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Fluid CH-3

The document discusses various devices used to measure pressure, including the mercury barometer, manometers, and inclined manometers. It provides equations to calculate absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and pressure measurements using these devices. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating changes in barometric pressure readings, determining submarine depth from pressure measurements, and finding manometer readings when tank pressure is increased.

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Rebar Qadr
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48 views5 pages

Fluid CH-3

The document discusses various devices used to measure pressure, including the mercury barometer, manometers, and inclined manometers. It provides equations to calculate absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and pressure measurements using these devices. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating changes in barometric pressure readings, determining submarine depth from pressure measurements, and finding manometer readings when tank pressure is increased.

Uploaded by

Rebar Qadr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The mercury barometer

It is used to measure the atmospheric


pressure, relative to absolute zero.

+ 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒  =   𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 {
− 𝑝𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚

+ve P (gauge)
Absolute Pressure

Gauge Pressure

zero gauge (moving datum)

-ve P (vacuum)
P atmospheric

zero absolute (Fixed datum)

1
Manometers:
A manometer is a device used to measure the gauge pressure, it consists of a tube
containing a liquid.

The U - tube manometer:

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 … … … … … … [1]

but

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑥 + 𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑙 … … … … [2]

and

𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑚 𝑔ℎ … … … … [3]

Substitute 2 and 3 in 1

𝑃𝑥 + 𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑙 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑚 𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔𝑙

Since

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0 [𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒]

The inclined manometer:

𝑃𝑥 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ L
Px
h

𝑃𝑥 = 𝜌𝑔𝐿 sin 𝜃

2
Example
A Bourdon gauge attached to a closed tank of air reads 141.1 kPa when the
barometer was indicating 775 mm of mercury. If the barometric pressure drops
to 741.2 mm Hg. What will the gauge read?

Solution

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚1 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ𝐻𝑔

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚1 = 1000 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.775


𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚1 = 103.397 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚1
= 141.1 + 103.397
= 244.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎.

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚2 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ𝐻𝑔


= 1000 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.7412
= 98.88 𝑘𝑃𝑎.

𝑃𝑔2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚2


= 244.5 − 98.888
= 145.612 𝑘𝑃𝑎.

3
Example
The barometer reads 840 mmHg inside a submarine. Determine submarine's
depth (y) when atmospheric pressure is 740 mmHg. Assume the weight density
of sea water is 10 kN/m3.

Solution

𝑃1 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(0.84)

𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(0.4)

𝑃2 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(0.84 + 0.4)

𝑃3 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(𝑦 + 0.2) +
𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(0.74)

𝑃2 = 𝑃3

𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(0.84 + 0.4) = 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(𝑦 + 0.2) + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(0.74)

𝜌𝑤 𝑔(𝑦 + 0.2) = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(0.84 + 0.4 − 0.74)


𝜌𝐻𝑔
𝑦= (0.84 + 0.4 − 0.74) − 0.2
𝜌𝑤

𝑦 = 13.6(0.5) − 0.2

𝑦 = 6.6 𝑚

4
Example
Calculate the manometer reading if the pressure in the closed tank is raised to 30
kPa.

Solution:

𝑃𝑔 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(𝐿 + 𝑥) = 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(𝐿 − 𝑥) + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝑔 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(2𝑥)

But

2𝑥 = ℎ

𝑃𝑔
ℎ=
𝑔(𝜌𝐻𝑔 − 𝜌𝑤 )

30 000
ℎ=
9.81(13 600 − 1 000)

ℎ = 0.2427 𝑚

A second solution

𝑃𝑔 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝑔 = 𝑔ℎ(𝜌𝐻𝑔 − 𝜌𝑤 )

𝑃𝑔
ℎ=
𝑔(𝜌𝐻𝑔 − 𝜌𝑤 )

30 000
ℎ=
9.81(13 600 − 1 000)

ℎ = 0.2427 𝑚
5

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