EBD_7751

512 PHYSICS

Moving Charges
19 and Magnetism
OERSTED EXPERIMENT Comparison between electric field and magnetic field
In 1802 Gian Domenico Romagnosi, an Italian lawyer and judge, Electric field Magnetic field
found that a steady electric current flowing in wire affected a 1. Source is an electric 1. Source is a current element
uur
magnetic needle placed near it. He published his observation in a charge (q). ( Idl ) .
local newspaper (called Gazetta di Trentino). But nobody noticed 2. Isolated charge exists 2. Isolated poles do not exist.
this phenomenon. 3. Electric field at a point 3. Magnetic field at a point due to
due to a point charge is a current element is perpendicular
In 1820 Hans Christian Oersted (a Danish Physicist) rediscovered in the plane containing to the plane containing the point
this phenomenon. He noted that a magnetic compass needle, the point and the charge. and the current element.
brought close to a straight wire carrying a steady electric current, 4. It obeys inverse square 4. It also obeys inverse square law
law (a long range force). (a long range force).
aligned
r itself perpendicular to the wire i.e., the direction of magnetic 5. It obeys principle of 5. It also obeys principle of
field B is tangential to a circle which has the wire as centre, and superposition as the field superposition.
which has its plane perpendicular to the wire (Fig 1-a). Oersted is linear related to charge.
also noticed that on reversing the direction of current; the direction 6. Angle dependence is not 6. Angle dependence is present.
present.
of magnetic field is reversed. 7. Line of electric lines of force 7. Lines of magnetic lines of
do not form closed loops. force form closed loops.
8. Electric field changes 8. Magnetic field does not
kinetic energy of a charged change kinetic energy of a
i particle. charged particle.
9. A charged particle whether 9. A charged particle at rest
B at rest or in motion in an do not experience force
electric field experiences due to magnetic field.
B a force due to electric field.
i

Clockwise Anticlockwise MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT CARRYING

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b) CONDUCTOR, BIOT-SAVART’S LAW
uuur
The magnetic induction dB at any point outside
the current path due to a small current element of A
In first case when current is in upward direction, magnetic field is uur
length dl (in the direction of the current) is given
clockwise (Fig 1-a) and when the current is downward, magnetic i P
by Biot-Savart's law q
field is anticlockwise (Fig. 1-b).
uur ur dl r
MAGNETIC FIELD uuur m I (d l ´ r )
dB = 0
It is a region of space around a magnet or current carrying 4p r3
B
conductor or a moving charge in which its magnetic effect can
m I dl sin q
be felt. or, | dB | = 0
4p r2
The conductor carrying current is electrically neutral but a
ur ur
magnetic field is associated with it. uur m q(v ´ r )
Also, dB = 0 where v is the drift velocity of charge
The SI unit of magnetic field induction is tesla (T) or weber/m2 4p r 3
and cgs unit is gauss. 1 gauss = 10– 4 T
where m0 = 4p × 10–7 TmA–1.
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 513
uuur Magnetic field due to an infinitely long conductor :
Direction of dB
uur uur r
The direction of dB is perpendicular to both dl and r , governed
uur r
by the right hand thumb rule of the cross-product of dl and r .
ur m I ˆ m 2I a
The magnetic fields going into the page and coming out of the B = 0 (-k) ÞB= 0 I
page are represented as follows : (at P) 2pa 4p a P

Elucidation
Magnetic field in the case of infinitely long wire
Magnetic field Magnetic field
going into the page coming out of the page. p/2
m0I
Magnetic Field due to Various Current Carrying
dB = ò 4pa
cos qdq I
-p / 2
Conductors
Magnetic field due to finite sized conductor : r m I( - kˆ) a
ÞB= 0
2 pa
^ Magnetic field near the end of a long conductor :
j
I
q1 ^
a i
O q2 P m0I
B = I
(at P) 4pa
^
k a
P
r m I Elucidation
B(at P) = 0 (sin q1 + sin q 2 ) ( - k)
ˆ
r = a cosec q, l = a cot q, A
2 pa 2
dl = a cosec q dq
ur q
m 0 2I
ÞB= (sin q1 + sin q 2 ) r m 0 dl ´ r r
4p a dB = 3
I
4pr
Elucidation l 90°
m Ia cosec 2 qdqˆj ˆj)
ur m I r r = 0 3 ´ (aj – a cot q P
4pr
( )
dB = 0 3 d l ´ r r = a sec q, l = a tanq 4pa cosec2 q
uur
O a
m I cos ec q ˆ Þ dB = m 0 I sin qdq ( -k) ˆ
r = 0 dq( -k)
Þ dl = a sec2 q dq Þ d l = a sec2 qdqˆj 4pa cos ec q 3
4pa
ur uur m 0 I
r = -a tan qˆj + aiˆ B = ˆ = æ m 0 I - 0ö ( - k)
[ - cos q]pp /2 (- k) ˆ
çè ÷ø
4 pa 4 pa
ur m Ia sec 2 qdq m0I
Þ dB = 0 3 3 ˆj ´ ( -a tan qˆj + ai)
ˆ ÞB = (- k̂ )
4pa sec q 4pa
Magnetic field due to a current carrying coil :
m 0 I sec 2 qdq m 0 I cos qdq (i) Magnetic field at a point on the axis of symmetry of a
= (-k̂) = (-k̂)
4pa sec q 3 4pa circular coil, at a distance “x” from its centre :
q2 q2 B = m0NI a2/2(a2 + x2)3/2
m 0I m I
\B = ò 4 pa
cos qdq = 0
4pa ò cos qdq or, B =
mo 2pNIa2 a
- q1 ( - q1 ) 4p (a2 + x2 )3/ 2 I
x
m0I N = total number of turns
ÞB= [sin q 2 + sin q1 ] (Pointing into the plane of paper)
4 pa a = coil radius
Magnetic field near the end of a finite sized conductor : r
The direction of B is given by Right hand screw rule.
Right hand screw rule : If direction of rotation of right handed
ur screw-head is the directon of current in a circular conductor then
mI
B = 0 sin q I the direction of its advance is the direction of magnetic field. This
(at P) 4pa
is applicable even if the current, magnetic field are interchanged, as
a q
in case of current flowing through a straight conductor.
P
 EBD_7751
514 PHYSICS

Elucidation Magnetic field inside a current carrying solenoid

y
(i) Finite size solenoid
dl q2
m0 nI q1
r B = (cos q1 - cos q2 )
a ( at P ) 2 P
q q x
x
(ii) Near the end of a finite solenoid
m0 nI
B= cos q ; (q1 = q & q 2 = p / 2)
2
z
(iii) In the middle of a very long solenoid, B = m0 n I
Let for a particular angle, position of small length element dl is
given by its coordinates as (iv) Near the end of a very long solenoid
z = -a cos q, y = a sin q .
m0 n I q
r B=
Now, a = -a cos qkˆ + a sin qˆj , 2
P

r r
r = - a + xiˆ = xiˆ - a sin qˆj + a cos qkˆ n is the number of turns per unit length of solenoid.
Also we have l = rq Þ dl = rdq . (v) Magnetic field in the endless solenoid (toroid) is same
throughout and is m0nI.
Now d l ^ a at any instant
(vi) Magnetic field outside a solenoid or toroid is zero.
uur m0I ur r
\ d l = dl(sin qk̂ + cos qˆj) , dB =
4pr3
dl ´ r ( ) AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
uur m Irdq The line integral of magnetic field across a closed loop is equal to
Þ dB = 0 3 (sin qkˆ + cos qˆj) ´ (xiˆ - a sin qˆj + a cos qk) ˆ 40 times the net correct inside the loop
4pr uur uur
=
m 0 Irdq
(x sin qˆj + a sin 2 qˆi + x cos qkˆ + a cos 2 qˆi)
i.e., Ñò B .dl = m0 I
2 2 3/2
4p(x + a ) where I is the net current inside the loop.
m 0 Irdq (1) The direction of the magnetic field at a point on one side of
= [x(sin qˆj + cos qk)ˆ + ai]ˆ
4p(x 2 + a 2 )3/2 a conductor of any shape is equal in magnitude but opposite
uur uur in direction of the field at an equidistant point on the other
Þ B = ò dB
side of the conductor.
m 0 Ia 2p (2) If the magnetic field at a point due to a conductor of any
= 2 2 3/2
[x | - cos qˆj + sin qkˆ |0 +a(2p - 0)i]
ˆ
4p(x + a ) shape is Bo if it is placed in vacuum then the magnetic field
uur ˆ
m I2pa(i) at the same point in a medium of relative permeability mr is
0
B = given by B = mr Bo .
4p(x 2 + a 2 )3/2
If number of turns of coil are N, then (3) If the distance between the point and an infinitely long
conductor is decreased (or increased) by K-times then the
r m0 I2pNa (i) ˆ ˆ
m 0 INa(i)
|B|= = magnetic field at the point increases (or decreases) by K-
2 2 3/2 2 2 3/2
4p(x + a ) 2(x + a ) times.
m 2pNIa (4) The magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of radius
Þ B= 0 2
4p (x + a 2 )3/2 smaller than other similar coil with greater radius is more
than that of the latter.
m0 2pNI
(ii) At the centre of a circular coil, B = m0NI / 2a = (5) For two circular coils of radii R1 and R2 having same current
4p a
and same number of turns, we have
(iii) Magnetic field at the centre of a circular arc carrying
current B1 R2
= , where B1 and B2 are the magnetic fields at their
B2 R1
ur m I q m Iq q centres.
B = 0 ´ (- kˆ) Þ B = 0
( at P ) 2a 360 4p a P (6) The magnetic field at a point outside a thick straight wire
a
carrying current is inversely proportional to the distance
where q is in radian. r but magnetic field at a point inside the wire is directly
In this case the direction of magnetic field B is into the proportional to the distance.
page.
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 515

