South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programm.

e SCS/DEV/76/16

DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

THE REGIONAL MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE ASIAN DEVELOPME~i:ir BM~

. 7" THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR CEPRA.LOPODS

SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT COORDINATING PROGRAMME

FOOD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Manila, 1977
 - ii -

The South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating

Programme is a regional project of the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations carried out with the cooperation
and funding support of the Canadian International Development
Agency (CIDA) and the United Nations Development Programme.

The designations employed and the presentation

of material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of :.ts frontiers or
boundaries.

ISBN 92-852-1007-4

The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture

Organizationof the United Nations. The· book may not be repro-
duced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without
written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for
such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of
the reproduction desired, should be addressed to the Director,
Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

FAO 1977
SCS/DEV /76/16 iii

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

During the first quarter of 1975 9 the Asian Development Bank explored
with the FAO~ through the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordina-
ting Programme~ the possibilities of collaborating in undertaking a study
that would assist the Bank and its developing member countries in formulating
investment programmes that focus essentially on high-value~ export-oriented
fishery products. During the third quarter of 1975 9 terms of reference for
the study were developed with the participation of the ADB staff 9 the South
China Sea Programme and FAO Headquarters staff. It was agreed that the
study would be coordinated by the South China Sea Programme 9 in close colla-
boration with FAO Headquarters and the Indian Ocean Programme 9 drawing for
assistance selected staff of the FAO Headquarters Policy and Planning Unit~
the Industries Division and the InQ.ian'Dcean Programme. Several independent
consultants were engaged by the South China Sea Programme to carry out
portions of the study.

The main objectives of the study were to analyze the present market
situation and projected future absorptive capacity for high-value species
of fish; especially tuna and shrimp~ in the major importing countries~ and
to compare projected market needs with present exports from developing
member countries 9 to assess the potential for expansion of exports from
these countries~ and to enable the Bank and its member countries to utilize
the findings of the study in the planning of future investments in fisheries
production facilities within the region. The detailed terms of reference
of the study are attached in Appendix A of the main report document.

The study was carried out under the interim arrangements of ADB/FAO
Cooperative Action which provides a vehicle for cooperative activities on
a cost sharing basis.

The commodity studies and related appendixes were prepared by Living

Marine Resources. of California~ Fisheries Development Ltd. of England 9
and Mr. M. Hotta~ Fishery Economist. FAO, Rome.

The coordination of the study was carried out by the SCSP and parti-
cularly Mr. K. J. Rosenberg~ Senior Economist~ supported by staff member
Mr. B. V. Lanier. Editing assistance was given by the staff of the South
China Sea Programme~ as well as by Dr. A. Labon of the Indian Ocean
Programme who also was responsible for preparing the summary and profiles
of the IOP countries. Further aid in technical editing of all the documents
was provided by the staff of the Fishery Industry Division and the Policy
and Planning Unit of FAO Department of Fisheries in Rome.
SCS/DEV/76/16 iv

The completed Report comprises eight volumes. The main report

document (Vol. l~ SCS/DEV/76/11) ~ titled "DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF SEtECTED
FISHERY PRODUCTS IN THE REGIONAL MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT
BANKvv~ is backed up by seven technical support volumes. Volume 2 is
published as Appendix I of the main report document and contains monographs
of selected member countries of the Asian Development Bank:

Vol. 2. FISHERY COUNTRY PROFILES. SCS/DEV/76/ll APP. I

Volumes 3-8 together form a "Commodity Series":

VoL 3. THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR SHRIMP~

SCS/DEV/76/12
Vol. 4. THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR TUNA~
SCS/DEV/76/13
VoL 5. THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR CRAB,
SCS/DEV /76/11.J.
Vol. 6' THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR LOBSTER~
SCS/DEV/76/15
VoL 7. THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR CEPHALOPODS 9
SCS/DEV/76/16
Vol. 8. THE EUROPEAN CANNED FISH MARKET: PROSPECTS FOR
RASTRELLIGER SPF . ,
SCS/DEV/76/17

Distribution: Bibliographic Entry:

Members of the Indo-Pacific Development potential of selected

Fisheries Commission fishery products in the regional
FAO Department of Fisheries member countries of the Asian
Other interested nations and Development Bank. 8 vols.
international organizations Manila 9 FA0 9 South China Sea
Programme. 1977.
Vol, 7: The international market
for cephalopods. SCS/DEV/76/16.
95p.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREPARATION OF m1s DOCUMENT iii

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. WORLD PRODUCTION 3

A. Production by Major Cephalopod

Fishing Nations 3
B. Production by Marine Areas 9

III. UTILIZATION 18

A. General Considerations 18
B. National Trends 21

IV. INTERNATIONAL TRADE 27

A. General Considerations 27
B. National Trends 27

v. CONSUMPTION 36

A. General Aspects and Major Trends 36

B. Sources of Supply and Per Capita
Consumption 37
c. Major Consuming Countries (excluding
Japan) 37
D. The Japanese Market 43

VL FUTURE TRENDS IN CONSUMPTION 51

A. Prospects for Growth in Existing Markets 51

B. Entry of Cephalopods into New Markets 55
C. Global Outlook 57

APPENDIXES 60
STATISTICAL ANNEXES 76
REFERENCES 92
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No"

1 World Catch of Cephalopods 1964-74,

by Regions and Major Countries 4

2 Japanese Catch of Cephalopods, 1964-74 6

3 Present Catch and Estimated Potential

of Cephalopods by Marine Areas 11

4 Utilization of Cephalopods by Major

Producing Countries, 1969-1974 19

5 Japan - Disposition of Squid Catch,

1969-1973 22

6 Imports of Cephalopod Products by Main

Importing Countries, 1969-74 28

1 Exports of Cephalopod Product by Main

Exporting Countries, 1969- 29

8 Japan-Imports and Exports of Cephalopods::i

1969-74 31

9 Supply of Cephalopods or Consuming

Countries, 1969- 38

10 Per Capita Cephalopod Consumption in

Selected Countries, 1969- 40

11 JapanesP- Consumption of Cephalopods

by Type of Product and Income Group, 1973 47

12 Projected Demand for Cephalopods in Japan

1985 52

13 Estimated Demand for Ce lopods in 1985-

South Europe and Thailand 54

14 Estimated World Consumption of Cephalopods

in 1985 56
 - 1 -

INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR CEPHALOPODS

I., INTRODUCTION

1. Cephalopodsl/ are one of the world~ s under-

utilized marine resource~ and offer considerable
possibilities for greater exploitation. The potential
yield of cephalopods is ~stim.ated to be in excess of
ten million metric tcn:1s.~./.., whereas the world catch is
presently only a little over one million tons.

2; The harvesting of cephalopods has features

which make it most attractive to developing countries.
First, the most common method of e~i>loitation is jigging
which can utilize inexpensive fishing gear, can be carried
out from relatively simple vessels.., and is labor intensive.
Second, there are k.noi;.m and growing markets that
readily accept good product at top market pricese

3. Large quantities of cepha.lopods are known to

exist in close proxi m·i ty to most of the regional developing
memher coun·tries. such.? they probably offer the most
proffiise for development and exploitation by artisanal and
small scale fishermen with investmente

-
L f ,,.
repor~ ~
! .,
epna.Y..opo speci. f.i.ca.L.ly to
d s && re:i::ers
.IC • "\1 ~ -

, cuttlefish and octopus The cephalopods a.re

o

a small group of highly organized invertebrate animals

of e:~clusively distributiono They derive their
name from the close union of the head with the feet and
are distinguished from other classes of the phylu.m.
mollusca by their ; most other molluscs are:
unable to swim:; while cephalopods are relatively fast
moving animals@ The cephalopods are divided into several
orders~ of two = Decapoda (squids and
cuttlefish) the Octopoda ) = are of commercial
interesto

2/ tonnag,es are metric, l;lve weight unless otherwise noted.

 = 2 -

4. The main objective of the following study is to

analyze the present market situation and projected future
absorptive capacity for cephalopods in the major importing
countries. It is anticipated that the Asian Development
Bank and its member countries will be able to utilize the
findings of the study as a guide to the planning of future
investments in production facilities within the region.
 - 3 -

0 WORLD PRODUCTION

A. Production by Y.1&jor Ce_phalopod Fishing Nations

5. During the last decade the world catch of cepha-

lopods has fluctuated between 0"8 and lo2 llion metric
tons (live weight) (Table Of the total, squid output
accounts for a little over 69 per cent~ octopus 18 per cent
and cuttlefish 13 per cent (see also Statistical Annex
Table 1). It is interest.ing not'e that the above pro-
portions have remained fairly constan:t whe::-eas total o-:. rt.-p::-"-c
;J

has fluctuated a rather wide range of tor~s .,

The value of the world cephalopod catch early
seventies was on the order of ilion, or a litt::.e
oc,,rer 5 per cent of the value of the wo:rld catch of all :::i:..sL: 0
crJstaceans and mcllusks,

is the world~s largest cephalopod-produc~ng

nation although the share of the Japanese yield has gradual
declined during t:he last. decade ror so 13,efore069 Japan ·;.zs
to harvest some per c:cent of the total cephalopod catch of
the world, \ifoJh.ereas i1h. rec.erft ;.7ea::s the Japanese sh2.r·c
declined, accounting for some 50 per cent Neverthe-
less, Japan 1 remains tlh:e graa~::e.s~t single produce:r o ··--

19 t.11.e produc:tion a..m_or:..:..nted ~co 55.6 ~· tons~ representir1g

5 per cent of the U:otal fish landings of the country le
J?rc.duct:ion 68 at 877 :> i~as declineC
sin-.ce ~':L-1en due ito a dee of t}ie squid:,)
Todarodes pacific1L1s caused as mu.ck~ bJ7 the change ir1 hyd::o-
g~aphic conditions as ve fishing effort.

7o most species taken i!.1. Japan is t:'.1.e

squid, Toda.rodes pacific~us ~ wl1ich. accourrts for some 65 pe::-
cent of all ceohaloood
""'
is of great
landings~...
.:;..
even as a single species
~
"-"" ...
ranking fourth i~
-1974 in ter:::ccs
of crua.n~tit:y a.f·ter .s;laska polleck~ ~cke:irel and sardine-=-
:01:::::::-ing t.he last: decade its produ.c"tion fluctuated betweer;.
..) ~OOO 668 ~ tons an average catch of 432 ~
tons o For years m.ore 1tlLarL ie;er cent of the cat,c!1 1,..:las
obtained from. 'th1e Pc.ci£ic Coas~ of Honst:iU.,
recently fishing effort has Sea of Jap22~
arid. 1973 about half of the ca:tch came from the
Pacific CoastG>
 Table 1

World Catch of Cephalopods 1964-74, by Regions and Major Countries

'OOO metric tons live weight

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

WORLD TOTAL 635 862 836 979 1 216 1 019 976 1 004 1 121 1 073 1 070
-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -
Squid 444 609 596 689 920 742 720 719 799 755 742
Cuttlefish 85 101 91 106 104 104 93 119 116 139 137
Octopus 106 153 148 184 192 173 163 166 206 178 191
3 4 5
AFRICA - -4 -4 - 5 5 4 4 5 9
NORTH AMERICA 19 17 15 18 13 11 12 17 10 7 13
-
Canada 11 8 5 7 - 0 0 2 - 1 0
U.S.A. 8 9 10 11 13 11 12 15 10 6 13

8
LATIN AMERICA
-5 -3 -6 - -8 -6 -6 -8 -10 -10 12 I
-
ASIA 514 682 668 793 1 043 815 801 726 851 783 782 +:-
-- -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -
Japan 397 579 551 695 877 683 616 569 668 550 557
Korea, Rep. of 88 72 78 45 93 68 78 53 66 74 73
Philippines 8 10 11 10 18 13 13 13 8 16 21
S.Viet-Nam, Rep. of 5 5 5 5 3 4 9 15 11 13 13
Thailand ... . .. ... 20 30 25 60 51 65 81 69
EUROPE
-94 -150 139
-- 148
-- -141 166
-- 147
-- 220
-- 222
-- -238 223
-
France 2 4 4 4 4 6 8 13 9 14 9
Italy 28 30 32 31 31 38 34 34 36 36 39
Spain 54 91 92 100 94 111 94 164 160 164 162

U.S.S.R. - 6 4 8 6 16 5 29 23 30 26

Explanation of standard symbols:

nil
0.0 or O negligible quantity (less than one half of the unit indicated.)
data not available.
NOTE: Totals may not add nor exactly correspond with Statistical Annex Table 1 due to rounding.
SOURCE: FAO Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics - Catch and Landings Series
 - 5 -

8. The catch of octopus by Japan has ranged from

about 60,000 to 100,000 tons per annum over the last ten
years. From 1965 to 1970 some 50 per cent of the octopus
catch was taken in distant waters, in particular the Eastern
Central Atlantic off former Spanish Sahara and Mauritania.
However, there has recently been a gradual decline and
1973 the share of the catch from distant waters was less than
a third. On the other hand, catches from coastal waters
have been fairly stable - of the order of 40, OOO tons during
the last decade. Catches in local waters are generally
taken by trawling, longlining, and octopus pots. Octopus
vulgaris ( 11 madako 11 ) is most widely taken; 2..!. dofleini
1
( ' m.izu-dako and O. ochellatus C'ii-dako ") are also harvested
on a commercial basis.

9. In addition to Sepia esculenta other important

cuttlefish include Sepia officinalis, 11 m.ongo-ika 11 , caught
off Mauritania, catches of which have averaged some 20,000
tons since 1970.

10. A notable feature in recent years has been the

rapid increases in cephalopod production by Spain and Thailand.
The catch of cephalopods by SPAIN has nearly tripled over the
last ten years, rising from 54,000 tons in 1964 to 162,
tons in 1974. The development of freezing at sea has contri-
buted in a large degree to the expansion, with the result
that Spain has now become the second largest cephalopod pro-
ducing country in the world. Octopus is the most important
species taken and, in re\::ent years, has represented more than
half of the total cephalopod catch. It is mostly taken on
the Sahara Bank and off Mauritania in the Eastern Central
Atlantic, although minor quantities are harvested in the
Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
 Table 2

metric tons live weis;ht

Cephalopod Todarodes Sepia Other squid Octopus
Year Total pacificus esculenta and SPP0
(squid) (cuttlefish}cuttlefish

1964 396, 238,290 23,216 68 ,194 57,100

1965 578, 396,902 20,394 82,404 78,900
66 551, 382,899 15,421 87,080 65'
1967 695,300 477,012 15,736 104,352 98,200
68 877, 668,364 15,348 90,488 10211
1969 6821! 478,160 16,465 95,375 92,
1970 615, 412,240 14,740 92,020 96,600
197jL 568,500 364,349 15,413 102,738 86,
1972 668,400 464,365 15, 121,845 67,100
1973 550,100 346,672 12sil41 127l!387 63,
19 556,900 327,741 17' 135,459 76,700

Source~ Annual Report on Statistics of Fishing and Aquacul·ture,

1974; Japanese JM.:tn:lstrf of Agriculture and Forestry;
Yearbooks of Fishery StBt!stics,

Spain~s cuttlefish catch has grown significantly

over recent years reaching 40,, tons in 1974, an increase
of per cent since 1970. in the case of octopus, the
great majority originate§ from the Eastern Central Atlantic
and small quantities are taken in the Northeast Atlantic and
the Mediterraneane

l2e Although squid have been caught conventionally in

nearby waters with a constant level of catch, Spanish squid
output has risen sharply s.f.nce trawlers began fishing off New-
foundland in the Northw~st Atla!l,ltice In 1972 Spanish fisher=
men took 12,000 t:ons and in 1913 about 18,000 tons from this
area.o Landings are made in fro:i:;'.en form, primarily at the
Canary Islands, and fresh~ p~im&rily at the mainland portso
13., The production by was 80,000 tons in 1973
and 69 ~ tons in 1974~ compar~d wi~h only 20~ tons
19670 Most of the catch~ which consists of squid (Loligo
spp.) and cuttlefish (S1epia spp. is ·taken by trawl ne·ts or
cast nets. Formerly, squid and cuttlefish were prodt:~c
a by-ca:::ch of the demersal fishery. Today sq~;J.id. in
cular become the object of a specific fishery due to a
good. de':"'nand and the relative e4"'Pans of s stocks caused
by a declining trend the standing stock of demersal fish.
Though there is no marked seasonal fluctuation in production,
squid is generally fished more during the wet season from
March to October, whereas cuttlefish is caugbi::: on a constant
level throughout the year. Official statistics do not
separate the catch ecies~ it is estimated.
accounts for 1som1e per cent the res·t ~
~il~~r-~~-~ t:::i":,,=;
--~~~---w•••-
~ri""} l/ T' ;,11,,:. harvesting of octopus is just beginning L
--

Tli.e a
constant catch of cephalopods;J) averaging ~ tons per
ar~Tum in the last ten years. The Todarodes pa.cificus
far the most important quantity terms.
There seems to however" a declining tremd in its 10<rc.i=
cuiet:ion, due probably to u.nfavorable hydrographic
time to ~ Korean s share the
g~o-unds Sea of
of T. pacificus of
Since 1971
resaur~es

:::epres
developments
cc.:~cli.es
from

has "'varied

personal
 1973 s~cern ~ralinllers -oegarn.
tli.e r~o:rcth~17est
, a catch of
The catch of C--v~·n-•<S.."'-" represented 8 per
~ 1 ·1. t:a.lian :tJ..sh proctuct1.on
..?. ,:- ~
cen:a: or: ccita
,- ,.(l ,_ !\.. ..,,
tei--ms of quantity
fP ., • •\

1973, and per cent in value terms.

16. Cephalopod landings have fluctuated

between 8 ~ and tons over the last five years.
distinction the French production statistics
bet:\veer1 different spe ::i.es of 1
l) is believed that
majority is sed of~ vulgaris~ most of
of The peak of landings
at the yeare

production of cephalopods is
of the order of 5 s to 6, tons per annum,
cuttlefish accounting for about half of ·the totalo Squid
a~e not separately identified species is estimated
are species taken.

U.S catch of
o

tons per annum,

caught by the
In the Northwest
to trawl fisheries
relatively little
li:Idted domestic market
and short-finned

for Illex illecebrosus has

last 40 years, periods
tons per often being
since the late sixties the
catches

in Central and South

J.~erica has increased steadily over the last ten years, to
, tons , only 2, 500 tons in
Incorrrplete statist:1tcs make it. difficult to a
corrrp pic-ture Only four
C<Juntries pzovide cephalopods are
 - 9 -

undoubtedly taken in other countries as welle

octopus constitutes the major part of cephalopod landings,
amounting to 3 , tons 19 7 4 However:; in VENEZti"'EiJ:.i.,
o

ARGEJ:llrINJi~ and squid of greater i.mqr.iortanceo these

countries squid is taken inciden'tal to, other fisheries.
Total cephalopod production by these three countries has
amounted to 2, t:o 3, tons per arm.um. during the last.
few years.
21. In the , the catch of cephalopods has
averaged 13, tons during last decade~ on an upward
trende The fisheries are subsistence in character~ squic
and cuttlefish being taken by shore seines, purse seines and
tra-w7ls along with fish; jigs are also used to catch squici.
Octopus is usually caught in the reefs by hand at night
using torches.

22. The annual catch of cephalopods by HONG has

recently been of the order of 4, tons per annum. 51 three-
quarters of which are squid. Loligo edulis and L. formosana
are the major species which in.h.abit the continental shelf of
this area, being caught: mainly pair and stern trawler.
Squid landings have increased steadily in recent years, pri=
marily due to fact that Kong vessels have become
mechanized. l~ tons of cuttlefish are landed,
whereas octopus are of minor imrportance, with an annual
output of about 200 tons.

23" ~to=date catch statistics are not available

regarding cephalopod. production by the REPUBLIC OF
however, some 50:1 tons of cuttlefish (Sepiella) and. 7,000
tons of squid (Loligo spp.) and octopus were reported to be
taken along the coas·t of China in 1956.

24. Production of cephalopods by U.S,,,S.,R. in 197£:- was

26,000 tons. The U.S.S • has given considerable attention
're'"' sauid in recent vears. and Soviet fleets frenuently
_,_ ,..; :!. J ,,,, ""i. anpear
~ ...
oir! the main cephalopod fishing grounds, such as the North
Sea, off NerrJfou:ndland and the west coast of Africa.

B. Production by Marine Areas

25. In this section, catch trends as well as the

assessment of the potential yield of cephalopods by marine
areas are re-;,riewed,,, The section relies heavily on 11The Fish
Resources of the Ocean" (Gulland 1972), uCephalopod Resources
of the World" (Voss 1973) and 11 Exploitation of Cephalopod
Resources and Their Utilization11 (Ha.mabe 1975).

Northwest Atlantic

26. Although cephalopods are widely distributed in this

area there was not much of a fishery until about 1969. In
recent years, however, the development of squid fisheries has
been quite remarkable since Japan, Spain and the U.S.S.R.
began to exploit these resources. Total output was over
65, tons in 1973 and 50, in 1974 compared with only
,OOO tons ten years ago (Table 3). Some 70 per cent of
this production is taken by the above three nations.

27. Most of the recent c.atch consists of two species,

the short-finned squid, Illex illecebrosus, and the long-
finned squid, Loli~o pealei, the former being mainly harvested
off Newfoundland by foreign trawlers. L. pealei is distri=
buted from Cape Cod southward to Florida and the Gulf of
Mexico. As already indicated cephalopod fisheries are
presently of very limited interest to the coastal states of
this area. Actual production clearly accounts for only a
small part of the potential yield. The magnitude of squid
potential alone is estimated at several hundred thousand tons
and a significant expansion in output appears possible.

