

Zone 3 2165.54 1828.04 10.74

Zone 4 18705.68 18105.68 43.94

Zone 5 1541.36 1278.86 7.93

Table 4.1

ZONE 1:
Duct sizing for Zone 1: AHU-1

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 3675.94 CFM

6 terminals = 612.66 each terminal

Operating pressure for all terminals = 0.14 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct supply air Velocity = 1,700 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

For Section AHU1 to A:

A = Q/ V = 3675.94 CFM / 1,700 fpm = 2.16 ft2

Friction rate = 0.195 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.194 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

141 | P a g e
 CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 3675.94 100 100 2.11 1,700 19.68 18 X 18
Elbow
0.30 5.5
Duct,
A-B 2450.64 66.67 75.36 1.59 1536.6 17.32 16 X 15
Elbow
4.55 5.5
Duct,
B-C 1225.32 33.33 44.55 0.94 1305.5 13.12 12 X 12
Elbow
5.0 5.5
Other Branches
A-D 1225.32 33.33 44.55 0.94 1305.5 13.12 12 X 12 Duct 2.8
D-E 612.66 16.67 28.0 0.59 1045.1 10.37 10 X 9 Duct 5.0
B–F 1225.32 33.33 44.55 0.94 1305.5 13.12 12 X 12 Duct 2.8
F–G 612.66 16.67 28.0 0.59 1045.1 10.37 10 X 9 Duct 5.0
C-H 1225.32 33.33 44.55 0.94 1305.5 13.12 12 X 12 Duct 2.8
H-I 612.66 16.67 28.0 0.59 1045.1 10.37 10 X 9 Duct 5.0
Total Duct Length 33.25 15.75
Table 4.2 Zone Supply Duct Values

After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss, taking care to include

all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to terminal 6 has the highest

resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 124.81 ft. x 0.194 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.24 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1700 fpm

Velocity in last section: 1045.1 fpm

Gain = 0.084 in. wg

142 | P a g e
Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.24 in. wg + 0.14 in. wg – 0.084 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.296 in wg

Return Duct

Duct sizing for Zone 1: AHU-1

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 3338.44 CFM

Total number of Air Terminals = 3

CFM for each air terminal = 3338.44 cfm / 3 = 1112.81 cfm

Operating pressure for all grilles = 0.080 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct return air Velocity = 1,500 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

For Section AHU1 to A:

A = Q/ V = 3338.44 CFM / 1500 fpm = 2.2 ft2

Friction rate = 0.15 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.15 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

143 | P a g e
 CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 3338.44 100 100 2.2 1500 20.21 18 X 19
Elbow
1.85 5.5
Duct,
A-C 2225.63 66.67 75.9 1.67 1333.8 17.49 16 X 16
Elbow
5.0 5.5
42.7 Duct,
C–E 1112.81 33.33 0.94 1185.6 13.12 12 X 12 5.0 5.5
Elbow
A-B 1112.81 33.33 42.7 0.94 1185.6 13.12 12 X 12 Duct 5.2
C–D 1112.81 33.33 42.7 0.94 1185.6 13.12 12 X 12 Duct 5.2
E-F 1112.81 33.33 42.7 0.94 1185.6 13.12 12 X 12 Duct 5.2
Total Duct Length 27.45 16.5
Table 4.3 Zone Supply Duct Values

After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss of the longest run, taking

care to include all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to grille 3 has

the highest resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 106.54 ft. x 0.15 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.16 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1500 fpm

Velocity in last section: 1185.6 fpm

Gain = 0.04 in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

144 | P a g e
 = Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.15 in. wg + 0.080 in. wg – 0.04 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.19 in wg

ZONE 2:

Duct sizing for Zone 2: AHU-2

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 3436.47 CFM

4 terminals = 859.12 each terminal

Operating pressure for all terminals = 0.14 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct supply air Velocity = 1,700 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.201 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.201 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 3436.47 100 100 2.08 1700 19.52 16 X 20
Elbow
1.23 5.5
Duct,
A-B 1718.2 50 60.0 1.25 1380.1 15.11 16 X 12
Elbow
4.97 5.5
Other Branches
A–C 1718.23 50 60.0 1.25 1380.1 15.11 16 X 12 Duct 2.8
C-D 859.12 25 34.62 0.72 1199.1 11.46 10 X 11 Duct 3.1
B–E 1718.23 50 60.0 1.25 1380.1 15.11 16 X 12 Duct 2.8
E-F 859.12 25 34.62 0.72 1199.1 11.46 10 X 11 Duct 3.1
Total Duct Length 18.0 11.0
Table 4.4 Zone Supply Duct Values

