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Chapter 8, 9&10 Material, Spiritual, Political Self

The document discusses different components of the spiritual self according to various religions and belief systems. It describes the material, social, and spiritual aspects of the self in several religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Key beliefs and customs are outlined for each religion regarding concepts like the soul, spirit, rituals, sacred texts, and important celebrations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
198 views64 pages

Chapter 8, 9&10 Material, Spiritual, Political Self

The document discusses different components of the spiritual self according to various religions and belief systems. It describes the material, social, and spiritual aspects of the self in several religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Key beliefs and customs are outlined for each religion regarding concepts like the soul, spirit, rituals, sacred texts, and important celebrations.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 8:

Material Self
Material Self

A Harvard psychologist in the late nineteenth century, William James,


wrote in his book, The Principles of Psychology in 1890 that
understanding the self can be examined through its different
components. James described these components as:

✓ Its constituents

✓ The feelings and emotions they arouse – self-feelings;

✓ The actions to which they prompt – self-seeking and self-preservation.


Material Self

The constituents of self are composed of the: (Trentmann 2016; Green


1997)
• The Material Self

• The Social Self

• The Spiritual Self

• The Pure Ego


Material Self

The innermost part of our material self is our


body. Intentionally, we are investing in our
body. We are directly attached to this
commodity that we cannot live without.
We strive hard to make sure that this body
functions well and good. Any ailment or
disorder directly affects us. We do have
certain preferential attachment or intimate
closeness to certain body parts because of
its value to us.
Material Self

• Next to our body are the clothes we use.


• James believed that clothing is an essential part of the material self.
Lotze in his book, Microcosmus, stipulates that “any time we bring an
object into the surface of our body, we invest that object into the
consciousness of our personal existence taking in tis contours to be
our own and making it part of the self.” (Watson 2014).
• The fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring sensations to the
body to which directly affect our attitudes and behavior. Thus,
clothes are placed in the second hierarchy of material self.
• Clothing is a form of self-expression. We choose and wear clothes
that reflect our self (Watson 2014).
Material Self

• Third in the hierarchy is our immediate family.


• Our parents and siblings hold another great important part of our self.
What they do or become affect us.
• When an immediate family member dies, part of our self dies, too.
• When their lives are in success, we feel their victories as if we are the one
holding the trophy.
• In their failures, we are put to shame or guilt. When they are in
disadvantage situation, there is an urgent urge to help like a voluntary
instinct of saving one’s self from danger.
• We place huge investment in our immediate family when we see them
as the nearest replica of our self.
Material Self

• The fourth component of material self is our home.


• Home is where our heart is. It is the earliest nest of our selfhood.
• Our experiences inside the home were recorded and marked on
particular parts and things in our home.
• There was an old cliché about rooms: “if only walls can speak.” The
home thus is an extension of self, because in it, we can directly connect
our self.
Material Self

• Having investment of self to things, made us attached to those things.


The more investment of self-given to the particular thing, the more we
identify ourselves to it. We also tended to collect and possess properties.
The collections in different degree of investment of self, becomes part of
the self. As James (1890) described self: “a man’s self is the sum total of
all what he CAN call his.” Possessions then become a part or an
extension of the self.
What We Are and What We Have

• Russel Belk (1988) posits that “…we regard our possessions as part of
ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess.” The
identification of the self to things started in our infancy stage when we
make a distinction among self and environment and others who may
desire our possessions.
• Material possession gains higher value in our lifetime if we use material
possession to find happiness, associate these things with significant
events, accomplishments, and people in our lives. There are even times,
when material possession of a person that is closely identified to the
person, gains acknowledgment with high regard even if the person
already passed away.
Chapter 9:
Spiritual Self
Soul and Spirit

• 1 Thessalonians 5:23 says, “And the God of peace Himself sanctify you
wholly, and may your spirit and soul and body be preserved complete,
without blame, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.” This verse clearly
tells us that human beings are made up of three parts—the spirit, soul,
and body.
• Hebrews 4:12 makes an even finer distinction, saying, “For the word of
God is living and operative and sharper than any two-edged sword, and
piercing even to the dividing of soul and spirit and of joints and marrow,
and able to discern the thoughts and intentions of the heart.” From this
verse, we can understand that the soul and the spirit are so close to one
another that the two require the word of God to divide them, to
separate them from each other.
Religion

• Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works on the definition of religion "as set of
cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all of basic
characteristics. These characteristics are:
• A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and
gods.
• A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling
of reverence and awe
• Supernatural power or energy that is found on supernatural beings as
well as physical beings and objects.
• The performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of
sacred object to communicate to supernatural beings and/or
influence or control events.
Religion

• The articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and


other means.
• Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and
mechanism of social control within a community; provide explanation
for unknown and a sense of control for individuals.