Northeast Atlantic

28. Although the Northeast Atlantic is one of the

centers of modern fishing development, the cephalopod resources
have so far been but lightly exploited, the catch having
dropped steadily from 47,000 tons in 1971 to 22,000 tons in
1974. Most of the catch is taken by Spain and France; the
catch of squid by northern European nations is taken inci-
dental to bottom trawling for scalef ish and no regular
fishery is pursued by them. Loligo vulgaris, the common
European squid and the most important species harvested in
this region, ranges from the North Sea along the European
coast to Africas

29. The major cuttlefish of the Atlantic coast of

Europe is Sepia officinalis. They are not, however, a signi-
ficant part of the catch, representing only 15 per cent of
the total cephalopod output. Octopus vulgaris is also of
 Table 3
Present Catch and Estimated Potential of Marine Areas

.. ----19651966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Est. potential- Status of
'OOO tons live weight tons exploitation
several 1/ just
Atlantic NW 9.5 6.8 9,5 5.4 6.1 15.5 27.6 40.0 65.l 49. 8 hundred beginning
thousand
several virtually un-
NE 52.0 37.7 40.l 36.0 36.3 41.5 46.9 35.6 28.3 21.6 hundred exploited ex-
thousand cept locally
we 1.1 1.8 2.5 3.1 2.8 2.1 3,5 5.6 4.3 5.9 0.5-1 mill. ditto
EC 122,8 110.5 155.5 155.6 173.9 138,0 184.3 183.3 203.7 222.0 200 OOO overexploited
SW 1.5 3.3 4.5 5.5 1.8 2.3 2.6 2.5 5.0 5.7 500 OOO underexploited
several
SE 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.6 4.8 hundred underexploited
thousand
Mediterranean considerably
and Black Sea
43.7 46.5 46.8 47.l 47.4 43,8 42.9 48.1 41.3 44.4 100 OOO
exploited ,,_,
,,_,
Indian W 0.4 0.4 4.6 4.0 4.5 3.4 4,9 7.3 6.2 6' 8~
200 OOO underexploited O
E ~.l 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0,3 0.2 0.2 0.2~
very heavily
Pacific NW 606,4 600.7 668.9 893,6 688.9 629.8 591.7 699.0 580.4 567. 4 l million
exploited
hundreds of
NE 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3
thousands unexploited
considerably
we 15.7 17.4 36.1 53.5 44.l 85.4 82.6 87.5 115.4 111. 7 100 OOO 2/
exploited
EC 8.5 8.9 9.0 11.3 9.7 11.3 14.6 9.3 4.6 10.7 600 OOO underexploited
SW 0.2 15.l 18.6 3/400 OOO just beginning
SE 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.1 500 OOO unexploited

Total 862.3 835.6 978.7 1216.2 1018.9 975.8 1004.0 1120.9 1072.7 1070.0
rrEsti!nated potential of squid alone. 2! Potential yield of
cephalopods in the Gulf of Thailand alone. ·~
Source of annual catches: F'AO Yearbooks of Fisher•y Statistics -~ Catches and Landings Series.
Source of estimated potential yield and status of exploi·tation: 11 The Fish Resources of the Ocean 11 by Gulland 9 1972;
11
Cephalopod Resour'ces of the Wor•ld 11 by Voss, 1973; and "Exploitation of Cephalopod Rcsou:cces ;:md
Their.' Utilization" by Hamabe, 1975.
 = 12 -

commercial importance, being chiefly harvested by Spain,

on the French coast and by the Channel Islands with a total
average catch of 18, tons per annum over the last decade.

30. Little work has been published concerning the

stocks of the cephalopods in this region. However, on the
evidence of the limited information available, considerable
stocks undoubtedly exist, with a potential outpu~ on the
order of several hundred thousand tons per annum.
Western Central Atlantic

31. There seems no doubt that octopus and squid form a

large resource in this region, but their commercial exploita-
tion has scarcely begun. The cephalopod fisheries in this
area are small and their landings are incidental to scalef ish
and shrimp trawling. Some 4,000 tons of cephalopods, of
which octopus accounts for nearly 70 per cent, are harvested
per annumsi mainly by Mexico. It should be noted that if
unreported landings and discards plus by-catches from the
shrimp fisheries were added, actual total production probably
would be much larger®

32. There are six potential commercial squids in this

region~ of which Illex coindetii, Loligo pealei, Lolliguncula
brevis and Ommastrephes pteropus appear to be the most im-
portant. At least four species of octopus are caught for
food and sold to the market, Octopus vulgaris being the most
well known. The potential yield of cephalopods is estimated.
to be at least 100,000 tons and possibly as much as 500,
to one million tons.

Eastern Central Atlantic

33. The cephalopod stocks in the Eastern Central

Atlantic are rather heavily fished, especially by medium and
large stern trawlers from European countries, the U.S.S.R.,
Japan, and the Republic of Korea with the catch generally
increasing from 110,000 tons in 1966 to 222,000 tons in 1974.
Three major species are fished = Sepia officinalis (cuttle-
fish), Loligo vulgaris (squid) and Octopus vulgaris (octopus)
Octopus accounts for about a half of the total catch0

340 Although the total cephalopod production has tended

to rise~ reaching a peak of 222~000 tons in 19749 the catch
 ~ 13 -

per unit of fishing effort has declined drastically. For

example, the catch of cuttlefish per unit effort by Ja.?anese
vessels w~s 438 kg$ . in 19 , but dropped to 66 kg./hr.
in • 1/ These figures demonstrate rapidly cephalopod
fisheries have expanded in this region.

35. The main fishing area lies on the Saharan Bank off
the former Spanish Sahara and ~lauritania; in the area to
the south of this, down to the mouth of the Congo River~
cephalopods are much less abundant. The main cephalopod
stocks in the northern area are already over=fished and a.
recent (February 197 Working Party concluded that the
maximum equilibrium yield for all cephalopods would be
obtained with a fishing effort some per cent below the
197L.~ level ..

Southwest Atlantic

36. Cephalopods are almost virtually unexploited in

this areao The demand for fishery products in general is
small, there being very good local supplies of meat, and the
major fishing nations such as Japan and the U.SoSoR. have not
yet attempted to exploit the C'ephalopod resources of the area.

37$ The production of cephalopods from this area has

fluctuated between 1~5 and 5, tons per annum over the
last decade0 The most common s are liginid squid~
1
'calamarete de or Lol.ig_o brasiliensis, caught off
Brazil, and Ommastrephid squid, ucalamar de Argentina" or
Illex argentinus~ taken off Argentina from Mar del Plata in
the north to Rawson the They are usually taken
incidental to the shrimp and langostino fisheries. Among
several species of octopus 0 ~ 'mlgaris is the most common and
is taken along the coast of Brazil", Uruguay and Argentina
incidentally to shrimp trawling and sometimes by hand the
subsistence fisheries. Little is know'n concerning the stocks
of cephalopods in this region~ although it has been noted that
squid (Illex spp .. ) has a similar distribution to hake~ which
feeds intensively on , and from this it is roughly estimated
that the squid potential alone probably 5 tons or
greater.

Report of the Fou~th Session of CECP..F~ 19

 Southeast Atlantic

Fishing grounds fo~ cephalopods are found off

Southwest Africa where the upwelling caused by the Benguela
Current occurs throughout the yea~. considerable quantity
of octopus, cuttlefish and squid is believed to be present,
on the continental shelf and upper slope along the
coast from An.gola to the Cape of Good Hope0 The resources,
however~ have remained under=exploited due largely to the long
distance from or consuming countries and the restricted
local markets., Cephalopods from this area have been taken
Japan~ the U.S0S0R.,, Angola and South Africa, with total
annual catches averaging 1,600 tons during 1969-73 and jumping
to 4, tons in 1974" There are known to be present several
species of commercial interest~ such as Octopus vulgaris,
Sepia officinalis and Loligo reyna.udi. The total absence
of relevant data makes it difficult to assess the stock of
cephalopods in this area, but it is roughly estimated that
the potential productivity is on the orqer of several hundred
thousand tons.

Mediterranean and Black Sea

Cephalopods have for centuries been a traditional

ita~ of consumption along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Catches have been on the order of 45,000 tons per annum over
the last decade. The commercially important species are
Seoia officinalis (cuttlefish), Loligo vulgaris, Todarodes
sagit.tatus, Illex coindetii (squid) and Octopus vulgaris.
In quantity terms, octopus appears to be the lllOSt important
an average catch of 17,000 tons over a ten-year period,
followed by cuttlefish. The Mediterranean is basically not
a very productive area and a. potential of 100,000 tons is
estlmated. Cephalopods are not found in the Black Sea.

Indian Ocean

The cephalopod resources of this region remain

virtually unexploited. The total catch of cephalopods
jumped from 500 tons in 1965 and 1966 to 4,800 tons in 1967
when Japan embarked on the exploitation of cuttlefish
(Sepia pharaonis) in the northwestern part of the Indian
ean. In 1972=74, production averaged about 7,000 tons
per annum; there is also some localized subsistence fishing
on which there are no data.
 - 15 -

4le Cephalopods are abundant both number and species

throughout most of the c(::iiastal waters of ·this area, but in
the absence of reliable and comprehensive statistics, pro-
duction potentials cam'1.ot be properly assessed. It has been
roughly estimated that the cephalopod potencial in this
region might be on the order of 200, tons. Although this
estimate should be treatc;:d with the utmost care, it is at
least certain that the catches could be considerably increasedG
Northwest Pacific

420 This area contains the worldws most important

cephalopod fisheries, which are now exploited rather heavily.
The catch reached a peak 1968 of nearly 894, tons,
declining to 567,000 tons in 1974. Even with declining
catches, this area still contributes over 60 per cent to
total world cephalopod output.

43. Almost two-thirds of the catch is normally taken

along the Pacific coast of northern Japan, Hokkaido and the
Sea of Ja.pan by Japanese jigging vessels. Todarodes pacificus
is the roost important species from the commercial point of
view, but Doryteuthis bleekeri and D. kensaki also constitute
a significant part. Another important species is Octopus
vulgaris, whose production has varied between 45,000 and
60,000 tons;, accounting for some 25 per cent of the world
octopus catche More than 75 per cent is taken by Japan, the
rest by the Republic of Korea and Hong K.ong. Cuttlefish,
Sepia esculenta and Se_;eiella maindram, are also commercially
of great importance. The catch of cuttlefish has been fairly
stable, being on the order of 20, tons during the last
decade. More than half is harvested by Japan, with the
Republic of Korea also taking a considerable amount. Hong
Kong has caught approximately 1, tons of cuttlefish per
annum over the last seven years.

l~4. The cephalopod fisheries of this area have experienced

large annual fluctuations. In view of the short-lived nature
of the animals (one to two years) conventional techniques of
stock assessment are !!JlOre difficult to apply than in the case
of fish populations. Variations availability seem to be
due to environmental conditions, although the precise cause
and effect relationships are not well understood. The
estimated potential yield from this area of one million tons
is probably only attainable under ideal environmental conditionso
 = 16 -

Northeast Pacific

450 Todarodes pacificus and Loligo opalescens are

kno-wn. to be widely distributed from north of California to
off Vancouver Island. Because of the litp.ited local market,
landings are very small and at present no special fishery
for cephalopods exists in this area. It has also been
established that there are considerable unexploited stocks
of Octopus dofleini off Alaska and along the coast of western
Canada and the UeS.A. Squid also are believed to form an
il\1!l!jportant resource, possibly on the order of hundreds of
thousands of tons, but they are as yet vtrtually unexploited.

Western Central Pacific

46. During the period 1965-74 production of cephalopods

in this area jUl\1!l!jped some sevenfold. This marked rise can be
attributed to the rapid growth of the Thai squid fishery.
Catches by the Philippines and Malaysia also have sho-wn. an
upward tendency in recent years. This region is known to
have a rich habitat and a number of suitable cephalopod
species. However, the lack of data makes it difficult to
estimate the total potential. The best studied area is the
Gulf of Thailand where two species of Loligo and four of
Sepia are now being exploited, with the total yield of
cephalopods being estimated in excess of 100,000 tons.

Eastern Central Pacific

L~1. The production of squid has averaged about 10,000

tons per annum throughout the last decade. The great majority
has been taken by the U.S.A. Loligo opalescens is the sole
squid commercially harvested in the California current.
Along the coast of Baja California to northern Peru, cephalo~od
resources are underexploited although several marketable
species are known to be present in these waters (e.g.,
Dosidicus gigas). ln Mexico, squid is taken incidentally
to the shrimp fishery and marketed locally. The production
of octopus is negligible. The potential yield of squid in
the California current is estimated to be 300,000 tons; the
tropical area may yield another 300,000 tons.

Southwest Pacific

48. The presence of squid in New Zealand and Australian

waters has been kno-wn. for many years, but a commercial fishery
 - 17 -

was started by Japanese vessels only a few years ago. The

major species taken are Nototodarus sloani sloani and
sloani _giouldi:; the southern counterparts of Todarodes
oacificus. It does not seem unreasonable to assume that
the potential cephalopod resources may be capable of yielding
several hundred thousand tons per annum.

Southeast Pacific

49. So far as cephalopod resources are concerned this

area is one of the least exploited in the world. Landings
of squid have been less than one thousand tons per annum
over most of the last ten years, Omma.strephid squid Disidicus
gigas and Loligo sppe being taken as trawl by-catches.
Studies on the anchovetags predatory behavior and an analysis
of stomach contents of sperm whales have suggested that an
annual yield of squid might be around one million tons, of
which 500,000 tons could be harvestedo Octopus is rarely
caught due to the very narrow or non-existent continental shelf.

Area Summary

500 In spite of the rather fragmentary, and in some

cases speculative nature of the resource data, it is clear
that world cephalopod resources are very large in relation to
present catches, and by implication, large compared with any
demands likely to be made on them in the imm.ediate future.
The estimates given in the preceding paragraphs concern o~ly
those resources found. on the shelf and upper slopes, and fc::
this area alone Voss ( 73) suggests that the potential may
be between 8 and 12 million tonse AlthoughHamabe (1970
:took, in the case of a number of presently important fishing
areas~ a slightly. :more conservative view as to the likely
potential, there is no doubt that opportunities exist on
the continental shelf alone for a very marked increase
che catch of cephalopodsG Moreover, oceanic resources of
C(ephalopods appear to be even greater than those of the shelf
and are so far almost entirely unharvested.
 = 18 -

III. UTILIZATION

1A~ General ConsideratiO'rls

"""'A
_,.::., ~
J.aD.!Le
!"""J "I /!
t~ gives t\ine
rt "'
~p.:i.ant2Lt<a.t1.ve
0
c:1spos1tion 0£
"'" "' <> ,C.

the world cephalopod catch from 1969 to 1974 as estimated

by FAO,, be.sed on. data for seven m.aj or countries which
together gccount for 90 per cent of the total. All but
about 4 per cent of annual landings taken by the seven
major countries are used for human consumption. About 63
per cent of the amount for human consumption is normally
marketed frozen or fresh and there has been little change
in this percentage during the period under review. Some
10 to 11 per cent is generally subject to some form of
curing, 1 to 2 per cent to canning and about 20 per cent to
preparations.

52. The growth of specia prepared cephalopod products

in the past few years is worthy of note, a trend which can be
ascribed to changes in the pattern of demand and to the
development of new processing techniques in Japan. Input
for preparations in 1969 was 193,000 tons, reaching 222,000
tons 1974, an increase of about 15 per cent. The quantity
cured and canned has somewhat declined, from 126,000 to
109~ tons, and from 24,000 tons to 15~000 tons, respectively~
in the same period. The amounts used for reduction or for bait
have remained static, accounting for about 4 per cent of the
total output.

530 Changes in demand as well as new processing techniques

and development of freezing, mainly in developed countries,
have altered the overall disposal pattern of cephalopods on a
global basis. It is likely that much of any future increases
in output will be converted into fresh, frozen and specially
prepared products. Further emphasis upon drying, smoking or
some other forms of curing may be expected, however, in
developing countries where curing is used to a great extent
t:o prevent product spoilage In some countries cephalopods
o

are consumed raw, eogo, in Japan where slices of raw squid

are eaten with soy sauce (nsashimi A wide variety of
con.uWl.odities can be produced from cephalopods, including
salted, smoked and dried products~ as well as fermented
and canned preparations. In addition the viscera are used
to produce squid oil and the livers are used in the manu-
facture of squid oil and sauce.
 Table 4
Utilization of Cephalopod~ by Major Producing Countries» 1969-1974

1
000 tons live wei~ht
Korea Thai- Philip-
Japan Spain Italy USSR Others Total
Rep. land pines

Production
1969 682.8 110.6 67.6 24,5 37.8 16.2 13.1 66.3 1 018.9
1970 615.6 93.8 78.l 59.9 33.7 4.6 12.5 '17. 6 975 .8
1971 568.5 163.7 52.5 50.6 33.7 28.5 12.7 93.8 l 004.0
1972 068.4 160.0 66.3 65.2 35,9 23.2 7.5 94.4 l 120.9
1973 550.l 163.7 73.9 81.4 35.9 29.8 15.5 122.4 1 072. 7
1974 556.9 1-61. 8 72.6 69.4 39.0 26.l 21.4 122.8 l 070.D

Fresh
-
306.4
1969
1970
77. 7
121.6
72.1
61. 7
29.1
16.6
15,0
33.3
'.29 • 2
29.7
16.2
4.6
12.5
11.9
54.5
64.4 343.8 ...
\0
1971 135.6 80.9 15.6 20.0 28,7 28.5 7.9 75.4 3~2.6
1972 41. 7 69.9 49.8 18.9 32.9 23.2 1.2 82.l 319.7
1973 21.3 81.4 43.3 25.7 31.2 29.8 9.4 114.4 356.5
1974 35.0 79.3 33.3 21. 7 33.9 26.l 12.7 106.8 348.8

Freezing
1969 285~9 31.9 2.5 0.9 8,6 - - 2.0 331.8
1970 203.5 26.0 5.0 4.3 lf.0 - - 3.6 246.4
1971 196.8 75.4 8.5 6.8 5.0 - - 1.1 293.6
1972 342.l 82.7 3.3 14.2 3.0 - - 0.9 446.2
1973 221.5 75.5 5.8 15.4 4.7 - - 1.4 324.3
1974 224.4 75.6 12.7 15.0 5.1 - - 3.0 335.8

Cur in£
1969 84.9 - 32.0 7.8 - - 0.6 0.8 126.1
1970 58.l - 53.0 20.5 - - 0.6 1.0 133.2
1971 42 .Lf - 25.2 22.3 - 0.6 2.9 93, Ll
1972 67.7 - 10.0 28.7 - - 0.6 1.5 108.5
1973 59.6 - 21.6 35.9 - - 0.6 l. 7 119.4
1974 50.8 - 23.6 30.6 - - 1.0 2.9 108.9
Canning
1969 11.6 6,6 0.9 - - - - 4. 7 23.8
1970 9.7 6.1 0.7 - - - - 4.0 20,5
1971 1.5 7.4 0,4 - - - - 8.1 17.4
1972 8.2 7.4 0.4 - - - - 4.7 20.7
1973 5.8 6.8 0.4 - - - - 0.7 13.7
197lJ. 2.7 6.9 0.2 - - - - 4.7 14.5
Preparations
1969 192.7 - - - - - - 192.7
1970 192.7 - - - - - - - 192.7
1971 162.2 - - - - - 4.2 - 166.4
1972 178.7 - - L.4 - - 5.7 - 185.8
1973 211. 9 - - 2.0 - - 5.5 - 219.4
1 q74 214.0 - - - - - 7.7 - 221.7

Reduction or
Feed N
-- 0
19b9 - - 3.1 0.7 - - - - 3,8
1970 - - 2.8 1.8 - - - - 4.6
1971 - - 2.8 1. 5 - - - - 4.3
1972 - - 2.8 2.0 - - - - 4.8
1973 - - 2.8 2.4 - - - - 5.2
1974 - - 2.8 2.1 - - - - 4,9

Bait
-
1969 30.0 - - - - - - 4.3 34.3
1970 30.0 - - - - - - 4.6 34.6
1971 30.0 - - - - - - 6.3 36.3
1972 30.0 - - - - - - 5.2 35.2
1973 30.0 - - - - - - 4.2 34.2
1974 30.0 - - - - - - 5.4 35.4

Source: FAO Supply and Utilization Accounts

 = 21 -

54. Uses of non-edible parts of cuttlefish are rich

in variety. The inky pigment is, for example, employed in
preparing dyes or ink. The ancient Romans used the shell
or cuttlebone in the preparation of cosmetics. It is used
today in the preparation of fine abrasives and dentifrices.
It is also frequently placed in bird cages for the birds to
peck. In China the shell is used as a herbal medicine.
National or regional utilization patterns vary substantially
and will~ therefore, be considered separately.

B. National Trends

55. The most varied utilization of cephalopods is to

be found in JAPAN (Appendix III). The pattern of squid
utilization is given in Table 5. During 1969-73, an average
of 42 per cent of squid landings were consumed fresh, 52 per
cent were processed, and 6 per cent used as bait. In 1973
the proportions were 32, 62 and 6 per cent, respectively.
It is interesting to note that variations in the total catch
of squid are reflected mainly in the fresh market and that
the quantities used for processing have increased in recent
years.

56. Traditionally, the most important processed squid

products have been dried squid (surume) and seasoned squid
(tsu.kudani)s mainly because thes; items had good keeping
qualities and could be stored for considerable periods. With
the rise in living standards and the expansion of refrigeratior1
facilities in the post-war period, these items have somewhat
declined in importance ai..nd in 1973 less than 10 per cent of the
total squid catch was used for this purposeo Presently, dried
squid products are prepared from Todarodes pacificus u1 surume-
ika" and Doryteuthis kensaki '"k.ensaki-ikau 1 , but the latter
yields a better quality product and is consequently of greater
commercial interest.

57. With the decline in dried squid production in Japan;

other squid preparations have become more important, e.g. 1
roasted squid in the form of 11 saki-ika 11 and 11 sugata-yaki 11 •
The preparation of these products is still largely a small-
scale, labour-intensive activity and a growing shortage of
labour is becoming an increasing problem. In spite of price
rises, demand for these products - consumed mainly as snacks,
 Table 5
Japan - Disposition of Squid Catch,1969-1973

P r o c e s s e d
Fresh Salted Sa1 tedJ Total
Total and Pre par- fer- salted pro-
Year catch frozen Dried Smoked at ions mented Canned dried cessed I Bait
Tons live weight equivalent

1969 544 100 224 966 72 535 2 636 192 745 8 792 11 560 866 289 134 30 OOO

1970 487 600 197 141 44 452 l 984 192 695 10 690 9 689 949 260 459 30 OOO

1971 446 600 210 596 31 824 l 068 162 195 8 463 1 505 949 206 004 30 OOO

1972 561 300 276 815 52 329 1 196 178 650 13 160 8 201 949 254 485 30 OOO

1973 450 400 143 093 43 476 2 836 211 944 12 296 5 806 949 '1:77 307 30 OOO
N
N
.t'ercenta~

1969 100.0 41.4 13.3 0.5 35.4 1.6 2.1 0.2 53.l 5.5

1970 100.0 40.4 9.1 0.4 39.5 2.2 2.0 0.2 53.4 I 6.2
I
1971 100.0 47.2 7.1 0.2 36.4 1.9 0.3 0.2 46.l 6.7

1972 100.0 49.3 9.3 0.2 31.8 2.3 1.5 0.2 45.3 5.4

1973 100.0 31.8 9.6 0.6 47.l 2.7 1.3 0.2 61. 5 6.7

Source: Annual Reports on Marketing of Fishery Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Japan
and FAO Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics - Fishery Commodities Series
 - 23 -

such as with alcoholic drinks, continues to growo In order

to meet this demand, increasing quantities of squid are bein~ ~
imported, especially from the Republic of Korea. A substantiaL
proportion of these imports consists of semi-finished products 0

58. Production of canned and smoked squid in Japan is

relatively unimportant 0 Utilization of squid for canning has
declined in recent years. Production of squid in brine has
already been discontinued and ot:1.ly small quantities of seasoned
squid are now produced. In 1973 less than 6~ tons of raw
material were used to produce only 160, standard cases.
In economic terminology, canned squid is known as an inferior
product, Le., consumption of canned squid declines with
increases in income. Rising average incomes in Japan have
led to a general decline in the consumption of canned squid.,

59. Smoked squid is of even less importance. Smoked

fish (or other food) is not very popular in Japan and the
post-war change in dietary habits has had little effect on
smoked squid production. On the other hand, consumption of
fermented salted squid, "shiokaraHai has been increasing recent
The most common nshiokara. 11 is made from squid and the viscera
of skipjack. Todarodes pacificus is generally used as the raw
material and in recent years ushiokara 11 with yeast has gained
considerable popularity. It is expected that the steady demand
will continue, although there is unlikely to be any very marked
increase.