Keep in Memory m 0 2 Ix
B inside = for x < R
4p R 2
1. If in a coil the current is clockwise, it acts as a South-pole. If R
m 0 2I
the current is anticlockwise, it acts as North-pole. B surface = for x = R
4p R
x P
m 0 2I
B outside = for x > R
4p x
ur
4. Graph of magnetic field B versus x
2. No magnetic field occurs at point P, Q and R due to a thin
current element Idl . B

Idl
R P Q
x
3. Magnetic field intensity in a thick current carrying conductor
at any point x is 5. Magnetic field is zero at all points inside a current carrying
hollow conductor.

Magnitude and direction of magnetic field due to different configuration of current carrying conductor.

Configuration of Point of observation Magnetic field

S.No. current carrying conductor Magnitude Direction
1. Two long linear and parallel At P, the mid point between B=0 Normal to the plane of
current carrying conductors the two wires. paper, inwards.
Wire 1 Wire 2 The distance of P from each B = m 0 2Ié 1 + 1 ù
wire is r/2. 4p êë x r + x úû
At P', distant x from wire 2 as
I I P' shown. m0 é 1 1ù Normal to the plane of
P P'' At P'', distant x' from wire 1 B = 2Iê - ú paper, outwards.
x‘ x
as shown. 4p ë r - x' x ' û
r
2. Square loop At the centre. é m0 I ù Normal to the plane of
I
ê
B = 4 4p a / 2 ú paper, inwards.
ê ú
ëê (sin 45° + sin 45° )ûú
O I
I
45°45°
a/2
aI
3. Two concentric circular coils At the centre. m0 én n ù n1 n 2
B= 2p I ê 1 - 2 ú If >
having turns n1 and n2 4p ëa bû a b
n2 Perpendicular to the
plane of paper
b inwards.
Oa
n1

4. Straight wire and loop At the centre.

B=0

I O I
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516 PHYSICS

5. Straight wire & semi-circular loop At the centre. m 0 pI Normal to the plane of paper,
B= inwards.
4p a
a
I O I
6. Circular loop At the centre of loop. m 0 é 2pI 2I ù Normal to the plane of
B= - ú
I 4p êë a aû paper, inwards.

O
a
I I
7. Two concentric circular arcs At the common centre. m0 é1 1ù Normal to the plane of paper,
B= Iq -
4p êë a b úû outwards.

b
a
q
O

8. Semi-circular area and straight At the centre of the semi- m 0 pI m 0 I Normal to the plane of paper,
B= +
conductors circle. 4p r 4p r outwards.

r
I O

I
9. Two concentric coils mutually At the common centre. According to law of vectors
B = B12 + B 22
normal to each other. addition.
B1 where
I2 m 2p n1I
B B1 = 0
4p a

a B2 m 0 2p n 2 I
O B2 =
4p b
n1 I1
b

FORCE ON A CONDUCTOR t = BINA

The force on a conductor is given by where N is the number of turns in the coil, A is the area and I is the
F = BIl sin a current.
where l is the length of the conductor in meter; B is the flux
density of field in tesla (Wb/m2); I is the current in ampere and If the plane of the coil makes an angle a with the direction of the
a is the angle which the conductor makes with the direction of the field, then
field. t = BINA cos a.
Special case : Example 1.
If a = 90°, then F = BIl
The direction of the force is given by Fleming's left hand rule. The field normal to the plane of a wire of n turns and radius
r which carries a current i is measured on the axis of the
TORQUE ON A COIL
coil at a small distance h from the centre of the coil. By
The torque acting on a rectangular coil placed with its plane parallel
what fraction this is smaller than the field at the centre?
to a uniform magnetic field of flux density B is given by
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 517

Solution : Solution :
The magnetic field on the axis of a current i carrying coil of Magnetic induction at O due to coil Y is given by
turns n, radius r and at a distance h from the centre of the
m0 2p I ( 2 r ) 2
coil BY = ´ ...(1)
4p [(2r ) 2 + (d) 2 ]3 / 2
m 2pnir 2
B= 0 ´ .....(1) Similarly, the magnetic induction at O due to coil X is given
4p ( r 2 + h 2 ) 3 / 2 by
The field at the centre is given by
m0 2p I ( r ) 2
m 2pi ´ n BX = ´ ...(2)
B centre = 0 ´ ....(2) (Q at centre h = 0) 4p [(r) 2 + (d / 2) 2 ]3 / 2
4p r
BY 1
B r3 From eqs. (1) and (2), =
= 2 BX 2
B centre (r + h 2 ) 3/ 2
Example 4.
r3 1 A cell is connected between two points of a uniformly thick
= 3/2 = circular conductor. i1 and i2 are the currents flowing in
é h2 ù æ 3 h2 ö
r 3 ê1 + 2 ú ç1 + ÷ two parts of the circular conductor of radius a. What will
r û ç 2 r2 ÷
ë è ø be the magnetic field at the centre of the loop?
æ 3 Solution :
h 2 ö÷
or B ç1 + = Bcentre Let l1, l2 be the lengths of the two parts PRQ and PSQ of the
ç 2 r 2 ÷ø
è conductor and r be the resistance per unit length of the
conductor. The resistance of the portion PRQ will be R1 = l1r
3 h2
\ (B centre - B) / B =
2 r2 i2
Example 2.
S O Q
In fig., there are two semi-circles of radii r1 and r2 in which
a current i is flowing. Find the magnetic induction at i1
P
centre O. R

r1 i
The resistance of the portion PSQ will be R2 = l2r
O Pot. diff. across P and Q = i1R1 = i2R2
r2
Solution : or i1l1r = i2l2r or i1l1 = i2l2 …… (i)
Magnetic field induction at the centre O due to currents
m0 p i m 0 p i
B = B1 + B2 = ´ + ´ through circular conductors PRQ and PSQ will be
4p r1 4p r2
m0 i1l1 sin 90º m 0 i 2 l 2 sin 90º
B1 – B2 = - =0
m 0 i é 1 1 ù m 0 i é r1 + r2 ù 4p r2 4p r2
= 4 êr + r ú = 4 ê r r ú
ë 1 2û ë 12 û Example 5.
Example 3. A current passing through a circular coil of two turns
Two circular coils X and Y having equal number of turns and produces magnetic field B at its centre. The coil is then
carry equal currents in the same sense and subtend same rewound so as to have four turns and the same current is
solid angle at point O. If the smaller coil X is midway between passed through it.The magnetic field at its centre now is
O and Y, then if we represent the magnetic induction due to B B
(a) 2 B (b) (c) (d) 4 B
bigger coil Y at O as BY and due to smaller coil X at O as BX 2 4
Solution : (d)
BY
then find . m 0 2 pnI n
BX B= i.e. B µ ;
4p r r
d
Given, L = 2pr1 × 2 = 2pr2 ×4 ; r1/r2 = 4/2 = 2
d/2
2r B2 n 2 r1 4
r = ´ = ´2 = 4 or B2 = 4B1 = 4B.
B1 n1 r2 2
O
Y X
Example 6.
Compute the flux density in air at a point of 9 cm from the
long straight wire carrying a current of 6A.
 EBD_7751
518 PHYSICS