An individual lives in a society where there are many practices of


religion. The choice of religious belief lies within the spiritual self.
Although the choice maybe influenced by the society and its culture.
Ritual

• is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or


sacred law (Britannica 2017). Ritual is a specific, observable mode of
behavior exhibited by all known societies. It is thus possible to view ritual
as a way of defining or describing humans. There are three fundamental
characteristics of rituals according to Penner (Britannica 2017). Ritual has
the characteristics of:

• A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation


to the sacred.
• Dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the
language of myth.
• Is symbolic in relation to its reference.
Buddhism

Beliefs

• Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses. Instead, there are
suffering, pain, and frustrations. When people suffer, they want to
experience the goodness of life and avoid disappointments. It becomes
a habit known as the reactive cycle of wanting and hating, like and
dislike, and craving and aversion.
• This reactive cycle can be broken through the practice of mediation,
acquiring more wisdom and deeper understanding, and acceptance of
things as they are.
Buddhism

Customs and Practices


• There are two types of meditation practices: samatha and vipassana.

• Samatha is practiced as mindfulness of breathing and development of


loving- kindness (Metta Bhavana).

• Vipassana practices aim at developing into reality.

• Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha's teaching, the Dharma.


Through the reflection of Dharma, Buddhists can achieve a deeper
understanding of life.
Buddhism

Buddhist believe in non-violence principle


• Buddhist celebrations are Parinirvana Day in February

• Buddha Day (Wesak) in May

• Dharma Day in July

• Padmasambhava Day in October

• Sangha Day in November


Christianity

Beliefs
• Christians believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three personas: God the
Father (Creator), God the Son (Savior), and God the Holy - Spirit.
• Eternal life after death will be achieved through faith in Jesus Christ.
• Jesus Christ is, God the Son, who came into flesh, to spread the Good
News of Salvation. He died on the cross for the sin of the humanity but
resurrected from the death, so that anyone who believes in Him will be
saved and have eternal life.
• The Holy Bible is a selection of books, which is divided into two, the Old
Testament and New Testament
Christianity

Customs and Practices


• Sacrament of Baptism and Sacrament of Communion are practiced by
Christian churches.

• The Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth in Christian World, while


the Sacrament of Communion is an act of remembrance of Jesus Christ's
sacrificial love.

• Jesus Christ teaching in unconditional love that is expressed in loving the


poor, oppressed, and outcast of the society.
Christianity

• Christmas, usually on December 25, commemorates the birth of Jesus


Christ

• Resurrection Sunday (depends on the lunar calendar, sometime in


March or April) celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ from death.
Hinduism

Beliefs
• Hinduism covers a wide range of traditional beliefs and religious groups;
thus, there is no single founder or leader.
• Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death and rebirth,
governed by Karma. Karma is a concept where the reincarnated life will
depend on how the past life was spent.
• Hindus believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive lives
and its next incarnation is always dependent on how the previous life
was lived. Vedas are sacred scriptures of Hindus. Mahabharata and
Ramayana are two other important texts of the Hindus.
Hinduism

Customs and Practices


• Diwali is the Festival of Lights

• Navrati is the festival of nine nights, which celebrate the triumph of good
over evil.

• Hindus have set dates to honor particular manifestations of God.


Islam

Beliefs
• Muslims believe in Allah, who is their "One God." They believed in the
unity and universality of God.
• Muslims also have a strong sense of community or "ummah" and an
awareness of their solidarity with all Muslims worldwide.
• Islam means 'willing submission to God." Muslims believe that
Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by God.
• Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570 CE and received revelations from
God through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years.
• The Holy Book of Islam is called the Quran, which was taught to be
recited in Arabic because any translation is seen as inadequate.
Islam

Customs and Practices


• Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundation of
Muslim life:
• Shahadah - statement of faith: "There is no God but the one true God
and Mohammed is his messenger.“
• Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times a day.
• Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It comprises
the 2.5% of a Muslim's assets.
• Hajj - the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims who can afford are
asked to do the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime.
Islam

Customs and Practices


• Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam, which are the foundation of
Muslim life:
• Sawm - the fasting. Muslims do fasting from food, drink, and sexual
act, during the celebration of Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month
of the Islamic lunar calendar. The fast is from dawn to sunset.