60. Cephalopods are used in a variety of forms in the

REPUBLIC OF KOREA, ioeo fre , frozen cannedj dried, seasoP~d,
preparations, pickled salted and for reductions Before 1970
the proportion of cured product was large, representing over
50 per cent of the total supply of cephalopods. However, a
decline has been fairly noticeable in recent years. By
contrast, utilization of cephalopods for the fresh market
has been on an upward trend.

6lo The principal changes that have taken place in the

processing sector in Korea are a large increase in the frozen
market and in preparations. The proportion of the frozen
sector has grown from 4 per cent (3,000 tons) in 1969 to
18 per cent (13, tons) in 1974. Canning has gradually
declined reflecting a diminishing trend both in domestic and
export markets; sales amounted to cnly 200 tons (live weight
equivalent) in 19740 Use for reduction to meal has remained
static at around 2~800 tons per annum since 1970.

62. While the catch by vessels from THAILA.ND has been

growing steadily in the past few years~ much of the increase
has been converted to curing. About 4\0 per cent of the amount
for hUJl'l..an use was marketed curedo Freezing has increased
steadily of late and the manufactu~e of preparations is in
the in.itial stages of developmentn Reduction. to meal showed
a threefold expansion from 1967 to 1974. Squid (Lolig_o
edulis and Doryteuth!.2. bleekeri) have long been eaten dried~
boiled, roasted or fried in Thailand. Squid dried under the
sun for two days are highly valued, but those dried for more
than three days, and which have generally lost all moisture,
are graded iQferior because the products are liable to be
tinted red. 11 Squid are harvested throughout the year, and
thus drying presents a problem during the rainy season when
catches generally have to be sold fresh. Cuttlefish (Sepia
esculenta and Sepiotenthis lessoniana) have been landed only
since the trawl fishery became prosperous, and as yet the Thai
people are not well acquainted with cuttlefish. At the landing
places the viscera of both squid a.~d cuttlefish are removed
and the skin is peeled off and packaged in flexible filmy bags.
Then they are packed in bamboo baskets with ice for shipping.
There is no squid canning of note.

63. Squid and cuttlefish are widely eaten in the PHILIP-

PINES and are in demand both fresh and dried. Most of the
squid taken is iced at sea and sold fresh. Cold storage
facilities for fresh fish in the Philippines are very limited,
so that squid landings are disposed of immediately to fresh
fish markets or for processing. In 1974 some 60 per cent of
landings was marketed fresh. The most popular method of
preserving squid is drying. Dried squid bring a higher price
than fresh squid. the past few years the manufacture of
squid preparations has sh~1n a steady increase and in 1974

1/ JETRO~ Japan, 1973

 - 25 -

some 8,000 tons were processed into a variety o.;; products -

an increase of 80 per cent from 1971$

64. Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaoniia and S. latim2mes$ ar2

also dried in. the Philippineso They are split opea and the
cuttlebone removed along with the viscera 51 and the mantle"
head and arms dried in the sun without salt. Smaller cuttle-
fish do not have the viscera removed and it has been renorted
that cuttlefish of 3 to 5 inches in length are preferred."

65. In cephalopods are mostly marketed ei.tb2:::-

fresh or frozen. The quantity used for canning has rema~2ed
static for years, and that used ior various forms of curing
and reduction has not been statistically identified. The
.
canning sector h as mainLained
. 1i- • •
l.LS snare 0£.c= uti·1·ization
.'!.- • . at
a level of 7~000 tons in the past few years~ while the amounts
used fresh or frozen have risen tremendously. In 19 , out
of 160~000 tons of landings~ 7,000 tons were packed to car{::·2ed
nroducts and the rest was consumed fresh or frozen; provis i.c:lc =~
figures sho-w that some 76, OOO tons were frozen.

66. In ITALY the great majority of cephalopod ings

are marketed fresh, mes t of the rest being frozen. ~he
.. " c
~ r ,.- ., .. ,
quant it i.es us ea l.or various ..torms o:c curing, canni:J.g ano
<ll

reduction are not separately identified in the available

statistics.

67" In the UoS . . F10 up u111.til the late sixties abciut: 1-:al:i:
of total California squid landings were normal canned fc:c
. t't1 ~' .• h
,..
exporL, h.,ut
wl. d1.e recen t o"-owc
O'if"
0.:1.. a -1'oca 1.l. o.arKeL
.IC ' J..
ccnis
•• "

proportion has declined. For example, in 1968 about 7,DDC

tons of squid (of the total 13~ tons) were canri.ed, whereas
1974 only L~~ tons (out of 13,000 tons) were used by t:::.e
canning sector. Domestic consumption is to a large exterlt
in frozen form and a considerable amount is also used as
·nait in both commercial and recreational fisheries. The
quantity marketed frozen has risen steadily while thc.t used
for bait has remained fairly static for some years. It should
be noted that a considerable qea::rtit:y of landings on t.he wes'c
coast is 1-.uei.ng
•
so 1"1a :tre
- . . -:;- " ., " "
~ as i~ is oecom:tng an i.ncreas
popular item in west coast restaurants. Illex illecebrosus
 - 26 -

and to a lesser extent Loligo pealei, which are taken in

the Atlantic, have been mainly exported as bait for cod
fisheries in Canada, Portugal and the Scandinavian countries.

68. In MEXICO it is expected that octopus will increase

in importancee At presenc, landings of octopus plus small
quantities of squid are shipped to Mexico City and elsewhere.
About 50-60 per cent is frozen, 20 per cent fresh and 20
per cent canned.
A. General Consideration8
69. Worla trade in the gene~al categor:;ir fresh~ frozen
and cured cephalopods~ been ir..cr~asing very r~pidly
recent years, the total quantity of import~ of co~=
dities having incr~ased from. ~ tons 1969 to cve::-
180~000 tons in 1974q As ea.~ be seen from Table 6 the
stimlll.lus to this increase in trade has been a large in.crease
in demand from Japan, whose have increased over
per cent over the sh:::-year period; by Spa.in
Italy also have increased sh&1j?ly in recent years these
three countries ta.ken together absorbed per cent of
cephalopod imports in in cat'l..ned ceph.alopods
(mainly squid) seems to have ria.ached aat:ura:tion at
about 10~000 tons per ~Ih~Umo

700 Details of e1tports a~e given Table 7o

the poor identification of c prod:uct$ in
national trade statietics~ the discrepancy between
imports and total exports at 'the world level is
largeQ Nevertheless two mai.n features may be co~nted on"
First~ the birporta.ut two-way trade between the two or
cephalopod producing and cons~..:mlng cou:ncries, Japan
Spain 9 which are also the two or trading nations
item" Second~ the grow.:h ili'.! 'the export trade of
and the Republic of Korea should be noted. see~s clear t'
however, that from the la~ge SUll!lus of identified
over exports that other countries are now e}i:porting cepha~
lopods, but in quantities uot sufficiently large to be
itemized separately in ru:'rtii::.n::aa.1 trade statistics®

B. National Trends

71. Notwithstanding gs system of impor~ controls~l/

imports by of squid snd ~u~tlef ish have increased

1/ All Japanese imports cf fishery products

categories: th~s~ which ~re r10t subject to
mati::! Approval Syst:e~"il.~ .;;ii:bbr6.:n1iated and
subject to quotas (~~rt Quota System~ abbreviated
Squid and cuttlefish are subjectto quota regulations
the permitted amounts of imports have e~7anded year
yea.r to perm.it a veJ:y c·;:i:r&sldeJrable increase in ti:ade. For
g reat: er d<at.a~1.ls refer t""" t?'J.P~,..J>end-:i.s...:::'ii.
'l;,.il ~ - $
~ ue'il"be
...
~v.,,_ T""""''""~<e-
-~ ..
System for Squid in JapanH: -
 - 28 -

Table 6

Imports of Cephalopod Products bz Main Importing Countries, 1969-74y

'OOO tons product weight
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Fresh, frozen, cured 48.2 63.9 123.0 146.9 161.9 181.6

Argentina 1. 6 2.4 1. 6 1. 8
Brazil 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
France 2.9 3.4 6.0 5.8
Greece 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.4
Italy 16.7 15.5 25.8 14.5
Japan 42.8 51.5 83.9 91.9 83.9 113.0
ivialaysia 0 .:;!. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Mauritania 2.0 8.4 11.9 8.6
Portugal 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.8
Spain 6.7 10.6 20.0 28.4 33.6
Thailand 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1
Canned 8.6 8.4 8.3 10.8 11.3 8.6
Greece 3.3 2.7 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.4
Japan 0.7 2.1 2.8 4.5 7.1 6.2
Malaysia 0.6 1.2 0.2 0.1
Philippines 4.0 2.4 2.1 3.3 1.8

Source: FAO Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics, Fishery Commodities Series

~/ The above data involves some double counting in respect of Japanese landings
in the Canary Islands and Mauritania which are subsequently re-exported to
Japan. In this area Japanese vessels land on contract to locally based
Japanese companies or local companies with Japanese equity participation.
Catches by these vessels are frequently recorded as both Japanese and
Spanish or Mauritanian imports or exports, but whether they should be so
recorded is a matter of definition, depending on the degree of processing
undergone or t0e 1egal basis of the company, etc. In this paper all such
movements of fish have been recorded as international trade.
 Table 7
Exports of Cephalopod Prod.uc-t:s by Main Exporting Countries, 1969-74

1
000 tons ;eroduct weight
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974-

Fresh, frozen, cured 68.0 84.8 125.1 149.1 139.9 161.1

France 4.8 2.3 5.0 3.5

Greece l. 3 1. 7 1. 6 1.3 1.1 1.2
Hong Kong 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.9
Italy 0.2 0.9 11. 7 2.9 2.2 L~ • 7
Japan 16.0 23.6 23.9 33.7 35.7 25.9
Korea, Rep. of 3.6 6.3 8.6 11.9 15.9 24.9
Mauritania 2. I+ 0.6 0.1 0.3 2.9
Morocco 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 -1 . _,i::
Portugal 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.5 2 ,L~ 2.4
Spain 39.9 36.9 67.1 73.3 49.2 62.3
Thailand 0.4 2.9 6.0 15 .1.1, 15.6 15.6
Tunisia 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Yemen, P.D.R. 0.1 0.7 1.3
Yugoslavia 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
,.. i:;
Others 2.5 ~.~ 6.5 3.6 8.7 12.0

Canned 11.0 11.4 10.5 12.5 14.5 13.2

Japan 2.0 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2
Korea, D.P.R. 0.3 0.6 1.3 O.u,
Korea, Rep. of 0.7 1.9 2.5 3.0 4.8 4.4
Portugal 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Spain 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.9 2.9
Thailand 0.1 0.6 0.9 1.2
U.S.A. 5.5 4.0 4.6 4.8 3.7 3.7

Sources: FAO Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics - Fishery Commodities Series

Publications of individual coun·tries
 - 30 -

tremendously since the late 1960s; in the six years from

1969, imports of fresh and frozen cephalopods rose by over
~wo=and-a-half times in quantity from 43,000 tons to 113,000
tons~ and over tenfold in value from US$10.7 million to
iiS$134 million (Table 8). In recent years cephalopods have
become one of the most important fish items imported by Japan
and in 1974 accounted fo% some 12 per cent of the value of
all fish importso
72. In particular, annual imports of fresh or frozen
squid and cuttlefish quintupled over the period 1969-74 to
reach 45,000 tons. The main trade partners have been the
Republic of Korea, Spain and Thailando Although Japan now
imports frozen squid from some 34 countries, these three
sources of supply now account for nearly 75 per cent of the
total quantity.

73. Japanese ~orts of dried squid have fallen. The

decline can be attributed to the replacement of dried items
by squid preparations, imports of which have risen very
sharply, reflecting the strong demand for processed squid
C0 saki-ika 11 or 11 sugata-yaki 11 ) . The Republic of Korea is
the main supplier of such products, but imports from Thailand
have increased markedly in recent years.

74. Octopus imports are not subject to quotas as the

domestic fishery is a subsidiary operation, with no fishermen
solely dependent on catching octopus. The imports of fresh
or frozen octopus have almost doubled during the last five
years and in 1974 amounted to 68,000 tons worth US$71 million~
ranking second in value terms as the single most im:portant
species in Japan following shrimp. Spain is by far the
leading supplier of octopus to Japan, followed by the Republic
of Korea, Italy and Mauritania. In 1974 Japan imported octopus
from 20 countries.

15. Over the past six years unit import values for
cephalopods have risen in a striking manner. In 1969 the
average import value of octopus was only US$0.25 per kg., but
it quadrupled to reach $le00 per kg. in 1974; squid rose
from US$0.39 to $lo40 per kg. in the same periodo Nevertheless~
cephalopods are still lower in price compared with other high
grade fish items such as shrimp, which was valued at nearly
US$4.00 per kg. in 1974.
 Table 8
Japan - Imports and Exports of Cephalopods~ 1969-~

Quantity ('OOO tons product weight) Value (million U.S. dollars)

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
IMPORTS

Fresh, frozen 44.7 50.8 85.7 91. 7 83.l 112.5 10.7 21.6 48.4 53.3 72.2 133.9
- - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - -
Squid and cuttlefish 8.5 15.2 21.3 27.8 29.0 44.8 3.3 11.0 15.6 21.0 30.0 63.0
Octopus 36.2 35.6 54.. 4 63.9 54.l 67.7 7 • L) 10.6 32.8 32.4 42.2 70.9

Salted or dried
Squid and cuttlefish - 2.2 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.6 I - :3 .1 1. 9 2.4 1. 7 1.9

Preparations
Squid and cuttlefish 0.7 2.0 2.8 4.5 7.1 6.2 I 0.8 3.8 6.4 11.0 20.2 27.2

EXPORTS w
1-4
Fresh, frozen 16.5 23.6 23.9 33.7 35.7 25.9 7.1 13.6 11.6 17.9 23.5 18.4
-- - - -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- - - - -
Squid frozen 15.1 22.4 20.5 25.7 25.7 17.8 6,5 12.6 9.3 13.0 17.2 14, l}
Octopus L4 1.2 3.4 8.0 10.0 8.1 0.6 1.0 2.3 4.9 6.3 4.0

Dried
-
Squid 0.5 o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 I 0.4 0.1 o.o o.o 0.0 0.1

Salted
Squid o.o o.o o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o o.o o.o
Canned
- --
Squid 2.2 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 I 1.0 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3

