REPORT

On
Simulation Project: Security Alarm

Submitted by

Name: Shubham Vishwakarma

Registration no: 12216143
Program Name: Bachelor of Technology
(Computer Science and Engineering)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Amandeep Singh

School of Computer Science & Engineering

Lovely Professional University

(October-November 2022)

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have completed my simulation project on a Security

alarm from 10-02-2022 to 07-11-2022 under the guidance of Dr. Amandeep
Singh. I have declared that I have worked with full dedication during these four
weeks to fulfil the requirements of training for the award of degree of Bachelor
of Technology (Computer Science and Engineering), Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara

Date: 07-11-2022 Signature

Registration No:12216143

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily I would like to thank God for being able to learn a new technology.
Then I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to the teacher who
provide me the golden opportunity to learn a new technology from home.

I would like to also thank my own college Lovely Professional University for
offering such a course which not only improve my programming skill but also
taught me other new technology.

Then, I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestions and guidance for choosing this course.

I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL

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Table of Content:
SERIAL TITLE PAGE NO.
NO

1 Front page 1

2 Declaration 2

3 Acknowledgement 3

4 Table of content 4

5 Security alarm 5

6 Circuit component 6

7 Resistor 7

8 Switch 11

9 Diode 12

10 Capacitor 13

11 Transistor 14

12 Speaker 17

13 Working and explanation 17

14 Circuit and working model 19

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SECURITY ALARM:
A security alarm is a system designed to detect
intrusion, such as unauthorized entry, into a building or
other areas such as a home or school. Security alarms
used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military
properties protect against burglary (theft) or property
damage, as well as personal protection against
intruders. Security alerts in neighbourhoods show a
connection with diminished robbery. Car alarms likewise
help protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also
use security systems for the control of inmates.
Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary
protection; combination systems provide fire and
intrusion protection. Intrusion-alarm systems are
combined with closed-circuit
television surveillance (CCTV) systems to record
intruders' activities and interface to access control
systems for electrically locked doors. There are many
types of security systems. Homeowners typically have
small, self-contained noisemakers. These devices can
also be complicated, multirole systems with computer
monitoring and control. It may even include a two-way
voice which allows communication between the panel
and monitoring station.

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CIRCUIT COMPONENTS:
Resistor R1, R2 (100K) – 2
R3 (1.2K) – 1
R4 (47E) – 1
T1 (BC547) – 1
T2 (BC558) – 1
D1, D2 (1N4007) – 2
C1 (. 1uf) – 1
Switch– 2
Speaker – 1

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RESISTOR:
A passive electrical component with two terminals that are
used for either limiting or regulating the flow of electric
current in electrical circuits.
What is SI unity of resistor?
The SI unit of resistor is Ohm
Types of Resistors:
Resistors are available in different shapes and sizes. Common
types that are available are through-hole and surface mount. A
resistor might be static, standard resistor, special, or a pack of
variable resistors
There are two basic types of resistors as follows:
1. Linear resistor
2. Non-linear resistor
Linear resistors:
The resistors whose values change with change in applied
temperature and voltage are known as linear resistors. There
are two types of linear resistors:
Fixed resistors: These resistors have a specific value and these
values cannot be changed. Following are the different types of
fixed resistors:
• Carbon composition resistors
• Wire wound resistors
• Thin film resistors

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 • Thick film resistors
Variable resistors: These resistors do not have a specific value
and the values can be changed with the help of dial, knob, and
screw. These resistors find applications in radio receivers for
controlling volume and tone. Following are the different types
of variable resistors:
• Potentiometers
• Rheostats
• Trimmers
Non-linear resistors:
The resistor values change according to the temperature and
voltage applied and is not dependent on Ohm’s law.
Following are the different types of non-linear resistors:
• Thermistors
• Varistors
• Photo resistors
What is Colour Coding of Resistors?
Resistors may not display the value outside but their
resistance can be calculated through their colour pattern
PTH (plated-through-hole) resistors use a colour-coding
system (which really adds some flair to circuits), and SMD
(surface-mount-device)resistors have their own value-marking
system.

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Following is a table with colour code of resistors:

Colour Colour code

Black 0

Brown 1

Red 2

Orange 3

Yellow 4

Green 5

Blue 6

Violet 7

Grey 8

White 9

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What is Tolerance in Resistors?
Following is a table with tolerance of resistor:

Colour Tolerance

Brown ±1%

Red ±2%

Gold ±5%

Silver ±10%

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Switch
In electronics, an electronic switch is an electronic component or
device that can switch an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or
diverting it from one conductor to another. Electronic switches are
considered binary devices because they can be on or off. When an
electronic switch is on, the circuit is closed and when it is off, the
switch is open in the circuit
Types:
Depending on application, switches are manufactured in many types.
Switches operated by a person are called hand switches. Hand
switches consist of many types such as toggle switches, pushbutton
switches, selector switches, and joystick switches. Another form is a
motion switch; these are typically called limit switches. Limit
switches are used to limit the motion of a machine. Limit switches are
usually used for preventive safety measures so that a machine will cut
off past a specified point. Two of the most common limit switches
are lever actuator switches and proximity switches.
Application
Electronic switches are used in all kinds of common and industrial
applications. Household applications consist of simple hand switches
like toggle switches and push-button switches. Turning on lights,
opening garage doors, and rolling down a car window all use simple
switches. Industrial applications for electronic switches consist of
more complex systems like conveyors, furnaces, welders, and water
pumps. With complex systems, a variety of switches can be used to
complete a task, but due to the advantages or disadvantages of certain
switch types, the switch should be chosen based on graded efficiency
and reliability metrics

