Lesson 2

THE FAMILY and CULTURE

Topic Outline
Learning Objective
Introduction
Activating Prior Knowledge
Discussion of Key Concepts
Key Concepts
A. The Family Structures, Functions and Roles
a. Family Structures
b. Family Functions and Roles
c. Major Family Functions
d. Five (5) Most Primary Functions of a Family

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B. Family Task
C. Developmental Stages
D. Cultural Factors Related to Family Health
a. Cultural Context of the Family
b. Most Important Factors Affecting Culture
c. Attitudes and Behaviors Influenced by One’s Culture
d. Nursing Consideration to Effectively communicate with Culturally Diverse Client
E. Assessment of Family Structure
a. The Well Family
Aspect of Family Assessment
1. Genogram
2. Ecomap
b. Changing Patterns of Family Life
Summary
Readings and References

Learning Objectives
After studying this guide, you will be able to:
1. Identify common family structures, functions, and roles of families and use critical
thinking to analyze ways these are changing in modern society.
2. Explain family dynamics and how family dynamics contributes in accomplishing family
functions.
3. Apply Nursing process (assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and
evaluating) in the plan of care taking into considerations the family cultural
diversities, and includes the six competencies of Quality & Safety Education for
Nurses (QSEN) to help improve maternal and child nursing care.
4. Integrate knowledge of families with the interplay of nursing process, six
competencies of Quality & Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN), Family Nursing to
promote quality maternal and child nursing care.

Introduction

Maintaining a healthy family life is important to the health and welfare of the nation. Because
the family has an influence on the individual, nursing care that considers the family, not the individual
(FAMILY NURSING)-a focus of the modern nursing practice. Maternal and Child Health Nursing
practice is a family and community-centered, nurses considers the strengths, vulnerabilities and
patterns of family and community function to support families during childbirth and childrearing and
to encourage healthy coping mechanisms in families facing crisis.
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 Activating Prior Knowledge

Interesting part about family and culture.

Did you know that;
1. Family is the single most important influence in a child’s life.
2. The word family derives from the Latin word “Famulus” meaning a servant.
3. Parents and family form a child’s first relationship.
4. Culture is conveyed through communication and a common language.
5. Being culturally aware and having an understanding of how human caring is essential
part of nursing knowledge, the healing environment and the nurse’s own cultural and
moral beliefs

Discussion of Key Concepts

Key Terms

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Acculturation. Changes that occur within one group or among several groups when
people from different cultures come in contact with one another.
Assimilation. Process that occurs when a cultural group loses its identity and
becomes part of the dominant culture.
Cultural competence. Awareness, acceptance, and knowledge of cultural
differences and adaptation of services to acknowledge and support the culture of the
patient.
Cultural context. Setting in which one considers the individual’s and the family’s
beliefs and practices (culture).
Cultural relativism. Refers to learning about and applying the standards of another
person’s culture to activities within the culture.
Ethnocentrism. Belief in the rightness of one’s culture’s way of doing things.
Subculture. Group existing within a large cultural system tat retains its own
characteristics.

A. Family Functions, Structures and Roles

What is Family?
• Family defined by the U.S. Census Bureau (2005) as “a group of people related by
blood
• marriage, or adoption living together.
• Allender and Spradley (2004) defined family in a much broader context as “two or
more people who live in the same household (usually), share a common emotional
bond, and perform certain interrelated social tasks.
a. Family Structures
Two Basic Family Type
1. Family of Orientation (the family one is born into; or oneself, mother, father, and
siblings, if any).
2. Family of Procreation (a family one establishes, or oneself, spouse, or significant
other, and children, if any).

Description of family type depend on how many members are present, people’s roles,
generational issues, means of family support, and sociocultural influence.

1. The Dyad Family

▪ Two people living together without children.

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 ▪ Refers to single young adults who live together in shared apartments or
dormitories for companionship and financial security while completing
school or beginning a career.
▪ Viewed as temporary arrangements, but could extend into a lifelong
arrangement.

Positive Aspects: Companionship, possibly shared resources

Potential Negative Aspects: Often a short-term arrangement so can result
in a sense of loss when the relationship ends.
2. The Cohabitation Family
▪ Composed of couples, with or without children but remained unmarried.
▪ Maybe temporary and also be long-lasing and as meaningful as a more
traditional alliance.
▪ Way of getting to know a potential life partner before marriage with a
hope of a stronger relationship.