Source: Japan Tariff Association: Japan Exports and Imports

 - 32 -

76. Exports of cephalopods have alsc increased in

the past six years, but their significance in relation to
~~~al Japanese fishery exports is relatively minor. Exports
of octopus in particular have shown a substantial growth
:::::-o;;:;: 1,200 tons in 1970 to 8,100 tons in 1974; much or this
·t::ade: however, relates to landings in Mauri.tania by Japanese
vessels, a considerable proportion of which is re-exported
c:..rect '.to Japan.

7( Exports of squid reached a peak in 1972 and 1973

of around 26,000 tons, but have since declined. Exports of
~anned squid in particular h~ve £allen very sharply. Both
::1.::::-i,ed. and salted squid are also exported but are of very
:::.in::::ir significance; the principal outlets are Hong Kong and
S~ngapore although small quantities are shipped to the u.s.A.,
-::he U.K., France and Brazil.

78. There has been a rapid growth in imports of frozen

ce:::ib.alopods by SPAIN (principally squid) dur!ng the last few
years, rising from 6~700 tons in 1970 to 33,600 tons in 1974·.
=~ the same period the import value more than quadrupled
£::om US$5 .5 million to US$26 million, partly as a result: of
·:.he :cise in unit: import: price in 1974. Japan and the u.s.S.R.
have been among the leading suppliers but imports from a
:iua7-,er of developing countries, e.g. the Republic of Korea
and 7~ailand are growing in importance.

79" The two major species of squid imported by Spain

a~e Loligo vulgaris, L. oealei ~nd lllex illecebrosus. The
J.at·ter is generally considered of more inferior marketable
;~;.a}.:":..:ty than the former two Loligo species. For examplei
~~e illex yield is small and it cannot be used whole like
~8ligo; also, the Illex body wall is thinner than that of
-::~-:.e
Loligo and the tube h.a.s to be cut before the tail section
::>3gins. As a result prices are about half those for Loligo.
:otal Spanish imports of L. vulgaris in 1973 were estimated
·::o have been on the ·order of 6 ,OOO to 8 ~OOO tons, principally
f~oo Japan, South Korea~ the U.S.S.R. and Poland with minor
quantities from the Federal Republic of Germany. The major
exporter of L. pealei tc Spain in 1973 was Japan with 3,000-
L~OGO tons. The Soviet Union and Poland were major exporters
:::::: lo illecebrosus to Spain in 1973 with a total of 9,00JO tonso

80. The average unit value of frozen imports fell from

US$780 per ton in the first quarter of 1975 to US$650 in
July~ mainly as a result of the action of the Spanish autho-
~ities in raising the home protection tax to aoout US$250
::ce:r ton and also sluggish de~nd in the ql.omestic market:.
 - 33 -

81. Spain is also a substantial exporter of cephalopods -

mainly frozen octopusl> which is not widely consumed in Spaino
The greater part - about 90 per cent - of these exports go
to Japan; this trade has been growing steadily during the
late sixties and early seventies and by 1974 the quantity
exported to Japan had reached over 50,000 tons worth near
US$60 million, more than twice the value of imports of such
products by Spaine

82. The predominant cephalopod item imported by ITALY

is frozen squid (Illex illecebrosus and Loligo pealei).
L illecebrosus comes mainly from Japan, and L. peale comes
mainly from the Soviet Union and Poland. Squid imports
increased from 8,500 tons, valued at US$3 million in 1971 to
13,000 tons costing US$10 million in 1973e In 1974, as a resi..::.l.t
of over-stocking in the previous year as well as the economic
recession, imports fell to 7,000 tons, but the import value
at US$7 million remained at a high level.

83. Imports from Thailand, though still small have

been increasing in recent yearso A feature of the Italian
market which is worth noting is the outlet which is stated to
exist for processed squid from Thailand. The official foreig~
trade statistics suggest that the volume of such imports is
very smalL Nevertheless, it appears that processed squid
from Thailand, imported at about US$1,300 a ton, enjoys a
substantial price advantage compared with, say, L. vulgaris
imported whole at about US$1,000 a ton. It is interesting,
however, that despite its price advantage, the thin walls of
the squid originating from Thailand and consequently tough
flesh, make it a generally unacceptable product to traditional
outlets. It is used, therefore, for breaking down from bulk
and repacking into frozen retai.l packs of 500 grams for sale
through supermarket outlets.

84. With domestic landings accounting for about 70 per

cent of total supplies, the market for imported cuttlefish
ITALY is rather small, only about 4,000 tons per annum. being
imported in recent yearso As in the case of squid the et
share ,taken by Thailand has been increasing, although it
remains small. There is only a limited market in Ita for
Lnported octopus, which has declined from 3,000 tons in 1971
to 1,600 tons in 1974.
 85. JI.talian exports of cephalopods are rela:tively
small iil terms of both quantity and value. Octopus have
accounted for nearly half of Italian cephalopod e>.."Port:s in
:the last few years, but cuttlefish. expor'ts appear to be
of ~ising importance.

86. Imports of squid by FRANCE increased from less

~han 1,800 tons in 1971 to almost 3,400 tons in 1974. In
~ne iw:oort statistics~ species of Loligo and OJiD.ID,astreDhes
.;. i... ~

sagiccatus are aggregated and their imports in 1973 were

~eported to be 2,000 tons of the total 3~100 tons. Imports
::)£ cutt.lefish, princ)_pally from Thailand, have also tended.
·;:o ri..se, exceeding 2, OOO tons in both 1973 and 197ir~,., It :is
:l:rr~eresting to note that the 1974 average import price paid
by France for cuttlefish f~om Thailand was US$1~188 colllpare<l
with the Italian average pr1ce for Thailand cuttlefish of
US$895, due largely to t.he fact that French ii.n:ports are
ge:J.erally in a more highly processed form than is the case
~f iD:liports in~o Italy and Spain.

87. As already indicated in the preceeding discussion

of developments within the major importing countries~ both
the Republic of Korea and 'I'ha5.. land have lately sho\.>m a signi-
ficant expansion in their ~l?O!C'tS of cephalopods e Some 90
Der
..
cent of cephalopod ~....
exnorts
t::"
by
.;
the REPUBLIC OF KOREA a=e
shipped to Japan. Encouraged by the increasingly liberal quota
~clicv µursued bv Japan~ Korean expczts of frozen cuttlefish ancl
... ,.._ .. "'' "" i¥ ...

squid rose from l~OO tons ~i...n 1969 to nearly 16~000 tons in 197t:;
fr::izen.. octopus sales to Japan also increased markedly over
'che same period (from 200 tons tc 8 ~OOO tons) o i,n a.dd!:ticn to
:rrozen squia.~
,... ~
wnicn :n.n va1ue ·i:erms rank~s secon~,
0 , " • • ,.:ill or,... a 11
.• J..
Korean £ish product exports~ Korea also exports dried, salted~
canned and prepared squid products as well as octopus0 Exports
cf special squid preparations have risen particularly rapidly
in =ecent yea=s while dried squid e1;;:ports have fallen~ ref-
~ ,,_. 1- ' • "'""h 1 • ,
.Lec:;..J.ng -.renas :.n c.. ••·e ..iiapanese me.:r:cec., ...,a.nneG. squic expor:;..s
!{"' " • " ,,_

also have eA-panded but sa:turat:ioL1 point. for this prcd-uct n.ow
s ee..'\ilS near c

88. In the seventies there has been a rewiar~....able turn-

around in TFIAILAN"Dcrs cephalopod. t.rade balance. Exports which

l/ Excluding aquatic plantso

 - 35 -

until the sixties were negligible, have risen very dramatically,

whereas concurrently imports have strikingly declined from
around 1,000 tons per annum to virtually zero. This notable
development has been due to the establishment of an important
local fishery for cuttlefish, which in frozen form has now
become one of Thailand's major export items, amounting to
nearly 16,000 tons in 1974 with a value of some US$16 milliono
Japan takes over a third of these exports, but valuable
markets have also been developed in Italy (especially),
France and Spain. Not only has the tonnage of cuttlefish
exports risen markedly but the unit price even more so; the
export price to Japan, for example, increased from US$0 .4-9
per kg. in 1969 to US$1.92 per kg. in 1974.

89. This increase partly reflects changes in product

form; originally the cuttlefish were exported whole, but
now the frozen mantle alone, stripped of tentacles, fins and
skin, is exported. The added value has increased profita-
bility considerably as well as helping to overcome problems
associated with lack of freshness., The highest quality semi-
processed cuttlefish is sold to Japan!/ where the product is
consumed raw, whereas in Europe it is generally eaten after
cooking.

90. In the U.S ., New England squid landings are

mainly marketed locally, fresh or frozen, or used for bait.
However, the bulk of the California squid catch is canned or
frozen and exported to Europe and Southeast Asia. Greece
and the Philippines are by far the principal markets, the
latter country importing some 2,300 tons of canned squid from
the U.S.A. each year.

1/ JETRO, Japan, 1973

 - 36 =

V" CONSlJ1'1PTION

of cephalopods~ like that of

products ll depends very largely upon
and consumer tastese At the same time,
countries~ notably Japan, certain species of cepha-
(particularly cuttlefish) are regarded as luxury-
type food s per capita consumption has risen in
~esponse to higher income levels; conversely, demand for
-- regarded as a less desirable
tended to decline.

920 Income , however, seem to be a much less

influence overall cephalopod consu..mption than
consumer accepbance. the exeption of a n-u.mber
or: Medi:terranean countries, e.g. Spain" Italy, France and
are generally regarded a certain
II!IOSt: 1:.:Jf the develped countries of
For ex~li'nlpJle
~ ~
a survevl/
.1-
, U cS • ,
in ..C"'
<'I
Live persons ,., ~
in~erviewe
0 d
were to squid as a food.

cephalopod catch is
~ together the Repub lie of
Korea and other Far Eastern countries accounts for nearly
£our~ of t:he remain-
0

:ing
countries; in absolute and
pe~ capita telrnlSo the Mediterranean
coun:tries the , tons per annUlllo
ElsevhAere~ cephalopod consurniption appears to be negligible~
71Ji ·t11-e e:;g:cep~t:ton of L~tin Am.erican countries.
v '! ...,

z: resn ~ pacll.<.agea
"1
fairly available in Mexico
and \1arious cephalopods are said t:o be quite commonly eaten
in the West Indieso Venezuela the consumption of fresh

of a Squ.id Fishery
 - 37 =

and canned octopus and squ1d 1s 1ncreas1ng fairly rapidly,

much of the demand arising from the Spanish immigrant
community. Notwithstanding the substantial availability
of meat~ cephalopod products appear to be of growing inte-
rest to Argentine and Brazilian consumers, especially the
former"
B. Sources of Supply and Per Capita Consumption

94. Supplies of cephalopods on the Japanese domestic

market have tended to fluctuate in recent years around a
somewhat declining trend (Table 9). Although imports nearly
trebled in quantity between 1969 and 1974, the increase was
insufficient to counterbalance the substantial fall in
domestic outpute Nevertheless, per capita consumption of
cephalopods in Japan remains at around 6 kge per annum,
significantly greater than anywhere else in the world (Table
10). The predominant position of Japan in the world cephalo-
pod market merits a fuller review which is set out in a
succeeding sectione

C. Major Consumin~ Countries (Excluding Japan)

95. The only other country where consumption of cepha-

lopods begins to approach that of Japan is SPAIN.I' whose
domestic production increased 75 percent from 1970 to 1971
and has held at about 160, OOO ·tons for the last four years.
Exports as well as imports also have increased significantly.
Per capita consumption was estimated to be about 3.7 kg. in
1974 compared to about 1.9 kg. in 1970. An important factor
in this increase has been the increasingly extensive use of
squid in frozen prepared productse About two-thirds of the
Spanish supplies of squid are believed to be purchased for
consumption in the home, where it is usually eaten as the
main part of the meal but also as an appetizer. The balance
cf squid is sold through bars and restaurants.

96. The .major outlets in Spain for cuttlefish are the

catering sector and the canning industry although some fresh
cuttlefish are sold directly for consumption by householdso
Octopus is used as an appetizer and, among lower income groups
on the northwest coast, as a main mealo It is cheaper than
most other fish or meat and its utilization in prepared
dishes is reported to have increased recently, although
remaining relatively s.mallo
 = 38 =

Table 9

Suppll of CeJ2haloJ2ods in Major Consuming Countries~ 1969-74

'OOO metric tons live weight

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

WESTERN EUROPE
France
Production 6.1 8.0 12.5 9.1 13.8 8.8
Imports 1. 7 2.3 2.9 3.4 6.0 5.8
Exports 0.2 0.7 4.8 2.3 6.0 3.5
Total supply 7.5 9.6 10.6 10.2 13.8 11.1
Greece
Production 7.1 5.4 6. '+ 5.4 5.4 5.4
Imports 7.4 6.0 7.4 6.8 5.4 6.7
Exports 1. 3 2.5 3.5 4.6 1. 9 2.2
To-t:al supply 13.2 8.9 10.3 7.6 8.9 9.9
Italy
Production 37.8 33.7 33.2 35.9 36.9 39.o
Imports 5.3 10.4 16.7 15.5 25.8 14.5
Exports 0.2 0.4 1. 7 2.9 1. 7 2.9
Total supply 42.9 43.7 48.2 48.5 61.0 50.6
Portugal
Production 3.6 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.2 s.1
Imports
Exports 3.1 3.1 2.1 2.3 3.2 3.2
Total supply 0.5 0.9 2.1 2.2 1.0 1. 9
Spain
Production 110.6 93.8 163.7 160.0 163.8 161. 8
Imports 0.8 5.1 12.3 20.0 28.4 33.6
Exports 18.9 34.4 52.6 77.4 53.0 65.7
Total supply 92.5 64.5 123.4 102.6 139.2 129.7

ASIA
Hong Kong
Production 4.4 4.3 3.7 4.7 4.1 4.4
Imports 3.3 2.9 3.7 3.1 3.8 5.4
Exports 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.9 2.5
Total supply 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.9 7.0 7.3
Japan
Production 682.8 615.6 568.5 668.3 550.1 556.9
Imports 43.9 61.4 91.9 102.8 97.4 124.5
Exports 19.1 26.1 23.5 33.8 36.4 26.3
Total supply Y 677.6 620.9 606.9 707.3 581.1 625.1

y Excludes a constant amount of 30 OOO tons estimated to be used for bait.

 - 39 -

'OOO metric tons live weight

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Korea, Rep. of

Production 67.6 78.1 52.5 66.3 73.9 72.6

Imports
Exports 11.8 20.0 3.8 19.2 37.5 30.7
21
Total supply- 52.7 55.3 39.9 44.1 39.4 37.9

Philippines
Production 13.1 12.5 12.7 7.5 15.5 21.4
Imports 6.7 4.0 3.5 5.5 3.0 2.0
Exports
Total supply 19.8 16.5 16.2 13.0 18.5 23.Ll

Thailand
Production 24.5 50.9 50.6 65.2 81.4 69.4
Imports 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1
Exports 0.4 2.9 6.2 20.6 19.7 15.2
2/
Total supply- 24.5 57.2 44.6 44.9 61. 9 54.3

SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina
Production 1.2 2.0 2.6 2.3 4.7 5.1
Imports 2.0 2.6 1. 8 1. 8 1.4 1.4
Exports
Total supply 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.1 6.1 6.5
Mexico
Production 2.4 1. 7 2.6 3.9 2.0 3.5
Imports
Exports 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total supply 2.3 1. 7 2.6 3.8 1. 9 3.4

Venezuela
Production 0.6 0.5 1.2 1. 9 2.3 3.6
Imports
Exports
Total supply 0.6 0.5 1. 2 1.9 2.3 3.6

1/ Excludes a constant amount of 30 OOO tons estimated to be used for bait

2 Imbalance due to amount used for reduction.

Source: FAO Supply and Utilization Accounts

 - 40 -

Table 10

Per Capita Cephalopod Consumption in Selected

Countries, 1969-74

kg live weight

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

est.

Western Europe

France 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.20 0. 26 0.21

Spain 2.77 1.91 3.60 2.97 3.99 3.68
Italy 0.81 0.82 0.89 0.89 1.11 0.91
Greece 1.51 1.01 1.17 0.86 1.00 1.11
Portugal 0.05 0.09 0.22 0.22 0.10 0.19

Asia

Japan 6.62 6.00 5.79 6.67 5 .42 5.75

Korea, Rep. of 1.68 1. 72 1.21 1.31 1.14 1.07
Hong Kong 1.67 1.58 1.50 1.58 1.56 1.59
Thailand 0.69 1.56 1.18 1.14 1.54 1. 27
Philippines 0.54 0.43 0.41 0.32 0.44 0.53

Latin America

Argentina 0.14 0.19 0.18 0.16 o. 24 0. 25

Mexico 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.06
Venezuela 0.06 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.19 0. 29

Source: FAO Supply and Utilization Accounts

 - 41 =

97. Spanish consumption of cephalopods has increased

considerably over the last ten years, mainly as a result of
increasing per capita real incomee Further expansion of the
market is believed to be possible, both by means of sales
through traditional outlets and as frozen retail packs and
convenience meals which are becoming increasingly important~
Although no statistics are available to quantify the factors
affecting demand, it is the general opinion among Spanish
importers and distributors that the price elasticity of
squid is not very high, although the response of squid and
cuttlefish consumption to increases in income is rather
marked. Further expansion of the market is likely to te
dependent therefore on increases of real income in the lower
socio-economic groups.

98. In THAILAND a threefold growth in domestic product-

ion of cephalopods has notably boosted per capita consu. mption
which, despite the development of important export markets,
is now double that of the late sixties. Cephalopods are now
a widely consumed food item eaten by all income groups; and
with recent improvements in the distribution syste:n they can
be purchased in all areas of the country. As suggested by
the low level of imports, domestic supplies are met entire"'
from local landings. However, it has been noted that the
stocks of squid in the Gulf of Thailand may be reaching the
limit of their productive capacity.

99. Per capita consumption in the REPUBLIC OF is

also relatively high but supplies available on the domest
market have been squeezed by a large increase in exports from
a fairly stable total output.

100. In KONG~ where domestically produced supplies

of cephalopods are matched by similar amounts of imported
product, per capita consumption has shown little change o-,ler
the last five years averaging about 106 kgo pe:r head. lies
in the PHILIPPINES also have remained fairly const:an-t:, g::::ow-
ing domestic output compensating for declining imports ar.d
permitting a maintenance of per capita consumption at app::-ox::"..-
mately 0.5 kg. per annum.

101. In ITALY, which is the major market for cephalopo

in Europe after Spain, there has been little change in domes=
tic output, bl4t an increase in imports which has rais-ed p,e:r
capita consumption during recent years to around 1.0 kg.
 - 42 -

per annum. The expansion of supplies available for

consumption in Italy was particularly rapid in 1973 when
squid shared in a trade boom which also affected many other
fish products. Apparently, supply in 1973, in particular
squid (25,000 tons), greatly exceeded demand which brought
about heavy holdingsG

1020 Domestic landings of cuttlefish in Italy account

for percent of total cuttlefish supplies available for
consumption which, in turn~ appear to have been relatively
stable at about 16,000 tonso In the case of octopus,
~mports are small in quantity and used largely for re-export;
the supplies available for consumption are estimated to be
about 11,000 tons~ almost all of which are provided by
domestic landings. In Italy squid are eaten primarily by
middle and upper income groups and consequently consumption
is heaviest in the north. Octopur; and cuttlefish are eaten
throughout the country,

103. Supplies of cephalopods in GREECE have somewhat

varied over the past five to six years, imports generally
being of the same order as domestic output and per capita
consumption fluctuating between 1.0 and 1.5 kg. per annum.
Similar fluctuations, albeit with a rising trend, are evident
in the supplies of cephalopods available on the FRENCH domes-
tic market; the national catch~ imports and exports have all
tended to increase and per capita domestic supplies have
generally remained between 0.20 and 0.25 kg. per annumo Con-
sumption of cephalopods is confined mainly to the Mediterra-
nean areas and Paris. Cephalopods are normally retailed
through traditional markets although some repacking is under-
taken by supermarkets. It is of interest that a large super-
market chain has begun to market squid in regions outside the
traditional consuming areas. Together with increased consump-
tion in the South it may well be that the French market will
undergo steady expansion in the next few years.

104. In Latin America, little change is evident in the

relatively small supplies of cephalopods available on the
MEXICAN domestic market; a marked increase in per capita
consu.m:ption has occurred in both and VENEZUELA,
partic~larly the latter where growth from 0.06 kgo per head
in 1969 to Oo29 kg. in 1974 has been recordeda
 - !+3 -

D. The Japanese Mark~

105 o This section considers in detail the considere.'bie

Japanese market for cephalopods~ recent trends in a~~
of obvious relevance to any examination of the
world production and trade in cephalopods as a.
gradual 0 westerniza.tionu of Japanese dietary ha.bits
resulted in a sharp increase the consu.mption of
poultry and dairy products. Nevertheless, there still
remains a strong adherence to the traditional urice
diet. What seems to be emerging is in fact a new patter-n. of
food habits, a combination of the conventional patt:eri"l. :::GSJ.=
tered on r:!ce~ fish and vagetables} supplemented by
dairy products and fruit.

106. In addition to changes in the types of food con,sl.Wed~

present trends indicate an increase in eating in
and other places away from the homeo Expenditures on ~eals
taken in restaurants and other public eating places
fact, quadrupled in the past decade, and although the
elasticity of such expendit~es is now not as great as
the mid-50 ~ s and early 60 ~s 1/ clearly further increases in
both expenditures and the quantity of food consum.ed
the home can be looked for. This suggests increased
tion of such cephalopods items as sashiud and roasted s
typically eaten in Japanese restaurants. Continuation of
this trend would be in line with recent developments
Japan's domestic food demand which ~hows a growing prefer-
ence for tastier and higher quality food, even in the f~ce
of higher prices.

(i) The role of ceEhalopods in the Japa:ri.ese ~~

107. In Japan$ cuttlefish is usually categorized ~s a

high-grade item, octopus as middle-grade and squid as nr~
abundant item. Demand for luxilry-type items such as tun£i 5
yellowtail, shrimp, and cuttlefish~ has steadily increased
despite the fact that their prices have continued to rise~

108e According to a survey of family incomes and

expenditures conducted by the Prime Minister@a Office i~
1973, squid and cuttlefish are BJDOng the most popular of

~I 1955-62: 2.04; 1963-72: 1.42; 1955-72: 1.

all fish products eaten in Japan~ The relevant statistics
place squid and cuttlefish together in one classification
so it ::1ifficult to identify specific values for each
cornmnci:ty separately.~ although production .and trade data
clearly indicate the amount of squid available for consurnp-
is !ITIJl.cn greater than that of cuttlefish0 It is evident
that squid, together with cuttlefish~ is the most heavily
consum.ed of all fresh fish products, a situation which has
been considerably influenced by the wide availability of
b_igh cpJ.ality, fresh squid made possible by the improvements
achieved in on-board freezing methods. Consumption of fresh
or frozen squid {including cuttlefish) was 7.7 kg. per annum
per household in 1973~ representing 15 percent of total fresh
fish consumption, a proportion w~r~ than double that achieved
by other "abundantn fish species. 1/

109. Over the past: decade, consumption of fresh and

frozen squid (including cuttlefish) has tended to fluctuate
in response to availability (Figure 1). Household consump-
t:ion. has varied between 180 ~ and 220, tons, a further
, tons being absorbed by the institutional and catering
sectors. The consumption of dried squid, once substantial
(5.3 kg. product weight per annum per household in 1963), has
tended to decline although recent years some recovery has
been observed, partly due to the increased demand for such
products for ceremonial and festive occasions. The demand
:fo:c: octopus also has vadLed~ but appears t:o be on a basically
r]:..s1ng trend, although the peak consumption of 2.2 kg. per
c ita achieved in 1969 has not yet been exceededo

(ii) Effect of ~rice and income changes on

COUSUlllption

A variety of attem:pts have been made to assess the

e of the factors affecting the level of demand
cephalopod products by households in Japane These include
~ h pro duci:s,
• c.'n anges
' "' +-il-ne p......
,,-ice"'
""
1
c::J.a3ges JLn ·,cne
1J ,, '1
prices oJ:r u;:_.e
.. <C
in
c)£ ot:t!.er com.:nodities, as a~s ";t.r,s.riations j~n incomes both
2.S they affect the demand for Ceph.alopod products directly~

e.go mackerel 6.1 percent; horse mackerel 6.2 percent;

saury 6~5 percent
 - 45 =

"\
9()0 9.0
\
\
\ -~- .....
\ ./
800 ( 8.5
\
\ I ""
\ I \
\ I \
700 I 80
\ \
\
\
I
I ·\.--·/'\
f "'·'
600
\ /
)
I,
\
~
I "" 7 5
\,./
\

\
"'
c
500
\_- 7.0
"'<?>
E
E E
0 E'.
O'
0 0
0
~
400 6.5

300- 6.0

_,,__ --si---©---""'---e/ //
/
e---4>

200 -I ~-......
...... ® _ _ _ ...s_
__ o____

I
100 ~ 5.0
squid purchased by one household (kg)
total. catch of squid (tons)
@------@ squid purchased by al.l households (tona)
I
o_._~~___,-....___,____,___,~...-~....-~--.--___,_,....,~_,..~___,___,~...-~....-___,-.-~_.,

1963 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

Fig. 1 Yearly Variation in the Production and Consumption of Sq-aid" 1.963-74

 - 46 -

and indirectly through their effect on the demand for other

items. The operation of these factors will be examined in
more detail belowo

llL, Possibly the most important single influence in thi.s

respect is the direct effect of income growth on the demand
for cephalopod products, the effect of which is illustrated
in Table llo From the table it can be seen that for all
product categories the quantities purchased and expenditures
are higher for consumers in the fifth and most wealthy group
than they are for those in the first and poorest group; it
can to this extent be said that increasing income (abstracted
from other influences) will bring about a rise in the consump-
tion of the identified cephalopod products. More important,
however, is the fact that in the case of all commodities except
dried squid (of which consumption is in any event small) a
substantial growth in expenditure and the quantity purchased
is indicated as incomes rise from Group I to Group II and
from Group II to Group III, which suggests that rising living
standards over a wide range of t~e Japanese population are
likely to be reflected in higher consumption of fresh squid
and cuttlefish as well as smoked squid and octopusG The
strongly rising trends in expenditures from lower to higher
income groups on this latter item suggest that the prospects
for this commodity are particularly good.

112. So far as the indirect effect of income increases

is concerned, reference has already been made to the "western=
izationu of Japanese dietary habits, which is largely being
made possible by rising income levels permitting a greater
number of consumers to purchase luxury and semi-luxury non-
fishery items formerly out of their reach. This trend can
be expected to continue, and meat and poultry consumption
can be expected to grow to the detriment of some fishery com-
modities including the more abundant cephalopod products.

113. So far as the effect of price is concerned, Figure 2

plots the change in the quantity of some basic food items
purchased against changes in the prices of these itemse
Because of the practical difficulties of separating the
effects of price and income on consumption, it is not possi-
ble to attribute any particular increase or decrease in con=
sumption solely to price variationse Nevertheless, all of
the commodities indicated in the figure, with the single
 Table 11

Japanese Annual Consumption of Cephalopods by Type of Product and Income GroupJ_ 1973

Exp en di ture: Yen

Quantity: 100 g

Fresh Squid
(including
Octopus Dried Squid Smoked Squid
Income Range by Group cuttlefish)
1
000 Yen
Expend- Quan- Expend- Quan~ Expend- Quan- Expend- Quan-
Per Year
iture tity iture tity iture tity iture tity

Average 3 813 76 879 1 156 15 3Lf 7 487 3 555 608 4 206

Group I <(1 137 3 037 63 659 961 13 647 395 2 934 432 3 163
~
"8
G1".-up II 1 137 t--J 1 486 3 598 75 277 1 049 llf 519 522 0 744 597 4 17Li

Group III 1 486,,,.,,, 1 870 3 922 80 993 1 174 15 505 494 3 703 651 4 419

Group IV 1 870 ~ 2 500 3 977 79 558 1 196 15 608 520 3 672 677 4 799

Group V ')2 500 4 531 84 906 1 397 17 453 505 3 725 682 4 474

Source: Annual Report of the Family and Expenditure Survey, 1973, Office of the Prime Minister, Japan.
 - 48 -

H. MACKEREL

350

DRIED SQUID

300
• FRESH SOU!D
®
·'=
a.
c 250
""0"' SAURY
,_
<!\)

u
c •
<l.l
O>
0 200 SEA BREAM SARDINE FERMENTED
c:
<:I> • • 9 BEEF •
SALTED SQUID
~
CJ
0...
TUNA YELLOW TAIL
150 •
OCTOPUS
•

Percentage change in quantity purchased per ho11se!'!old per annum

Figo :2 Relationship Between Changes in Retail Prices and Quantity of

Seleoted Food Items Pul"ohased.~1963-73
 - 49 -

exception of mackerel, demonstrated positive income

elasticities during the period under consideration (i.eo
some increases ia consv.mption resulted from higher income
levels), and it thus se~ clear that the decrease in the
consun:iption of su~h items as dl::ied, fresh and smoked squid
must have been due in large measure to price increaseso

114. a.search into the effect of changes in the price

of competing. food commodities on the consun:iption of cephalo=
pods has been undertaken by Hirasawa (1973), the result of
which indicates cross price elasticities between "abundant"
fi~h and beef, pork and chicken cl'f -0.401, -0.141 and
-0~147 respectively, and between nhigh-graden fish and beefl'l
pork and chicken of -0.378, 0.114 and 0.223. The quantities
0
of both "ab~dant and uhigh-irade" fish consumed were thus
found to be responsive to the change in the price of beef,
to the extent that a ten percent increase in the price of
fish (both "abund,ant" and 11 high-grade 11 ) relative to beef
produces a 4 percent decrease in per capita consumption of
fish. The data indicate, however, a much weaker relation=
ship between abundant species of fish and pork and chicken,
and that the consumption of "high-grade" fish was not
adversely influenced by pork and chicken prices.

115e It must also be borne in mind that the substitu-

tion of ~eat for fish and vice versa is influenced by the
consumer's desire for variety in his diet; the preference
for meat will never lead to an exclusive meat diet but will
be tempered by the de~ire to vary the kinds of food consumed.

(iii) Other factor,s influencing consumption

116o In addition to the effects of prices and incomes

on the quantity consumed, psychological, seasonal, ethnic
and regional characteristics also influence demand for spe=
cific products.

117. Regional characteristics are often particularly

impo!tant in detenn,tning consumption habits. In Japan the
quantity of Sql,lid consumed differs greatly by regione Squid
consumption is particularly high in Hokkaido, Northern Japan
(Pacific Coast) and Western Japan (Japan sea side), all
areas where large quantities of squid are landed regularlyo
Smaller amounts of squid are purchased in inland areas and
at ports along the coast where squid is not marketed at the
port, i.e. Kobe, Kofe, etc.
 annual expenditures for squid are
cities acent to squid landing
is adjacent to
centres, the household
7 per ~nnum 1973,
, being Yen 3,7380
ices of squid are generally
other city, the consumption of
than that suggested

factors seem to be conspicuous

; the largest quantities are consumed
Central J (Pacific Coast) where octopus
are landed; expenditures on octopus decline as the
distance points of increases@

also affect consumption patterns,

For e~ample, expenditures in
seven times those in the
for such products
purposes A similar increase in
consumption in December can be erved0
t people tend
year-end and New Year
alcoholic drinkse
 - 51 -

FUTURE TRENDS IN CONSUMPTION

as for general~
factors and tradition as
from growth in the
increases, future
on the possibility of raising per
countries where cephalopods are already accepted,
other hand, on developing markets in countries
as yet unfamiliar items of

Ao Prospects for Growth in Exist'1.ng Markets

The previous sectitms have given some indication

of trends in the predominant Japanese marketo These
a decline in the demand for canned salted
as dried squid the other hand
or frozen cephalopods (especially octopus and cuttlefish) of
a high standard of quality$ as as more elaborately
cessed products special preparations, has ncrtably increased a

Tb.is shift in consumption to luxury semi=luxucy

largely the result; of higher in.comes, can be e:x:pect.ed
to continue further rises in standard of

1230 These factors been taken into account

projections of gi"ven il1» The
permit a fairly sophisticated treatment of
of fresh or frozen cephalopods, accounts
half of the total ma.rketo Projections of a mJ.Ch more s
~ature also are presented for the institu.tional ing
sectors, a rough account finally being taken of requirements
for bait. The year 1913 has been adopted as the base year
1985 as the ntargetn year; where possible,
cuttlefish) octopus are considered separately.

In the case of fresh or frozen cephalopods consumed

at home, details of the methodology used to make the projections
eire set out in Appendix " In s~Jn:umary, the projections take
into account the following factors and assumptions.
 - 52 -

Table 12

1973 · f9is · 1973 1985

, cuttle-
213"7 279 .. 0 1.,97 2.
42.7 58.2 0 .. 39 0 .. 48
- -
256 .. 4 337.3 2.36 2,,

Institut:ional 1 catering
'"

, cuttle=
42.,4 SQ .. O ) )
5.,0 7.0 ) 0 .. 44 ) 0.,
~

47.,4 57.0 0.44 0.47

211 .. 9 250 .. 0 2.

5.8 5.0 ) )
Dried, smoked,
salted 47 .. 3 48.0 ) 0 .. 59 ) 0 .. 57
Fermented 12.3 15.0 ) )

277.3 318.,0 2 .. 54 2.64

581.1 712 .. 3
-5.42 5.90

30.0 30.0
611.l 742 .. 3
 a The rate of of personal
consumption expenditures in real terms from
~as assumed to be 6 per cent, the median as
in the report prepared the Government of Japan
on long-term perspectives of demand production of
agricultural prod.uctso It was ass-:.nned relative
of sq~id would rise at a compound rate 6 per cent per
those of octopus 4 per cent, line
A 1.1 per cent increase per ann:um in
<fas assumed, in accordance with estimates prepared
Japanese Ministry of Welfare, implying a
m:U.licoo in 197 3 to a 8 million in

:l:'::thmi•c demand function was employed using price

eJ_,E:.sticities of-Oo and 009524 respective for squid
~:::C::.cI~..r.ding cuttlefish) and -L, 3801 and 1., for octopus,

"' 6~ fresh or frozen cephalopods consumed in

restaurants, institutions, etco, estima.tes for 1985 were
simple extrapolation of recent rends,
growth being a or factors were
for the for processed ceph.alopod prod•J.ct.s
being "t.o consider product groupings
~'"''UkA-,~, cured, preparations etc ) separate
picture, crude est: to represesent:
ible future use

The resultant projections, set out

t demand for increase
one fifth over the next decade, about half
"":;..?""-li.''"'ion bein.g attributable to continued population
capita consumption L"'l the mid-eighties seems
rather higher at less than the
apparently achieved The main
in demand,, in total tonnage in per capita
t:12~s, is postula:ted as most likely to be the consumption
fresh prepared products at i:w-hereas the consumption
most other processed items will
le change from the
.,~:~a indus~tr~l· -= is tc ui,::::ease :!' total
1

for cephalopods be of the

19850
 is
effect of on consumption
in paragraphs 113 ,
for certain cephalopod products
to price cbangese Certainly price
or cause of the declining trend in
certain types of cepbalopod products during
early seventies (Statistical ~u.u~·~
difficulties of supply, Lee the
local waters and problems dis-
, suggest that rising prices are likely
in consumption induced

where a.re
consumption
attained levels can be looked fore For
, are not available to make a detailed
the market segments as in the case of ,
empirical evidence in the form of household
the relationship between changes
of cephalopods Never-
,
suggest that consumption is fairly
in income, and ·there some
estimates of future consumption
on this basise These estimates, which
assume ticity of unity~ are given in Table
be
Table 13
.-
Estimated Demand for Cephalopods in 1985
South Europe and Thailand

1972/74 1985
Per Total Per Total
capita tons capita tons
~~~~~~~~~....(k,g~lig,.:.~)~.~~~-l_±_v_e_.~.-~e~i~gb."-t~~-"-(~,~~~~-l_i_v_e~w_e_i~·g~~..,..ht