145 | P a g e
After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss, taking care to include

all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to terminal 4 has the highest

resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 70.04 ft. x 0.201 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.14 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1700 fpm

Velocity in last section: 859.12 fpm

Gain = 0.1 in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.1 in. wg + 0.14 in. wg – 0.140 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.1 in wg

Return Duct

Duct sizing for Zone 1: AHU-1

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 3286.47 CFM

Total number of Air Terminals = 2

146 | P a g e
 CFM for each air terminal = 3286.47 cfm / 2 = 1643.24 cfm

Operating pressure for all grilles = 0.080 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct return air Velocity = 1,500 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.144 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.144 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 3286.47 100 100 2.23 1500 20.21 18 X 19
Elbow
4.17 5.5
Duct,
A-B 1643.235 50.0 60.5 1.35 1215.3 15.74 16 X 13
Elbow
2.3 5.5
A–C 1643.235 50.0 60.5 1.35 1215.3 15.74 16 X 13 Duct 5.3
B-D 1643.235 50.0 60.5 1.35 1215.3 15.74 16 X 13 Duct 5.3
Total Duct Length 17.07 11.0
Table 4.5 Zone Supply Duct Values

After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss of the longest run, taking

care to include all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to grille 4 has

the highest resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 66.99 ft. x 0.144 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.096 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

147 | P a g e
Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1500 fpm

Velocity in last section: 1215.37 fpm

Gain = 0.036 in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.096 in. wg + 0.080 in. wg – 0.036 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.14 in wg

ZONE 3:

Duct sizing for Zone 3: AHU-3

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 2165.54 CFM

3 terminals = 721.85 each terminal

Operating pressure for all terminals = 0.14 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct supply air Velocity = 1,700 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.267 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.267 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

148 | P a g e
 CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 2165.54 100 100 1.25 1700 15.11 16 X 12
Elbow
0.4 5.5
Duct,
A–B 1443.69 66.67 75.2 0.94 1538.1 13.12 12 X 12 5.0 5.5
Elbow
Duct,
B-C 721.85 33.33 47.2 0.59 1231.4 10.37 10 X 9
Elbow
5.0 5.5
Other Branches
A-D 721.85 33.33 47.2 0.59 1231.4 10.37 10 X 9 Duct 2.83
B–E 721.85 33.33 47.2 0.59 1231.4 10.37 10 X 9 Duct 2.83
C-F 721.85 33.33 47.2 0.59 1231.4 10.37 10 X 9 Duct 2.83
Total Duct Length 18.89 16.5
Table 4.6 Zone Supply Duct Values

After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss, taking care to include

all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to terminal 3 has the highest

resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 78.4592 ft. x 0.267 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.209 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1700 fpm

Velocity in last section: 721.85 fpm

Gain = 0.064 in. wg

149 | P a g e
 Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.209 in. wg + 0.14 in. wg – 0.064 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.285 in wg

Return Duct

Duct sizing for Zone 3: AHU-3

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 1828.04 CFM

Total number of Air Terminals = 3

CFM for each air terminal = 1828.04 cfm / 3 = 609.34 cfm

Operating pressure for all grilles = 0.080 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct return air Velocity = 1,500 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.22 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.22 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 1828.04 100 100 1.21 1500 15.11 16 X 12
Elbow
0.9 5.5
Duct,
A-B 1218.7 66.67 0.71 0.86 1417.3 12.56 12 X 11
Elbow
5.0 5.5
B–C 609.34 33.33 0.43 0.52 1172.3 9.76 10 X 8 Duct 5.0
D-E 609.34 33.33 0.43 0.52 1172.3 9.76 10 X 8 Duct 1.2
A-D 609.34 33.33 0.43 0.52 1172.3 9.76 10 X 8 Duct 1.2
Total Duct Length 13.3 11.0
Table 4.7 Zone Supply Duct Values

150 | P a g e
After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss of the longest run, taking

care to include all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to grille 3 has

the highest resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 54.624 ft. x 0.22 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.12 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1500 fpm

Velocity in last section: 1172.3 fpm

Gain = 0.041 in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.12 in. wg + 0.080 in. wg – 0.041 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.159 in wg

ZONE 4:

Duct sizing for Zone 4: AHU-4

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 18705.68 CFM

6 terminals = 3117.61 each terminal

151 | P a g e
 Operating pressure for all terminals = 0.14 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct supply air Velocity = 1,700 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.073 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.073 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-Z 18705.68 100 100 10.95 1700 44.8 40 x 42
Elbow
2.0 5.5
Z-A 18705.68 100 100 10.95 1700 44.8 40 x 42 Duct 10.0 5.5
Duct,
A–B 9352.84 50.0 59.09 6.47 1446.7 34.43 32 X 31 5.5 5.5
Elbow
B–C 6235.2 33.33 43.29 4.74 1314.6 29.49 28 X 26 Duct 5.0
C–D 3117.6 16.67 26.21 2.87 1087.7 22.92 22 X 20 Duct 5.0
Duct,
A-E 9352.84 50.0 59.09 6.47 1446.7 34.43 32 X 31
Elbow
1.1 5.5
E–F 6235.2 33.33 43.29 4.74 1314.6 29.49 28 X 26 Duct 5.0
F-G 3117.6 16.67 26.21 2.87 1087.7 22.92 22 X 20 Duct 5.0
Total Duct Length 38.6 22.0
Table 4.8 Zone Supply Duct Values

After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss, taking care to include

all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to terminal 6 has the highest

resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 126.608 ft. x 0.073 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.092 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

152 | P a g e
Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1700 fpm

Velocity in last section: 1087.7 fpm

Gain = 0.08 in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.092 in. wg + 0.14 in. wg – 0.08 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.152 in wg

Return Duct

Duct sizing for Zone 4: AHU-4

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 18105.68 CFM

Total number of Air Terminals = 6

CFM for each air terminal = 18105.68 cfm / 6 = 3017.61 cfm

Operating pressure for all grilles = 0.080 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct return air Velocity = 1,500 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.054 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.054 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

153 | P a g e
 CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-Z 18105.68 100 100 12.04 1500 46.99 42 X 44
Elbow
2.0 5.5
Z-A 18105.68 100 100 12.04 1500 46.99 42 X 44 Duct 10.0 5.5
Duct,
A-B 9052.84 50.0 57.8 7.09 1276.8 36.05 32 X 34
Elbow
5.5 5.5
B–C 6035.22 33.33 42.4 5.29 1140.4 31.15 28 X 29 Duct 5.0
C-D 3017.61 16.67 25.0 3.15 956.6 24.05 22 X 22 Duct 5.0
Duct,
A–E 9052.84 50.0 57.8 7.09 1276.8 36.05 32 X 34 1.1 5.5
Elbow
E–F 6035.22 33.33 42.4 5.29 1140.4 31.15 28 X 29 Duct 5.0
F-G 3017.61 16.67 25.0 3.15 956.6 24.05 22 X 22 Duct 5.0
Total Duct Length 38.6 22.0
Table 4.9 Zone Supply Duct Values

After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss of the longest run, taking

care to include all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to grille 6 has

the highest resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 148.608 ft. x 0.054 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.08 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1500 fpm

Velocity in last section: 956.6 fpm

Gain = 0.063 in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

154 | P a g e
 = Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.08 in. wg + 0.080 in. wg – 0.063 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.097 in wg

ZONE 5:

Duct sizing for Zone 5: AHU-5

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 1541.36 CFM

2 terminals = 770.68 each terminal

Operating pressure for all terminals = 0.14 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct supply air Velocity = 1,700 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.33 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.33 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 1541.36 100 100 0.94 1700 13.12 12 X 12
Elbow
1.61 5.5
Duct,
A–B 770.68 50.0 55.32 0.52 1482.6 9.76 10 X 8 4.63 5.5
Elbow
Other Branches
B–D 770.68 50.0 55.32 0.52 1482.6 9.76 10 X 8 Duct 2.95
A-C 770.68 50.0 55.32 0.52 1482.6 9.76 10 X 8 Duct 2.95
Total Duct Length 12.14 11.0
Table 4.10 Zone Supply Duct Values

155 | P a g e
After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss, taking care to include

all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to terminal 2 has the highest

resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 50.82 ft. x 0.33 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.17 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1700 fpm

Velocity in last section: 1482.6 fpm

Gain = 0.03 in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.17 in. wg + 0.14 in. wg – 0.03 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.28 in wg

Return Duct

Duct sizing for Zone 5: AHU-5

Method: Equal Friction

Total air quantity = 1278.86 CFM

156 | P a g e
 Total number of Air Terminals = 2

CFM for each air terminal = 1278.86 cfm / 2 = 639.43 cfm

Operating pressure for all grilles = 0.080 in wg/100 ft. (from: SMACNA)

Initial Duct return air Velocity = 1,500 fpm (From the Book of Carrier, PP 2-37, Table 7)

Friction rate = 0.27 in. wg/100 ft. (from: DuctSizer)

Using DuctSizer(Software) with 0.27 in. wg/100 ft. as friction loss which is maintained

throughout the system in determining all velocities, equivalent diameters, rectangular equivalence

and friction rate.

