DEE/M2/PLC

TOPIC:
Industrial Communication Network
 Major components of industrial network
 Industrial Network Types
 INDUSTRIAL NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 Transmission Media:
 Industrial Network Protocols

Communication network is used in control systems to pass data between field

devices and PLCs, between different PLCs, or between PLCs and personal computers
used for operator interface, data processing and storage, or management
information.

The term network typically refers to connecting many devices together to permit
the sharing of data between devices over a single (or redundant) circuits.

Industrial Communication Networks

In large SCADA systems, there is usually a communications network of some type

connecting the individual PLCs to the operator interface equipment at the central
control room.

There may also be networks used at lower levels in the control system architecture,
for communications between different PLCs in the same subsystem or industrial
facility, as well as for communications between field devices and individual PLCs.

The below figure shows the various levels of network communications in a typical
large SCADA system.

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Two terms that are commonly used with respect to management information
systems communication are local area network (LAN) and wide area network
(WAN). A LAN consists of all of the devices, typically PCs and servers within a
particular industrial facility or site.

A WAN is created by providing a connection between LANs, typically over a

long geographic distance using telecommunications industrial facilities. Large
SCADA systems may be required to interface to LANs or WANs to provide data
transfer to management information systems or to permit internet access to
SCADA system data.

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 Major components of Industrial network

i. NIC (Network interface card)

NIC is a device that helps the computer to communicate with another device.
The network interface card contains the hardware addresses; the data-link
layer protocol uses this address to identify the system on the network so that
it transfers the data to the correct destination.

There are two types of NIC: wireless NIC and wired NIC.

 Wireless NIC: All the modern laptops use the wireless NIC. In
Wireless NIC, a connection is made using the antenna that employs
the radio wave technology.
 Wired NIC: Cables use the wired NIC to transfer the data over the
medium.

ii. Hub
Hub is a central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices.
When computer requests for information from a computer, it sends the
request to the Hub. Hub distributes this request to all the interconnected
computers.

iii. Switches
Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to
transfer the data to another device. A switch is better than Hub as it does not
broadcast the message over the network, i.e., it sends the message to the
device for which it belongs to. Therefore, we can say that switch sends the
message directly from source to the destination.

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iv. Cables and connectors
Cable is a transmission media that transmits the communication
signals. There are three types of cables:

 Twisted pair cable: It is a high-speed cable that transmits the data

over 1Gbps or more.
 Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable resembles like a TV installation cable.
Coaxial cable is more expensive than twisted pair cable, but it provides
the high data transmission speed.
 Fiber optic cable: Fiber optic cable is a high-speed cable that transmits
the data using light beams. It provides high data transmission speed as
compared to other cables. It is more expensive as compared to other
cables, so it is installed at the government level.

v. Router

Router is a device that connects the LAN to the internet. The router is
mainly used to connect the distinct networks or connect the internet to
multiple computers.

vi. Modem
Modem connects the computer to the internet over the existing telephone line.
A modem is not integrated with the computer motherboard. A modem is a
separate part on the PC slot found on the motherboard.

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Industrial Network Types
Industrial network is a group of devices linked to each other that enables the
them to communicate with another device and share their resources, data,
and applications.

A computer/industrial network can be categorized by their size.

A computer/industrial network is mainly of four types:

 LAN (Local Area Network)

 PAN (Personal Area Network)
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network)

 Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small
area such as building, office.
 LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.

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  It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network
adapters, and Ethernet cables.
 The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
 Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN (Personal Area Network)

 Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically
within a range of 10 meters.
 Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal
use is known as Personal Area Network.
 Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the
Personal Area Network.
 Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
 Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are
the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
 Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
 In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange
line.
 The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-
3, ADSL, etc.
 It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

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Uses of Metropolitan Area Network:

 MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.

 It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
 It can be used in a college within a city.
 It can also be used for communication in the military.


WAN (Wide Area Network)

 A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries.
 A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
 A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
 The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
 A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.

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Advantages of Wide Area Network:
Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network:

 Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large geographical area.

Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different city then we can connect with
them through WAN. The internet provides a leased line through which we can
connect with another branch.
 Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized. Therefore, we do
not need to buy the emails, files or back up servers.
 Get updated files: Software companies work on the live server. Therefore, the
programmers get the updated files within seconds.
 Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted fast. The
web application like Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype allows you to communicate with
friends.
 Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share the
software and other resources like a hard drive, RAM.
 Global business: We can do the business over the internet globally.
 High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then this gives the
high bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the data transfer rate which in turn
increases the productivity of our company.

Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

The following are the disadvantages of the Wide Area Network:

 Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as compared to LAN
and MAN network as all the technologies are combined together that creates the
security problem.
 Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on the internet
which can be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be
used. Some people can inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to
protect from such a virus.
 High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN network is high as it involves
the purchasing of routers, switches.

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INDUSTRIAL NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
What is Topology?
Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are
interconnected to each other. There are two types of topology: physical and logical
topology.

Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.

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Bus Topology

 The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through
a single cable known as a backbone cable.
 Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly
connected to the backbone cable.
 When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over the
network. All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it
has been addressed or not.
 The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks.
 The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies.
 The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the message is
broadcast to all the stations.
 The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access).

CSMA: It is a media access control used to control the data flow so that data integrity is
maintained, i.e., the packets do not get lost. There are two alternative ways of handling
the problems that occur when two nodes send the messages simultaneously.

Advantages of Bus topology:

 Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly connected to the cable
without passing through a hub. Therefore, the initial cost of installation is low.

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  Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in bus-
based networks that support up to 10 Mbps.
 Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar technology as the installation
and troubleshooting techniques are well known, and hardware components are
easily available.
 Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on other nodes.

Disadvantages of Bus topology:

 Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler, but still it requires a lot of
cabling.
 Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to determine
the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the
communication for all the nodes.
 Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages simultaneously, then the
signals of both the nodes collide with each other.
 Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow down
the network.
 Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to communication issues.
Repeaters are used to regenerate the signal.

Ring Topology

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  Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
 The node that receives the message from the previous computer will retransmit
to the next node.
 The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
 The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop.
 It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and having
no termination point.
 The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.

The most common access method of the ring topology is token passing.

o Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is passed

from one node to another node.
o Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.

Working of Token passing

 A token move around the network, and it is passed from computer to computer
until it reaches the destination.
 The sender modifies the token by putting the address along with the data.
 The data is passed from one device to another device until the destination
address matches. Once the token received by the destination device, then it
sends the acknowledgment to the sender.
 In a ring topology, a token is used as a carrier.

Advantages of Ring topology:

 Network Management: Faulty devices can be removed from the network

without bringing the network down.
 Product availability: Many hardware and software tools for network operation
and monitoring are available.
 Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available. Therefore, the
installation cost is very low.
 Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the communication system is not
dependent on the single host computer.

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Disadvantages of Ring topology:

 Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to determine

the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the
communication for all the nodes.
 Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the failure of the overall network.
 Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow down
the network.
 Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the number of nodes.
Adding new devices increases the communication delay.

In a tapped (or multi-drop) network the communications circuit is tapped to be

connected to each device so that the communication ports of the various devices are
effectively electrically in parallel. Tapped connections are applicable only to copper-
based media; fiber-optic circuits are limited to point-to-point operation.

The configuration in the figure below typically represents the lowest installed cost per
device.

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Star Topology

 Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected

to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
 The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices attached
to the server are known as clients.
 Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
 Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical star
topology.
 Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.

Advantages of Star topology

 Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite efficient in a star topology

as compared to bus topology. In a bus topology, the manager has to inspect the
kilometers of cable. In a star topology, all the stations are connected to the
centralized network. Therefore, the network administrator has to go to the single
station to troubleshoot the problem.
 Network control: Complex network control features can be easily implemented
in the star topology. Any changes made in the star topology are automatically
accommodated.
 Limited failure: As each station is connected to the central hub with its own
cable, therefore failure in one cable will not affect the entire network.
 Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar technology as its tools are cost-
effective.

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  Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new stations can be added to the
open ports on the hub.
 Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-effective as it uses inexpensive
coaxial cable.
 High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of approx 100Mbps. Ethernet
100BaseT is one of the most popular Star topology networks.

Disadvantages of Star topology

 A Central point of failure: If the central hub or switch goes down, then all the
connected nodes will not be able to communicate with each other.
 Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a significant amount of
routing is required.

Tree topology

 Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star topology.
 A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are connected
with each other in hierarchical fashion.
 The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other nodes
are the descendants of the root node.
 There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data transmission. Thus,
it forms a parent-child hierarchy.