Solution : At P, the earth's horizontal magnetic flux density,

Given : a = 9 cm = 9 × 10–2 m, I = 6A Be = 4 × 10–5T (from South to North)
The direction of B is from north to south.
m o I 4p ´ 10 -7 ´ 6
B= = = 1.33 × 10–5 T \ Resultant intensity at
2pa 2p ´ 9 ´ 10-2 P = 4 × 10–5 – 1 × 10–5 T
Example 7. = 3 × 10–5 T (From south to north)
Calculate the flux density at a distance of 1 cm from a very For a point 10 cm , north of X the flux density due to the
long straight wire carrying a current of 5A. At what distance current in X = 1 ×10–5T (due east)
from the wire will the field flux density neutralize that due
(b) The flux density due to the horizontal component of
to the earth's horizontal component flux density 2 × 10–5
the earth's field = 4× 10–3T (due north)
T ? (m0 = 4p × 10–7 Hm–1)
Solution :
m o I 4p ´ 10-7 ´ 5
B= = = 10-4 T Be BR
2pa 2p ´ 1 ´ 10 -2
For the second part,
m o I 4p ´ 10-7 ´ 5
a= = = 5 ´ 10 -2 = 5 cm B
2pB 2p ´ 2 ´ 10 -5 \ Resultant Intensity
Example 8.
A wire 28m long is bent into N turns of circular coil of BR = B2e + B 2 . = (4 ´ 10-5 )2 + (1 ´ 10-5 )2
diameter 14 cm forming a solenoid of length 60 cm.
Calculate the flux density inside it when a current of 5 amp –5
= 17 ´ 10-5 = 4.1 × 10 T
passed through it. (m0 = 12.57 × 10–7 m–1)
which is greater than the flux density at P.
Solution :
Given : d = 14cm = 0.14m l = 60cm = 0.6 m Example 10.
By the question, N × pd = 28 m. A horizontal wire, of lenth 5 cm and carrying a current of
N × p × 0.14 = 28 2A placed in the middle of a long solenoid and right angles
to its axis. The solenoid has 1000 turns per metre and carries
28 a steady current I. Calculate I if the force on the wire is
\ N= = 63.66 turns.
0.14 ´ p vertically downwards and equal to 10–4 N.
N 63.66 Solution :
B < λ o nI < λ o I < 12.57 ´ 10,7 ´ ´5 l = 5cm = 5 × 10–2m, I wire = 2A, n = 1000 m–1, F = 10–4 N
l 0.6
= 6.67 ×10–4 T If I be the current through the solenoid, then
Example 9. B = m0 nI
A vertical conductor X carries a downward current of 5A.
(a) What is the flux density due to the current alone at a Force = BIwire × l or 10–4 = m 0 NI ´ I wire ´ l
point P 10 cm due east of X?
(b) If the earth's horizontal magnetic flux density has a or 10 -4 = 4 p ´ 10 -7 ´ 1000 ´ I ´ 2 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2 = 4p ´ 10 -5 I
value 4 × 10–5 T, calculate the resultant flux density
at P. 10-4 10
\ I= -5
= = 0.8A
Is the resultant flux density at a point 10cm due north 4p ´ 10 4p
of X greater or less than at P? Explain your answer.
Example 11.
Two long parallel conductors carry currents of 12A and 8A
N respectively in the same direction. If the wires are 10cm
apart, find where the third parallel wire also carrying a
current must be placed so that the force experienced by it
Be W E shall be zero.
B Solution :
S For the force on the third conductor to be zero, the direction of
I the flux density due to the current flowing in the two wires
Solution : must be opposite in the position of the wire.
(a) I = 5A, a = 10cm = 0.1 m \ Third wire must be placed between the wire. Let the third
wire placed at a distance x m from the wire carrying 12A,
m o I 4p ´ 10-7 ´ 5
B= = = 1 ´ 10-5 T then, B1 = B2
2pa 2p ´ 0.1
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 519

(b) v sin a : The force acting on charged particle due to this

component is q(vsin a )Bsin 90° = qvBsin a . This acts
12A X 8A
as the centripetal force and moves the particle in a circular
path.
0.lm The combined effect of these two is a helical path.
A charged particle entering a uniform magnetic field at an angle
m o I1 m o I2 executes helical path.
= .
2px 2p(0.1 - x) mv sin a
Radius of the helix, R =
12 8 3 2 qB
or = or =
x 0.1 - x x 0.1 - x Angular frequency of rotation, w = (2p / T ) = qB / m
0.3 2pmv cos a
or 0.3 = 5x = = 0.06 m Pitch of the helix = (v cos a ) T = .
5 qB
FORCE ACTING ON A CHARGED PARTICLE MOVING ur
Direction of force F :We can use the rule of cross product. The
IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD
The force acting on a particle having a charge q and moving with direction of F is perpendicular to the plane containing v and B
r r and can be found by right hand thumb rule. It is important to note
velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B is given by
ur ur ur that if q is positive, we will get the correct direction of F by right
F = q(v ´ B) Þ F = qvB sin q ,
r r hand thumb rule. But if q is negative, we have to reverse the
where q is the angle between v and B direction of force.
Case (i) If q = 0, F = 0. Also if q = 180°, F = 0 Flemings left hand rule : It states that if the fore finger, the central
If a charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field in the direction finger and the thumb of the left hand are stretched at right angles
of magnetic field or in the opposite direction of magnetic field, the to each other then if the central finger represents the direction of
force acting on the charged particle is zero. current and fore finger represents field, the thumb will represent
the direction of motion or force experienced by the current
Case (ii) If q = 90°, F = qvB carrying conductor.
In this case the force acting on the v × × × × FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS
particle is maximum and this force acts × × × × B
When a current flows in a conductor, the free charges (electrons
as centripetal force which makes the × × v × × in case of a metal wire) move. Each free charge movement generates
charged particle move in a circular path. F
× × × × a force which adds up to give the force on the conductor.
mv2 × × × × Force between infinitely long conductors placed parallel to each
\ F = qvB = q × × × × other at distance d.
r v
mv × × × ×
Þ r= B1
qB
where r is the radius of the circular path. F
I2
It is important to note that this force cannot change the speed of
I1
the charged particle and hence its kinetic energy. But it changes d
the velocity of charged particle (due to change in direction) and
hence also causes a change in momentum. F m0 2 I1 I 2
Force per unit length = =
Also the work done by the force is zero as the force is acting l 4p d
where l is the length of wire.
perpendicular to the direction of motion. If currents are pointing in same direction, the force is of attractive
Case (iii) If q = a is any other angle then the path taken is helical. nature and if currents are oppositely directed the force is of
The velocity of the charged particle can be split into two parts for repulsive nature.
better understnading. Lorentz Force Equation
For a charged particle q moving in a region of simultaneously
B uur uur
applied electric field E and magnetic field B , the force
v experienced by it is given by
v sin a a uur uur ur uur
vcosa F = q [ E + (v ´ B )]
uur
Torque on a current loop in uniform magnetic field B is given
ur uuur uur uur
(a) v cos a : The force on charged particle due to this component is by t = (M ´ B ) where M is the magnetic moment of coil.
zero. This component is responsible in moving the charged
uuur r
M = N I Anˆ where n is the unit vector normal to the plane of
particle uniformly in the direction of B . the loop.
 EBD_7751
520 PHYSICS

Keep in Memory T1
Torsional
head
1. No force acts on a charged particle if it enters a magnetic Phosphor
field in a direction parallel or antiparallel to the field. bronze wire
2. A finite force acts on a charged particle if it enters a uniform M Mirror
magnetic field in a direction with finite angle with the field. Soft iron core
3. If two charged particles of masses m1and m2 and charges P Q
q1 and q2 are projected in a uniform magnetic field with
same constant velocity in a direction perpendicular to the L N S
N S
field then the ratio of their radii (R1: R2) is given by S R
R1 m1 q 2
= ´ Spring Showing radial
R 2 m 2 q1 field
4. The force on a conductor carrying current in a magnetic T2
field is directly proportional to the current, the length of It essentially consists of a rectangular coil PQRS or a cylindrical
conductor and the magnetic field. coil of large number of turns of fine insulated wire wound over a
5. If the distance between the two parallel conductors is non-conducting frame of ivory or bamboo. This coil is suspended
decreased (or increased) by k-times then the force between by means of phosphor bronze wire between the pole pieces of a
them increases (or decreases) k-times.
powerful horse shoe magnet NS. The poles of the magnet are
6. The momentum of the charged particle moving along the
curved to make the field radial. The lower end of the coil, is attached
direction of magnetic field does not change, since the force
to a spring of phosphor-bronze wire. The spring and the free ends
acting on it due to magnetic field is zero.
of phosphor bronze wire are joined to two terminals T 2 and T1
7. Lorentz force between two charges q1 and q2 moving with
velocity v1, v2 separated by distance r is given by: respectively on the top of the case of the instrument. L is a soft
iron core. A small mirror M is attached on the suspension wire.
m (q v ) (q v )
Fm = 0 . 1 1 2 2 2 Using lamp and scale arrangement, the deflection of the coil can
4p r
8. If the charges move, the electric as well as magnetic fields be recorded. The whole arrangement is enclosed in a non-metallic
are produced. In case the charges move with speeds case.
comparable to the speed of light, magnetic and electric force Theory : Let the coil be suspended freely in the magnetic field.
between them would become comparable. Suppose, n = number of turns in the coil
9. A current carrying coil is in stable equilibrium if the magnetic A = area of the coil
r r B = magnetic field induction of radial magnetic field in which
dipole moment M , is parallel to B and is in unstable the coil is suspended.
r r
equilibrium when M is antiparallel to B . Here, the magnetic field is radial, i.e., the plane of the coil always
10. Magnetic moment is independent of the shape of the loop. remains parallel to the direction of magnetic field, and hence the
It depends on the area of the loop. torque acting on the coil
11. A straight conductor and a conductor of any shape in the t = niAB … (1)
same plane and between the same two end points carrying Due to this torque, the coil rotates. As a result, the suspension
equal current in the same direction, when placed in the same wire gets twisted. Now a restoring torque is developed in the
magnetic field experience the same force. suspension wire. The coil will rotate till the deflecting torque acting
12. There is net repulsion between two similar charges moving on the coil due to flow of current through it is balanced by the
parallel to each other inspite of attractive magnetic force restoring torque developed in the suspension wire due to twisting.
between them. This is because of electric force of repulsion Let C be the restoring couple for unit twist in the suspension wire
which is much more stronger than the magnetic force. and q be the angle through which the coil has turned. The couple
13. The speed of the charged particle can only be changed by for this twist q is Cq.
an electric force. In equilibrium, deflecting couple = restoring couple
\ ni AB = Cq or i = Cq/ (nAB)
MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
or i = Kq (where C/nAB = K) … (2)
The moving coil galvanometer was first devised by Kelvin and K is a constant for galvanometer and is known as
later on modified by D’Arsonaval. This is used for detection and galvanometer constant.
measurement of small electric current. Hence i µ q
The principle of a moving coil galvanometer is based on the fact
Therefore, the deflection produced in the galvanometer is directly
that when a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it
proportional to the current flowing through it.
experiences a torque. Current sensitivity of the galvanometer : The current sensitivity
Construction: A moving coil ballistic galvanometer is shown in of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the
figure. galvanometer when a unit current is passed through it.
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 521

