PART III: READING

I. Read the following passage and choose the best option to complete the blank or answer the question.
Most human diets contain between 10 and 15 percent of their total calories as protein. The rest of the
dietary energy comes from carbohydrates, fats, and in some people, alcohol. The proportion of calories from fats
varies from 10 percent in poor communities to 40 percent or more in rich communities.
In addition to providing energy, fats have several other functions in the body. The fat-soluble vitamins, A,
D, E, and K, are dissolved in fats, as their name implies. Good sources of these vitamins have high oil or fat
content, and the vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissues. In the diet, fats cause food to remain longer in the
stomach, thus increasing the feeling of fullness for some time after a meal is eaten. Fats add variety, taste, and
texture to foods, which accounts for the popularity of fried foods. Fatty deposits in the body have an insulating and
protective value. The curves of the human female body are due mostly to strategically located fat deposits.
Whether a certain amount of fat in the diet is essential to human health is not definitely known. When rats
are fed a fat-free diet, their growth eventually ceases, their skin becomes inflamed and scaly, and their reproductive
systems are damaged. Two fatty acids, linoleic and arachidonic acids, prevent these abnormalities and hence are
called essential fatty acids. They also are required by a number of other animals, but their roles in human beings
are debatable. Most nutritionists consider linoleic fatty acid an essential nutrient for humans.
1. This passage probably appeared in which of the following?
A. diet book B. A book on basic nutrition
C. A cookbook D. A popular women's magazine
2. We can infer from the passage that all of the following statements about fats are true EXCEPT ____.
A. fats provide energy for the body
B. economics influences the distribution of calorie intake
C. poor people eat more fatty foods
D. alcohol is not a common source of dietary energy
3. The word "functions" in bold is closest in meaning to ____.
A. forms B. needs C. jobs D. sources
4. The phrase "stored in" in bold is closest in meaning to ____.
A. manufactured in B. attached to C. measured by D. accumulated in
5. The author states that fats serve all of the following body functions EXCEPT to ____.
A. promote a feeling of fullness B. insulate and protect the body
C. provide energy D. control weight gain
6. The word "essential to" in bold is closest in meaning to ____.
A. required for B. desired for C. detrimental to D. beneficial to
7. According to the author of the passage, which of the following is true for rats when they are fed a fat free diet?
A. They stop growing B. They have more babies
C. They lose body hair D. They require less care
8. Linoleic fatty acid is mentioned in the passage as ____.
A. an essential nutrient for humans B. more useful than arachidonic acid
C. preventing weight gain in rats D. a nutrient found in most foods
9. The phrase "these abnormalities” refers to ____.
A. a condition caused by fried foods
B. strategically located fat deposits
C. curves on the human female body
D. cessation of growth, bad skin, and damaged reproductive systems
10. That humans should all have some fat our diet is, according to the author, ____.
A. a commonly held view B. not yet a proven fact
C. only true for women D. proven to be true by experiments in rats
II. Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each space.
FRIDAY THE THIRTEENTH
Police are hunting for a hit-and-run driver who knocked a teenage cyclist off her bike in East Street. Sarah
Tucker, 17, had a lucky escape on Friday, 13th May, when she was sent reeling by a black Volvo on her way home
from work.
 She bruised her thigh and shoulder and her bicycle was (1) ____. The driver stopped for a moment but then
drove off without (2) ____ a name or address and before Sarah could get his number. “I tried to get out of his way,
but I couldn't,” she said. Everyone at work kept going on about it being Friday 13th. I'm not a bit (3) ____ and
wouldn't change any of my plans just because Friday 13th is supposed to be unlucky, I don't usually take any (4)
____ of that sort of thing but I will now. I think I'll stay in bed."
The accident (5) ____ at the junction with Westwood Road at about 6.30pm as Sarah was making her (6)
____ home to the Harley Estate.
The Volvo pulled out of Westwood onto Henley Road in front of the teenager's bicycle. "He could at (7)
____ have helped her up. I don't see why he should get away with it," said her father, Derek, "Sarah was lucky. I
don't know why the driver didn't see her. He can't have been (8) ____ attention. It is unfortunate that nobody took
down the number." Though still too (9) ____ to ride a bike, Sarah was able to go back to (10) ____ in Marlow on
Monday.