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Advantages of Tree topology

 Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology is mainly used to provide

broadband transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long distances without being
attenuated.
 Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing network.
Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily expandable.
 Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole network is divided into
segments known as star networks which can be easily managed and maintained.
 Error detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy in a tree
topology.
 Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire
network.
 Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

Disadvantages of Tree topology

 Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the node, then it becomes

difficult to troubleshoot the problem.
 High cost: Devices required for broadband transmission are very costly.
 Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and failure in main bus
cable will damage the overall network.
 Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added, then it becomes difficult
to reconfigure.

Mesh topology

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  Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are
interconnected with each other through various redundant connections.
 There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
 It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a
central point of communication.
 The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
 Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where communication
failures are a critical concern.
 Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.

Advantages of Mesh topology:

 Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very reliable as if any link breakdown
will not affect the communication between connected computers.
 Fast Communication: Communication is very fast between the nodes.
 Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would not disrupt the
communication between other devices.

Disadvantages of Mesh topology

 Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of connected devices such as a

router and more transmission media than other topologies.
 Management: Mesh topology networks are very large and very difficult to
maintain and manage. If the network is not monitored carefully, then the
communication link failure goes undetected.
 Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections are high that reduces the
efficiency of the network.

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Hybrid Topology

 The combination of various different topologies is known as Hybrid topology.

 A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and nodes to transfer
the data.
 When two or more different topologies are combined together is termed as Hybrid
topology and if similar topologies are connected with each other will not result in
Hybrid topology. For example, if there exist a ring topology in one branch of ICICI
bank and bus topology in another branch of ICICI bank, connecting these two
topologies will result in Hybrid topology.

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

 Reliable: If a fault occurs in any part of the network will not affect the functioning
of the rest of the network.
 Scalable: Size of the network can be easily expanded by adding new devices
without affecting the functionality of the existing network.

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  Flexible: This topology is very flexible as it can be designed according to the
requirements of the organization.
 Effective: Hybrid topology is very effective as it can be designed in such a way
that the strength of the network is maximized and weakness of the network is
minimized.

Disadvantages of Hybrid topology

 Complex design: The major drawback of the Hybrid topology is the design of the
Hybrid network. It is very difficult to design the architecture of the Hybrid network.
 Costly Hub: The Hubs used in the Hybrid topology are very expensive as these
hubs are different from usual Hubs used in other topologies.
 Costly infrastructure: The infrastructure cost is very high as a hybrid network
requires a lot of cabling, network devices, etc.

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Transmission Media:

GUIDED MEDIA
It is defined as the physical medium through which the signals are
transmitted. It is also known as Bounded media.

Types of Guided media:

Twisted pair:
Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of cables twisted with each other. A
twisted pair cable is cheap as compared to other transmission media. Installation of the
twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a lightweight cable. The frequency ranges for twisted
pair cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.

A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern.

The degree of reduction in noise interference is determined by the number of turns per
foot. Increasing the number of turns per foot decreases noise interference.

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Types of Twisted pair:

Unshielded Twisted Pair:

An unshielded twisted pair is widely used in telecommunication. Following are the
categories of the unshielded twisted pair cable:

 Category 1: Category 1 is used for telephone lines that have low-speed data.

 Category 2: It can support up to 4Mbps.

 Category 3: It can support up to 16Mbps.

 Category 4: It can support up to 20Mbps. Therefore, it can be used for long-

distance communication.

 Category 5: It can support up to 200Mbps.

Advantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair:

 It is cheap.

 Installation of the unshielded twisted pair is easy.

 It can be used for high-speed LAN.

Disadvantage:

 This cable can only be used for shorter distances because of attenuation.

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Shielded Twisted Pair
A shielded twisted pair is a cable that contains the mesh surrounding the wire that allows
the higher transmission rate.

Characteristics of Shielded Twisted Pair:

 The cost of the shielded twisted pair cable is not very high and not very low.

 An installation of STP is easy.

 It has higher capacity as compared to unshielded twisted pair cable.

 It has a higher attenuation.

 It is shielded that provides the higher data transmission rate.

Disadvantages

 It is more expensive as compared to UTP and coaxial cable.

 It has a higher attenuation rate.

Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media, for example, TV wire is
usually a coaxial cable.