We know that, niAB = Cq Explanation : Let us consider a conductor carrying current in +X

\ Current sensitivity, is =
q nAB
i
=
C
19.1
direction. The magnetic field is applied along +Y direction.
Consider two points P1 and P2 on the conductor and connect a
where C = restoring couple per unit twist voltmeter between these points. If no magnetic field is applied
The SI unit of current sensitivity is radian per ampere or deflection across the conductor, then the points P1 and P2 will be at same
per ampere. potential and there will be no deflection in the galvanometer.
Voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer : The voltage sensitivity However, if a magnetic field is applied as shown in the figure,
of the galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the then the Lorentz force acts on electrons as shown in the figure.
galvanometer when a unit voltage is applied across the terminals
® ®
of the galvanometer. The Lorentz force on electrons Fm = –e (vd ´ B) acts in the
q downwards direction.
\ Voltage sensitivity, Vs =
V Now there may be two cases:
If R be the resistance of the galvanometer and a current is passed
Case I : If the charge particles are negatively charged, then
through it, then
these negative charges will accumulate at the point P2 and
V = iR
therefore P2 will be at lower potential than P1.
q nAB
\ Voltage sensitivity, Vs = i R = CR Case II : If the charged particles are positively charged, then the
point P2 will be at higher potential than P1.
The SI. unit of voltage sensitivity is radian per ampere or deflection
Magnitude of hall voltage :
per ampere.
Conditions for sensitivity : A galvanometer is said to be more Let w be width and A be the cross-sectional area of the conductor.
sensitive if it shows a large deflection even for a small value of If e is magnitude of charge or the current carrier (electron or
current. hole).
The force on the current carrier due to magnetic field B,
nAB
We know that, q= i Fm = Bevd
C
Here, vd is drift velocity of the current carries.
For a given value of i, q will be large if (i) n is large, (ii) A is large,
Due to the force Fm, the opposite charges build up at the points
(iii) B is large, and (iv) C is small.
P1 and P2 of the conductor.
Regarding above factors, n and A cannot be increased beyond a
certain limit. By increasing n, the resistance of the galvanometer If VH is Hall voltage developed across the two faces, then the
will increase and by increasing A, the size of the galvanometer will strength of electric field due to Hall voltage is given by
increase. So, the sensitivity will decrease. Therefore, B is increased. VH
The value of B can be increased by using strong horse shoe EH = .
w
magnet. Further, the value of C can be decreased. The value of C
for quartz and phosphor-bronze is very small. So, the suspension Here w = P1P2.
wire of quartz or phosphor-bronze is used. The value of C is further This electric field exerts an electric force on the current carries in
decreased if the wire is hammered into a flat strip. a direction opposite to that of magnetic force. The magnitude of
HALL EFFECT VH
When a current passes through a slab of material in the presence this force is Fe = E H e = e
w
of a transverse magnetic field, a small potential difference is
In equilibrium condition, Fe = Fm,
established in a direction perpendicular to both, the current
flow and the magnetic field. This effect is called Hall effect VH
The voltage thus developed is called Hall voltage. or e = B e vd, or VH = B vd w
w

Z j
P1 V Now, drift velocity of current carrier is given by, vd =
ne

Fm X where n is the number of current carries per unit volume of the

strip.
B P2
Hall resistance, RH = H = çæ
V Bwj ö 1
Y
I è ne ÷ø I
Hall effect enables us to :
(i) Determine the sign of charge carriers inside the conductor.
(ii) Calculate the number of charge carriers per unit volume. \ Hall voltage VH = Bwj
ne
 EBD_7751
522 PHYSICS

Keep in Memory B
1. Hall effect can determine nature of current (charge) carriers in Q R
the material. i.e. whether the charge is +ve or –ve.

I2 = 15A

I1 = 15A
I1 = 25A
bBI
2. Hall voltage VH =
neA
where n is the density of charge carriers r1
Z P S
r2
A
PS = 10 cm = 10 × 10–2 m
I Distance of PQ from AB,
b I O Y r1 = 2.0 cm = 2.0 × 10–2 m
VH
Distance of RS from AB,
r2 = 2.0 + 10 = 12.0 cm = 12.0 × 10–2 m
X B
Current through long wire AB, I1 = 25 A
b = thickness of plate, B = magnetic field, I = current flowing Current through rectangular loop, I2 = 15 A
through plate, A = area of cross-section of plates
m 0 2 I1 I 2
Example 12. \ Force on the arm PQ, F1 = ´ length PQ
4p r1
Two particles X and Y having equal charges, after being
accelerated throught the same potential difference, enter
10 -1 ´ 2 ´ 25 ´15 ´ 25 ´10 -2
a region of uniform magnetic field and describe circular F1 =
paths of radii R1 and R2 respectively. Find the ratio of 2.0 ´ 10 -2
mass of X to that of Y. = 9.375 × 10–4 (towards AB)
Solution : Force on the arm RS,
1 m 2I I
mv 2 = qV F2 = 0 1 2 ´ length RS
2 4 p r2

\v = (2qV / m)1 / 2 10-7 ´ 2 ´ 25 ´ 15 ´ 25 ´ 10-2

(where V is the potential difference) =
12 ´ 10-2
mv2
Centripetal force < qvB = 1.563×10-4 (away from AB)
R
\ Effective force on the loop,
æ qB ö
\v = ç ÷R F = F1 - F2 = 9.375´10-4 - 1.563´10-4 = 7.812 ´104 N
èmø
1/ 2 1/ 2
(towards AB)
æ 2qV ö æ qB ö æ 2mV ö 1 Example 14.
Hence ç ÷ =ç ÷ R or R = çç ÷÷ ´
è m ø è mø è q ø B An electron beam moving with a velocity of 106 ms–1
through a uniform magnetic field of 0.1T, which is
Here V, q and B are constant. Hence R µ m
perpendicular to the direction of the beam. Calculate the
m1 æ R 1 ö
2 force on an electron if the electron charge is 1.6 ×10–19C.
\ =ç ÷
m 2 çè R 2 ÷ø Solution :
v=10–6ms –1, B = 0.IT, q = 1.6 × 10 – 19C
Example 13.
F = Bqv = 0.1 × 106 × 1019 = 1.6 × 10–14 N
A rectangular loop of sides 25 cm and 10 cm carrying a
current of 15 A is placed with its longer side parallel to a Example 15.
long straight conductor 2.0 cm apart carrying a current of A narrow vertical rectangular coil is suspended from the
25 A. What is the net force on the loop? middle of its upper side with its plane parallel to a uniform
Solution : horizontal magnetic field of 0.02 T. The coil has 10 turns
Consider a rectangular loop PQRS placed near a long straight and the lengths of its vertical and horizontal sides are 0.1
conductor AB as shown in Fig. Due to the interaction of m and 0.05 m respectively. Calculate the torque on the coil
currents, the arm PQ of the loop will get attracted while arm when a current of 5A is passed into it.
RS will get repelled. Forces on the arms QR and SP will be
What would be the new value of the torque if the plane of
equal and opposite and hence cancel out.
Here, PQ = 25 cm = 25 × 10–2 m, the vertical coil was initially at 60o to the magnetic field
and a current of 5A was passed into the coil.
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 523