• Eidul-Fitr is the celebration at the end of Ramadan


• Eidul-Adha is celebrated within the completion of the Pilgrimage, the
Hajj.
Judaism

Beliefs
• The Jews believe in the God of Abraham, the same God that liberated
the Hebrew slaves from Egypt to Canaan, the Promised Land through
the leadership of Moses and later, Joshua.

• Jews believe in the coming of Messiah, the Savior. The sacred scripture
of the Jews is called the Torah or the Law.

• The Torah is the guide of the Jewish living. The study and interpretation
of Torah is part of the Jewish culture.
Judaism

Customs and Practices


• Five major festivals observed by Jews:
• Rosh Hashanah – New Year
• Yom Kippur – Day of Atonement
• Pesach – Passover
• Shavuot – Pentecost
• Sukkot – Tabernacles. The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening
at sunset and is an important time when families gather for the
Shabbat meal.
Dr. Viktor Frankl

• The Viktor Frankl Institute in Vienna was created in 1992.


• Dr. Viktor E. Frankl was born on March 26, 1905 in Vienna, Australia where
famous psychiatrists Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler lived.
• He graduated with a medical degree from the University of Vienna in
1930. Was assigned in Vienna Hospital suicide ward and headed the
Rothschild Hospital, eight years later.
• A survivor of the Holocaust, Dr. Frankl published a book about
logotherapy.
• In 1959, the book was translated to English and was revised in 1963 as
The Doctor and the Soul: An Introduction to Logotherapy. His book,
Man’s Search for Meaning has been used as a textbook in high school
and college courses.
Logotherapy

• Main belief of this is that “man’s primary motivational force is search for
meaning.” Which aids individuals to find personal meaning of life,
whatever life situation they may be.
• Meaning can be discovered by creating a work or doing a deed,
experiencing something, or encountering someone and the attitude
toward unavoidable suffering.
• It uses the philosophy of optimism in the face of tragedy, where people
are capable of “fuming suffering into human achievement and
accomplishment; deriving from guilt the opportunity to change oneself
for the better; and deriving from life’s transistorizes an incentive to take
responsible action.”
Logotherapy

• Basic Concepts of Franklin Psychology


• Life has meaning under all circumstances.
• Main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life.
• Freedom to find meaning.

• Furthermore, it aims to:


• become aware of spiritual resources
• make conscious spiritual resources
• use “defiant power of the human spirit” and stand up against
adversity.
Logotherapy Assumptions

• The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. First
assumption deals with body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos).

• Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable.
Assumption two is “ultimate meaning”

• People have a will to meaning. The third assumption is seen as our main
motivation for living and acting.
Logotherapy Assumptions

• People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find
meaning. Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find
meaning, and this can be done under any circumstances.

• Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions are
to be meaningful. The meaning of the moment is more practical in daily
living than ultimate meaning.

• The individual is unique. Deals with one’s sense of meaning. Enhanced


by the realization that we are irreplaceable.
Frankl’s Sources of Meaning

• Purposeful Work. To find the meaning of life starts with holding a future
goal.
• Courage in the Face of Difficulty. A meaningful life is a life with suffering.
• Love. Popova (2017) quoted Dr. Frankl’s notes about his experience in
the Nazi Camp: “For hours I stood hacking at the icy ground. The guard
passed by, insulting me, and once again, I communed with my beloved.
More and more I felt that she was present, that she was with me; I had
the feeling that I was able to touch her, able to stretch out my hand and
grasp hers. The feeling was very strong: she was there. Then, at that very
moment, a bird flew down silently and perched just in front of me, on the
heap of soil which I had dug up from the ditch, and looked steadily at
me”
Frankl’s Sources of Meaning

• Dr. Frankl’s wife, parents, and some relatives were victims of gas
chambers. His love for his wife kept him fight for his life. Popova (2017)
also quoted Dr. Frankl’s definition of love: “Love is the only way to grasp
another human being in the innermost core of his personality.
• Furthermore, by his love, the loving person enables the beloved person
to actualize these potentialities. By making him aware of what he can
be and of what he should become, he makes these potentialities come
true”
• Castello (2015) captured Frankl’s message: “The ultimate secret on the
spiritual foundation of life is that love is salvation and joy eternity.” The
ultimate factor to find the meaning of life is love.
Chapter 10:
Political Self
Ethymology and Definition

• POLITICS
• The English word "politics" derives from the Greek word and the title of
Aristotle's classic work politiká (Πολιτικά; affairs of the cities).
• The science of government
• the activities of a political party.

• Simply, politics is a set of activities that are associated with making


decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations between
individuals.
Ethymology and Definition

• Filipino
• The word Filipino has roots from the Spanish colonization, more
specifically from “las Islas Filipinas” or "the Philippine Islands".
• a native or national of the Philippines, or a person of Filipino descent
• the national language of the Philippines

• Political Self – is a result of various personal and environmental factors


that impact the individual.
Who is a Filipino?

1. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines tells us who the citizens of the
Philippines are.
• Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption
of this Constitution
• Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
• Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
• Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Who is a Filipino?

2. To understand that better, let’s look at the modes of acquiring Philippine


citizenship.
• Filipino by birth
• Jus soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a person’s
nationality at birth is determined by the place of birth (e.g. the
territory of a given state)
• Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle that, at birth,
an individual acquires the nationality of his/her natural parent/s.
• Filipino by naturalization which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner
and clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen. It implies the
renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of entrance into a
similar relation towards a new body politic (2Am.Jur.561, par.188).
Who is a Filipino?

3. However, citizenship is not the only element we need to consider in


identifying who a Filipino is.
• History

• Culture

• Traits

• Values
Filipino Traits and Values

1. The Filipino Hospitality


• A true trademark of Filipinos
• It involves
• welcoming guests and tourists as if they are blood related

• making their guests “feel at home”

• bringing out their best sets of plates and utensils for honored
guests and would even go as far as spending a lot of money and
going into debt.
Filipino Traits and Values

2. Respect for Elderlies


• Filipinos greet and address their elders in distinct ways to show respect. ▪
• Mano culture, po at opo

• Ate for older sister and Kuya for older brother
• Tito for uncle andTita for aunt

• Lola for grandmother and Lolo for grandfather

• Manong and Aling for older people outside the family.


Filipino Traits and Values

3. Cheerful Personality (Joy and Humor)


• Filipinos have cheerful and fun-loving approach to life. We have a
pleasant, happy disposition.

• Contributes not only to Filipino charm, but also to the indomitability


of spirit.

• It has been said that smiling is a coping strategy for many


Filipinos especially during trying times and calamities.
• Filipinos always try to maintain a positive outlook in life which
makes them resilient.
Filipino Traits and Values

4. Self-Sacrifice

• the giving up of one's own interests or wishes in order to help others

• Filipinos often wish comfort and better lives for their loved ones and
would even go to the extent of working abroad hundreds of miles away
to earn more money and save up for them (OFW).
Filipino Traits and Values

5. Bayanihan •
• Derived from the word Bayan which means town, nation, or a
community in general.
• Bayanihan literally means “being a bayan” and is thus used to refer to
the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos.
• A traditional system of mutual assistance in which the members of a
community work together to accomplish a difficult task. In later use
also: a spirit of civic unity and cooperation among Filipinos.
• Usually observed during calamities, but best exemplified by the old
tradition of neighbors helping to relocate a family by carrying the
whole house (bahay kubo).
Filipino Traits and Values

6. “Bahala na Culture”

• “Bahala na” is the Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matata”
meaning no worries.

• The phrase is said to have originated from “Bathala na,” where


Bathala means God.
Filipino Traits and Values

8. Manana Habit

• Filipino term for procrastination.

• Derived from longer Filipino phrase “Mamaya na”.

• Poor habit of laziness that results in heavier workloads


Filipino Traits and Values

9. Ningas Kugon

• “Ningas” is a Filipino term for flame and “kugon” is a term for Cogon
grass that easily burns out after it is put into flames.

• Refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing


eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty, just like how fast fire
burns Cogon grass.
Filipino Traits and Values

10. Pride
• A high or inordinate opinion of one's own dignity, importance, merit,
or superiority, whether as cherished in the mind or as displayed in
bearing, conduct, etc.

• Filipinos are known for being prideful (e.g. holding on to their pride as
if they are more precious than keeping a good relationship with
family and loved ones)

• A lot of Filipinos find it hard to apologize first.


Filipino Makers

1. Proverbs or Salawikain

• These are sayings that convey lesson and reflections on Filipino


practices, beliefs and traditions.

• An example of a Filipino proverb are the sayings “Kung may


tiyaga, may nilaga” and “Kung ano ang itinanim, siyang aanihin”.
Filipino Makers

2. Superstitions
• A belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge, in or of the
ominous significance of a particular thing, circumstance, occurrence,
proceeding, or the like.
• Some of Filipino superstitions are passed down from generation to
generation.
• Some of these maybe influenced by beliefs from other cultures but
Filipinos have retold these superstitions according to their own
experiences.
• Referred to as either “usog” or “bati”, this superstition says that
when a person with strong energy greets a child, the child may
soon after suffering from unexplainable discomfort.
Filipino Makers

3. Myths and Legends


• These stories are aimed to explain the origin of things, at the same
time, teach a valuable lesson.
• Alamat ng Pinya is one example of myth.