0,, 0.,32
0,, 53
3,,55 192
L, 54
 - 55 -

130., The estimates in Table also assume constant

relative prices, since L.'1.sufficient information is available
t:o allow for the effect of price on consu~tion in these
countries& There is, however, a certain amount of c]rc1lJIIJS-
tantial evidence to suggest that in the Italian market,
poss::bly in Spain and France, consumption of most cephalopods
is rather insensitive to price changes. Although consump-
tion in these ma.rkets dipped in this is believed to be
due more to the squeezing of incomes brought about by the
downturn in economic. activity than to the rise in prices -
a rise which had been occurring for several years
any evident effect on demand.

131. Projection of demand on a similar basis was not

considered justified for a number of other countries
cephalopods are already a familiar item of consum.ption. In
the REPUBLIC OF , although income is an lmportant deter-
minant of demand::> consumption ha~) been held recently as
a result of official policy encouraging the export of cepha,=
lopod products to the growing Japanese market. In
and the PHILIPPill!~S, it is difficult to determine any discer=
nible trend in recent past consw:uption, and in GREECE
trend appears to be downward. In the summary Table , demand
to 1985 in all these countries is assumed t·o be constant"
clearly under the right conditions (e.,g., political s
economic growth ~"1.d relatively free trade) these count::ries
could offer expandii."'1.g ma.rkets for cephalopod products •
, MEXICO and ARGENTINA also offer potential
possiblities, although the increase in total demand is unlike
to be large in the foreseeable fa1ture.

B. Entry of Cepha.lopods into New Markets

1.32. over wide areas of the world, including some

:ous countries some of which have high per capita incomes,
:::::ephalopods are a ~'\tdrtually unklnow-n foodo unfavourable
at:tit:ude stems in large measure :from aesthetic considera·;:i.Oi'Cis
a,na~ a .J..al.r
f · i.y ~ w10.esprea
· ' d, repugna nee i:<a.
::i.i;..
1
11,.J.1.•;:;
""'
<0- ic-.i..
• ""';" ""' 1::1ar"',;1,Jil "'...
c::i.pp- 10
1;:

o::: whole cephalopods. Some speci:Eic e\ddence this dis~

~aste e~rged from a market survey conducted in the U.S
~;.n lS7l-iJ:.I. Some 80 per cent of the group of food experts

The Marketability of Squid, by Paul H.. Kalik.stein,

1974
 - 56 -

Table 14
Estimated World Consumption of Oephalopods in 1985

1
000 tons live weight
Approximate Estimated consumption
present: l/ 2 1 in 1985 3/
consumption- Low'""" High-
l.d
WORLD TOTAL- 990

AFRICA 4 6 6

L..A.TTI'ii AMERICA 11 11 15

NOR.TH AMERICA 2 2 2

ASIA 76,3 882 958

Japan 581 664 712

Korea, Rep. of 40 48 48
Philippines 18 26 26
Thailand 54 76 104
Other 50 68 68

EUROPE 207 227 310

France 12 13 18
Italy 53 56 81
Spain 124 139 192
Other 18 19 19

U.S.S.R. 23 26 26

l,/ Data for 1972-74 average except for Japan for which 1973 data
were used (see Table 12)

~/ Assuming no increase in per capita consumption

]./ Including effect of incom.e increase for Japan, Thailand,

France, Spain, Italy and also for price effects in the
case of Japan

Excluding bait (approximately 40,000 tons annually)

 ~ 57 =

who participated research considered that the

appearance of squid form was poor. negative
subjective reaction also was confirmed respondents £n
an assocciated postal tioonaire survey. 15
the survey of expressed a willingness to
a product (fried rings or 13 out of t:he.se
15 potential purchasers were not con.fronted
quidu on thelabeL survey
=ishermen, processors, brokers
chain agreed
greatest detriment.
food. products lab1~lled
and probably in countries.

Another s concluded
processed squid products to the UeS. market~ in
form, is economically present. m.omen ·::
However, it seems possible ·that properly dressed fresh O:t'
frozen squid migb.'t be acc.ep of
experts suggested
acc>~pt1ance migh~t rbe f;,,ncrecJ.s,sd the
squid into :st.rips;

r,s.(:;ei"'iled a -:-ver:l
f{Jur=fifths

Global Outlook
are
su~rized in
is likely to be some
a~·t present
~ ~

or ":tnis "' l')

Economic a Sguid
Brune Go Noetz~ls
 = 58 =

are not generally accepted

developing countrieso
are not
a market

f isl'l

are semi-
therefore
are regarded
income groupso

at prices
and upper income
countries$
in
fishery
sections of the population throughout.

of cephalopods also has features

sui·ted to adoption developing countries in
most com:DJ.On exploitation$ is
 = 59 -

labour intensive and can be practiced from relatively

simple vessels. the major problem is gaining consumer
acceptance. In Thailand, and in the Republic of Korea
where a similar market expansion to9k place, there already
was a taste for cephalopods, but in other developing countries
local opinion suggests that there would be widespread
resistance to such products - the tendency to distrust
unknown foods generally being correlated inversely with
income and education. Thus, the best prospects for irnme=
diate expansion in the markets of developing countries are
probably to be found in those countries where cephalopods
are generally accepted, but consumption is presently low,
eog. the Philippines, other Southeast Asian countries, and
South and Central America.
 - 60 -

APPENDIXES
Appendix

1 Notes on the Biology, Production and

Geographic Distribution of Cephalopods 61

Figure 1 - Main Concentrations of

Principal Species of the
Families Ommastrephidae and
Loliginidae 62

2 Features of Major Species of the Family

ommastrephidae 64

3 Japan - Utilization of Squid (including

cuttlefish) and Octopus 66

4 The Import Quota System for Squid in

Japan 67

5 Japan - Non-liberated Fishery Items

as of 1 January 1975 69

6 Methodology Employed in Making Projections

of Japanese Demand for Fresh or Frozen
Cephalopods 70

7 Conditions of Entry of Squid and Other

Cephalopods into Main Markets 72
 - 61 -

NOTES ON BIOLOGY, PRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHIC DIS'I'B.IBUTION OF CEPHALOPODS

The cephalopods are a small group of highly organized invertebrate

animals of exclusively marine distributiQn. They derive their name from the
close union of the head with the feet and are distinguished from other classes
of the phylum mollusca by their mobility; most other molluscs are unable to
swim, while cephalopods are relatively fast moving animals. The cephalopods
are divided into several orders, of which ·only two - the Decapoda (squids
and cuttlefish) and the Octopoda - are of commercial interest.

Squids

r1ost of the commercially exploited squids belong to two main families,

Ommastrephidae and Loliginidae; the distribution of the major species compris-
ing the two main squid families is given in Figure l. Of these two families
the Ommastrephidae (which are usually taken by jigging) are by far the most
important. Hamabe (1975) suggests that three-quarters of the squid resources
of the world may we.11 be composed of various species of the family Ommastre-
phidae. Valuable species of this family are listed in Appendix 2,

The most important single species of squid is Todarodes paciricus and

~~elated species of the genus Todarodes. Their production accounts for some
80 percent of the world squid catch. They occur from western Canada across
the North Pacific to the area of the southeast coast of China. Their distri-
butio:l is also recorded around the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia ar.d
the Hawaiian Islands, and even off Norway, in the Mediterranean and the
Eastern Central Atlantic.

Other important ornmastrephid squid are those of the genus Illex, namely
Illex illecebrosus, I. coindetii and I. argentinus. The distribution of these
species covers an extensive range in the Atlantic from Greenland to the
Caribbean and off northern Brazil; on the eastern side of the Atlantic their
distribution extends from Iceland along the western coast of the British
Isles and the El).ropean continent and down into the Mediterranean. Dosidicus
gigas and Ommastrephes caroli are also spread throughout the world 1 s oceans,
but are found especially in tropical areas off both coasts of the American
continent, in the Arabian Sea and o~f the northwest coast of Australia.

The species of the family Loliginidae, wh:ich are mostly taken by trawl,
a1so form an important part of the world's commercial squid resources. They
have a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate areas. Loligo
vulgaris occurs in the Eastern Atlantic down to the Gulf of Guinea and in
the Mediterranean. L. pealei is mainly distributed in the Western Atlantic
from New Zngland to the Caribbean Sea. L. forbesi occurs in the Mediterranean
as well as European waters, and is recorded even in the Red Sea. The distri-
bction of L. opal.escense:x:tends along the Pacific coast of North America and
 - 62 - Appendix l
Page 2
Fi,gure l

20"

PACIFIC OCEAN
@
INOIAN
OCEAN

c...--_ _...__ _...__ _...__ _" ' -_ __...__ _. . __ _..._~_,_.-~....... --------'----'----'----'-----'-----'----...i.----i600

1ooc 120° 140° 160° E 1so0 w 160° 140° 120° 100" l!D" 60" 40° 20" w 0° E 20° 40° 60" eo" 100°

( Olm:taui and Hatanaka, 1975)

Family Ommaatre&dae
l. Todaropsia 10. N. nipponicus
2o IllEllJC a:rgentinua lle TOO,a:rodee paoif'icus
3. I. illecebrosus 12. T. sagittatus
I. coindetii 13. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis
5. I. oxygoniua 14. Dosidicms gigas
6. Nototodaru.e sloani 1:11.1.•1Jciolu. 150 bartrami
7. N. s. gouldi 16. o. pteropus
8. N. a. philippinen,sis o. caroli
9. N. e. bawaiieneis
Family Loliginidaa
A. Loligo f orbesi L. opalescerus
B. L. vu.lgaris a. L. edulis
c. L. pealei H. L. ohinenais
D. L. plei I. L. duvaucelii
E. L. brasilienais

Fig. 1 Main Concentrations of Principal Species of the Pamil:ies

Loliginidae
 - 63 -
A}llpendix l
Page 3

Mexico, while it is mainly fished off California. L. duvaucelii

has the most extensive distribution among Loligo spp., occurring arou.~d
the Province of Taiwan, in Indonesian waters and along the coast of India
and the northeast coast of Africa. While the size of the squid is small,
the individual population is estimated to be large.

Cuttlefish

The two main families of cuttlefish - Sepiidae and Sepiolidae - are

represented by about one hundred species. Among them, Sepia esculenta, §_.
madokai, ~· officinalis, Sepiella japonica and Sepiella maindroni are
widely caught on a commercial basis. Cuttlefish live qnly in shallow waters
extending from the shores to the upper slopes of the continental shelf.
World production of cuttlefish is very much less than that of squid and
possibly for this reason cuttlefish are generally more highly valued in
the main conswning coi..+ntries. ·

Octopus

The order Octopoda is divided into some ten families of which only
the Octopodidae are commercially exploited. These animals are found
from the inter-tidal zone to the continental slope and inhabit holes,
crevices, old shells, etc. They are carnivorous, feeding on crustaceans,
other molluscs and fishes. It is estimated that there are perhaps 100
species of Octopodidae occurring in various parts of the world 7 s oceans.
Octopus vulgaris is considered the most valuable from a commercial point
of view; Q_. dofleini, 0. eledone, Q_. maya and Q_. ocellatus are also widely
harvested.
Scientific name Average size Geographic distribution

Dosidicus gigas ii m l~ Pacific Ocean (coastsof America-

I (total length) Au.s-tralia)

Todaro des North Sea (Barents Sea, Kara Sea,

sagitJcatus I (length of Iceland)~· Atlantic Ocean (Scan-
I trunk) di.naYia, Sou·th Africa), Western
iI Sometimes Indian Ocean~ Mediterranean
reaches
! 75 cm

Nototodarus
s loani gouldi
III
II
1~5
(total
m Around Australia (excluding
wesJc coas-t) and Tasmania
11
)l
length)

Nototodarus I
! 26-30 cm New Zealand- Fiji Island
s loani sloai."1.2
I (leng-th of
trw!k)
I 26 cm Aroun.d Japanese Islands
pacific us ! (leng-th of
trrmk)
(Okhotsk,-Honsb.u-Okinawa-
East: China Sea)

Ill ex I
,, 25-28 cm
( "cotal length
A-tlantic Ocean (Greenland-
illecebrosus '/.
Caribbean Sea, Iceland and
of tru."'1.k) around U.K.)

Illex coindeJci 25 cm Atlantic Ocean (arolli!d U.K. -

South Africa)~ Mediterranean.
V::=r"cical dist:cibution ranges
:from the surface to 200 m
deep

Ornmastrephes 61 cm North Eastern Atlantic,

carcli {length of Medi ter:!'anean
(including trunk)
0. pteorpus) 38 cm
 ,.. 65 -
Appendix 2
Page 2

Product Form Products Raw Materials

OCTOPUS

) Fresh (after ~oiling) Various octopus

)
) Dried ) Dried octopus Small sized octopus in
gj ) ) particular O. vulgaris
'ci ) ) Nagaashi-dako O. dofleini
~ )
§ ) Boiled and dried ) Sliced octopus )
.µ ) ) "Kezuri-dakovi ) Various octopus
-g ) ) Chopped octopus )
rd ) ) "Sogi-dako n )
...I<: )
~,... ) Seasoned ) Vinegared 11 Su-dako 11 )
.µ ) ) Seasoned "Ajitsuko-dako") Boiled octopus of
.µ ) ) Preparations ) various species
~ ) ) nchinmi-dako" )
p., )

~ ) Smoked ) Hot smoked octopus ) Boiled octopus of

~ ) ) iiankum-dako" ) various species
;s )
) Tako-chin 0. ocellatus
 Product Form Specialized Product Raw Materials

SQUID (INCLUDING CUTTLEFISH)

) Fresh Sashimi ) Various squids, in parti-

) ) cular Todarodes pacificus
)
) Dried ) Ichiban-surume Doryteuthis kensaki
)
) Niban-surume T. pacificus
) ) Kotsuki-ika Sepia esculentia
) Ika-tokkuri 1'..: pacificus
)
) Salted Shio-ika ) Doryteuthis bleekeri
) ) Various squids, in parti-
) cular I_. pacificus

Canned ) D. bleekeri
) T. pacificus

"CJ
Smoked T. pacificus
i::: )
<U ) ) Paste
..:;,:
Fermented ) Various squids, in parti-
i::: ) ) Fermented-salted ) cular T. pacificus
;:.l
) "Shiokara" )
+-''"' )
) Kasuzuke, misozuke )
)
)
Kneaded ) Kamaboko )
) Chikuwa ) T. pacific us
) ) Sausage )
)
) Preparations ) Saki-ika )
) ) Sugata-yaki ) T. pacific us
) ) Nobashi-surume )
)
) Seasoned Kizami-surume Various species
)
11
Tsukudani"

'--
~1 ) ) Vitamin B ) Liver
~ ) ) Squid sauce ) Liver
:S ) Fresh ) Squid oil ) Liver
0 ) ) Sepia pigment ) Ink sac

1/ Offal from cephalopods also used for reduction to fish meal.

 - 67 -

Imported squid (including cuttlefish) are divided into nine groups according
to the form of the commodities: (1) live~ (2) fresh, (3) frozen 9 (4) chilled 9 , I

(5) salted, (6) brine-cooked, (7) dried$ (8) smoked and (9) prepared or preserven . .:::.
Of these, two items (8 and 9) are liberalized, while the rest (1 to 7) are desig-
nated as non-liberalized items. Non-liberalized items are subject to the impo::."t
quota (IQ) which is determined by the Government each year by taking into accow.'t
the current demand and supply situation for that com.-nodity.

The IQ system is an attempt to protect primarily the coastal fishermen from

the inflow of low-priced products from abroad 9 as well as to make products avail-
able on the domestic market at reasonable prices.

Items 1 to 6 are categorized as raw squid and the others as dried squid.
Raw squid are subdivided into cuttlefish "mongo-ika" and squid. The quota for
"mongo-ika" is determined in quantity terms twice a year and the commodity may be
imported from any country. Each quota is subdivided, with a part going to ex-
clusively domestic trading firIDB and a part to firms participating in the Govern-
ment's import-oriented programme.

The IQ for the other squid (i.e. other than "mongo-ika") is also divided into
two. One category is set aside exclusively for the Republic of Korea and is
determined twice a year in value terms - this is alloted only to trading firms.
The other category is the IQ for General Fishery Products which was applicable
to 62 countries in 1974. In this instance, the quota is determined twice a year
in quantity terms and distributed to trading firms, joint ventures and the pro-
cessing sector.

T!-1e quota for dried squid is determined once a year and is classifed into
two, a quota for Korean Fishery Products and a quota for General Fishery Products;
the former is alloted only to trading firms and the latter to both trading firms
and the processing sector.

It should be mentioned, however, that although quotas are intended to regulate

imports and even cut prices, they are not always fully utilized. Importers are
reluctant to handle squid for a nwllber of reasons, including the relatively low
unit value (compared with, say, shrimp) and prices fluctuate sharply in sympathy
with local landings. Domestically produced squid are generally of better quality
tha:G the imported product, and importers purchasing forward can lose heavily if
local landings suddenly increase. They are, therefore, rather wary of purchasing
squid abroad.