Solution : Solution :
B = 0.02 T, N = 10 turns n = 10 × 1029 m–3, A = 2.0 mm2 = 2 × 10–6 m2
I = 5.0A, B = 0.15 T, F = ?.
A = 1 × b= 0.1 × 0.05 = 0.005 m2
I
I = 5A I = nevA or v =
nev
Torque = BINA = 0.02 × 5 × 10 × 0.005
Be ´ I BI 0.15 ´ 5
= 0.005 Nm = 5 × 10–3Nm F = Bev = = =
neA nA 1.0 ´ 10 29 ´ 2 ´ 10 -6
New value of the torque when the plane of the vertical coil –24
= 3.75×10 N
was at 60° to the magnetic field. Example 18.
= BINA cos q = 5 × 10–3 cos 60° If the coil of a moving coil galvanometer having 10 turns
and of resistance 4W is removed and is replaced by a second
1 coil having 100 turns and of resistance 160W. Calculate
= 5× 10–3 × = 2.5 × 10–3 Nm.
2 (a) the factor by which the current sensitivity changes and
Example 16. (b) the factor by which the voltage sensitivity changes.
A rectangular coil of 50 turns hungs vertically in a uniform Solution :
magnetic field of magnitude 10–2 T, so that the plane of the Given : N1 = 10 turns, R = 4W
coil is parallel to the field, the mean height of the coil is N2 = 100 turns, R2 = 160W
5cm and its mean width is 2cm. Calculate the strength of æ q ö N AB
the current the must pass through the coil in order to (a) Current sensitivity with the Ist coil, ç ÷ = 1
è I ø1 C
deflect it 30° if the torsional constant of the suspension is
10–9 Nm per degree. æ qö N AB
Current sensitivity with the 2nd coil ç ÷ = 2
Solution : è Iø2 C
N = 50 turns, B = 10–2T, π = 30° æ qö
C = 10–9 Nm per degree, çè ÷ø
I 2 N 2 100
A = 5 × 2 cm2 = 10 × 10–4 m2 = 10–3 m2 \ = = = 10
æ qö N1 10
Torque = BINA cos q = Cq çè ÷ø
I 1
Cq 10 -9 ´ 30 æ q ö N AB
\ I= = -2 = 6.9 × 10 -5 (b) Voltage sensitivity with the Ist coil ç ÷ = 1
BNA cos q 10 ´ 50 ´ 10-3 cos 30o è V ø 1 CR1
A = 69mA æ qö N AB
Voltage sensitivity with the 2nd coil ç ÷ = 2
Example 17. è Vø 2 CR 2
A copper wire has 1.0 × 1029 free electrons per cubic metre,
æ qö
a cross sectional area of 2.0 mm2 and carries a current of çè ÷ø
v 2 N 2 R1 100 4 1
5.0A. Calculate the force acting on each electron if the \ = = ´ =
wire is now placed in a magnetic field of flux density 0.15 æ qö N1 R 2 10 160 4
çè ÷ø
T which is perpendicular to the wire (e=1.6 × 1019C) v 1
 524
CONCEPT MAP

Galvanometer to ammeter Magnetic field due to Direction of magnetic field-Depends Magnetic field due to
conversion : Low resistance a straight current carrying upon the direction of current. Right a solenoid. Inside a long
or shunt connected in parallel conductor of infinite lenght hand thumb rule-Thumb points in the solenoid B = µnI
0
æ Ig ö m I direction of current, curling of fingers At a point on one end
S =ç ÷G B= 0 represents direction of magnetic field . m nI
ç I – Ig ÷ 2pR B= 0
è ø
2

Biot-savart's law Magnetic field Space in

Galvanometer to voltmeter the surrounding of a magnet
magnetic field due Ampere's circuital law
conversion : High resistance or any current carrying conductor
to current carrying
in series m Idl sin q in which its magnetic influence ò Bdl = m0 I
V element, dB= 0
R = -G 4p r 2 can be experienced
Ig
Magnetic field due to
MOVING CHARGES a toroid inside the turns
Magnetic field due
to a current carrying AND MAGNETISM B = nI
m0
circular loop

Motion of a charged
particle in a uniform Force acting on a
magnetic field follows charged particle
On the axis of At the centre
a circular path, radius moving in a uniform
circular loop of circular loop
magnetic field
m 0 NIa 2 mNI MV sin q
B= B= r= F = qVB sin q= q(V × B)
2(r 2 + a 2 )3/2 2R Bq

Force between two Force on a conductor

Torque experienced by parallel current carrying carrying current in a
a current carrying loop conductors uniform magnetic field,
in a uniform magnetic m 2I I F = I Blsin q Lorentz force
field T = MB sin q n̂ F= 0. 12 F = I (B × l)
4p r F = q (E × V × B)
=M×B
PHYSICS

EBD_7751
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 525

1. A current carrying coil is subjected to a uniform magnetic 9. In cyclotron the gyro radius is
field. The coil will orient so that its plane becomes (a) proportional to momentum
(a) inclined at 45° to the magnetic field (b) proportional to energy
(b) inclined at any arbitrary angle to the magnetic field
(c) inversely proportional to momentum
(c) parallel to the magnetic field
(d) inversely proportional to energy
(d) perpendicular to the magnetic field
10. The current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer
2. An electron enters a region where magnetic field (B) and
depends on
electric field (E) are mutually perpendicular, then
(a) it will always move in the direction of B (a) the number of turns in the coil
(b) it will always move in the direction of E (b) moment of inertia of the coil
(c) it always possesses circular motion (c) current sent through galvanometer
(d) it can go undeflected also (d) eddy current in Al frame
3. A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field 11. Current i is flowing in a coil of area A & number of turns N,
experiences maximum force when angle between current and then magnetic moment of the coil is M is equal to
magnetic field is
(a) NiA (b) Ni/A (c) Ni / A (d) N2Ai
(a) 3 p/4 (b) p/2 (c) p/4 (d) zero –2
12. 1 Wbm is equal to
4. Two concentric circular coils of ten turns each are situated
in the same plane. Their radii are 20 and 40 cm and they carry (a) 104 G (b) 102 G (c) 10– 2 G (d) 10–4 G
respectively 0.2 and 0.4 ampere current in opposite direction. 13. The radius of motion of a charged particle oscillating in a
The magnetic field in weber/m2 at the centre is magnetic field is
(a) m0/80 (b) 7m0/80 (c) (5/4) m0 (d) zero mB mv
5. A wire of length L metre carrying a current I ampere is bent (a) (b)
qv qB
in the form of a circle. Its magnitude of magnetic moment
will be mq qv
(c ) (d)
(a) IL/4p (b) I2L2/4p (c) IL2/4p (d) IL2/8p vB mB
6. Two straight long conductors AOB and COD are 14. Magnetic effect of current was discovered by
perpendicular to each other and carry currents I1 and I2. (a) Faraday (b) Oersted
The magnitude of the magnetic induction at a point P at a (c) Kirchhoff (d) Joule
distance a from the point O in a direction perpendicular to 15. In cyclotron the charged particle may be accelerated upto
the plane ABCD is energies
m0 m0 (a) Several eV (b) MeV
(a) ( I1 + I 2 ) (b) (I1 - I 2 )
2pa 2pa (c) BeV (d) Kev
1 16. In cyclotron the resonance condition is
m0 2 2 2 m 0 I1 I 2
(c) (I1 + I 2 ) (d) (a) the frequency of revolution of charged particle is
2pa 2 p a I1 + I 2 equal to the frequency of A.C. voltage sources
7. A proton, deutron and an a-particle enter a magnetic field (b) the frequency of revolution of charged particle is
perpendicular to field with same velocity. What is the ratio of equal to the frequency of applied magnetic field
the radii of circular paths? (c) the frequency of revolution of charged particle is
(a) 1 : 2 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 : 1 equal to the frequency of rotation of earth
(c) 1 : 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 2 : 1 (d) the frequency of revolution of charged particle,
8. If an electron and a proton having same momenta enter frequency of A.C. source and frequency of magnetic
perpendicular to a magnetic field, then field are equal
(a) curved path of electron and proton will be same 17. Two parallel wires carrying currents in the same direction
(ignoring the sense of revolution) attract each other because of
(b) they will move undeflected (a) mutual inductance between them
(c) curved path of electron is more curved than that of the (b) potential difference between them
proton (c) electric forces between them
(d) path of proton is more curved
(d) magnetic forces between them
 EBD_7751
526 PHYSICS