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Diode:
1N4007 1000V 1A GENERAL PURPOSE DIODE

1N4007 is a rectifier diode, designed specifically for circuits

that need to convert alternating current to direct current. It can
pass currents of up to 1 A, and have peak inverse voltage
(PIV) rating of 1,000 V.
1N4007 Characteristics:
• Maximum Recurrent Peak Reverse Voltage 1000V
• Maximum RMS Voltage 700V
• Maximum DC Blocking Voltage 1000V
• Average Forward Current: 1.0A
• Peak Forward Surge Current: 30A
• Maximum Instantaneous Forward Voltage: 1.0V
• Maximum DC Reverse Current At Rated DC Blocking
Voltage: 5.0µA @ 25°C
• Typical Junction Capacitance: 15pF
• Typical Reverse Recovery Time: 2.0us
• Mounting Type: Through Hole
• Operating Temperature: -55°C ~ 150°C

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Capacitor :
A capacitor is a little like a battery but works completely
differently. A battery is an electronic device that converts
chemical energy into electrical energy, whereas a capacitor is
an electronic component that stores electrostatic energy in an
electric field. In this article, let’s learn about capacitors in
detail.
The conducting plates have some charges Q1 and Q2 (Usually,
if one plate has +q, the other has –q charge). The electric
field in the region between the plates depends on the charge
given to the conducting plates. We also know that potential
difference (V) is directly proportional to the electric field
hence we can say,
• Q∝V
• Q=CV
• C=Q/V

Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Once the opposite charges have been placed on either side of
a parallel-plate capacitor, the charges can be used to work by
allowing them to move towards each other through a circuit.
The equation gives the total energy that can be extracted from
a fully charged capacitor:
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• U= 𝐶𝑉 ⁄2
Capacitors function a lot like rechargeable batteries. The
main difference between a capacitor and a battery lies in the
technique they employ to store energy. Unlike batteries, the
capacitor’s ability to store energy doesn’t come from chemical

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reactions but from the physical design that allows it to hold
negative and positive charges apart.

Transistor:
BC547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter
will be left open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at
ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is
provided to base pin.
BC547 Transistor Pinout Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Collector Current flows in through collector

2 Base Controls the biasing of transistor

3 Emitter Current Drains out through emitter

BC547 Transistor Features

• Bi-Polar NPN Transistor
• DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
• Continuous Collector current (IC) is 100mA
• Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
• Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum

Brief Description on BC547

BC547 transistor has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value
determines the amplification capacity of the transistor. The
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maximum amount of current that could flow through the
Collector pin is 100mA, hence we cannot connect loads that
consume more than 100mA using this transistor. To bias a
transistor we have to supply current to base pin, this current
(IB) should be limited to 5mA.

When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow a

maximum of 100mA to flow across the collector and emitter.
This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage
allowed across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter
(VBE) could be 200 and 900 mV respectively. When base
current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage
is called as the Cut-off Region and the Base Emitter voltage
could be around 660 mV

Brief Description on BC558

BC558 is a PNP transistor hence the collector and emitter will
be closed (Forward biased) when the base pin is held at
ground and will be opened (Reverse biased) when a signal is
provided to base pin. This is where a PNP transistor differs
from a NPN transistor.
BC558 has a gain value of 110 to 800; this value determines
the amplification capacity of the transistor. The peak current
that could flow through the Collector pin is 200mA, this
combined with the high gain value makes it an ideal choice
for audio amplification applications.
When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow continues
current of 100mA to flow across the collector and emitter.

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This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage
allowed across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter
(VBE) could be 200 and 900 mV respectively. When base
current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage
is called as the Cut-off Region and the Base Emitter voltage
could be around 660 mV.
BC558 Transistor Pinout Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Collector Current flows in through collector

2 Base Controls the biasing of transistor

3 Emitter Current Drains out through emitter

Features
• Bi-Polar PNP Amplifier Transistor
• DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
• Continuous Collector current (IC) is 100mA
• Peak Collector current (Ic) is 200mA
• Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 5V
• Base Current(IB) is 200mA peak
• Available in To-92 Package

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Speaker:

A speaker consists of a baffle connected to a coil of wire

wrapped around a magnetic core. When electricity is passed
through the coil it will move, pushing or pulling the baffle,
which in turn moves air and produces an audible sound.
Speakers are very low resistance and so require capacitors to
block the DC current.

Working of Security Alarm Circuit:

S1 and S2 are the two switches that are used in the
circuit so that both can be put in two different places i.e.
one of them can put in front of the locker while another
one can be placed on the front door. When the switch S1
is pressed diode D1 which is linked with it starts
conducting as the transistor T1 and T2, which is
attached with the resistor begin its conduction. For the
oscillation purpose Transistor T1 and T2 gets a positive
feedback which is provided by capacitor C1. The
presence of any intruder is indicated by the low tone
frequency which is generated when switch S1 is
pressed. Same kind of condition occurs when switch S2
is pressed. Diode D2 which is linked with the switch S2
begin its conduction and offers power supply the
transistor T1 and T2, which is in the waking state and as
a result sound comes from the speaker attached to it.
But in this instance a high frequency tone comes out
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which is a sign that there is some intruder present
around the locker. The sound that came from the
speaker can only be stopped by cut off the power
supply.

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Circuit diagram and the working model:

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