CFM Add
Duct Air Area Area Velocity Equivalent Duct Length
Capacity Item equiv.
Section Quantity (%) (sq.ft) (fpm) Diameter Size (in) (m)
(%) Length
Duct,
AHU-A 1278.86 100 100 0.85 1500 12.56 12 X 11
Elbow
1.7 5.5
Duct,
A-B 639.43 50.0 61.2 0.52 1230.1 9.76 10 X 8
Elbow
1.9 5.5
A–C 639.43 50.0 61.2 0.52 1230.1 9.76 10 X 8 Duct 0.9
B-D 639.43 50.0 61.2 0.52 1230.1 9.76 10 X 8 Duct 0.9
Total Duct Length 5.4 11.0
Table 4.11 Zone Supply Duct Values

After Sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss of the longest run, taking

care to include all fittings and transition. It appears that the duct run from the fan to grille 2 has

the highest resistance.

Loss = total equivalent length x friction rate

Loss = 28.712 ft. x 0.27 in. wg/100 ft.

Loss = 0.08 in. wg

From Carrier Handbook, PP 2-38, of “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain” topic

157 | P a g e
Total static pressure discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure and the loss in the duct

work. Credit can be taken for the velocity regain between the first and the last sections of the duct:

Velocity in initial section: 1500 fpm

Velocity in last section: 1230.1 fpm

Gain = 0.035in. wg

Therefore, the Total Static Pressure at fan discharge is,

= Duct friction + Terminal pressure – Regain

= 0.08 in. wg + 0.080 in. wg – 0.035 in. wg

Total static pressure = 0.125 in wg

158 | P a g e
 CHAPTER V
PIPE SIZING
The piping of a centralized air conditioning system is used in handling the chilled water from

the chiller to the air handling units. These pipes are either galvanized steel pipe or copper tubing.

In our design, we used Galvanized steel pipe.

Reverse return piping is recommended for most closed piping applications; it cannot be used

on open systems. It is often the most economical design on new construction. Thus, reverse

return piping is employed in this design.

Supply Pipe Sizing

To determine the diameters of the supply main line pipes, the chilled water requirement

should be determined first.

Air Handling Unit Capacity

Location Capacity (tons)

1st Floor Zone 1 AHU 1- 14 tons
1st Floor Zone 2 AHU 2- 11 tons
2nd Floor Zone 3 AHU 3- 11 tons
2nd Floor Zone 4 AHU 4- 44 tons
2nd Floor Zone 5 AHU 5- 8 tons
Total 88 tons
Table 5.1 AHU Capacities

From Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Althouse, PP 950,

Entering process fluid to the chiller: 45°F

Leaving process fluid temperature: 55°F

ΔT = 10°F

To solve for the chilled water in GPM from the chiller that will be distributed to the AHU, the

equation below is used.

159 | P a g e
 GPM (∆T)
Total Cooling Capacity (tons) =
24
(Total cooling load capacity)(24)
GPM =
∆T

Solving for the chilled water that is distributed to the AHU,

(88)(24)
GPM = gpm
10
GPM = 211.2 gpm

Solving for chilled water requirement for each AHU’s:

For the 1st Floor Zone 1 AHU-1:

cooling capacity (24)

GPM =
(∆T)
14 tons (24)
GPM =
10
GPM = 33.6 gpm

For the 1st Floor Zone 2 AHU-2:

cooling capacity (24)

GPM =
(∆T)
11 tons (24)
GPM =
10
GPM = 26.4 gpm

For the 2nd Floor Zone 3 AHU-3:

cooling capacity (24)

GPM =
(∆T)
11 tons (24)
GPM =
10
GPM = 26.4 gpm

For the 2nd Floor Zone 4 AHU-4:

cooling capacity (24)