18. If we double the radius of a coil keeping the current through 22. A long solenoid carrying a current produces a magnetic
it unchanged, then the magnetic field at any point at a large field B along its axis. If the current is double and the number
distance from the centre becomes approximately of turns per cm is halved, the new value of the magnetic
(a) double (b) three times field is
(c) four times (d) one-fourth (a) 4 B (b) B/2
19. To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, one needs to (c) B (d) 2 B
connect a
23. The total charge induced in a conducting loop when it is
(a) low resistance in parallel
moved in a magnetic field depends on
(b) high resistance in parallel
(c) low resistance in series (a) the rate of change of magnetic flux
(d) high resistance in series. (b) initial magnetic flux only
20. If a current is passed through a spring then the spring will (c) the total change in magnetic flux
(a) expand (b) compress (d) final magnetic flux only
(c) remains same (d) None of these. 24. Energy in a current carrying coil is stored in the form of
21. A charged particle moves through a magnetic field in a (a) electric field (b) magnetic field
direction perpendicular to it. Then the
(c) dielectric strength (d) heat
(a) velocity remains unchanged
25. Tesla is the unit of
(b) speed of the particle remains unchanged
(c) direction of the particle remains unchanged (a) magnetic flux (b) magnetic field
(d) acceleration remains unchanged (c) magnetic induction (d)magnetic moment

1. A portion of a conductive wire is bent in the form of a 4. An electron (mass = 9 × 10–31 kg, charge = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
semicircle of radius r as shown below in fig. At the centre of moving with a velocity of 106 m/s enters a magnetic field. If it
semicircle, the magnetic induction will be describes a circle of radius 0.1m, then strength of magnetic
field must be
i (a) 4.5 × 10–5 T (b) 1.4 × 10–5 T
r (c) 5.5 × 10–5 T (d) 2.6 × 10–5 T
i 5. An electron moving with kinetic energy 6×10–16 joules
O
enters a field of magnetic induction 6 × 10–3 weber/m2 at
(a) zero (b) infinite right angle to its motion. The radius of its path is
(a) 3.42 cm (b) 4.23 cm
μ0 π i μ0 πi
(c) . gauss (d) . tesla (c) 5.17 cm (d) 7.7 cm
4π r 4π r 6. An electron moves in a circular arc of radius 10 m at a contant
2. A helium nucleus makes a full rotation in a circle of radius speed of 2 × 107 ms–1 with its plane of motion normal to a
0.8 meter in 2 sec. The value of the magnetic field induction magnetic flux density of 10–5 T. What will be the value of
B in tesla at the centre of circle will be specific charge of the electron?
(a) 2 × 104 C kg–1 (b) 2 × 105 C kg–1
(a) 2 ´ 10 -19 m 0 (b) 10 -19 / m 0 (c) 5 × 106 C kg–1 (d) 2 × 1011 C kg–1
7. A current of 3 A is flowing in a linear conductor having a
(c) 10 -19 m 0 (d) 2 ´ 10 -20 / m 0 length of 40 cm. The conductor is placed in a magnetic field
of strength 500 gauss and makes an angle of 30º with the
3. A solenoid of length 1.5 m and 4 cm diameter possesses 10
direction of the field. It experiences a force of magnitude
turns per cm. A current of 5A is flowing through it, the
magnetic induction at axis inside the solenoid is (a) 3 × 10–4 N (b) 3 × 10–2 N
(c) 3 × 102 N (d) 3 × 104 N
(m 0 = 4 p ´ 10 - 7 weber amp -1 m - 1 ) 8. A cathode ray beam is bent in a circle of radius 2 cm by a
magnetic induction 4.5 × 10–3 weber/m2. The velocity of
(a) 4 p ´ 10 - 5 gauss (b) 2 p ´ 10 -5 gauss electron is
(a) 3.43 × 107 m/s (b) 5.37 × 107 m/s
(c) 4 p ´ 10 -5 tesla (d) 2 p ´ 10 -5 tesla (c) 1.23 × 107 m/s (d) 1.58 × 107 m/s
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 527

9. Two long parallel wires P and Q are held perpendicular to m0 Iq m0 Iq m0 Iq m0 Iq

the plane of paper with distance of 5 m between them. If P (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 pr 2 pr 2r 4r
and Q carry current of 2.5 amp. and 5 amp. respectively in 16. A uniform electric field and a uniform magnetic field exist in
the same direction, then the magnetic field at a point half- a region in the same direction. An electron is projected with
way between the wires is velocity pointed in the same direction. The electron will
(a) m 0 / 17 (b) 3 m0 / 2 p (a) turn to its right
(b) turn to its left
(c) m0 / 2 p (d) 3 m0 / 2 p (c) keep moving in the same direction but its speed will
10. A charged particle with velocity 2 × 103 m/s passes increase
undeflected through electric and magnetic field. Magnetic (d) keep moving in the same direction but its speed will
field is 1.5 tesla. The electric field intensity would be decrease
(a) 2 × 103 N/C (b) 1.5 × 103 N/C 17. A current of I ampere flows along an infinitely long straight
3
(c) 3 × 10 N/C (d) 4/3 × 10–3 N/C thin walled hollow metallic cylinder of radius r. The magnetic
11. If in a circular coil A of radius R, current I is flowing and in field at any point inside the cylinder at a distance x from the
another coil B of radius 2R a current 2I is flowing, then the axis of the cylinder is
ratio of the magnetic fields BA and BB, produced by them m0 I m0 I
will be (a) ¥ (b) (c) (d) zero
2p r 2p x
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 4
12. A circular loop of area 0.02 m2 carrying a current of 10A, is 18. Two particles X and Y having equal charge, after being
held with its plane perpendicular to a magnetic field accelerated through the same potential difference enter a
induction 0.2 T. The torque acting on the loop is region of uniform magnetic field and describe circular paths
of radii R1 and R2 respectively. The ratio of the mass of X to
(a) 0.01 Nm (b) 0.001 Nm
that of Y is
(c) zero (d) 0.8 Nm
2
13. Through two parallel wires A and B, 10A and 2A of currents R1 æ R2 ö
are passed respectively in opposite directions. If the wire A (a) R2 (b) ç ÷
è R1 ø
is infinitely long and the length of the wire B is 2m, then
force on the conductor B, which is situated at 10 cm distance 2
æ R1 ö R2
from A, will be (c) ç ÷ (d)
è R2 ø R1
(a) 8 × 10–7 N (b) 8 × 10–5 N
(c) 4 × 10 N –7 (d) 4 × 10–5 N 19. A square coil of side a carries a current I. The magnetic field
14. The magnetic flux density B at a distance r from a long at the centre of the coil is
straight wire carrying a steady current varies with r as
(a) B (b) B

a O

r r
(c) B (d) B m0 I 2m 0 1
(a) (b)
ap ap
m 01 2 2 m0 I
(c) (d)
2 ap ap
20. Protons and a-particles of equal momenta enter a uniform
r r
magnetic field normally. The radii of their orbits will have
15. A current of I ampere flows in a wire forming a circular arc of
the ratio.
radius r metres subtending an angle q at the centre as shown.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0.5 (d) 4
The magnetic field at the centre O in tesla is
21. Under the influence of a uniform magnetic field a charged
I particle is moving in a circle of radius R with constant speed
v. The time period of the motion
q
(a) depends on both R and v
(b) is independent of both R and v
O
(c) depends on R and not v
(d) depends on v and not on R
 EBD_7751
528 PHYSICS