 The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two conductors parallel to each
other.

 It has a higher frequency as compared to Twisted pair cable.

 The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is made up of copper, and the outer
conductor is made up of copper mesh. The middle core is made up of non-
conductive cover that separates the inner conductor from the outer conductor.

 The middle core is responsible for the data transferring whereas the copper mesh
prevents from the EMI (Electromagnetic interference).

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Coaxial cable is of two types:

1. Baseband transmission: It is defined as the process of transmitting a single

signal at high speed.

2. Broadband transmission: It is defined as the process of transmitting multiple

signals simultaneously.

Advantages of Coaxial cable:

 The data can be transmitted at high speed.

 It has better shielding as compared to twisted pair cable.

 It provides higher bandwidth.

Disadvantages of Coaxial cable:

 It is more expensive as compared to twisted pair cable.

 If any fault occurs in the cable causes the failure in the entire network.

Fibre Optic
 Fibre optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for communication.

 Fibre optic is a cable that holds the optical fibres coated in plastic that are used to
send the data by pulses of light.

 The plastic coating protects the optical fibres from heat, cold, electromagnetic
interference from other types of wiring.

 Fibre optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires.

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Diagrammatic representation of fibre optic cable:

Basic elements of Fibre optic cable:

 Core: The optical fibre consists of a narrow strand of glass or plastic known as a
core. A core is a light transmission area of the fibre. The more the area of the core,
the lighter will be transmitted into the fibre.

 Cladding: The concentric layer of glass is known as cladding. The main

functionality of the cladding is to provide the lower refractive index at the core
interface as to cause the reflection within the core so that the light waves are
transmitted through the fibre.

 Jacket: The protective coating consisting of plastic is known as a jacket. The main
purpose of a jacket is to preserve the fibre strength, absorb shock and extra fibre
protection.

Following are the advantages of fibre optic cable over copper:

 Greater Bandwidth: The fibre optic cable provides more bandwidth as compared
copper. Therefore, the fibre optic carries more data as compared to copper cable.
 Faster speed: Fibre optic cable carries the data in the form of light. This allows
the fibre optic cable to carry the signals at a higher speed.
 Longer distances: The fibre optic cable carries the data at a longer distance as
compared to copper cable.
 Better reliability: The fibre optic cable is more reliable than the copper cable as
it is immune to any temperature changes while it can cause obstruct in the
connectivity of copper cable.

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UNGUIDED TRANSMISSION
 An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without using any
physical medium. Therefore, it is also known as wireless transmission.
 In unguided media, air is the media through which the electromagnetic energy can
flow easily.

Unguided transmission is broadly classified into three categories:

Radio waves
 Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted in all the
directions of free space.

 Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are propagated in all the
directions.

 The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to 1 khz.

 In the case of radio waves, the sending and receiving antenna are not aligned,
i.e., the wave sent by the sending antenna can be received by any receiving
antenna.

 An example of the radio wave is FM radio.

Applications of Radio waves:

 A Radio wave is useful for multicasting when there is one sender and many
receivers.

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  An FM radio, television, cordless phones are examples of a radio wave.

Advantages Of Radio transmission:

 Radio transmission is mainly used for wide area networks and mobile cellular
phones.
 Radio waves cover a large area, and they can penetrate the walls.
 Radio transmission provides a higher transmission rate.

Microwaves

Microwaves are of two types:

 Terrestrial microwave

 Satellite microwave communication.

Terrestrial Microwave Transmission

 Terrestrial Microwave transmission is a technology that transmits the focused

beam of a radio signal from one ground-based microwave transmission antenna
to another.

 Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves having the frequency in the range from
1GHz to 1000 GHz.

 Microwaves are unidirectional as the sending and receiving antenna is to be

aligned, i.e., the waves sent by the sending antenna are narrowly focussed.

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  In this case, antennas are mounted on the towers to send a beam to another
antenna which is km away.

 It works on the line of sight transmission, i.e., the antennas mounted on the towers
are the direct sight of each other.

Characteristics of Microwave:

 Frequency range: The frequency range of terrestrial microwave is from 4-6 GHz
to 21-23 GHz.

 Bandwidth: It supports the bandwidth from 1 to 10 Mbps.

 Short distance: It is inexpensive for short distance.