1/ Includes canned, boiled, salted fermented and preparations.

2/ There are three aspects of the import-oriented programme: (1) where fishery
agreements are in existence; (2) where joint ventures have been launched with
a share of over 50 percent of the Japanese side; and (3) where squid fishing
projects are included in the business plan of the overseas joint enterprises.
 - 68 - Appendix 4
Page 2

The above description of the IQ system for squids can be summarized as follows:

Sub- Kind of IQ System and Firms to which IQ Types and

Items
Items Countries System is Applicable Nos. of Quota
Allotment

Raw Mon go- Can be imported from 1. Domestic trading In quantity

Squids ika any country firms terms twice
2. Joint ventures par- a year
ticipating in export-
oriented programmes

Other 1. IQ for Korean Rep. Domestic trading firms In value

Squids fishery products terms twice
(applicable only a year
to Korea Rep. )

2. IQ for general 1. Domestic trading In quantity

fishery products firms terms twice
(applicable to 62 2. Joint ventures par- a year
countries) ticipating in export-
oriented programmes
3. Processors

Dried Dried 1. IQ for Korean Rep. Trading firms In quantity

Squids Squids fishery products terms once
a year

2. IQ for general 1. Trading firms In quantity

fishery products 2. Processors terms once
(applicable to 62 a year
countries)

The quota for squids in 1973 is shown below:

Items Quantity (tons) or

Value (U.S. dollars)
Mongo-ika 31 900 tons

Other squids 1. U.S.$13 200 OOO

(including the IQ of other fish)
from Korea Rep.
2. 12 OOO tons for 62 countries
(excluding Korea Rep.)

Dried squids 1. 2 500 tons from Korea Rep.

2. 759 tons for 62 countries
(excluding Korea Rep.)
 - 69 - Appendix 5

JAPAN ~ NON-LIBERALIZED FISHERY ITEMS AS OF 1 JANUARY 1975

Customs
No. No. I t e m s

1 03.01 Live, fresh, chilled and frozen herring, cod,

yellow-tail, mackerel, sardine, horse-mackerel,
~aury and cod roe.

2 03.02 Salt3d, brine-soaked and dried herring, cod,

yellow-tail, mackerel, sardine, horse-mackerel,
saury, cod roe and boiled and dried anchovy,
smoked herring.

3 03.03 Live, fresh, chilled, frozen, salted, brine-

soaked and dried scallop, shell-ligament and
squids (including cuttlefish).

4 12.08 Of edible seaweeds

Amanori-genus, Aonori-genus, Hitoegusa-genus,
Tororo Kondu-genus and Kelp-genus.

5 21.07 Of seasoned foodstuff

Seasoned seaweeds belonging to the genus of
Ananori, Aonori, Hitoegusa, Tororo-Konbu and
Kelp.
 - 70 -
Appendix 6

METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED IN HAKmG PB.OJl.CTIONS OF JAPANESE DEMAND FOR FRESH

01. .FROZEN CEPHALOPODS

Source of Data Used

(a) Family Income and Expenditure Survey, Office of Prime Minister,

Government of Japan, 1974.

(b) Food Demand Analysis, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Agriculture

and Forestry, Government of Japan, 1974.

Period of Survey

1963-1973 (11 years)

Data Processing (time-series)

(a) Quantity consumed: annual per household consumption was divided by

the number of family members to obtain per capimconsumption.

(b) Prices: average price of the quantity purchased by one household per
annum was divided by consumer's price index to obtain relative prices.

(c) Incomes: annual per household consumption expenditure was divided by

the number of family members to obtain per capimconsumption expenditure.
It was further divided by consumer's price index to deflate or to get
real consumption expenditure.

Demand Function

The double logarithmic function was used.

log y =a + b log x
1
+ c log x
2

a constant per capitaconsumption

expenditure in real terms
y per capita consumption (quantity)
b price elasticity
relative price
c income elasticity
 - 71 - Appendix 6
Page 2

Results of Calculations

(a) Squid (including cuttlefish)

log y = 0.1353 - 0.7002 log x

1
+ 0.9524 log x
2
correlative coefficient: 0.68

price eiasticity: -0.7002

income elasticity: 0.9524

(b) Octopus

log y = 0.6349 - 1.3801 log x + 1.0408 log x

1 2
correlative coeffiqient: 0.75

price elasticity: -1. 38

income elasticity: 1. 0408

 - 72 -
Appendix 7

CONDITIONS OF ENTRY OF SQUID AND OT.BEi. CEPBALOPODS INTO MAIN MARKETS

Tariffs

The customs treatment of cephalopods by major importing countries

seems to have had only a moderate effect on the trade. Customs duties
levied in fresh, chilled or frozen and processed or preserved items
are not generally considered significant constraints to the expansion
of international trade in cephalopods.

Within the European Economic Community (EEC) countries, there is

a common external tariff on squid of 6 percent and a duty on other cepha-
lopods of 8 percent, calculated on the basis of the CIF value. In
addition, certain duties are levied on imports of squid and other cepha-
lopods by individual countries. For example FRANCE levies a further
parafiscal tax of 0.08 percent of the CIF value calculated on the duty
paid value. In addition, minor health inspection charges are payable.
In the case of ITALY there is a turnover tax of 3 percent of the CIF
value. The FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY levies a turnover tax of 5.5
percent and Belgium 6 percent.

GREECE levies an import duty of 25 percent plus stamp duty, expressed

as a percentage of the duty paid value, of 2 percent. In SPAIN fresh
cephalopods are not subject to an import duty but are liable to a consump-
tion tax, calculated at the rate of 6 percent of the CIF value and also
are subject to the home protection tax of Pts. 15/kg (approximately
U.S.$ 250/ton). Frozen cephalopods are liable to an import duty of
6 percent; in addition, there is an import duty of 6 percent. Finally,
there is an import compensation levy of 6 percent on the CIF value plus
a variable home production protection tax of Pts. 10/ton.

PORTUGAL levies P.Esc. 200-400/kg on imports of cephalopods. In

JAPAN there is a 10 percent levy of the CIF value for live, fresh and
frozen and 15 percent for processed or preserved items, 12 percent for
smoked squid. Imports of cephalopods to North America (Canada and
the U.S.A.) and Scandinavian countries are not subject ad valorem
tariffs.

Non-tariff and Other Trade Requirements

Food sanitation laws or regulations, certification systems and

quality standards have been established in many countries. These
deal with such matters as grading regulations, minimum quality require-
ments, permissible additives to the products and marketing and labelling
requirements.
 - 73 - Appendix: 7
Pe.ge 2

(a) Size grading

Size grading is considered an important feature in European markets.

Although there is no standard procedure, the following classifications
are fairly widely accepted.

Length of body Weight

Less than 9 cm 50-100 g

10-15 cm 100-200 g
15-20 cm 150-200 g
20-25 cm 200-300 g
25-30 cm 300~400 g
over 30 cm over 400 g

(b) Marketing and labelling requirements.

The following information is generally required for imports into

European markets, using the language of the country of destination.

(1) Country of origin

(2) Name of producer and distributor
(3) Commercial and Latin name of the species
( 4) Form in which offered (e. g. , -,-hole, ring, etc. )
(5) Freezing date of the product
(6) Net weight (in kilogrammes)

Spanish Market Requirements

(a) Product form

Squid is imported as:

(1) whole, frozen;

(2) cleaned, head-off and tube skinned (for body length of over 20 cm);
(3) rings out from Lne tube prepared as above;
(4) there is also a small market ror tentacles.

Cuttlefish is imported in forms of:

( 1) wings;
(2) tentacles;
(3) strips cut rrom the body.
 - 74 -
Appendix 7
Page 3

Octopus is imported as:

(1) frozen whole;

(2) frozen gutted;
( 3) frozen gutted, headless.

(b) Size grading

Grading for size is an important feature of the Spanish market. The

statutory market requirements of grading are as follows:

Squid:
Large 700 g
Medium 300-700 g
Small 300 g

Cuttlefish:
Large 2 kg
Medium 1-2 kg
Small l kg

Octopus:
Large 3 kg
Medium 1-3 kg
Small 1 kg

This statutory requirements is often exceeded, the best system of

grading being of 50 g unit sizes as mentioned earlier.

(c) Presentation

Squid should be block-frozen. The standard Japanese presentation is

5-kg blocks, packed four to a carton, the individual blocks being wrapped
in flexible film envelopes. This presentation is highly acceptable in the
Spanish and other European markets.

(d) Quality

Spanish authorities provide for several grades. Extra-quality squid

should have all its tentacles and the skin intact without rips. First-
quality squid may have one or two tentacles missing with up to 30 percent
of the skin missing. Second or standard quality squid may have four tentacles
missing at maximum and the skin may be present in small shreds only.
 - 75 - Appendix 7
Page 4

(e) Other requirements

(1) The health regulations provide that the mercury content should be
less than 0.5 mg/kg.

(2) Certification of Health as well as those of origin are required to

accompany consignments.

(3) Import licenses should be optained by the importer.

(4) Packing should be done as follows. Frozen squid should be packed

with ordinary glazing or covered with materials of an inert and
flexible nature, slightly permeaple to water vapour and imperme-
able to gases; odours and grease and great capacity to light.
The packing should te light, but sufficiently strong to protect the
frozen product.

(5) During sea transport the maximum temperature in the hold should
be -18°and on land -22°c.

(6) All species of less than 300 g should be marked "P" and those of
mare than 300 g to be marked "M".

Italian Market Requirements

(a) In general, only squid frozen at sea is regarded as of a standard

required by the market.

(b) Certificates of Health are required. The Italian Health Regulations

provide that the mercury content of fish should be less than 0.7 mg/kg.

(c) There is a Health Tax of Lit. 150/ton.

(3) Regarding labelling requirements, the specific name of the products,

followed by the word 11 frozen" is required. Also, instructions on the
conservation of the product by the consumer, specifying the maximum
time it may be kept in a refrigerator, and the maximum time it may be
kept at ambient temperature after qefreezing are to be mentioned.

Greek Market Requirements

(a) Certificates of origin are required.

(b) In the case of squid, an import deposit is required amounting to 7 percent

of the CIF value of the pro forma invoice which must be lodged with the
Bank of Greece for some months.
No.

I Catch of Cephalopods Fishing

Nationss 1964=74 77

II Catch of Cephalopods Species, 1964-74 81

III Japan = lrnports of Cephalopods by Country

of Origin, 1969-74 83

IV Spain - Il:nports of Cephalopods by Country

of Origin, 1970=71!'.:. 84

Italy - of C~phalopods by Country

of Origin, 1971-74 85

VI France = Im.ports of Cephalopods by Country

of Origin, 1971-74 86

VII Japan = Exports of Cepna.Lopods by Country

of Destina:tions 1969= 74 87

VIII Spain = Exports of Cephalopods by Country

of Destination, 1969=7£, 88

IX Thailand - s of Cephalopods by Country

of Destination, 1969-74 89

x Republic of Korea = Exports of Cephalopods

by Country of Destination, 1970-74 90

XI Japan = Household i\rmual Expenditures for

Squid (Fresh and Processed) Quantity
Purchased and Average Price, 196l;-73 91
 Statistical Annex I
Table I
Catch of Cephalopods by Major Fishing Nations 1964=7Lf
'OOO metric tons live weight
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

WORLD TOTAL 635.0 862.3 835.6 979.1 1 216.2 1 019.3 976.0 1 002.8 1 121.-0 1 071.7 1 070.9
Squid 444.1 608.5 596.4 689.6 920.4 742.6 720.4 718.3 798.7 154.5 743.5
Cuttlefish 85.3 -100.5 9:i. 2 105.5 103·. 7 103.7 92.5 119.0 115.8 139.1 136.8
Octopus 105.6 153.3 148.0 184.o 192.1 173.0 163.1 165.5 206.5 178.1 190.6
AFRICA 3.2 4.2 3.7 3.6 5.3 4.8 4.6 3.7 4.4 4.9 9.1
Squid 0.9 1. 2 1.4 1.2 1. 3 1.1 2.1 1.4 1.5 3.1 6.7
Cuttlefish 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.0 0,9 0.3 1. 2
Octopus 1.4 1. 9 1.2 1. 3 3.1 3.2 1.4 1. 3 2.0 1.5 1. 2
NORTH AMERICA 19.3 17.4 14.9 17.6 13.1 11.3 12.3 17.1 10.4 6.9 13.1
Squid 19.3 17.4 14.9 17 .6 13.1 11. 3 12.3 17.1 10.4 6.9 13.1
Cuttlefish
Octopus

"'"'
Canada 10.8 7.9 5.1 7.0 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.6 0.1

Squid 10.8 7.9 5.1 7.0 0.1 0.1 1. 6 0.6 0.1

Cuttlefish
Octopus
u.s.A. 8.5 9.5 9.8 10.6 13.1 11. 2 12.3 15.5 10.4 6.3 13.0

Squid 8.5 9.5 9.8 10.6 13.1 11. 2 12.3 15.5 10.4 6.3 13.0
Cuttlefish
Octopus
AMERICA
LA'l'lN 4.5 2.5 5.8 7.7 7.5 5.6 5.8 7.9 9.6 10.1 12.1
Squid 4.1 1. 6 3.6 4.6 5.1 3.1 3.5 4.2 4.5 6.8 8.1
Cuttlefish
Octopus 0.4 0.9 2.2 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.3 3.7 5.1 3.3 L)., 0

Argentina 0.7 0.8 2.4 3.9 3.6 1.3 2.0 2.6 2.3 4.7 5.1
Squid 0.6 0.7 1.3 2.5 3.1 1.1 1. 5 1. 8 1.7 4.1 5.1
Cuttlefish
Octopus 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6
Mexico 0.3 0.9 1.Li· 1. 8 2.0 2. Lf 1. 7 2.6 3.9 2.0 3.5
Squid 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2
Cuttlefish
Octopus 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.9 2.2 l. 5 ·~.4 3.7 1. 9 3.3
 Table I (c)

149.8 139.0 1Lf8. 7 141.0 166.3 147.7 219.8

EUROPE
-94.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 222.0
- - 236.7
- - 228.4
- -
Squid 26.1 41.1 29.9 32.6 25.6 58.9 54.3 107.0 53.0 75.4 74.2
Cuttlefish 32.9 38.4 33.4 38.6 37.1 36.2 34.2 47.3 44.4 65.6 61.4
Octopus 35.4 70.3 75.7 77. 5 78.3 71.2 59.2 65.5 124.6 95.7 92.8
France 1.8
-3.9 -3.7 -3.9 4.0
-6.1 8.0 12.5
-- -9.1 13.8 ~
8.8
Squid ... 1.4 1.3 1. 5 1.5 2.3 3.0 11,. 7 3.4 4.4 3.6
Cuttlefish 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 3.8 5.0 7.8 5.7 9.4 4.2
Octopus . .. ... ... . .. ... ... ... . .. ... . .. 1.0
Greece 5.8
Squid
Ll-.8
0.8
-o.a
7.2
1.2
5.tt.
0.9
6.3
1.2
-6.7
0.5
-5.4
0.9
-6.4
1.2
5.4
-
1.1
-5.4
1. 5
5.4
1.5
Cuttlefish 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.5 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.4 2.4
Octopus 1.6 3.8 1.8 1. 5 1.9 3.7 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.5
Italx_ 27.5 30.4 32.1 30.7
Squid·
--
5.4
--
7.1
--
7.7
--
6.3
-30.B
6.9
38.0
--
15.7
34.0
--
11.6
34.0
--
12.6
36.0
--
9.9
36.0
--
13.2
39.0
--
14.8
Cuttlefish 12.4 13.4 12.0 13.7 13.2 12.2 11.6 11.2 13.7 12.0 13.2
Octopus 9.7 9.9 12.4 10.7 10.7 10.1 10.8 10.2 12.4 10.8 11.0
Poland ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... 5.4 9.6 6.7 """
Q)
0- CJ 0

-
...
~

Squid ... ... ... . .. ... ... 5.4 9.6 6.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
·- 0 0

Cuttlefish
Octopus
Portugal 4.2 6,3 4.6 5.8
-4.9 -3.6 -4.0 -4.2 -4.5 4.2 5.1
~

Squid 1. 3 2.5 1.2 2.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.2
Cuttlefish 2.2 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1. L~
Octopus 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.5
Spain 54.0 90.5 '::Ji. 7 100.0 94.2 111.0 94.0 164.0 160.0 164.0 162.0
Squid
--
16.6
--
18.0
-
15.6
- - -
19.5
--
14.5
--
39.1
--
36.2 89.5
- -
30.8 42.6 45.3
Cutt.Le fish 14.1 17.2 16.0 16.9 15.9 15.6 12.9 23.5 21.0 40.3 39.9
Octopus 23.3 55.3 60.1 63.6 63.8 56.3 44.9 51.0 108.2 81.1 76.8
 Table I ( b)
Venezuela 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5
~Squid~
-~--,,~-
-----r---· ~-~~.
-~=-----
- - ~
---- -1.2 -1.9 2.3
-~
3.6
~~=

0,5 0,3 0,5 0,7 0.3 0 • :::>,. 0.4 0.8 1. 2 1. 7 2.2

Cuttlefish
\""
Octopus
0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.4
ASIA 5'.i.3. 5 681. 9 668.l! 793.2 1 043.2 811+. 9 800.7 725.5 851.1 783.0 781. 9
- -- - - - - - - --~
~,_-- ~~~~~~~

- - - - - - - -
Squid 393. 6 514.0. 7 542.8 625.3 869.2 651. 8 643.3 559.9 705.9 632.2 615.0
Cuttlefish 51. 5 61. 0 56.7 65.8 65.7 67.0 57.2 70.7 70.5 73.2 7ll-. 3
Octopus 68 .Li 80.2 68.9 102.1 108.3 96.1 100.2 94.9 74.7 77.6 92.6
Hong Kong 1. 5 1.4 2, lt 1. 7 3.5 1+ .4 4.3 3.7 4.7 4.1 4.4
Squid 0.7 1.0 1. 9 1.1 2.3 3.3 3.2 2.4 3.7 3.0 3.3
Cuttlefish 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 1. 2 1.1 1.1 1. 3 1. 0 1.1 1.1
Octopus
Japan 396.8 578.6 551.1 695.3 877.1 682.8 615.6 568.5 668.4 550.1 556.9
-sqliid 289.4 %0.3 4lf2. 9 545.9 728.6 544.1 487.6 446.6 561. 3 Lf50 ,Lf 41+6 .1
Cuttlefish 40.3 lf9. 4 42.5 51. 2 45.6 45.9 31.lf 35,9 40.0 35.8 3 1! '1
Octopus 67.1 78.9 65.7 98.2 102.9 92.8 96.6 86.0 67.1 63.9 7h.7
Korea, ReJ2. of 87.8 71.6 78.2 45.0 92.7 67.6 78.1 52.5 66.3 73.9 72.6
Squid 86.6 70.6 75. 5- lfi. 7 84·. 7 59.9 . 4o.4 57.2 56.6 5178'
Cuttlefish . .. . .. ... . .. 3.9 5.0 3.1 5.4 LJ,. 0 5.2 6.5
Octopus 1. 2 1.0 2.7 3.3 L[ .1 2.7 2.9 6.7 5.1 12 .1. 14.3
Malaysia 1. 7 1. 2 1. 3 2.1 2.6 2.7 3.5 3.6 3.1 4.3 6.7
Squid
Cuttlefish 1. 7 1. 2 1. 3 2.1 2.6 2.7 3.5 3.6 3.1 4.3 6.7
Octopus
Phili12pines 7.6 10.0 11.4 9.9 17.9 13.1 12.5 12.7 7.5 15.5 21.lJ·
Squid 1/ 7:6 10.0 11.4 9.9 17.9 13.1 12.5 12.7 7.5 15:5 21. L[
Cuttlefish
Octopus
S. Vietnam, Re12. of l[. 5 4.5 4.7 4.5 3.3 3.8 9, Lf 15.3 10.7 12.9 12.9
Squid
Cuttlefish 1+, 5 4.5 4.7 4.. 5 3.3 3.8 9.4 15.3 10.7 12.9 12.9
Octopus
Thailand ... . .. ... 19.6 29.7 24.5 59.9 50.6 65.2 81.4 _§]_~
Squid !/ ... . .. . .. 19.6 29.7 24-. 5 59.9 50.6 65.2 81.4 69.4
Cuttlefish
Octopus

1/ Includes other cephalopods.

 Table l (d)

OCEANIA 0.1 0.1

~
-0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 0.3
-0.3 0.3

Squid 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
Cuttlefish
Octopus - - - - - - - 0.1 0.1

23.2 29.8 26.1

U.S.S.R. - -6.4 -3.7 8.1
-5.9 16.2
-4.6 --
:28.5
28.5 23.2 29.8 26.1
Squid - 6.4 3.7 8.1 5,9 16.2 4.6
Cuttlefish
Octopus

Explanation of standard symbols:

- nil
0.0 or O negligible quantity (less than one half of the unit indicated)
data not available

Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.

 (a)

Statistical Annex II

Table II

Catch of Cephalopods by Species, 1964~74

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

444.1 608.5 596.4 689.6 920.4 742.6

>QUID
Long-finned squid
- -
-
- -
--
-
- -
-
- -
- -
-720.4- -
718.3
-- 798.7
--
7.7
754.5
- -
14.9
743.5
--
9.6
(Loligo pealei)
Common squid 49.1 37. 9 42.2 38.5 38.0 40.6 39.0 52.1 43.8 43.2 51.8
(Loligo ~·)
Short-finned squid 4.0 5.4 4.0 6.3 6.6 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.6 4.1 12.8
(Ill ex illecebrosus)
European flying squid 3.2 13.5 5.4 4.3 2.6 2.4 2;3 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.7
Todarodes sagittatus) 0£,

Mediterranean flying squid - 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 f-1
(Illex coindetii)
Japanese flying squid. 324.6 467.5 458.4 518.7 753.1 538.1 484.3 401.9 517.9 378.3 359.1
Todarodes 2acificus)
Tasmanian flying squid ... . .. . .. ... ... .. ' . '. '.' . .. 13o4 18.6
Nototodarus sloani
Squids n.e.i. 63.2 84.0 86.3 121.4 119.8 157.8 190.7 256.9 222.1 297.8 288.6
( Loliginidae)
(Ornmastrephidae)
 Table II (b)

CUTTLEFISH 85.3 100.5 91. 2 105.5 103.7 103.7 92.5 119. 115.8 139.1 136.8
---- - - -- -- - - - - - -
Japanese cuttlefish 23.2 20.4 15 .LJ. 15.7 15.3 16.5 1L~, 7 15.4 15.2 12.2 17.0
(Sepia esculenta
Common cuttlefish 28.9 33,3 30.6 33.9 32.7 32.1 25,6 35.8 35.6 52.8 54 ,Lf
(Sepia officinalis
Cuttlefishes n.e.i. 33.2 l~6. 8 Lf5, 2 55.9 55.7 55.1 52.2 67.8 65.0 74.1 65.4
(Sepia spp-)
( Sepi<?l_a spp. )
a
00
OCTOPUS 105.6 153.3 148.0 184.0 192.1 173.0 163.1 1.65. 5 206.5 178.1 190.6 N
~~- -~~ ~~~
~-~~ ~~ ~~~-~

~-- ====
Common octopus 6lJ·. 9 44.0 34.8 66.2 78.5 65.5 61.6 49.1 40.2 31.8 l~1. 5
(Octopus vulga1..,is)
Curled and musl<y octopus 1. 8 1.9 2.3 2.2 2. 3. 2.0 2.9 2.5 3.3 2.7 2.7
(Eledone cirrosa)
(Eledone ~ta

Octopus n.e.i. 38.9 107.4 110.9 115.6 111. 3 105.5 98.6 113.9 163.0 143.6 146.4
( Poly12us ~· )
(Octopus spp.)