4. Heroes and Icons


• Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism as they
have sacrificed their lives for the sake of their country’s freedom and
progress.
• Icons have made the Filipinos known worldwide through their abilities
and expertise.
Political Self and Active Citizenship

• Politics function based on a particular social economic and cultural


context. The nature of politics and political systems is dependent on the
culture of the state.

• Political claims made by any person are influenced by their


geographical location and ideology (i.e. Being a Filipino Citizen living
in the Philippines influences your political claims).
• Politics is concerned with power. Power inequalities can be observed
within societies. The one who holds power holds influence.
Political Self and Active Citizenship

• Politics goes hand in hand with the society.

• Politics pervades the structure of society, and thus influences


inhabitants in their beliefs, ethics, and behavior.
Political Self and Active Citizenship

• Political Identity.
• Identity is the story that we tell ourselves and others about who we are,
who we were, and who we foresee ourselves to be. Identity shapes
many of aspects of life, from how we see the world to how we behave.
• The concept of a political identity can best be understood as an inner
narrative of one’s political self.
• Orientation of political self
• National identity
• Various forms of specific knowledge, feelings, beliefs about
political institutions
• More transient views about specific policies, issues, programs,
personalities and events
Political Self and Active Citizenship

• As members of the society, people are naturally obligated to participate


in a political system.
• As Aristotle stated, “Man is, by nature, a political animal.” This is
because man is a social being and are naturally drawn to various
political involvements in order to satisfy their social needs.

• The political self is not only shaped by one’s political affiliation or


beliefs. One’s sense of accountability should be manifested in
promoting certain advocacies through healthy political
engagement. This is aligned with the concept of active citizenship.
Political Self and Active Citizenship

• As members of the society, people are naturally obligated to participate


in a political system.
• As Aristotle stated, “Man is, by nature, a political animal.” This is
because man is a social being and are naturally drawn to various
political involvements in order to satisfy their social needs.

• The political self is not only shaped by one’s political affiliation or


beliefs. One’s sense of accountability should be manifested in
promoting certain advocacies through healthy political
engagement. This is aligned with the concept of active citizenship.
Active Citizenship

• Active citizenship is a practice of democracy


• Democracy should not only be thought of as a form of government. It
is a communal system that allows freedom of citizens to make
informed choices that allow them to be heard.
• Active citizenship is a social construct.
• It fosters social relatedness and belongingness
• The most important goal of active citizenship is to instill change and
influence society at large.
• Active citizenship is also associated with the “sense of community.”
• o People, including adolescents, participate in communal activities
because it gives a sense of belonging in a particular group.
Active Citizenship

• For the younger generation, active citizenship can contribute to their


social development.
• Engaging in such activities can also enhance efficacy and
competence of the younger generation, as they are considered to
be the “future leaders” of the society.
• The participation of the youth in nation-building activities enhances
their value orientation and fosters integrity, compassion, and the
sense of justice, which are crucial to the holistic development of a
citizen of a nation.
• The participation of the youth in political discourse and social
activities can result in cultural and political paradigm shifts that may
be felt even by future generations.
How to be a Good Filipino

• Be an active and responsible Filipino citizen.


• Keep abreast of current events and participate in government
programs aimed at the country’s progress and development.

• Exercise your right to vote; choose a representative that would serve


the interests of the people and the Filipino nation.

• Exercise your rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of
others.

• Uphold the Constitution and obey the laws.


How to be a Good Filipino

• Study the Philippine history.


• By learning the Philippine history, you will hopefully develop a sense of
nationalism and patriotism.

• This will help you recognize abuse of political power, and how to
contribute into making a better country.

• This will put you in perspective, not to take for granted the sacrifices
of our ancestors
How to be a Good Filipino

• Support local products.

• Help strengthen the local economy.

• A strong economy means there is stable work for more Filipinos, and
more investments within and from outside the country.
How to be a Good Filipino

• Speak the Filipino language.


• To love of our own language is to show pride at being a Filipino, it is a
way of displaying love for one’s own country.

• Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent


• Verify your resources, be responsible in your postings and arguments.
Remember that you also have the duty to be a role model to the
younger generations.
How to be a Good Filipino

• Do not litter. Dispose of your garbage properly. Segregate. Recycle.


Conserve.
• Take care of our home, the land that feeds us and sustains us.

There are other ways and other things you can do, to be a good Filipino,
but remember first and foremost your duty as a human, and that is to be
respectful and kind, not just to your fellow Filipinos, but to your fellow
humans.

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