Positive Aspects: Companionship, possibly financial security, encourages a

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monogamous relationship.
Potential Negative Aspects: As with dyad families, may result in a feeling of
loss if only short term and the breakup isn’t desired by both partners.
3. The Nuclear Family
▪ Composed of a husband, wife, and children.
▪ The most common family structure.
▪ Its biggest advantage is its ability to provide support to family members
because with its small size, people know each other well and can feel
genuine affection and support for and from each other.

Positive Aspects: Support for family members; sense of security.

Positive Negative Aspects: May lack support people in a crisis situation.
4. Polygamous Family
▪ Polygamy- a marriage with multiple wives or husbands)
▪ Polygyny- a family with one man and several wives)
▪ Polyandry- one wife with more than one husband)

Positive Aspects: Companionship; shared resources

Possible Negative Aspects: Not sanctioned by law; disapproval by
community, decreased value of women.
5. The Extended (Multigenerational Family)
▪ Includes not only nuclear family but also other family members such as
grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, uncles, cousins and grandchildren.
▪ Contains more people to serve as resources during crises and provides
more role models for behavior or values.

Positive Aspects: Many people for child care and member support.
Possible Negative Aspects: Resources may be stretched thin because of
few wage earner.
6. The Single-Parent Family
▪ Plays a large role in childrearing.
▪ Have difficulty working full time plus taking total care of young children.

Positive Aspects: Ability to offer a unique a unique and strong parent-child

bond.
Possible Negative Aspects: Resources may be limited
7. The Blended Family
▪ A remarriage or reconstituted family.

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 ▪ A divorced or widowed person with children marries someone who also has
children.

Positive Aspects: increased security and resources; exposure to different

customs and culture may help children become more adaptable to new
situations
Possible Negative Aspects: Rivalry or competition among children; difficult
adjusting to a stepparent.
8. The Gay or Lesbian Family
▪ Gay is the socially preferred term to describe men who have sex with men
▪ Lesbian is used to denote women who have sex with women.
▪ Gay or lesbian couples live together as partners for companionship,
financial security, and sexual fulfillment, or form the same structure as
nuclear family
▪ It may include children from previous heterosexual marriage or through
the use of alternative insemination, adoption, or surrogate motherhood
Positive Aspect: Provides the advantages of a nuclear family.

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Possible Negative Aspects: May suffer discrimination from neighbors who
do not thoroughly approve or accept this family type.
9. The Foster Family
▪ Children whose parents can no longer care for them and place in a foster
or substitute home by a child protection agency.
▪ Foster home placement is temporary until children can be returned to their
own parents.
▪ Foster children may experience a high level of insecurity, concerned that
they will have to soon move again, and emotional difficulties related to the
reason why they were from their original home.
Positive Aspects: Prevents children from being raised in large orphanage
settings.
Possible Negative Aspects: Insecurity and inability to establish meaningful
relationship because of frequent moves.
10.The Adoptive Family
▪ An adoptive family is a family who has welcomed a child born to another
into their family and legally adopted that child as their own.
▪ May or may not be biologically related.
▪ Adoptive family went to a process whereby a person assumes
the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or
legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer
all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation from the biological parent
or parents.
Positive Aspects: Children grow up well cared for and experiencing a sense
of love; a woman who relinguishes her child for adoption can feel a sense of
relief her baby will have a lifestyle better than what she could provide.
Possible Negative Aspects: Divorce of the adopting parents can be
devastating if the child views himself as the cause of the separation or as a
child unable to find a secure family for a second time.

b. Family Functions and Roles

A family is a small community, as such family functions are described as effective,
socialization, reproductive, economic, and health care functions (Friedman, Bowlden &
Jones, 2002). The effective function is one of the most vital and focuses on meeting family
members’ need for affection and understanding. The socialization functions refer to the
learning experiences provided within the family to teach children their culture and how to
function and assume adult social roles and is a life -long process.

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 Moreover, the roles family members view as appropriate for themselves are usually
ones they saw their own parents fulfilling. As each new generation takes on the values of
the previous generation, family traditions and culture pass to the next generation. Though
family, roles tend to be more flexible and often not as well defined as in the past, an
important part of a family assessment is to identify what roles family members have
assumed.

c. Major Family Functions

1. Affective – defined as meeting emotional needs.
2. Reproductive- defined as ensuring survival of the family.
3. Socialization of children – defined as teaching children their roles in the family and in
society
4. Health care- defined as providing or securing health care, food, shelter, clothing, and
warmth.
5. Economic support -defined as securing economic resources for essential products and
services.