Source: FAO Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics, Catches and Landings Series, Vols. 30-38
 Statistical Annex II

Table III
-r---.-~~~~-~.-

Ja_pan - Imports of Cephalopod~~Countr'y of Origin~ 1969=74

'OOO tons Value ('OOO in U.S. dollars

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

SQUID AND CUTTLEFISH

Fresh, frozen 8.5 15.2 21. 3 27.8 29.0 44.8 3 336 10 981 15 619 20 965 29 954 63 045
Korea, Rep. 0.4 1.0 5.6 9.0 10.6 15.8 222 556 3 135 5 168 8 979 20 717
Spain 6.1 6.0 7.2 9.5 8. Lf 12.6 1 918 3 392 5 _387 6 598 8 022 16 019
Thailand 0.0 0.6 1. 2 4.6 2
Lf. 5.7 56 556 912 4 973 6 808 11 010
Yemen P.D.R. 0.1 0.7 1.3 98 552 1 544
Greece 0.8 1. 7 1. 6 1. 3 1.1 1. 2 473 1 390 1 368 1 040 1 067 '.I 1~41
Morocco 0.0 0.3 1.1 65 294 137
Italy 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.1 111 834 485 618 699 1 818
Others n.e.s. 1.1 5.2 5.3 2.8 3.3 6.0 556 4 253 Lf 332 2 405 3 533 10 359
Prepared or preserved
excluding smoked or in 00
w
airtight containers 0.7 2.0 2.8 4.5 7.1 6.2 834 3 753 6 442 11 020 20 240 27 167
Korea Rep. 0.7 1. 9 2.5 3.0 4.8 4.4 834 3 697 6 156 8 :l.58 16 04·5 21 026
Thailand 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.1 86 1 658 3 091 l+ 871
Korea D.P.R. 0.3 0.6 1. 3 0. Lf 114 488 883 549
Hong Kong 0.0 0.0 0.1 98 184 515
Others n.e.s. 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 !56 85 618 37 206
Salted or dried 2.2 1.2 1. 3 0.8 0.6 3 058 1 910 2 438 1 656 1 852

Korea Rep. 2.2 1. 2 1. 3 0.8 0.3 3 058 1 910 2 438 1 656 583
Singapore 0.2 480
Thailand 0.1 617
Others n.e.s. 0.0 172

OCTOPUS
fE.El_ sb_-2-~:2'." en 36.2 35.6 6Lf. Lf 63.9 54.1 67.7 7 39lt 10 56Li 32 777 32 372 4-2 179 70 934
Spain 34.5 30.5 59.9 59.3 L\-0. 8 Lf6. 2 6 894 8 313 30 097 30 063 31 280 Lf9 9l!-1
Korea Rep. 0.2 1. 0 1. 8 1. 6 Lf,5 8.8 83 389 855 878 1+ 158 9 090
Italy 0.1 0.2 0. :l 1. 0 1. 8 3.6 83 29 553 1 656 3 636
Mauritania 2.Li 0.6 0.1 0.1 2.7 973 2!5'7 65 589 1 887
Thailand 0.1 0.9 L2 0.3 390 522 172
Others :l, 4 L5 l. 9 LO 5. '/ 6. 1 lf 1'7 806 1 539 423 3 g7q. 6 208
 - 84 -
Statistical Annex IV

Table IV

Spain - Imports of Cephalopods by Country of Origin, 1970-14

Quantity Value
('OOO tons product weight) ('OOO U.S. dollars)
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Fresh, frozen 6.7 10.7 19.8 28.2 33.5 3,887 5,452 13,329 14,260 26~404

Italy 0.0 0.0 19 11

France 0.4 0.9 0.5 150 427 357

Japan 6.6 5.3 9.1 6.4 7.1 3 862 2 055 4 666 4 165 6 435

U.S.S.R. 6.5 7.4 1 701 2 282

Korea, Rep. 0.2 0.1 7.1 59 13 6 638

Uruguay 0.1 6

U.S.A. 0.0 12

Kuwait 0.3 780

Others 5.2 10.3 14.3 11.1 3 327 8 513 7 954 9 900

Others 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 3 600 2 123 1 597 1 049

Italy 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 721 162 194 175

Korea, Rep. 0.1 o.o 122 19

Greece 0.0 25

Denmark 0.2 0.0 0.0 291 35 19

Others 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.3 1 466 1 901 1 403 836

Source: Direccion General de Aduanas

 - 85 -
Statistical Annex V

Table v
Italy - Imports of Cephalopods by Country of Origin~ 197J..- 74

Quantity Value
('OOO tons product weight) :
1
OOO U.S. dollars)
1971 1972 1973 1974 1971 1972 1973 1974

SQUID
Fresh, frozen 8.5 10.2 13.1 7.1 4 562 5 806 10 202 '7
I 159
Japan 7.3 7.1 8.4 3.0 3 842 3 706 6 526 3 655
Thailand 0.3 1.6 2.0 0.8 204 1 190 1 599 591
Spain 0.3 0.2 0.5 152 135 394
U.K. 0.1 0.2 56 135
Korea 5 Rep. 0.1 0.3 48 304
Angola 0.3 181
South Africa 0.8 820
Other Asian 0.2 0.8 116 618
Others n.e.s. 0.2 0.8 2.2 1.4 144 459 l 683 1 171

CUTTLEFISH
Fresh, frozen 3.7 3.0 5.3 4.1 1 709 l 161 2 875 2 802
Japan 1.6 1. 9 1.4 1.1 655 662 560 587
France 0.6 1.4 0.6 279 987 409
Spain 0.5 157
Thailand 0 .J.,l 0.6 0.9 1.2 263 320 725 1 120
Korea, Rep. 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.6 91 33 l.J,27 350
Malaysia 0.1 105
Otner Asian 0.1 78
Mauritania 0.2 83
Others n.e.s. 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 81 146 93 326

OCTOPUS

771.J,
, 047
Fresh, frozen 2.9 1.4 1.8 1.6 972 634 ..L

Spain 1.2 361

.Japan 0.8 0.3 246 109
C2.ina 0.3 0.4 116 196
Thailand 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 130 208 445 586
Mauritania 0.2 132
Others 0.3 0.3 l.3 0.5 119 121 329 329

Source: Italian Foreign Trade Statistics

 - 86 -
Statistical Annex VI

Table VI
France - Im;eorts of Ce:ehalopods bl'.'. Countrz of Ori~in 11 1911-74

Quantity Value
(000 tons ;eroduct wei~ht)
1
(
1
000 U.S. dollars)
1971 1972 1973 1974 1971 19'72 1973 1974

SQUID
Fresh, frozen
salted 1.8 1.5 3.1 3.4 1 332 l 301 3 076 3 944
Thailand 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.7 36 12 582 854
Morocco 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.7 909 250 760 1 091
U.K. 0.1 0.1 0.1 o.o 29 56 53 4
U.S.A. 0.2 J.3 0.4 0.4 106 128 283 292
Italy 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 38 305 325 341
China 0.1 0.1 0.1 44 29 38
Japan 0.2 0.6 0.5 122 603 597
Indonesia. 0.2 o.o o.o 153 36 30
Others n.e.s. 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.8 17 363 402 765

CUTTLEFISH
Fresh, frozen,
salted 1.1 1.4 2.5 2.1 837 1 021 2 224 2 585
Thailand 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.3 568 675 1 519 1 498
Morocco 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 93 116 242 319
Malaysia 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 48 121 186 137
Italy 0.0 o.o 0.1 0.2 46 44 118 174
Senegal o.o 0.0 o.o 0.1 27 29 31 144
Japan 0.0 o.o o.o 9

Spain O.l 104

Others n.e.s. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 !..1,3 19 38 156

Source: Comi-teCentral des P~che~:: Mari times

 Statistical Annex VII

Table VII
--~~--

Japan - Exports of Cephalopods by Country of Destination 1969~/L;

---~---~------~-~-- - ~-~~~-~-~--

--- --~-~ -- Quantity ('OOO tons product ~Jeight r ----Va-lue ( I ooo1L s:<lollar_s_)_ _ _ _ _
1969
~~~-~-=--=-~-=~~~===-~--""""==---==~~-.o=~~=--~~-~
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1969 1970 1971--~1972- 1973 1974

SQUID AND CUTTLEFISH

Fresh, frozen ... 22.4
~-
20.5
~-
25.7
--- 25.7
--
17.8
- - . .. 12 576 9 288
- - 12 986 17 237 14 477
Italy ... 12.4 12.0 11. lf 11. 8 5.6 ... 6 931 5 285 5 295 7 882 4 610
Spain ... 6.6 6.8 10.0 8,6 7.7 ... 3 862 3 056 5 075 6 234 6 602
Mauritania ... - 0.1 1. 7 2, Lf 0,9 ... - 36 l 031 1 451 1+67
Greece . ~ ~ 0.8 0. lf 1.1 1.1 1. 3 ... LfL[4 191 504 545 824
Others n.e.s. ... 2.6 l. 2 l. 5 l. 8 2.3 ... l 339 720 l 081 l 125 l 9Lf4
00
OCTOPUS '-'
Fresh, frozen ... 1. 2
- - -3.4 8.0
-~
10.0
- - 8.1
-- . .. 1 0lf4
- - 2 260
- --
4 93Lf
- - 6 268
---- 4 028
--
Mauritania ... - l. 9 6.7 9.5 7.7 . ., - l 146 4 042 5 673 3 392
u.s.A. . .. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0,4 ... 312 363 450 577 603
Others n.e.s. ... 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.0 o.o ... 732 751 442 18 33

SQUID, CUTTLEFISH,
OCTOPUS
470 326
In airtight containers 2.2
-
2.5
-- 0.3
- - 0.2
- -
0.5
-- 0.2
- -
1 023
--
l
--
394 191
-- -237 -- -
Philippines 1.4 0.6 0.1 o.o 0.3 0.2 612 355 87 28 266 26lf
U.S.A. o.o O.l 0.0 0.1 o.o 0.0 34 38 36 94 64 57

Canada 0.0 o.o o.o o.o 0.0 o.o 7 l 1 1 2 1

Singapore 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.1 O.l .. 142 437 22 81 114
Malaysia 0.2 0.3 - 0.0 - - 111 18lf - l

Others n.e.s. 0.3 0.7 0.2 o.o 0.1 o.o 117 379 q5 32 24 4
 Statistical Annex VIII

Table VIII
Spain - Exports of Cephalopods by Country of Destination! 1969=74

Quantity_( 1 000 tons product weight) Value ('OOO U.S. dollars)

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Fresh~ frozen ... 36.9

- - -39.5
- 73.3
- - 48.4
- - 62.0
- - . .. 11 853 20 467 36 245 36 354 59 623

Japan ... 36.5 34.2 65.4 43.3 55.0 . .. 11 705 17 506 32 386 32 531 52 995

Portugal .. . ... 1.0 .. . . .. ... . .. ... 499 ... . .. . . -

00
00
U.S.A. ... ... . .. l. 5 0.6 1.1 .. . ... ... 946 563 971

Argentina . .. ... ... 1.3 0.8 1.1 ... . .. ... 403 188 815

Italy ... ... 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.5 . .. . .. 513 434 631 381

Others n.e.s. ... 0.4 2.8 3.8 2.7 4.6 . .. 148 1 949 2 076 2 441 4 461

Source: Direccion General de Aduanas

 Statistical Annex IX

Table IX
Thailand - Exporti3___<?_.f_ _fephalopods_by Co~ntry of Destination a 1969-7lt

('OOO tons Value ('OOO U.S. dollars

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 197Lf 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 197Lf
~~-----~~-~~-=

Fresh, frozen
salted
~~~-
0.4
- - 2.9
- - 6.0
-~
15.4 14.3 ... 315 -~
l 816 4 816
~-~
10 062 13 782
-~-

Hong Kong 0.3 0.9 1.4 1. 7 0.. 7 ... 237 621.f l 2L}3 1 961 309

Singapore 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.6 - ... 78 60 859 1 109

00

...
\0
Japan - 0.5 1. 3 5.1 5.2 - 377 l 119 l,l 509 7 369 ...
France - 0. lj 0.6 Lf. 0 l. 9 ... - 211 334 548 1 445

Italy - 0.5 1. 0 3.1 3.5 ... - 257 '+63 1 408 2 132

Spain - 0.2 0.3 0,2 0.7 ... - 109 206 143 730

Others n.e.s. - 0.3 0.8 0.3 2.3 .. ' - 178 592 384 1 797

~~----~~---

Source: Department of Customs, Bangkok, Foreign Trade Statistics of Thailand

 Statistical Annex X

Table X
Republic of Korea - Exports of Cephalopods by Country of Destination, 1970m74

Quantity ('OOO tons product wei~ht) Value ( 1 000 U.S. dollars)

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Fresh, frozen
8 802 12 OOO
cured
-- 5.1
-2.3 4.6 7.3
-9.3 7 199 3 598
- - -5 578
- - -
Japan 4.2 0.3 3.9 5.5 8.1 6 290 740 4 302 4 776 9 148

Hong Kong 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 O.l 385 254 413 l 179 351

China o.o 1.5 0.3 a.9 a.7 0 2 153 628 1 944 2 027 \0
0
Singapore a.3 D.l o.o O.l o.o 282 174 91 279 56

Thailand 0.1 0.1 o.o 0.1 - 134 90 67 153

Others n.e,s. 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 108 185 77 471 418