GPM =
(∆T)
44 tons (24)
GPM =
10
GPM = 105.6 gpm

160 | P a g e
For the 2nd Floor Zone 5 AHU-5:

cooling capacity (24)

GPM =
(∆T)
8 tons (24)
GPM =
10
GPM = 19.2 gpm

AHU GPM
AHU 1 33.6
AHU 2 26.4
AHU 3 26.4
AHU 4 105.6
AHU 5 19.2
Total 211.2 tons
Table 5.2 AHU GPM

Pipe Diameters
After solving the GPM of each Air handling Units, the pipes diameter can now be
determined using the continuity equation, which is expresses in the form,

Q = Ap Vchw
Where,
Ap = area of the pipe
Vchw = Velocity of the chilled water
Q = Volume flow rate of chilled water

By further manipulation of the equation, we can arrive for an expression for the diameter
of the pipe which is expressed in the form,

4Q
dp = √
𝜋Vchw

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-21, Table 13,

V = 7 fps (Pump Suction)
V = 12 fps (Pump Discharge)
From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-21, Table 14,
V = 10 fps (for 4000 hr/yr normal operation)

Pipe from Chiller to Pump:

Q = 211.2 gpm (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3

Q = 0.46 ft3/s

161 | P a g e
 4Q 4(0.46 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.29 ft = 3.46 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(7)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 3.5 in

Weight
Outside Inside
Outside Inside Wall Weight of
Schedule Surface Surface Transverse
Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe water
No. (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft) Area
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe

40 4.0 3.76 0.12 4.973 4.825 1.047 0.929 11.104

Table 5.3 Chiller to Pump Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from Pump to Section A:

Q = 211.2 gpm (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.46 ft3/s
4Q 4(0.46 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.22 ft = 2.64 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(12)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 3.0 in

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight Outside Inside Transverse
No. Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe of Surface Surface Area
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
in pipe

40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393

Table 5.4 Section A to Pump Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from Section A to B :

Q = 211.2 gpm (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.46 ft3/s
4Q 4(0.46 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.22 ft = 2.64 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(12)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 3.0 in

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight Outside Inside Transverse
No. Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe of Surface Surface Area
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
in pipe

40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393

Table 5.4 Section A to Pump Pipe Scheduling

162 | P a g e
From Section B to AHU 5:
Q = (211.2 gpm- 33.6 gpm – 26.4 gpm-26.4gpm – 105.6 gpm) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1
min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.042 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.042 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.073 ft = 0.88 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 1.0 in

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight Outside Inside Transverse
No. Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe of Surface Surface Area
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
in pipe

40 1.315 1.049 0.133 1.679 0.376 0.401 0.314 0.864

Table 5.5 Pipe Scheduling
From Section B to C:
Q = (192 gpm)(3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.42 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.42 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.23 ft = 2.76 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 3.0 in

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393

Table 5.6 Pipe Scheduling
From Section C to AHU 2:
Q = (26.4 gpm)(3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.058 ft3/s
4Q 4(0.058 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.086 ft = 1.032 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 1.25 in

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe e

163 | P a g e
 (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water Surfac (ft2/ft)
in pipe e
(ft2/ft)

40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496

Table 5.7 Pipe Scheduling

From Section C to D:
Q = (211.2 – 19.2 – 26.4) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.36 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.36 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.214 ft = 2.568 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 2.5 inches,

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight Outside Inside Transverse
No. Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe of Surface Surface Area
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
in pipe

40 2.875 2.469 0.203 5.793 2.081 0.753 0.6462 4.788

From Section D to AHU 4:

Q = (105.6 gpm)(3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.23 ft3/s
4Q 4(0.23 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.17 ft = 2.04 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 2.5 inches,

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight Outside Inside Transverse
No. Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe of Surface Surface Area
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
in pipe

40 2.875 2.469 0.203 5.793 2.081 0.753 0.6462 4.788

Table 5.9 Pipe Scheduling
From Section D to E:
Q = (33.6 + 26.4) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.13 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.13)
dp = √ =√ = 0.129 ft = 1.55 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

164 | P a g e
From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 2 inches,
Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 2.375 2.067 0.154 3.653 1.458 0.622 0.5401 3.356

Table 5.10 Pipe Scheduling
From Section E to AHU1:
Q = (33.6) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.073 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.073)
dp = √ =√ = 0.096 ft = 1.152 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 1.25 in