 Long distance: It is expensive as it requires a higher tower for a longer distance.

 Attenuation: Attenuation means loss of signal. It is affected by environmental

conditions and antenna size.

Advantages Of Microwave:

 Microwave transmission is cheaper than using cables.

 It is free from land acquisition as it does not require any land for the installation
of cables.

 Microwave transmission provides an easy communication in terrains as the

installation of cable in terrain is quite a difficult task.

 Communication over oceans can be achieved by using microwave transmission.

Disadvantages of Microwave transmission:

 Eavesdropping: An eavesdropping creates insecure communication. Any

malicious user can catch the signal in the air by using its own antenna.
 Out of phase signal: A signal can be moved out of phase by using microwave
transmission.
 Susceptible to weather condition: A microwave transmission is susceptible
to weather condition. This means that any environmental change such as rain,
wind can distort the signal.
 Bandwidth limited: Allocation of bandwidth is limited in the case of
microwave transmission.

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Satellite Microwave Communication

 A satellite is a physical object that revolves around the earth at a known height.

 Satellite communication is more reliable nowadays as it offers more flexibility than

cable and fibre optic systems.

 We can communicate with any point on the globe by using satellite communication.

How Does Satellite work?

The satellite accepts the signal that is transmitted from the earth station, and it amplifies
the signal. The amplified signal is retransmitted to another earth station.

Advantages of Satellite Microwave Communication:

 The coverage area of a satellite microwave is more than the terrestrial microwave.

 The transmission cost of the satellite is independent of the distance from the
Centre of the coverage area.

 Satellite communication is used in mobile and wireless communication

applications.

 It is easy to install.

 It is used in a wide variety of applications such as weather forecasting, radio/TV

signal broadcasting, mobile communication, etc.

Disadvantages of Satellite Microwave Communication:

 Satellite designing and development requires more time and higher cost.

 The Satellite needs to be monitored and controlled on regular periods so that it

remains in orbit.

 The life of the satellite is about 12-15 years. Due to this reason, another launch of
the satellite has to be planned before it becomes non-functional.

Infrared
 An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for communication over
short ranges.

 The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.

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  It is used for short-range communication such as data transfer between two cell
phones, TV remote operation, data transfer between a computer and cell phone
resides in the same closed area.

Characteristics of Infrared:

 It supports high bandwidth, and hence the data rate will be very high.

 Infrared waves cannot penetrate the walls. Therefore, the infrared communication
in one room cannot be interrupted by the nearby rooms.

 An infrared communication provides better security with minimum interference.

 Infrared communication is unreliable outside the building because the sun rays will
interfere with the infrared waves.

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Industrial Network Protocols

Network protocols are network rules and standards that are used in industrial networks to
ensure different components in an industry are reliable and at the same time provide real-time
control to the users.

Protocols may be either proprietary or open.

Proprietary protocols are those developed by vendors for use with their own systems and for
which application information is not made publicly available for use by other vendors.

Open protocols are those for which all application information is in the public
domain, permitting any vendor to develop devices and software that can use the
protocol.

SCADA Systems

SCADA systems for industrial facilities should use open protocols for a number of
reasons:

1. There is substantial published data regarding their reliability and performance

characteristics.
2. Technical support is available from multiple sources.
3. There are larger numbers of competing compatible devices to select from.
4. Systems may be modified or expanded without requiring sole-source
proprietary contracts.

Table below shows common open network communication protocols.

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Types of Industrial Network Protocols

Modbus
Modbus is the oldest commercial network protocol. Introduced in 1979, it transfers
information using serial lines between electric devices. Modbus is extensively used in
critical infrastructures and also provides interaction in a client-server setting. It
transmits data from control devices back to the main controller.
Modbus is executed in two ways:

 Serial Modbus: This is a transmission technology used in top-level data link

control.
 Modbus TCP: This utilizes a TCP/IP protocol stack to transmit information.

Profibus
Profibus is based on serial communications that are transferred via a fiber optic
wire. It is an open field standard communication through fieldbus, which enables vast
applications in manufacturing automation.

Profinet
Profinet is a network protocol based on Profibus. It uses Ethernet as its physical
interface for connection.
Profinet makes use of the full TCP/IP performance for data transmission, which
facilitates wireless applications and high-speed transfers.
Equipment used for Profinet Network protocols is designed to enable real-time
interactions.
For security against threats, a strict border is enforced to spot and also prevent any
type of unapproved or questionable web traffic.