PreEared or
Ere served ... .. . ... 4.8
-- -3.9 ... ... ... 17 720 17 979

Japan .. . ... ... 4.7 3.9 .. . . .. ... 17 495 17 766

Others n.e.s. ... ... . .. 0.1 a.a ... . .. ... 2'.Z5 213

Source: Department of Customs Administration, Republic of Korea

 Statistical Annex XI

Table XI

Ja an - Household Annual Ex enditures for S

Quantity Purchased and Average

Expenditure: Yen
Quantity: 100 g
Average price: Yen/100 g

Fresh Sgu!~ : "Surume" or Dried Squid : Smo~~ : Fermented Salted Squid

Year Expen- Quantity Average : E'r.pen- Quantity Average : Expen- Quantity Average : Expen- Quantity Averag0
diture ptu"chased price : diture purchased price : diture purchased p1~ice : diture ptwchased price
~~~=~-~~-=~~~~ ... =""~•-.=<•k.---""""""-~·""="'->-=-~~~~~-~--~- ~-~~~-~~--~---~=----====-===- ... ,,,,

1964 1 160 74.040 15.66 165 Lf, OOO 41.22 .. . ... ... 157 3.330 46.83
1965 1 410 75.780 18.61 162 3.130 52.16 ... ... . .. 184 3.410 53.94
1966 1 617 85.030 19.01 173 2.960 57 .96 .. . ... . .. 201 3.430 58.71
1967 1 818 87.460 20.79 189 2.870 65.87 .. . ... . .. 214 3.470 61.76
1968 1 939 86.260 22 .'--l·S 200 3.070 65.21 '.. . .. . .. 233 3.640 6Lf. 09 D

1969 2 010 78.003 25.77 228 3.211 70.91 440 5.235 84.14 243 3.635 66.97 ~
1970 2 526 79.218 31.89 276 2.964 93.15 408 4.075 100.17 295 3.673 B0.24 ft

1971 2 971 69.955 lf5. 73 275 2.370 116.12 395 3.227 122.31 353 3.755 <Jll. 00
1972 3 472 78.532 44.21 375 3.044 123.34 438 3.259 134.40 425 4.106 103.48
1973 3 827 76.890 49.79 l~88 3.559 137.04 605 4.192 1Lf4, 42 467 lf. 637 115.76

__ ,,_...,,,.,.~----=-----"'==~~~~~~·~=-------=- ~=-~=-~=<----=- - ~~~-~-~~~--

1f Includebl cuttlefish

Source: Annual Repor•t on Family Income and Expenditure Surveys~ Office of Prime Minister 9 Ju.pan 9 197 3
 - 92 -

Agriculture Policy Research Center of Japan,

1974 Shokuryo keizai b.akusho (Food economic white paper).
Tokyo, Nosei Kenkyu Sentaa, 163 p. (in Japanese)

Shokuryo keizai hakusho (Food economic white paper).

1975 Tokyo, Nosei Kenkyu Senta.a, 177 p. (in Japanese)

Engel, H.H., Review about commercial trawling gear used for squid
1975 fishing in the North Atlantic. Paper presented at
FAI:J Expert C-0n~ultation on Squid and other Cephalopoda,
Tokyo, September 1975, 4 p.

FAI:J, Agricultural COY.i!il:'llOdity projections, 1970-1980.

1911 Rome, 1:329 p., 2~ p.

Review of the status of exploitation of the world fish

197b, resources. Rome, COFI/74/4:26 p.

Review of the state of e:'i:ploitation of the world fish

1975 resources. Rome, COFI/75 24 p.

Fisheries Some aspects of the

1973 European re.a.rkets for cephalopods. Landon, Fisheries
Development Limited, pp. 36-64

The ma.rk>et: iriu. Westerr:. Et:ro1che for squid. London, Fisheries

1975 De"+1elopment Limited for for New England Fisheries
Develop!!lent Program.; Li;.O p.

Flores, E.Ed.C., Studies on squid. Quezon City, College of Fisheries,

197.!~ University of the Ph.ilippines, 12 p.

Gulland, J .A. (Ed.) The fish resources of the ocean. London, Fishing
1972 News (~ooks) Ltd., 255 p. Rev.Ed. of FAO Fish.Tech.Pap .•
(97):425 p.

Ham.a.be, M. ~ al, Exploitation of jigging in overseas waters.

1975 In ion ;J:.tilization of squid and octopus
an~
resources. Tokyo, Fisheries Agency of Japan, pp. 83-9
(in Japanese)

Hamlisch, R. and 'the dem,~nd f~r fish as h~n food. 1!! Fish in nutrition,
R..A. Taylor, edited E. Reen a.::id R. K.reuzers London, Fishing News
1962 (Rooks) Ltd., pp. 385-l~07

Rirasawa, Y. , Report on Japanese fisheries. Tokyo, Toyo Keizai Shinpoaha,

1973 250 p. (in Japanese)
 - 93 -

Fisheries Agency of Japan, Suisan sho-roppo (Concise

1973 compendium of fishery laws). Tokyo, Suisan-sha, 870 p.
(in Japanese)

Gyogyo hakusho (Fishery white paper). Tokyo, Suisan-

1975 sha, 290 p. (in Japanese)

Japan, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan,

1975 A long-term perspective of agriculture products.
Tokyo, Norin tokei~kyokai, 163 p. (in Japanese)

Food dem.,and analysis. Tokyo, Norin tokei-kyokai,

1975a 167 p. (in Japanese)

Japan Tariff Association, Kanzei roppo (Concise

1975 compendil.l!!I. of tariff) Tokyo, Nihon Kanzei Kyokai,
Rev.Ed., 1329 p. (in .Japanese)

JETRO, Squid in New Zealand. Tokyo, JETRO, 66 p.

1972 (in Japanese)

Frozen cuttlefish of Thailand. Tokyo, JETRO, 86 p.

1972a (in Japanese)

Surv«::y on utilization and exploitation of fishery

1973 resources in Thailand. Tokyo, JETRO, 56 p. (in Japanese)

Trade in agriculture, forestry and fishery products.

1974 Tokyo, JETRO, 339 p. (in Japanese)

Kasahara, H., Japanese distant water fisheries: a review. Fish.Bull.

1972 NO~/NMFS, 70(2):227-82

Kato, s. and The Cali£o~nia squid fishery. Galifornia,

J. Hardwick, Tiburon Laboratory, 31 p.
1975
Korea, Office of Fisheries, Government of Korea,
1966 Fisheries in Korea. Seoul

Current fisheries in Korea. Seoul

1972

Krone, w. and Export markets for fishery products from developing

E. Ruckes, cou~tries. In Fishery products, edited by R. Kreuzer.
1974 West Byfleet-,- , Fishing News (Books) Ltd., pp. 371-7

Lee, C.M., T.C. The potential us•2 (;f squid as a protein resource.
Lee and c.o. In Fishery products,, edited by R. Kreuzer. West
Chichester, Byfleet, Surrey~ Fishing News (Books) Ltd., pp. 243-4
1974
 = 94 =

Lux, F.E., W.D. the potential for an offshore squid fishery.

Handwork and Mar.Fish.Rev., 36 :24-7
W.F. B.athjen,
1974
Lyles, C.H., the squid fishery. Washington, D.c., Bureau ox
1968 eom.ercial Fisheries, C.F.S. 4833, H.S. 14:19 p.

Marasco, R •• Food from the aea: an economic perspective of the

1974 seafood market. Am.J •.i\gric.Econ., 56(5):1030-7

Present aspects of squid and octopus utilization.

In Exploitation and 1.~tilization of squid iand octopus
resources. Tokyo, Fisheries Agency of Japan, pp. 185-9

Morton, J.E., Molluscs. Rev.Ed. London, Hutchinson University

1967 Library, 244 p.

Naab, D.A., Preliminary analysis of a survey o~ ouy1ng patterns

1970 for fresh and frozen fish and shellfish by household
characteristics. Wfashington 2 D.C., Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Working ~aper No. 46:39 p.

Nasu, K •• World squid fishery and its development. Suishan Shuho

1974 (Fish.Weekly) Tokyo, (722):36=9 (in Japanese)

Naylor, J., Production, trade and consumption of small shoaling

1973 pelagic species. Fl!JJ Fish.Tech.Pa.£., (126):48 p.

Noetzel, B.G. Economic feasibility of a squid fishery in New England.

1974 Washington, )!). c., Ne..t.ional Marine Fisheries Service

Okada, T., Management of squid fisheries. Suisan Shuho (Fish.Weekly)

1974 Tokyo, September issue: pp. 23=4 (in Japanese)

Okutani, K. and Outline of distribution of Ommastrephidae and Loliginidae

K. Hatanaka, in the world 1 s oceans (in Japanese). In Exploitation
1975 and utilization of squid and octopus resources. Tokyo,
Fisheries Agency of Japan, pp. 81-5

Rathjen, W.H., Northwest Atlantic squids. Mar.Fish.Rev., 35(12):20-6

1973

Robinson, M.A. Determinants of demand for fish and their effects upon
1973 resources. Paper presented at FAO Technical Conference
on Fishery and Development, Vancouver,
February 1973. J.Fish.Res.Board Can., 30(12)Pt.2:2051-8

Ruckes, E., Fish utilization, uiarketing and trade in countries

1973 bor-dering the South China Sea - status and programme
proposals. Rome, SCS/'fJJff!l/73/8:33 p.
 - 95 -

Sakurai, T .• Squid and cuttlefish fishe7ies in Thailand, Rep.Dep.

1972 Fish.Minist.Agric., Bangkok, 1972:33 p.

Slack, E.B., Squid fisheries in Australian and New Zealand waters.

1973 World Fish., 22(9):42-4

Suisan-sha Suisan nenkan (Fisheries Yearbook 1973) Tokyo, Suisan-

1973 sha, 490 p. (in Japanese)

Suisan nenkan (Fisheries Yearbook 1974) Tokyo, Suisan-

1974 sha, 534 p. (in Japanese)

Suisan nenkan (Fisheries Yearbook 1975) Tokyo, Suisan-

1975 sha, 525 p. (in ~apanese)

Takahashi, T., Utilization of squid as food. In Fishery products,

1974 edited by R. Kreuzer. West Byfleet, Surrey, Fishing
News (Books) Ltd., pp. 244-7

Tanikawa, E. Marine products in Japan. Tokyo, Koseisha-koseikaku Co.,

1971 507 p.

UNCTAD/GATT, Frozen food conaU1llll.ption trends in Western Europe:

1974 froz.en crustaceans - the markets in the United Kingdom,
France and Italy. Geneva, 114 p.

Voss, G.L., Potentials for an octopus and squid fishery in the

1960 West Indies. Proc. Gulf Carib.Fish.Inst., 12(1959):129-35

Cephalopoda of the Philippine Islands. Bull.U.S. Natl.Mus.~

1963 (234):1-180

The cephalopod resources of the Caribbean Sea and

1971 adjacent region. FAO Fish.Rep., (71.2):207-323

Cephalopod resources of the world. FAO Fish.Circ.,

1973 (149):75 p.

Voss, G.L. and The cephalopods cf Hong Kong. Hong Kong, Governm.ent
G.R. Williamson Press, 138 p.
1972

Voss G.L., The potentially commercial species of octopus and squid

L. Opresko and of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
R. Thomas, Miami, University of Miair.mi Sea Grant Program, 65 p.
1973

Yuize, Y., Economic analysis of food. Tokyo, Dohbun shoin, 477 p.

1971 (in Japanese)

New Zealand launches squid fishing project. Fish News

1974 Int., 13(3):43

New Zealand seminar presents hard facts on squid fishing.

1975 World Fish., 24(11):57-8
 PUBLICATIONS or TEE
SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEITELOPMENT fa.MD COORDINATING PROGRJIJiflV!E

Working Papers

SCS/74/WP/l Rabanal, H.R, The potentials of aquaculture development

in the Inda-Pacific Region. Manila, 1974. 34p,

SCS/74/WP/2 Crutchfield, J. A. , D. A. Lawson and G. K. Moore . Malaysia.

Legal and institutional aspects of fisheries development.
Manila, 1974, 27p.

SCS/74/WP /3 Marr, J.C. Republic of Vietnam - Legal and institutional

aspects of fisheries development. ~.anila~ 1974. 20p.

SCS/74/w-P /4 Larsson, S.O.R., G.C.A. Van Noort and E.0. Oswald.

Malaysia - A report on artisanal fisheries of Peninsular
Malaysia with particular refe1:-ence to Kuala Besut.
Manila, 1975. 58p,

SCS/75/WP /5 Rabanal, H.R. Irian Jaya, Indonesia - Survey of

possibilities and recom.mendations for development of
brackish water fish production, ~..anila, 1975. 27p.

SCS/75/WP/6 Tussing, A.R. Fishery development perspectives. Sub-

Region V: South China Sea. Manila~ 1975, (IPFC/74·/
Sym/7). 23p.

SCS/75/WP /7 Murdoch, W.R. and M.A. Myers. Republic of Singapore -

An assessment of the Jurong Fishing Harbour complex and
expansion site on the east bank of the Jurong River.
Manila, 1975. 46p.

SCS/75/WP/8 Peterson 9 C.L., K.J. Rosenberg and A.C. Simpson. Regional -

Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture
and Southward Ho covering voyages I and II. Dec. 1-13,
1974 and Jan. 5-Feb. 3, 1975. Manila~ 1975. l7p.

SCS/75/WP/9 Oswald, E.O. and R.E.K.D. Lee. Regional - A proposal for

a live bait pole-and-line tuna fishing survey in the
South China Sea and adjacent waters. ~.anila, 1975. 38p.

SCS/75/WP/10 Rosenberg, K.J. and A.C. Simpson. Regional - Trip reports

of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture and Southward
Ho covering voyage 3. 9 February to 26 March 1975.
Manila, 1975. 28p.

SCS/75/WP /11 Peterson, C.L. Rf;gional - R:esource survey of larger

pelagic fish. Manila, 1975. 32p.

NOTE: Copies of these papers can be obtained by writing to the Programme

in Manila, Philippines,
 - 2 -

SCS/75/WP/12 Rosenberg~ K..J. ~ A.C. Simpson and C.M. Renwick. Regional -

Tri:;i reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal Venture
and Southward Ho covering ~voyage 4. 9 April t.o 24 May 1975.
Manila, 1975. 36p.

SCS/75/WP/13 Baum~ G.A. Kuala Besut II - A supplementary report on

selected socio-economic aspects and problems in a fisherman 1 s
community on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila,
1975. 43p.

SCS/75/WP/14 Cuerden, C. Library services for the South China Sea

Fisheries Programme and its participating countries. Manila 9
1975. 48p.

SCS/75/WP/15 Lawson 9 R. M. ~alaysia - &; interim report on socio-economic

aspects of the development of artisanal fisheries on the
East Coast of Malaysia. Manila~ 1975. 29p.

SCS/75/WP/16 Jamandre, T.J. and H.R. Ra.banal. Engineering aspects of

brackish water aquaculture in the South China Sea region.
Manila, 1975. 96p.

SCS/75/WP/17 Murdoch, W.R. Malaysia - Assessment of the viability and

potential of the joint venture~ Majuikan Mideast Sdn Bhd,
Kuching, Sarawak, as requested by Lembaga Majuikan, Malaysia.
Manila, 1975. 16p (Restricted).

SCS/75/WP/18 Cleaver, W.D. Malaysia - A preliminary design and general

arrangement for an offshore purse seine vessel for the
East Coast of West Malaysia. Manila, 1975. 35p.

SCS/75/WP/19 Pischedda, J.L. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and

institutional aspects in the development of the fishing
industry. Preliminary observations and identification
of the m.ain obstacles. Manila, 1975. 3Sp.

SCS/75/WP/20 Simpson, A.C, Regional - Acoustic surveys of pelagic

resources. Report No. 1. Gulf of Thailand~ July 1975.
Manila, 1975. 28p.

SCS/75/WP /21 Cintas, D. 2nd C.M. Renwick. Regional - Report of aerial

survey for schooling pelagic fish. 1. Philippine waters,
12-29 June 1975. Manila, 1975. 28p.

SCS/76/WP/22 Baum, G.A. and J.A. Maynard. Tobuan/Sual, Pangasinan

Province Central Luzon - A socio-economic study on a rural
fishing population in Central Luzon in connection with the
Mu.~icipal Fisheries Pilot Programme. Manila 9 1976. 44p.

SCS/76/WP/23 Panigayan, Lampinigan, Baluk-

Baluk and Ma0.angal~ Basilan Province. A socio-economic
study on four fisherwen 1 s communities affiliated to the
Basilan Fishing Association (BFA/Isabela in connection with
the MTu"icipal Fisheries Pilot Programme). Manila, 1976, 62p.
 - 3 -

SCS/76/WF/24 Barica, J. Nutrient-dynamics in eutrophic inland waters

used for aquaculture in some coun·tries bordering the
South China Sea 9 wi•ch particular reference ·to mass fish
mortalities: Proposal for monitoring programmes.
Philippines, Thailand and Hong Kong. Manila 5 1976. 43p.

SCS/76/WP/25 Rosenberg, K.J. 9 A.C. Simpson and J.A. Maynard. Regional -

Trip reports of chartered purse seine vessels Royal
Venture and Southward Ho covering voyages 5 and 6 0 13 Jw.1e
to 10 September 1975. Manila, 1976. 52p.

SCS/76/WP /26 Moore, G.K. Malaysia - Legal and institu'cional aspects

of fisheries development. (2nd working paper)
Manila 9 1976. 38p.

SCS/76/WP/27 Wheeland, H.A. Malaysia - Preliminary observations and

recommendations concerning the fisheries statistics
programme of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, 1976. 22p.

SCS/76/'WP/28 Maynard~ J .A. Regional - Report of aerial survey for

schooling pelagic fish. II. Thailand - 20 November to
l December 1975. Manila 9 1975. 20p.

SCS/76/WF/29 Baum 9 G.A. and J.A. Maynard. Salay, Misamis Oriental

Province - A socio-economic study on the fishing population
of the seven coastal barrios of Salay Municipality in
connection with the Municipal Fisheries Pilot Programme.
Manila, 1976. 47p (country - Philippines)

SCS/76/WP/30 Murdoch, W.R. Hong Kong - A preliminary feasibility study

to prosecu·te offshore pelagic stocks from Hong Kong.
Manila, 1976. 27p.

SCS/76/WF/31 Johnson, R.F. Preliminary report on aquatic pollution

in the South China Sea Region. Manila, 1976. 34p.

SCS/76/WP/32 Wheeland, H.A. Preliminary observations and recommenda-

tions concerning the fisheries statistics programme of
Singapore. Manila, 1976. 2lp.

SCS/76/WP/33 Baum, G.A. and J.A. Maynard. Coron/Tagumpay - Busuanga

Island/Calamianes Gl~oup (Palawan Province). A socio-
economic study on two rural fishing populations in
northern Palawan in connection with the Municipal Fisheries
Pilot Programme. Manila, 1976. 112p.

SCS/76/WF/34 Jones, R. Mesh regulations in the demersal fisheries of

the South China Sea area. Regional. Manila, 1976. 79p,
 - 4 -

SCS/76/WP /35 Simpson~ A.C. and S. Ch.ikuni. Progress report on fishing

for tma in Philippine wa'cers by FAO chartered purse seiners.
Manila 9 1976. 38p.

SCS/76/WP/36 Bonga, O.B. Vessel specifications and drawings for two

10 m multi-purpose fishing vessels for the small-scale
fisheries projec'c - Kuala Besut. Manila, 1976. 36p.

SCS/76/WP /37 Shang, Y.C. Economics of various management techniques

for pond cultwce of finfish. Manila, 1976. 36p.

SCS/76/WP/38 Johnson, H.N. Malaysia - A preliminary study of investment

opportunities for the 1'1.evelopment of small-scale fisheries
on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Manila, 1976. 2lp.

SCS/76/WP /39 Shang, Y.C. Follow-up programmes on economics of aquacul-

ture in the South China Sea Region. Manila, 1976. 19p.

SCS/76/WP/40 Cook, H.L. Problems in shrimp culture in the South China

Sea Region. Manila~ 1976. 50p.

SCS/76/WP/41 Johnson, H.~ J. Dibbs and R, Nasoetion. Indonesia - A

preliminary assessment for sw..all-scale fisheries development
in Riau~ North Sumatra and West Kalimantan Provinces.
Manila, 1976. Sln.

SCS/76/TtlP /L~2 Baum, G.A, and J.A. Maynard, Bayawan Municipality, Negros
Oriental Province/Negros. A socio-economic study on the
rural fishing population of Bayawan Mu..TJ.icipality in
connect: ion with the Mu.."licipal Fisheries Pilot Programme.
Manila, 1976. 33p. \cou.-itry - Philippines)

SCS/76/WP/43 Maynard 9 J .A., Philippines - Report on aerial survey for

schooling pelagic fish in waters of the South China Sea
and Sulu Sea adjacent ·to Palawan Island, 9-12 March 1976.
Manila, 1976. 17p,

SCS/76/WP /44 Chakraborty 9 D. ?ish·cries statistics in the Philippines -

A plan for a new and expanded data collection programme.
Manila, 1976. 70p.

SCS/76/WP /45 Marr, J. C, 9 G. Camplerilan and W. R, Murdoch. Thailand -

An analysis of the present and recommendations for future
fishery development and management policies 9 programmes and
institutional arrangeme~ts, Manila, 1976, 185p. (Restricted)

SCS/76/WP/46 Cleaver 9 W. and O.B. Bonga, Thailand - Preliminary design,

general arrangement and lines plans for two pelagic
purse-seine/midwater trawl research vessel, 27.5 m and
24 m lengths,. Manila 9 1976.
 - 5 -

SCS/76/WP/47 Cleaver, w. Hong Kong - A preliminary design, general

arrangement and specifications for a combination pelagic/
demersal research vessel. Manila~ 1976,

SCS/76/W1'/48 Simpson, A.C. and W.R. Murdoch. K.egional - Trip reports

of chartered Pu+'Se-seine vessel Royal Venture - Trips
Nos. 7 g 8. 1 October 1975 to 1 February 1976. Area -
Moro Gulf. Manila, 1976. 17p.

SCS/76/WP /49 Regional - Trip reports

of chartered vessel Southward Ho - Trips Nos. 7 & 8.
11 September 1975 to 1 March 1976. Areas - Malaysia
and Thailand. Manila, 1976. 32p.

SCS/76/WP/50 Regional - Trip reports

of chartered purse seine ves~els Royal Venture and
Southward Ho - Trip No. 9. 29 February to 6 April 1976.
Manila, 1976. 22p.

SCS/76/WP/51 Regional - Trip reports

of chartered purse seine vessel Southward Ho - Trips
Nos. 10 and 11. 15 April to 8 August 1976. Area - East,
North and West Coasts Luzon Island, Bohol Sea, Sulu Sea
and Moro Gulf. Manila, 1976. 20p.

SCS/76/WP/52 Wheeland, H.A. Sta.tistics for fisheries development.

Regional. Manila, 1976. llp.

SCS/76/WP/53 Christy, L.C. Republic of the Philippines - Legal and

institutional aspects of fisheries development. Manila.
1976. 65p. (Restricted)

SCS/76/WP/54 Maynard, J.A. Philippines - Province of Tawi-Tawi. A

project identification and semi-detailed feasibilitv
study relative to improving the status of small-scale
fishermen and creating an integrated fishing industry
in the Province of Tawi-Tawi. Manila, 1976. llOp.
 - 6 -

COORDINATING COMMITTEE REPORTS

SCSP: 74/l REP Report of the Ad Hoe Coordinating Committee Meeting

of the South China Sea fisheries Development and
Coordinating Programme. Manila, 18-19 June 1974. 27p.

SCSP: 74/2 REP Report of the first session 0£ the Coordinating

Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development
and Coordinating Programme. Jakarta, Indonesia,
6 November 1974. Rome, FAO, 1974. 22p.

SCSP: 76/3 REP Report of the second session of the Coordinating

Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development
and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 9 April 1976. 16p.

SCSP: 77/4 REP Report of the third session of the Coordinating

Committee of the South China Sea Fisheries Development
and Coordinating Programme. Manila, 24-25 February 1977.
19p.

WORKSHOP REPORTS

SCS/GEN/74/l Report or the workshop on planning and coordination of

resources survey and evaluation in the South China Sea.
28 August to 4 September 1974. Manila, South China Sea
Fisheries Programme, 1974. 197p.

SCS/GEN/76/2 Report of the workshop on the fishery resources of the

Malacca Strait. Part I. Jakarta, 29 March to 2 April 1976.
Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 89p.

SCS/GEN/76/3 Report of workshop on legal and institutional aspects of

fishery resources management and development. 5-8 April
1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976.
95p.

SCS/GEN/76/4 Report on the training workshop for field enumerators of

the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - Philippines.
22-31 March 1976 by D. Cha~raborty and H. Wheeland. Manila,
South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 32p.

SCS/GEN/76/5 UNDP/FAO Training course on the management of small-scale

fishery enterprises. Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia.
25 August to 26 September 1975. Rome, FAO, 1976. 14p.

SCS/GEN/76/6 Report of the workshop on the fishery resources of the

Malacca Strait - Part II. Jakarta, 29 March to 2 April
1976. South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 85p.
 - 7 -

SCS/GEN/76/7 Report of the BFAR/SCSP workshop on the fishery resources

of the Visayan and Sibuyan sea areas. Tigbawan, Iloilo,
Philippines. 18-22 October 1976. Manila, South China
Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 26p.

SCS/GEN/ 76/8 Philippines - Report seminar on the fisheries statistics

survey of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
23 July 1976. DNR/BFAR/SCSP, Manila, 1976. 17p.

SCS/GEN/76/9 Report of the consultative group meeting on smaii-scale

fisheries development in the South China Sea region,
13-15 December 1976. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries
Programme, 1977. 140p.

PERIODIC PROGRESS REPORTS

SCS/PR/74/1 Woodland~ A.G. Project~rogress report of the South

China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating
Programme. 1 July to 31 December 1974. Manila,
South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1974. 19p.

SCS/PR/75/2 Project progress report of the South

China SEa Fisheries Development and Coordinating
Programme. 1 January to 30 June 1975. Manila,
South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 40p.

SCS/PR/75/3 Project progress report of the South

China Sea fisheries Development and Coordinating
Programme. 1 July to 31 December 1975. Manila,
South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1975. 38p.

SCS/PR/7i;/4 Project progress report of the

South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating
Programme. 1 January 1976 to 31 December 1976. Manila,
South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 47p.
 - 8 -

SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME

Fisheries Technical Papers

SCS/DEV /73/l Woodland, A.G. et al. The South China Sea Fisheries:
A proposal for accelerated development. Rome, FAO,
1974. 162p.

SCS/DEV/73/2 Yamamoto, T, Review of marine fishery statistical

systems in countries bordering the South China Sea,
and proposals for their improvement. Rome, FAO, 1973.
46p. (Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries
Statistical Systems)

SCS/DEV /73/3 Aoyama, T. The demersal fish stocks and fisheries of

the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 80p,
(Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries demersal
resources)

SCS/DEV/73/4 Kume, S. Tuna resources in the South China Sea.

Rome, FAO, 1973. l8p.

SCS/DEV/73/5 Ling, S. Status, potential and development of coastal

aquaculture in the countries bordering the South China Sea
Rome, FAO, 1973. 5lp. (Cover title: The South China Sea
Fisheries Aquaculture development)

SCS/DEV/73/6 Menasveta, D. et al. Pelagic fishery resources of the

South China Sea and prospects for their development. Rome
FAO, 1973. 68p. (Cmrer i;:itle: The South China Sea
Fisheries pelagic resources)

SCS/DEV /73/7 Mistakidis, M.N. The crustacena resources and related

fisheries in the countries bordering the South China Sea.
Rome, FAO, 1973. 39p.
(Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries crustacean
resources)

SCS/DEV /73/8 Ruckes, E. Fish utilization, marketing and trade in

countries bordering the South China Sea- status and
programme proposals. Rome, FAO, 1973. 33p.
(Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Marketing
and Trade)
 - 9 -

SCS/DEV/73/9 Doucet, F.J. et al. Institutional and legal aspects

affecting fishery development in selected countries
bordering the South China Sea. Rome, FAO, 1973. 32p.
(Cover title: The South China Sea Fisheries Institu-
tional legal aspects)

FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern

Indian Ocean (Fishing area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing
area 71). Rome, FAO, 1974. 4 vols.

(ADB/FAO Market Studies)

SCS/DEV/76/11 Development potential of selected fishery products in the

regional member countries of the Asian Development Bank.
Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 107p.

SCS/DEV/76/11 Fishery country profiles. Manila, South China Sea

(Appendix 1) Fisheries Programme, 1976. 173p.

SCS/DEV/76/12 The international market for shrimp. Manila, South China

Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 105p.

SCS/DEV/76/13 The intertnational market for tuna. Manila, South China

Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 69p.

SCS/DEV/76/14 The international market for crab. Manila, South China

Sea Fisheries Programme; 1976. 49p.

SCS/DEV/76/15 The international market for lobster. Manila, South

China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 46p.

SCS/DEV/76/16 The international market for cephalopods. Manila, South

China Sea Fisheries Programme, 1976. 95p.

SCS/DEV/76/17 The European canned fish market: Prospects for

Rastrelliger Spp. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries
Programme, 1976. 56p.
 - 10 -

TECHNICAL REPORTS CONTRIBUTED TO SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS, ETC.

RABANAL, H.R. FAO activities in inland fisheries and aquaculture

with particular reference to Asia and the Far East.
Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 17p.
(Contributed to the First Fisheries Research Congress.
Philippine Council for Agriculture Resources Research,
7-10 March 1975, Legaspi City, Philippines)

Preliminary report on the macrobrachium fishery in

1975 the Indo-Pacific Region. Manila, South China Sea
Fisheries Programme, 20p. (Contributed to the
International Conference on Prawn Farming, Vung Tau,
Vietnam, 31 March to 4 April 1975)

Distribution and occurrence of milkfish chanos

1975 chanos (Forskal). Manila, South China Sea Fisheries
Programme, 1975. 18p. (Contributed to the National
Bangos Symposium. Manila, 25-26 July 1975)

Mangrove and their utilization for aquaculture.

1976 Manila, South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 20p.
(Contributed to the National Workshop on Mangrove
Ecology held in Phuket, Thailand. 10-16 January
1976)

Aquaculture 1976: Focus on Southeast Asia. Manila,

1976 South China Sea Fisheries Programme. 12p. (Talk
delivered at the National Convention of the
Federation of Fish Producers of the Philippines,
Iloilo City, 26 August 1976)

Simpson, A.C. Some proposal for research related to the under-

1976 standing of nangrove ecology and the utilization of
mangrove areas. Manila, South China Sea Fisheries
Programme. lop. (Contributed to the Philippine
Council for Agriculture Resources Research (PCARR),
Fisheries Workshop, Subic, Zambales, Philippines,
15-17 January 1976)

Rabanal, H.R. The resources in inland waters: their utilization

and management. Manila, South China Sea Programme.
2lp. (Talk delivered before the Phi Sigma Biological
Honor Society as a contribution to the Deogracias
V. Villadolid memorial lecture series. Manila,
Philippines, 26 November 1976)