1. A. damaged B. harmed C. devastated D. crashed
2. A. noting B. presenting C. leaving D. suggesting
3. A. irrational B. superstitious C. unreasonable D. prejudices
4. A. notice B. consideration C. note D. care
5. A. came about B. turned up C. finished up D. took place
6. A. route B. way C. course D. path
7. A. once B. most C. least D. best
8. A. giving B. paying C. attracting D. providing
9. A. discouraged B. confused C. overcome D. shaken
10. A. work B. job C. post D. employment
III. Read through the text below, answer the questions below.
Scottish Independence The majority of people in Scotland are in favour breaking away from the rest of the
UK and becoming independent, according to a poll taken just before the 300th anniversary of the Act of Union,
which united Scotland and England.
A pair of Acts of Parliament, passed in 1706 and 1707 that came into effect on May 1, 1707, created Great
Britain. The parliaments of both countries were dissolved, and replaced by a new Parliament of Great Britain in
Westminster, London.
The poll showed support for independence for Scotland is running at 51%. This is the first time since 1998
that support for separation has passed 50%, and the first time since devolution gave power to the country in 1999.
Six months before elections for the Scottish Parliament, these poll results come as good news to the Scottish
Nationalist Party, who are hoping to make progress against Labour and further the cause of an independent
Scotland.
Many people have become disillusioned with devolution, and believe that the Scottish Parliament has failed
to deliver what they had hoped it would; only a tenth have no opinion. In fact, only 39% of those polled want to
keep things as they are.
1. Scotland and England ____.
A. have always been united. B. want to break up the union.
C. have been united for a long time. D. were united by war.
2. Great Britain ____.
A. was formed by an Act of Parliament in 1706.
B. was formed by two Acts of Parliament in 1707.
C. was formed by an Act of Parliament that came into effect on May 1st 1707.
D. was formed by Acts of Parliament that came into effect on May 1st 1707.
3. People who want indepence for Scotland ____.
A. are the vast majority. B. are in the minority.
C. are the slight majority. D. have decreased in number since devolution.
4. The majority of people wanted independence for the first time ____.
A. before devolution. B. in 1999.
C. after devolution. D. before and after independence.
5. The results of the poll are good news ____.
A. for Labour. B. for both parties.
 C. for the Scottish Nationalist Party. D. for devolution.
6. Most people's opinions of devolution ____.
A. have gone up. B. have gone down.
C. are the same. D. make progress against Labour.
7. The number of people who want to keep things as they are ____.
A. is greater than those that don't know. B. is smaller than those that don't know.
C. is increasing D. is the majority.
IV. Read the text and decide the following statements are True or False.
As you are reading this text, someone in your country has been affected by the AIDS crisis. People in every
part of the world have been affected by the AIDS pandemic. Every nation in the world has had to take steps to
address it. According to a recent United Nations estimate, 38.5 million people across the globe are infected with
HIV-AIDS.
Because AIDS has had such far-reaching effects, in the year 2000, for the first time in the history of the
United Nations, the Security Council took up a health issue - HIV-AIDS. The world body declared the spread of
the virus a global emergency, a threat to peace and security in Africa, the continent that has been the hardest hit by
the disease. The AIDS virus was considered no less destructive than warfare itself. In the year 2000, armed conflict
took the lives of 2,000 people in Africa, while the AIDS virus claimed the lives of 2 million.
World-wide, the effect of the spreading AIDS virus has created 16.6 million orphans, 90 per cent of whom
are in sub-Saharan Africa, a region where the crisis has been particularly deadly. Because so many have died, the
very infrastructure of the region is endangered. So many people who play key roles in society - doctors, teachers,
farmers - are dying of AIDS.
What is the United Nations doing to address the AIDS crisis? UN-AIDS and its agencies have brought
some innovative ways of spreading the message that, first, people need to overcome the stigma of AIDS so they
can come forward to learn about prevention, diagnosis and treatment. One way to transmit this message is by
providing education and AIDS awareness training to local community members whose work brings them into
regular contact with other members. One such local community member is Paul Lopez, a hairdresser in Mexico
City. Paul's clients tend to confide in him, their regular hairdresser. Therefore, he was trained by a UN-AIDS
programme to dispense advice about testing and treatment of HIV-AIDS. Now, along with advice about beauty,
Paul tells clients how they can protect themselves from the AIDS virus or where they can go for treatment should
they need it.