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d. Five (5) Most Primary Functions of a Family
1. Stable Satisfaction of sex need
2. Reproduction or procreation
3. Protection and care of the young
4. Socializing functions
5. Provision of home

B. Family Task

Duvall and Miller Eight Family Tasks. These tasks are perform to survive as a healthy
unit; however, these tasks differ in degree from family to family and depend on the growth
stage of the family, but they usually present some extent in all families. Thus, assessing
families characteristics is helpful to help establish the extent of stress on a family as well as
to empower the family to move toward heathier family behaviors.
a. Physical maintenance. A healthy family provides food, shelter, clothing, and health
care for its members. Being certain a family has enough resources to provide for a
new or ill member is an important assessment.
b. Socialization of family members. This task includes being certain that children
feel part of the family and learning appropriate ways to interact with people outside
the family such as teachers, neighbors, or police. It means the family has an open
communication system among family members and outward to the community.
c. Allocation of resources. This involves determining which family needs will be met
and their order of priority, including not only material goods but also affection and
space. In healthy families, there is justification, consistency, and fairness in the
distribution. In many families, resources are limited, so for example, no one has new
shoes. A danger sign would be a family in which one child is barefoot while the other
wear $100 sneakers.
d. Maintenance of order. This task includes establishing family values, establishing
rules about expected family responsibilities and roles, and enforcing common
regulation for family members such as using “time out” for toddlers. In healthy
families, members know the family rules and respect and follow them; in
dysfunctional families, you may see a flagrant disregard of rules.
e. Division of labor. Healthy families not only evenly divide the workload among
members but are also flexible enough to interchange workloads as needed.
f. Reproduction, recruitment, and release of family members. Often not a great
deal of thought is given to who lives in a family, membership often happens more by
changing circumstances than by true choice. Having to accept a new infant into an
already crowded household may make a pregnancy a less-than-welcome event;

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 allowing a young adult to move to a college dorm may be viewed as abandonment by
a close-knit family.
g. Placement of members into the large society. Healthy families realize they do
not have to operate alone but can reach out to other families or their community for
help as needed. They are able to select community resources, such as schools,
affiliations, a place to worship, a birth setting, a hospital, hospice, or a political
group, that correlates with the family’s belief and values. A family that lives
correlates with the family’s beliefs and values. A family that lives in a community
with a culture or values different from its own may find this a difficult task.
h. Maintenance of motivation and morale. Healthy families are able to maintain a
sense of unity and pride in their family. When this is present, it helps members
defend the family against threats as well as allows them to support each other
during a crisis. It means parents are growing with and through the experience of
their children the same as children grow through contact with their parents.
Assessing whether a feeling of loyalty to other family members is present tells you a
lot about overall health of a family

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C. Developmental Stages
Families have individual specific tasks to carry out but pass through predictable
developmental stages (Duvall & Miller, 1990).

Stage 1: Marriage
Duval refers to this stage as marriage, what occurs during it is also applicable
to couple forming cohabitation, lesbian or guy, or dyad alliances. As such married
couples/beginning families begin with marriage and end with the birth or adoption of
the first child. During this first stage of family developmental tasks:
▪ Establish a mutually satisfying relationship
▪ Learn to relate well to their families of orientation
▪ If applicable, engage in reproductive life planning
Hence, merging of values, adjustment of routine such as sleeping, eating,
housecleaning) as well as sexual and economic aspects. Shaky stage with high rate of
separation or divorce; relationships, illness of family member ( unplanned pregnancy
can cause problems with family because of lack of support.
Stage 2: The Early Childbearing Family
The birth or adoption of a first baby begins this stage; families exist from the
birth of the first child until that child is 30-months-old. Important tasks of this stage
include:
• Integration of the new member into the family
• Maintaining a satisfying marital relationships
• Expanding relationships with extended family (parents, grandparents, etc).
• Making whenever financial and social adjustments are necessary to meet
the needs of the new member while continuing to meet of the parents.
An important nursing role during this period is providing health education
about well-child care, family integration to the newborn. Educating family on how
adopt with the change of tasks as new parents and the responsibilities during
childrearing .
Stage 3: The Family with Preschool Child
A family at this stage is a busy one because preschool children have such as
active imagination and they demand a great deal of supervision. It exist from the
first child’s 21/2 years birthday until the child is 6-years-old. Important tasks to
parents include:
• Preventing unintentional injuries (accidents) such as poisoning or falls
• Beginning socialization through play dates, child care, or nursery school
settings
• Integrating new child member into the family, while still meeting needs of
older children.
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 •
Maintaining healthy relationships with marital partner, children, extended
family and community members
If a child returns home for further care after a hospitalization, a family in this
stage may need continued support and help (and clear and concise discharge
instructions) to provide necessary health care in light of all other responsibilities.
Stage 4: The Family with a School- Age Child
Parents of school-age children have the important responsibility of preparing
their children to function in a world more complex that the one they experienced
during their school-years, while at the same time trying to meet technologic
challenges of the adult this stage include:
• Families with children exist from the first child’s sixth birthday until that
child is 13-years-old.
• Promoting children’s health through immunization, dental care and routine
health assessment
• Promoting child safety related to home and automobiles
• Encouraging socialization experiences outside the home such as sports
participation, music lessons, or hobby activities