22. What is cyclotron frequency of an electron with an energy 31. In fig, what is the magnetic field induction at point O
of 100 e V in the earth's magnetic field of 1 × 10–4 weber / m2 m0 i
if its velocity is perpendicular to magnetic field? (a) i
4pr
(a) 0.7 MHz (b) 2.8 MHz
(c) 1.4 MHz (d) 2.1 MHz m0 i m0 i
(b) +
23. A circular loop of area 0.02 m2 carrying a current of 10A, is 4r 2pr
held with its plane perpendicular to a magnetic field m0 i m0 i
induction 0.2 T. The torque acting on the loop is (c) + r
4r 4pr
(a) 0.01 Nm (b) 0.001 Nm O
(c) zero (d) 0.8 Nm m0 i m0 i
24. Two thin, long, parallel wires, separated by a distance ‘d’ (d) 4 r - 4 p r
carry a current of ‘i’ A in the same direction. They will 32. The field B at the centre of a circular coil of radius r is p times
2 that due to a long straight wire at a distance r from it, for
(a) repel each other with a force of m 0 i /(2pd) equal currents. Fig. shows three cases:
(b) attract each other with a force of m 0 i 2 /(2pd)
P
(c) repel each other with a force of m 0 i 2 /(2pd 2 ) P P
(a) (b) (c)
(d) attract each other with a force of m 0 i 2 /(2pd 2 )
in all cases the circular part has radius r and straight ones are
25. A horizontal overhead powerline is at height of 4m from infinitely long. For same current the field B at the centre P in
the ground and carries a current of 100A from east to west. cases 1, 2, 3 has the ratio
The magnetic field directly below it on the ground is
(m0 = 4p × 10–7 Tm A–1) æ p ö p æ 3p 1 ö
(a) ç- ÷: : ç - ÷
(a) 2.5×10–7 T southward (b) 5 × 10–6 T northward è 2ø 2 è 4 2ø
(c) 5 × 10–6 T southward (d) 2.5 × 10–7 T northward
æ p ö æ p ö æ 3p 1 ö
26. If an electron describes half a revolution in a circle of radius (b) ç - + 1÷ : ç + 1÷ : ç + ÷
r in a magnetic field B, the energy acquired by it is è 2 ø è2 ø è 4 2ø
1 p p 3p
(a) zero (b) mv 2 (c) - : :
2 2 2 4
1 æ p ö æ p 1 ö æ 3p 1 ö
(c) mv 2 (d) p r ´ Bev
4 (d) çè - - 1÷ø : çè + ÷ø : çè + ÷ø
2 4 4 4 2
27. The orbital speed of electron orbiting around a nucleus in a 33. An infinite straight conductor carrying current 2 I is split
circular orbit of radius 50 pm is 2.2 × 106 ms–1. Then the into a loop of radius r as shown in fig. The magnetic field at
magnetic dipole moment of an electron is the centre of the coil is
(a) 1.6 × 10–19 Am2 (b) 5.3 × 10–21 Am2
(c) 8.8 × 10 Am–24 2 (d) 8.8 × 10–26 Am2 m 0 2 (p + 1) I
(a)
28. A deutron of kinetic energy 50 keV is describing a circular 4p r
orbit of radius 0.5m, in a plane perpendicular to magnetic m 0 2 ( p - 1) 2I 2I
r (b) O
field B . The kinetic energy of a proton that discribes a 4p r
circular orbit of radius 0.5m in the same plane with the same
r m 0 ( p + 1)
magnetic field B is (c)
4p r I
(a) 200 keV (b) 50 keV (c) 100 keV (d) 25 keV (d) zero
29. A proton and an a-particle enter a uniform magnetic field 34. A long wire is bent into shape ABCDE as shown in fig., with
perpendicularly with the same speed. If proton takes 25 m BCD being a semicircle with centre O and radius r metre. A
second to make 5 revolutions, then the time period for the current of I amp. flows through it in the direction
a-particle would be A ® B ® C ® D ® E. Then the magnetic induction at the
(a) 50 m sec (b) 25 m sec point O of the figure in vacuum is
(c) 10 m sec (d) 5 m sec
30. A cell is connected between two points of a uniformly thick é I I ù
(a) m0 ê + ú B
circular conductor and i1 and i2 are the currents flowing in ë 2 p r 4 rû A
two parts of the circular conductor of radius a. The magnetic I
I
field at the centre of the loop will be é I I ù B × O r C
m0 (b) m 0 ê - ú
(I1 - I 2 ) ë 2 p r 4 rû I
(a) zero (b) E
4p D
(c) m0 I / 4 r
m0 m0
(c) ( I1 + I 2 ) (d) ( I1 + I 2 ) (d) m0 I / p r
2a a
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 529

35. Three wires are situated at the same distance. A current of

1A, 2A, 3A flows through these wires in the same direction.
What is ratio of F1/F2, where F1 is force on 1 and F2 on 2? Q S
P R
(a) 7/8
(b) 1
(c) 9/8 (a) P (b) Q
(c) R (d) S
(d) None of these 1A 2A 3A 40. A charged particle (charge q) is moving in a circle of radius
36. A conducting circular loop of radius r carries a constant R with uniform speed v. The associated magnetic moment µ
r is given by
current i. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field B0 such
(a) qvR2 (b) qvR2/2 (c) qvR (d) qvR/2
r 41. A straight wire of diameter 0.5 mm, carrying a current of 1A
that B0 is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The
is replaced by another wire of 1mm diameter carrying the
magnetic force acting on the loop is same current. The strength of magnetic field far away is
(a) ir B0 (b) 2p ir B0 (a) unchanged
(c) zero (d) p ir B0 (b) quarter of its earlier value
37. An electron traveling with a speed u along the positive (c) half of the earlier value
x-axis enters into a region of magnetic field where B = –B0 (d) twice the earlier value
42. Two equal electric currents are flowing perpendicular to each
k̂ ( x > 0). It comes out of the region with speed v then other as shown in figure. AB and CD are perpendicular to
each other and symmetrically placed with respect to the
×B currents. Where do we expect the resultant magnetic field
y to be zero? I B
C
e– u (a) on AB
x® (b) on CD I
O
(c) on both AB & CD
(d) on both OD & BO A D
43. The magnetic field (dB) due to small element (dl) at a distance
r
(a) v = u at y > 0 (b) v = u at y < 0 ( r ) from element carrying current i, is
(c) v > u at y > 0 (d) v > u at y < 0 æ ® rö æ ® rö
38. A wire ABCDEF is bent in the form as shown in figure. The m 0 ç dl ´ r ÷ m dl´ r
(a) dB = i (b) dB = 0 i2 ç 2 ÷
wire carries a current I and is placed in a uniform magnetic 4p è r ø 4p è r ø
field of induction B parallel to positive Y-axis. If each side is æ ® rö
æ ® rö
of length L, the force experienced by the wire will be m 0 2 ç dl´ r ÷ m 0 ç dl´ r ÷
(c) dB = i (d) dB = i
4p è r 2 ø 4p è r3 ø
Z 44. A 10eV electron is circulating in a plane at right angles to a
D uniform field at a magnetic induction 10–4 Wb/m2 (= 1.0
L gauss). The orbital radius of the electron is
B (a) 12 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 11 cm (d) 18 cm
C L 45. A coil of one turn is made of a wire of certain length and
then from the same length a coil of two turns is made. If the
I
E F same current is passed in both the cases, then the ratio of
L L the magnetic inductions at their centres will be
Y (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
O
46. A very long straight wire carries a current I. At the instant
B L A ®
when a charge + Q at point P has velocity v , as shown,
X the force on the charge is
y
(a) IBL along the positive Z-direction
(b) IBL along the negative Z-direction
Q
(c) 2IBL along the positive Z-direction
(d) 2IBL along the negative Z-direction P®
v
39. Four wires, each of length 2.0 m, are bent into four loops P, I o x
Q, R and S and then suspended in a uniform magnetic field.
If the same current is passed in each, then the torque will be (a) along oy (b) opposite to oy
maximum on the loop (c) along ox (d) opposite to ox
 EBD_7751
530 PHYSICS

47. A square current carrying loop is suspended in a uniform 52. Charge q is uniformly spread on a thin ring of radius R. The
magnetic field acting in ther plane of the loop. If the force on ring rotates about its axis with a uniform frequency f Hz.
one arm of the loop is F , the net force on the remaining The magnitude of magnetic induction at the centre of the
three arms of the loop is ring is
r r m 0 qf m0 q m 0q m 0 qf
(a) 3 F (b) – F (a) (b) (c) (d)
r 2f R 2pf R 2 pR
r 2R
(c) – 3 F (d) F 53. Two similar coils of radius R are lying concentrically with
48. A current loop consists of two identical semicircular parts their planes at right angles to each other. The currents
each of radius R, one lying in the x-y plane and the other in flowing in them are I and 2 I, respectively. The resultant
x-z plane. If the current in the loop is i., the resultant magnetic magnetic field induction at the centre will be
field due to the two semicircular parts at their common centre is
m0 i m 0i 5m 0 I 3m0 I m0I m0I
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) 2R 2R 2R R
2R 2 2R
54. An alternating electric field, of frequency v, is applied across
m 0i m 0i the dees (radius = R) of a cyclotron that is being used to
(c) (d)
2R 4R accelerate protons (mass = m). The operating magnetic field
49. A current carrying loop in the form of a right angle isosceles (B) used in the cyclotron and the kinetic energy (K) of the
triangle ABC is placed in a uniform magnetic field acting proton beam, produced by it, are given by
along AB. If the magnetic force on the arm BC is F, what is
the force on the arm AC? (a) mn and K = 2mp2n2R2
r B=
(a) - 2 F A e
r
(b) - F 2pm n
(b) B= and K = m2pnR2
r e
(c) F
r B C
(d) 2F (c) 2pmn and K = 2mp2n2R2
B=
50. A uniform electric field and uniform magnetic field are acting e
along the same direction in a certain region. If an electron is
projected in the region such that its velocity is pointed along mn
(d) B= and K = m2pnR2
the direction of fields, then the electron e
(a) will turn towards right of direction of motion 55. A proton carrying 1 MeV kinetic energy is moving in a
(b) speed will decrease circular path of radius R in uniform magnetic field. What
(c) speed will increase should be the energy of an a-particle to describe a circle of
(d) will turn towards left direction of motion same radius in the same field?
51. A square loop, carrying a steady current I, is placed in a (a) 2 MeV (b) 1 MeV
horizontal plane near a long straight conductor carrying a
(c) 0.5 MeV (d) 4 MeV
steady current I1 at a distance d from the conductor as
shown in figure. The loop will experience 56. A magnetic needle suspended parallel to a magnetic field
requires 3 J of work to turn it through 60°. The torque
I1
needed to maintain the needle in this position will be
d I
3
(a) 2 3J (b) 3J (c) 3J (d) J
2
57. A current loop in a magnetic field
I (a) can be in equilibrium in one orientation
(b) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, both the
(a) a net repulsive force away from the conductor
equilibrium states are unstable
(b) a net torque acting upward perpendicular to the
horizontal plane (c) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one stable
(c) a net torque acting downward normal to the horizontal while the other is unstable
plane (d) experiences a torque whether the field is uniform or
(d) a net attractive force towards the conductor non-uniform in all orientations
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 531