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496

Table 5.11 Pipe Scheduling

From Section E to F:
Q = (26.4) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.058 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.058)
dp = √ =√ = 0.086 ft = 1.032 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 1.25 inches,

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496

Table 5.10 Pipe Scheduling

165 | P a g e
 From Section F to AHU 3:
Q = (26.4) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.058 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.058)
dp = √ =√ = 0.086 ft = 1.032 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 1.25 inches,

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496

Table 5.10 Pipe Scheduling

Summary:

Weight
Outside Inside Wall Weight of Outside Inside Transverse
Schedule
Location 𝑑𝑝 Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe water Surface Surface Area
No.
(inch) (inch) (inch) (lb/ft) in pipe (sq.ft/ft) (sq.ft/ft) (sq. inch)
(lb/ft)
From Chiller to Pump 3.5 40 4.0 3.76 0.12 4.973 4.825 1.047 0.929 11.104
From Pump to Section A 3 40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393
From Section A to B 3 40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393
From Section B to AHU 5 1 40 1.315 1.049 0.133 1.679 0.376 0.401 0.314 0.864
From Section B to C 3 40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393
From Section C to AHU 2 1.25 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496
From Section C to D 2.5 40 2.875 2.469 0.203 5.793 2.081 0.753 0.6462 4.788
From Section D to AHU 4 2.5 40 2.875 2.469 0.203 5.793 2.081 0.753 0.6462 4.788
From Section D to E 2 40 2.375 2.067 0.154 3.653 1.458 0.622 0.5401 3.356
From Section E to AHU 1 1.25 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496
From Section E to F 1.25 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496
From Section F to AHU 3 1.25 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.3620 1.496
Table 5.12 Pipe Scheduling Summary

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 Return Pipe Sizing

The piping material used in return piping is the same with the supply piping material (i.e
Galvanized Steel Pipe).

Pipe from AHU 3 to Section A

GPM = 26.4 gpm
Solving for the diameter of the pipe
Q = (26.4)(3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.058 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.058 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.086 ft = 1.03 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From table 2 of Carrier Handbook with 1.25 inches

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight of Outside Inside Transver
number Diameter Diameter thickness of Pipe water lb/ft Surface Surface se Area
lb/ft (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496

Pipe from Section A to B

GPM = 26.4 gpm
Solving for the diameter of the pipe
Q = (26.4)(3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.058 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.058 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.086 ft = 1.03 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From table 2 of Carrier Handbook with 1.25 inches

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight of Outside Inside Transver
number Diameter Diameter thickness of Pipe water lb/ft Surface Surface se Area
lb/ft (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496
Table 5.14 Return Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from AHU 1 to Section B

Q = (33.6) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.073 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.073 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.096 ft = 1.152 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

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From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 1.25 inches,

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers

e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496

Table 5.15 Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from Section B to C

Q = (26.4 + 33.6) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3

Q = 0.131 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.131 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.129 ft = 1.548 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 2.0 inches,

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers

e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 2.375 2.067 0.154 3.653 1.458 0.622 0.5401 3.356

Table 5.16 Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from AHU 4 to Section C

Q = (105.6) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.23 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.23 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.171 ft = 2.052 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

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From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 2.5 inches,
Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 2.875 2.469 0.203 5.793 2.081 0.753 0.6462 4.788

Table 5.17 Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from Section C to D

Q = (33.6 + 26.4 + 105.6) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.36 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.36)
dp = √ =√ = 0.214 ft = 2.568 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 3.0 inches,

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.57 3.20 0.916 0.802 7.393

Table 5.18 Pipe Scheduling
Pipe from AHU 2 to Section D
Q = (26.4) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.058 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.058 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.086 ft = 1.032 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 1.25 inches,

Schedule Outside Inside Wall Weight Weight Outside Inside Transverse
No. Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe of Surface Surface Area
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water (ft2/ft) (ft2/ft)
in pipe

40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496

Table 5.19 Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from Section D to E

Q = (192) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.42 ft3/s

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 4Q 4(0.42 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.23 ft = 2.76 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 3.0 inches,

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.57 3.20 0.916 0.802 7.393

Table 5.19 Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from AHU 5 to Section E

Q = (19.2) (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec) (3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.042 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.042 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.073 ft = 0.879 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(10)

From Carrier Handbook, PP 3-2, Table 2, with 1.0 inches,

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 1.315 1.049 0.133 1.679 0.376 0.401 0.314 0.864

Table 5.19 Pipe Scheduling

From Section E to Pump:

Q = 211.2 gpm (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.46 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.46 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.22 ft = 2.64 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(12)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 3.0 in

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe e

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 (in.) (in.) (lb/ft) water Surfac (ft2/ft)
in pipe e
(ft2/ft)

40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393

Table 5.20 Pipe Scheduling

Pipe from Pump to Chiller:

Q = 211.2 gpm (3.78 L/gal) (1m3 /1000) (1 min/60sec)(3.26ft/1m)3
Q = 0.46 ft3/s

4Q 4(0.46 )
dp = √ =√ = 0.29 ft = 3.48 in
𝜋Vchw 𝜋(7)

From Design Tools Pipe Sizer Ver 6.2, with 3.5 in

Schedul Outside Inside Wall Weigh Weigh Outsid Inside Transvers
e No. Diamete Diamete Thicknes t of t of e Surfac e Area
r (in.) r s pipe water Surfac e
(in.) (in.) (lb/ft) in pipe e (ft2/ft)
(ft2/ft)

40 4.0 3.76 0.12 4.973 4.825 1.047 0.929 11.104

Table 5.21 Return Pipe Scheduling

Summary:

Weight
Outside Inside Wall Weight of Outside Inside Transverse
Schedule
Location 𝑑𝑝 Diameter Diameter Thickness of pipe water in Surface Surface Area
No.
(inch) (inch) (inch) (lb/ft) pipe (sq.ft/ft) (sq.ft/ft) (sq. inch)
(lb/ft)

From AHU 3 to Section A 3.5 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496
From Section A to B 3.0 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496
From AHU 1 to Section B 1.152 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496
From Section B to C 2.0 40 2.375 2.067 0.154 3.653 1.458 0.622 0.5401 3.356
From Section AHU 4 to C 2.5 40 2.875 2.469 0.203 5.793 2.081 0.753 0.6462 4.788
From Section C to D 3.0 40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.57 3.20 0.916 0.802 7.393
From AHU 2 to Section D 1.25 40 1.66 1.38 0.14 2.273 0.65 0.434 0.362 1.496
From Section D to E 3.0 40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.57 3.20 0.916 0.802 7.393
From AHU 5 to Section E 1.0 40 1.315 1.049 0.133 1.679 0.376 0.401 0.314 0.864
From Section E to Pump 3.0 40 3.5 3.068 0.216 7.576 3.212 0.916 0.802 7.393
From Pump to Chiller 3.5 40 4.0 3.76 0.12 4.973 4.825 1.047 0.929 11.104

Table 5.22Return Pipe Scheduling Summary

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After the pipe diameters have been determined, we can now compute for the friction loss in the
piping works. First, the pipe length must be determined from the piping plan.
Item Pipe Length
Chiller to Pump 5 m = 16.4 ft
Pump to Section A 2.5 m = 8.2 ft
Section A to Section B 3 m = 9.84 ft
Section B to AHU 5 7.75 m = 25.42 ft
Section A to AHU 2 3.25 m= 10.66 ft
Section A to Section C 18.5 m = 60.68
Total 40 m = 131.2 ft
Table 5.23 Pipe length

After sizing the system, the designer must compute the total pressure loss of the longest run
(largest flow resistance), taking care to include all fittings and transitions (from HVAC by
McQuiston, Parker, and Spitler).

Determining the Pump friction head,

Equivalent length of fittings:
elbows (from Carrier Handbook, PP 3-17, table 11)
tees (from Carrier Handbook, PP 3-17, table 11)
valves (from Carrier Handbook, PP 3-16, table 10)
Friction Loss (from Carrier Handbook, Chart 3, pp 3-22)
Item Water Pipe Pipe Fittings Equiv. Total Friction Friction
Quantity Size Length Length Equiv. Loss Head
(GPM) (in) (ft) (ft) Length (Ft of (ft of
(ft) water/100 water)
ft)
1 tee
Chiller to
Pump
144 5 2.4 6.7 9.1 0.412 0.037

Pump to 1 tee
2 elbow 5.0
Section 144 3.5 8.2 5.0
23.2 1.756 0.41
A
Section 1 tee
A to 57.6 3 9.84 5.0 14.84 0.881 0.13
Section B
1 elbow
Section B 1 tee 3.3
to AHU 21.6 2 25.42 3.3
32.02 1.019 0.33
5
Section 1 tee
1 elbow 2.6
A to 26.24 1.5 10.66 2.6
15.86 0.962 0.15
AHU 2
Section 2 tee
A to 60 2 60.68 3.3 67.48 1.019 0.69
Section C
Table 5.24 Friction Head from elbows and tees