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• Encouraging a meaningful school experience to make learning a lifetime
concern, not one merely 12 years.
As such, responsibilities at this stage can be overwhelming because of so
many activities; illness is an added burden that may be enough to dissolve a family.
A need for tertiary level of support; friends, a religious affiliation, or health care
providers for advice and help with problem is deeming needed.
Stage 5: The Family with an Adolescent
The primary goal for a family with teenager differs considerably from the goal
of the family in previous stages, which was to strengthen family ties and maintain
family unity. At this stage, the family’s goals include:
• Families with Adolescent exist from the first child’s thirteenth birthday until that
child is 20-years-old.
• Loosening ties enough to allow an adolescent more freedom while still
remaining safe.
• Beginning to prepare adolescents for life on their own.
Problems arises because parents are doubt or uncertain with their adolescents
decision making; adolescents are trying one for adolescents and adults. They are prone
for violence- automobile, accidents, homicide, and self-injury which are more often at
this stage and the major cause of death. Adolescents are also prone from sexually
transmitted diseases such as AIDS/HIV and Hepatitis since this age becomes sexually
active. Furthermore, a large generation gap between parents and adolescents can also
lead to lack of communication and understanding for adolescents may not be able to
communicate their problems. Hence, a nurse responsibility can neutralize the gap to
assist families when they are unable to clearly voice their needs.
Stage 6: The Launching Stage Family: The Family with a Young Adult
This stage children leave their family to establish their own households, which
is the most difficult stage of family life because it represents a break up of the family.
Parents need to:
• Families with young adult exist from the first child leaving home until the last
child leaves home.
• Change their role from mother or father to once- removed support persons or
guidepost.
• Encourage independent thinking and adult-level decision skills in their child.
Problems encountered by parents: Loss of self-esteem- feeling they are
replaced by other people in their children’s life
Boomerang Generation is a term applied in Western culture to young adults
graduating high school and college in the 21st century. They are so named for
the percentage of whom choose to share a home with their parents after
previously living on their own—thus boomeranging back to their parents' residence.
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 Sandwich Family- a that is squeezed into taking care of both aging parents
and returning young adult.
Nursing Responsibility:
o Help parents that they have prepared themselves for this and appreciate
that a child leaving home is a positive, not a negative step in family
growth.
o Help parents recognize their child returning home is positive happening
or proof they have provided a warm and loving atmosphere for the child
during growth years.
Stage 7 The Family of Middle Years
When all children have left home to have their own household, a family
returns to a two-partner or single-person unit, the same as it was before
childbearing. Partners may view this stage either as the prime time of their life (an
opportunity to ravel, enjoy economic independence, and spend time on hobbies) or a
period of gradual decline (longing for the constant activity and stimulation of
children). Family responsibilities in this stage include:
• Middle-aged parents exist from the departure of the last child to retirement or