Another crisis that United Nations programmes address is the crisis of care produced by the overwhelming
number of AIDS orphans, 95 per cent of whom are in sub-Saharan Africa, where the spread of AIDS has been
particularly lethal. Normally, when a child's parents die of AIDS, other family members, such as uncles and aunts,
will take responsibility for the orphaned child. But because there are such
increasing numbers of AIDS orphans and because the economic resources of some communities are so limited, it is
increasingly difficult to find adults who can take in extra children. Often, children live by themselves in their
deceased parents' home, surviving as well as they can.
A typical case is fourteen year-old Justin of Malawi, who has to care for his 10-year-old brother and nine-
year-old sister. Justin says it is very hard to find enough to eat although he does his best to support himself and his
siblings through his job carrying food for merchants. Since Justin and his siblings have no one to take them in, they
continue to live by themselves in their deceased parents' home. United Nations and its agencies such as UNICEF
sends aid workers and mobilizes community-based volunteer groups to go to the homes or orphaned children with
daily supplies of food, money and advice on how to spend it. The aid workers also know the necessity of
encouraging the children to go to school. Children's chances of completing their education are cut in half once they
become orphans.
In the Ugandan village of Kalong, for example, a tragic scene that is all too common in rural villages took
place: six-year-old Nakeyeyune cried as the elders decided who would take custody of her six-month-old brother
and other young siblings after both his parents had died from AIDS-related causes. In Uganda, one quarter of all
families are caring for AIDS orphans. The poverty of many rural families makes it difficult for them to take
responsibility for more children.
One way the United Nations helps single and foster parents to raise income levels is by fostering micro-
credit cooperatives in rural villages. Micro-credit programmes allow traditional craft-makers and farmers to form
cooperatives and sell more of what they produce. The increased incomes enable single and adoptive fosterparents
to raise their income levels so they can support orphaned children. Such programmes have been especially
successful among single mothers.
False 1. Only a few parts of the world have been affected by the AIDS crisis.
True 2. In this writing, over 40 million people in the world are affected with HIV-AIDS.
False 3. The Security Council had often dealt with medical issues.
False 4. The Secretary-General said the AIDS crisis could not compare with the devastating effects of war.
False 5. There are a total of 13 million orphans in the world.
False 6. UN aid workers take jobs as hairdressers and farmers in local communities to help fight the spread of
AIDS.
False 7. Orphans never live alone in any country.
True 8. Sometimes AIDS orphans have to work to support younger brothers and sisters.
True 9. UNICEF aid workers bring food, money, and advice to the orphans.
True 10. In Uganda (at this writing) 25 per cent of families take care of AIDS orphans.
False 11. Families who take care of orphans have enough resources to do so easily.
True 12. The United Nations has sponsored micro-credit cooperatives to help guardians support orphaned children.
III. Read the passage and choose the best answer.
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to
climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the
volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to
wreak havoc in low-lying, densely populated delta regions around the globe.
The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about
the pace and consequences rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the
Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to the authors.
Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from
melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for
example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level
cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to
understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. But up to now, there has
been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models, and the observations of
scientists gathering data from the oceans.
The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the
first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of
700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-
year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC.
1. Ultimately, the new study should help scientists to ____.
A. lower water levels.
B. better predict climate change.
C. bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and Shanghai.
2. The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and ____.
A. low-lying urban areas. B. all coastal cities. C. people who live on the beach.
3. What happens when the ocean's temperature rises?
A. It causes sea levels to rise.
B. It causes sea levels to remain constant.
C. It causes sea levels to decrease.
4. What was the main finding of the study?
A. not enough is being done about global warming.
B. ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought.
C. the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat.
5. The new study ____.
A. shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels.
B. did not reveal anything that scientists didn't already know.
C. used new techniques to assess ocean temperatures.