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 Determining the additional length from valves,
Friction
Total Friction
Water Equiv. Loss
Pipe Size Pipe Equiv. Head
Item Quantity Fittings Length (Ft of
(in) Length Length (ft of
(GPM) (ft) water/100
(ft) water)
ft)

Chiller to
144 5 2.4
Pump
Pump to 1 check valve
144 3.5 8.2 30 17 5.644
Section A 1 gate valve

Section A to
57.6 3 9.84 1 gate valve
Section B

Section B to
21.6 2 25.42
AHU 5
Section A to
26.24 1.5 10.66 1 gate valve 3.2 3.2 11 0.352
AHU 2

Section A to
60 5 2.4 1 gate valve
Section C

Table 5.25 Friction Head from Valves

Therefore, the pump friction head is equal to,

pump friction head = 7.743 ft of water

Solving for the pump bhp = QH

Vchiller-pump = 7 fps

VC-AHU5 = 10 fps

𝑉12 𝑉22
+ 𝐻𝑝 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑧2 +
20 20

102 − 72
𝐻𝑝 = 𝑧2 + + 𝐻𝐿
20

𝐻𝑝 = 23.6 + 2.55 + 7.743

𝐻𝑝 = 33.893 𝑓𝑡

𝛾𝑄𝐻 62.4 (0.644 )(33.893)

hp = =
550 550

hp = 2.48 hp

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 CHAPTER VI

SCHEDULE OF EQUIPMENTS
Water Chiller Specification
Model
Cooling Capacity (tons) 58
Set Point Range (°F) 20 - 80
Number of Compressors 1
Refrigerant Type HFC 134a
Liquid Line Refrigerant Connection Size
315
(inches)
Discharge Line Refrigerant Connection Size
4
(inches)
Process Supply & Return Connection Size
4
(inches)
Unit MCA @ 460/3/602 207
Unit Length (inches) 112
Unit Width (inches) 64
Table 6.1 Water Chiller Specification

Air Handling Unit Schedule

Mark No. Cooling Supply Air % Fresh Air Fresh Air CFM
Capacity (TOR) CFM
AHU 1 13.46 3634.7 9.0 337.5
AHU 2 10.64 3436.47 4.0 150
AHU 3 10.74 2165.54 15.6 337.5
AHU 4 14.98 6471.24 9.0 600
AHU 5 8.14 1541.36 17.0 262.5

Centrifugal Fan Specification

Mark Capacity Motor HP Range Outlet Velocity Range Inlet Diameter inch
No. CFM FPM
AHU 1 3634.7 1/3 - 1 1/2 1000-2000 21
AHU 2 3436.47 ¼ - 1 1/4 1000-2000 18
AHU 3 2165.54 1/3 - 1 1/2 1000-2000 21
AHU 4 6471.24 1/3 - 1 1/2 1000-2000 21
AHU 5 1541.36 1/3 - 1 1/2 1000-2000 21

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Air Filter Specification
Mark. Capacity Pressure Loss (Inches Standard Size
No CFM H2O) Filters
AHU 1 3634.7 0.295 16 X 21
AHU 2 3436.47 0.140 16 X 20
AHU 3 2165.54 0.159 16 X 12
AHU 4 6471.24 0.28 24 X 24
AHU 5 1541.36 0.125 12 X 12

AHU TOR GPM

AHU 1 13.46 3634.7
AHU 2 10.64 3436.47
AHU 3 10.74 2165.54
AHU 4 14.98 6471.24
AHU 5 8.14 1541.36
Total 57.96 17249.31

Total GPM = 144 GPM; hours of operation = 8 hours x 60 min/1 hr = 480 mins
Tank quantity = 144 G/min x 480 min x (3.79 L/gal) (1m3 /1000L) (3.28ft/1m)3
Tank quantity = 9219.71 ft3

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• “Cooling and Heating load calculation manual by Project director Dr. William Rudoy

• ASHRAE 1981 Fundamentals Handbook

• Computer-Aided Thermodynamic Table 3

• Handbook of air conditioning system design by carrier air conditioning company

• McQuay Duct Sizer (Software)

• McQuay Pipe Sizing (Software)

• Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Althouse

• https://weatherspark.com/y/139170/Average-Weather-in-Maigo-Philippines-Year-Round

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