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death of one of the spouses.
• Adjusting to ‘empty nest” syndrome by reawakening their relationship with their
supportive partner.
• Preparing for retirement so when they reach that stage, they will not be
unprepared socially or financially
Common Problem of this Stage:
o Second highest rate of divorce occurs at this age-
o Both men and women tend to experience less ”empty nest” feelings
if they are able to value their personal worth when children are not
present
o Lack of support people as they once were- because the family has
returned to being only a two-partner union
Nursing Responsibility: help family coup with the situation and accept
positively happening at this stage.
Stage 8 The Family in Retirement or Old Age
Approximately 20% to 25% of the population are families of retirement ( U.S.
Social Security Administration (SSA), 2012). Common family responsibilities at this
stage include:
• Families in retirement and old ages exist from retirement to death of both
spouses.
• Maintaining health by preventive care in light of aging.
• Participating in social, political and neighborhood activities to keep active
and enjoy this stage of life.
Although families at this stage are no longer having children, they remain
important in maternal and child health because many grandparents care for
grandchildren while parents are at work. They play important roles in health supervision
and care, although it can become a strain on older adults as they struggle to meet young
children’s needs in light of a lesser energy and the finances needed.

D. Cultural Factors Related to family Health

a. Cultural Context of the Family

What is Culture?
According to Thomas (2001) cultures is a unified set of values, ideas, beliefs and
standards of behavior shared by a group of people; it is the way a person accepts, orders,
interprets, and understands experiences throughout the life course. Culture includes values,
beliefs and practices that are acquired over a lifetime through interactions with others from
the culture. Culture gives meaning to what people do in their everyday lives. The political,
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 social, and cultural experience and helps shape a person’s interpretation of every life
experiences.

What is Ethnicity?
Refers to a sense of community or belonging to a particular ethnic group. Ethnicity,
therefore, refers to membership, usually through birth, in a cultural group based on traits
such as religion, language, or racial characteristics (Spector, 1991). Culture is a basic
component of ethnic background and together these factors determine individual and family
values and belief systems.
Ethnocentrism – refers to the belief that the values and practices of one’s own culture are
superior to those of other cultural groups (Spector, 1991). There are more than 100 ethnic
groups currently residing in the United States.

b. Most important Factors Affecting Culture

1. Values is the most important part of the culture which affects once behavior, it is the core
principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists which also serve as guiding
values of all groups.

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2. Norms is another important aspect of culture which relates to public appearance. It is the
spoken and unspoken rules of cultures. Reinforced over time, they operate as invisible
constraints on family members’ behavior. Norms set standards for how family members
dress, talk and act. They also set limits on what is permissible or impermissible behavior
under different circumstances and conditions. More than just rules of etiquette; norms
provide family members with guide for living both within the home and without.

c. Attitude and Behaviors Influenced by Ones Culture

1. Personality (sense of self and society)
2. Language (communication)
3. Dress
4. Food habits
5. Religion and religious faiths that is beliefs
6. Customs of marriages and religions and special customs
7. Social relationship (system of marriage, family structure and relations, social and
religious organizations, government)
8. System of education, role of churches,(temples, mosques, etc. on education system),
mental process of behavior of behavior (formal and religious symbols, colleges,
technical institutes, universities etc.)
9. Work habits and products. They differ widely from country to country and region to
region.
10. Time value (punctuality, late coming working hours, rest hours and so on)
11. Values and norms
12. Beliefs and faiths (religion, vegetarianism-meat eating, nonviolence-rebirth, fate and
luck, etc).
13. Festivals
14. Arts, music, pictures, TV, radio, movies, theatres, etc.
15. Technology and innovation
16. Products and services
17. Knowledge
18. Laws of the government and social traditions and laws laid down by religion.

The nursing family within its cultural context is a central concern in nursing especially
when the nurse is providing care to the childbearing family. A critical life experience, such as
childbearing, is often bound by traditional beliefs and practices. A culture’s beliefs and
practices regarding childbearing are embedded in its economic, religious, kinship, and political
structures. All cultures have behavioral norms and expectations for each stage of the perinatal
cycle. These norms and expect that their physiologic and psychologic health care needs will

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 be met and their cultural beliefs will be respected. Cultural sensitivity, compassion, and a
critical awareness of family dynamics and social stressors that will affect health-related
decision making are critical components in developing an effective plan of care.

d. Nursing Consideration to effectively communicate with culturally diverse client:

1. Assess client’s reading level as well as speaking level and rewrite information at a
easier level.
2. Ask an interpreter to translate and copy materials into the family’s primary language
as necessary so it can be clearly understood.
3. When using an interpreter, be certain the interpreter understands the questions ask.
4. Be certain rooms in the health care agency, such as bathrooms, are labeled with
international symbols that do not require reading ability
5. Learn a few phrases, such as “Good morning” or “This won’t hurt,” from other
languages, and use them in interactions with clients to show you’ve receptive to
participating in solving language difficulties.
6. Use hand gestures or draw a figure, if need be, to help ensure productive
communication.