OPC (OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) for Process Control)

OPC is a collection of protocols that allow process control systems to communicate
via Windows, connecting Windows systems via TCP/IP. Its updated variation, known
as OPC Unified Architecture (OPC-UA), makes it possible for extra secure information
transmission and is far better than HTTPS. OPC is flexible, and as a result, provides
users with a lot more alternatives, from updates as well as brand-new software.
For safety, OPC web servers need to be hardened and all unneeded ports and services
shut off.

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Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)
Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) is a network protocol that automates industrial
processes. With a variety of modifications, this protocol makes it possible for
intercommunication and also assimilation of different types of networks. These
adjustments are:

 DeviceNet: An adaptation for CIP to Control Location Networks (CAN)

 CompoNet: Adapted to Time Division Multiple Access Technology (TDMA)
 Ethernet/IP: An adaptation of CIP to TCP/IP
 ControlNet: Combination of CIP with concurrent time domain

CIP networks consist of a set of messages for the collection of producing automation
applications. This allows customers to incorporate these manufacturing applications
to Ethernet networks as well as the Internet.

DNP3
DNP3 is a three-layer protocol that operates at the data link as well as application
layer levels. It is used to transfer information between different components in
process automation systems. Established in 1993, protocol's layout was executed in
the electricity department mostly in the USA and Canada as well as water supply
companies.
DNP3 concentrates less on data privacy and stability to make the most of system
accessibility. This protocol was designed to attain interoperability in between
substation computer systems as well as master stations. It prefers remote
interactions but has limited transmission capacity.
Functions of DNP3 network protocol are:

 Responds with multiple data types in single messages

 Includes changed data in response to messages
 Divides the messages into multiple frames guaranteeing exceptional error
detection
 Enables a set-up of multiple master stations as well as peer to peer operations

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 Computer Network Models
 OSI Model

 TCP/IP Model

1.OSI Model
 OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that
describes how information from a software application in one computer moves
through a physical medium to the software application in another computer.
 OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network
function.
 OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as an architectural model for the inter-
computer communications.
 OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable tasks.
Each layer is assigned a particular task.
 Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be
performed independently.

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Characteristics of OSI Model:

 The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers and lower layers.
 The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the application related
issues, and they are implemented only in the software. The application layer is
closest to the end user. Both the end user and the application layer interact with
the software applications. An upper layer refers to the layer just above another
layer.
 The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues. The data
link layer and the physical layer are implemented in hardware and software. The
physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and is closest to the physical
medium. The physical layer is mainly responsible for placing the information on
the physical medium.

Functions of the OSI Layers

There are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has different functions.

A list of seven layers are given below:

1. Physical Layer

2. Data-Link Layer

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3. Network Layer

4. Transport Layer

5. Session Layer

6. Presentation Layer

7. Application Layer

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2. TCP/IP model
 The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.

 The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.

 The TCP/IP model consists of five layers: the application layer, transport layer,
network layer, data link layer and physical layer.

 The first four layers provide physical standards, network interface,

internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to the first four layers of
the OSI model and these four layers are represented in TCP/IP model by a single
layer called the application layer.

 TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and each of them

provides specific functionality.

Here, hierarchical means that each upper-layer protocol is supported by two

or more lower-level protocols.

Functions of TCP/IP layers:

I. Network Access Layer

 A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.

 A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link layer defined
in the OSI reference model.

 It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network.

 This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between two
devices on the same network.

 The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP datagram into
frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP addresses into physical
addresses.

 The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring, FDDI, X.25, frame relay.

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 II. Internet Layer

 An internet layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model.

 An internet layer is also known as the network layer.

 The main responsibility of the internet layer is to send the packets from any
network, and they arrive at the destination irrespective of the route they take.

III. Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, flow control, and correction of data
which is being sent over the network.

The two protocols used in the transport layer are User Datagram protocol and
Transmission control protocol.

IV. Application Layer

 An application layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model.

 It is responsible for handling high-level protocols, issues of representation.

 This layer allows the user to interact with the application.

 When one application layer protocol wants to communicate with another application
layer, it forwards its data to the transport layer.

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