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7. When using interpreter, do not ignore the person seeking health care in preference to
the interpreter. Observe facial expressions for confirmation that a person understands
instructions. Use short sentences, avoid slang words and don’t interpret accurately.

E. Assessment of Family Structure and Function

Family characteristics can be assessed on a variety of levels and in varying degree
of detail. The type of family data collected and the method of collection should match
the way in which the assessment data will be used.
a. The Well Family

Aspect of Family Assessment

1. Genogram- is a diagram that details family structure and provides information
about the family’s health history and the role of various family members across
several generations. It can provide a basis for discussion and analysis of family
interaction at health care visits. (Figure 1)

General characteristics of family type and functioning can be assessed using

observation and general history questions (see Table 1)

2. Ecomap- diagram use to assess family “fit” into their community relationship
or a family and community relationship. (Figure 2)

How to Construct Ecomap

1. Draw a circle in the center to represent the family.
2. Around the outside, draw circles that represent the family’s community contacts such as
church, school, neighbors, or other organization.

Remarks:
o Families who fit well into their community usually have many outside circles or
community contacts.
o The pattern is also a mark of an abusive or dysfunctional family if such family
deliberately keep outside people separate from them
o Constructing such map help nurses to assess the emotional support that will be
available to the family in a time of crisis.
o A family with few connecting liens between its members and community need
increased nursing contact and support.

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Table 1. Planning Nursing Care Based on Assessment

Figure 1. A genogram of the Hanovan family showing three generations. Males are shown by
squares, females by circles.

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Figure 2: An Ecomap of the Hanovan family’s relationship to its community. The family
members are shown in the center circle; the circles show community contacts.

b. Changing Patterns of Family Life

The family is currently undergoing a process of profound change, due to continuing global
changes that have occurred in recent decades, these changes threaten structural stability,
functional and evolutionary, bringing consequent changes in patterns of health and wellness to
throughout the family life cycle. Hence, understanding the changes experienced by families help
nurses to create care plans that are realistic and better meet the needs of today’s families.
1. Increased Divorce Rate
2. Decreased Family size
3. Increased Dual-Parent Employment
4. High Level of Violence in Families

Summary
• A family is a group of people who share a common emotional bond and perform certain
interrelated social tasks.
• Common types of families include nuclear, extended, single-parent, blended,
cohabitation, gay and lesbian, foster, and adopted families.
• Common family tasks are physical maintenance, socialization of family members,
allocation of resources, maintenance of orders, division of labor, reproduction,
recruitment and release of members, placement of members into larger society, and
maintenance of motivation and morale.
• Common life stages of families are marriage, early childbearing, families with preschool,
school-age, and adolescent children; launching stage; middle-years families, and the
family in retirement
• The reproductive beliefs and practices of a culture are embedded in its economic,
religious, kinship, and political structure.

All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited.
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 • To provide quality care to women in their childbearing years and beyond, nurses should
be aware of the cultural beliefs and practices important to individual families
• Changes in pattern of family life that are occurring include increased divorce rates,
decreased family size, increased dual-parent employment , and increase high level of
violence in family such as intimate partner violence.
• Considering a family as a unit (single client) helps in planning nursing care that not only
QSEN competencies but also best meet the family’s total needs.
• Because families exist within communities, assessment of the community and the
family’s place in the community yields further information on family functioning and
abilities.

Readings and References

Carpenito, L. J. (2004). Handbook of nursing diagnosis (10th ed.). Philadelphia:

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Course Code and Title

Maternal and Child Health Nursing; Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family 7 th
Edition, 2014 by Adele Pilliteri

Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing 8th Edition by Gloria Leifer

Study Guide for Maternal and Child Nursing Care 5th Edition by Karen A. Piotrowski &
David Wilson

Ingalls & Salermo’s Maternal and Child Health Nursing 8th Edition Novak & Broom

Compiled by:

APRIL G. ALAP, RN.MAN, PhDNEd.

Asst. Professor II
NCM 107 Professor
College of Health Sciences
Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program

All information contained in this module are property of UCU and provided solely for educational purposes. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of UCU, is strictly prohibited.
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