58. A charged particle moves through a magnetic field in a (b) start moving in a circular path Y–Z plane
direction perpendicular to it. Then the (c) retard along X-axis
(a) velocity remains unchanged (d) move along a helical path around X-axis
(b) speed of the particle remains unchanged 66. The magnetic field at a distance r from a long wire carrying
(c) direction of the particle remains unchanged current i is 0.4 tesla. The magnetic field at a distance 2r is
(a) 0.2 tesla (b) 0.8 tesla
(d) acceleration remains unchanged
(c) 0.1 tesla (d) 1.6 tesla
59. Electron move at right angle to a magnetic field of 1.5 × 10–
2 tesla with speed of 6 × 107 m/s. If the specific charge of the
67. A straight wire of length 0.5 metre and carrying a current of
1.2 ampere is placed in uniform magnetic field of induction 2
electron is 1.7 × 1011 C/kg. The radius of circular path will be tesla. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the length of
(a) 3.31 cm (b) 4.31cm the wire. The force on the wire is
(c) 1.31 cm (d) 2.35 cm (a) 2.4 N (b) 1.2 N
60. A conducting circular loop of radius r carries a constant (c) 3.0 N (d) 2.0 N
current i. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field B such that 68. A moving coil galvanometer has a resistance of 900 W. In
B is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The magnetic order to send only 10% of the main current through this
force acting on the loop is : galvanometer, the resistance of the required shunt is
(a) ir B (b) 2priB (a) 0.9 W (b) 100 W (c) 405 W (d) 90 W
(c) zero (d) priB 69. A uniform magnetic field acts at right angles to the direction
61. An infinitely long straight wire contains a uniformly of motion of electron. As a result, the electron moves in a
continuous current of 10A. The radius of the wire is 4× 10 – circular path of radius 2cm. If the speed of electron is
2 m. The magnetic field at 2 × 10 –2 m from the centre of the doubled, then the radius of the circular path will be
wire will be: (a) 2.0 cm (b) 0.5 cm
(a) 0 (b) 2.5 × 10 – 5 T (c) 4.0 cm (d) 1.0 cm
70. An electron moves in a circular orbit with a uniform speed
(c) 5.0 × 10 – 5 T (d) none of these.
v. It produces a magnetic field B at the centre of the
62. A proton moving vertically downward enters a magnetic
circle. The radius of the circle is proportional to
field pointing towards north. In which direction proton will
deflect?
B B
(a) East (b) West (a) (b)
v v
(c) North (d) South
r v v
63. When a charged particle moving with velocity v is subjected (c) (d)
ur B B
to a magnetic field of induction B , the force on it is non-
zero. This implies that 71. The magnetic induction at a point P which is at a distance of
r ur 4 cm from a long current carrying wire is 10 –3 T. The field of
(a) angle between v and B is necessarily 90° induction at a distance 12 cm from the current will be
r ur
(b) angle between v and B can have any value other (a) 3.33 × 10–4 T (b) 1.11 × 10–4 T
than 90° (c) 3 × 10–3 T (d) 9 × 10–3 T
r ur
(c) angle between v and B can have any value other Directions for Qs. (72 to 75) : Each question contains
than zero and 180° STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
r ur (ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following.
(d) angle between v and B is either zero or 180° (a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
64. A coil carrying electric current is placed in uniform magnetic (b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
field, then correct explanation for Statement-1
(a) torque is formed (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
(b) e.m.f is induced a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) both (a) and (b) are correct (d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) none of the above 72. Statement 1 : If the current in a solenoid is reversed in
65. A charge moving with velocity v in X-direction is subjected direction while keeping the same magnitude, the magnetic
to a field of magnetic induction in negative X-direction. As field energy stored in the solenoid decreases.
a result, the charge will Statement 2 : Magnetic field energy density is proportional
(a) remain unaffected to square of current.
 EBD_7751
532 PHYSICS

73. Statement 1 : If a charged particle is released from rest in a

region of uniform electric and magnetic fields parallel to I1
each other, it will move in a straight line. I I
Statement 2 : The electric field exerts no force on the particle q
but the magnetic field does.
74. Statement 1 : A cyclotron cannot accelerate neutrons.
Statement 2 : Neutrons are neutral.
I2
75. Statement 1 : The magnetic field at the centre of the circular
coil in the following figure due to the currents I1 and I2 is
Statement 2 : I1 = I2 implies that the fields due to the current
zero.
I1 and I2 will be balanced.

Exemplar Questions 5. In a cyclotron, a charged particle

1. Two charged particles traverse identical helical paths in a (a) undergoes acceleration all the time
completely opposite sense in a uniform magnetic field (b) speeds up between the dees because of the magnetic field
B = B0 kˆ . (c) speeds up in a dees
(a) They have equal z-components of momenta (d) slows down within a dee and speeds up between dees
(b) They must have equal charges
(c) They necessarily represent a particle, anti-particle pair NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
(d) The charge to mass ratio satisfy 6. A current loop in a magnetic field [2013]
æeö æeö (a) can be in equilibrium in one orientation
ç ÷ +ç ÷ = 0
è m ø1 è m ø2 (b) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, both the equi-
2. Biot-Savart law indicates that the moving electrons (velocity librium states are unstable
v) produce a magnetic field B such that (c) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one stable
(a) B is perpendicular of while the other is unstable
(b) B is parallel to v (d) experiences a torque whether the field is uniform or
(c) it obeys inverse cube law non-uniform in all orientations
(d) it is along the line joining the electron and point of 7. When a proton is released from rest in a room, it starts with
observationt.
an initial acceleration a0 towards west. When it is projected
3. A current carrying circular loop of radius R is placed in the x- towards north with a speed v0 it moves with an initial
y plane with centre at the origin. Half of the loop with x > 0 is
acceleration 3a0 towards west. The electric and magnetic
now bent so that it now lies in the y-z plane.
fields in the room are respectively [2013]
(a) The magnitude of magnetic moment now diminishes
(b) The magnetic moment does not change ma0 2ma0
(c) The magnitude of B at (0, 0, z), z > R increases (a) west, down
e ev0
(d) The magnitude of B at (0, 0, z), z >> R is unchanged
4. An electron is projected with uniform velocity along the ma0 3ma0
axis of a current carrying long solenoid. Which of the (b) east, up
e ev0
following is true?
(a) The electron will be accelerated along the axis 3ma0
ma0
(b) The electron path will be circular about the axis (c) east, down
e ev0
(c) The electron will experience a force at 45° to the axis and
hence execute a helical path
ma0 2ma0
(d) The electron will continue to move with uniform velocity (d) west, up
e ev0
along the axis of the solenoid
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 533

8. A long straight wire carries a certain current and produces a Z

weber
magnetic field of 2 × 10–4 at a perpendicular distance
m2
of 5 cm from the wire. An electron situated at 5 cm from the
I
wire moves with a velocity 107 m/s towards the wire along
perpendicular to it. The force experienced by the electron R
Y
O
will be [NEET Kar. 2013]
(charge on electron =1.6 × 10–19 C)
I
(a) Zero (b) 3.2 N
X
(c) 3.2 × 10–16 N (d) 1.6 × 10–16 N
ur
9. A circular coil ABCD carrying a current i is placed in a uniform
magnetic field. If the magnetic force on the segment AB is
(a)
m I $
B= – 0
4p R
mi ´ 2k$ ( )
r
F , the force on the remaining segment BCDA is ur
[NEET Kar. 2013] (b)
m I $
B= – 0
4p R
pi + 2k$ ( )
ur m0 I
A
i
(c) B=
4p R
(
p$i – 2k$ )
ur m0 I
D B (d) B=
4p R
(
p$i + 2k$ )
13. A proton and an alpha particle both enter a region of uniform
C magnetic field B, moving at right angles to field B. If the
radius of circular orbits for both the particles is equal and
r r the kinetic energy acquired by proton is 1 MeV the energy
(a) F (b) -F
acquired by the alpha particle will be: [2015 RS]
r r
(c) 3F (d) -3F (a) 0.5 MeV (b) 1.5 MeV
10. Two identical long conducting wires AOB and COD are (c) 1 MeV (d) 4 MeV
placed at right angle to each other, with one above other 14. A rectangular coil of length 0.12 m and width 0.1 m having 50
such that ‘O’ is their common point for the two. The wires turns of wire is suspended vertically in a uniform magnetic field
carry I1 and I2 currents respectively. Point ‘P’ is lying at of strength 0.2 weber/m2. The coil carries a current of 2A. If
distance ‘d’ from ‘O’ along a direction perpendicular to the the plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30° with the
plane containing the wires. The magnetic field at the point direction of the field, the torque required to keep the coil in
stable equilibrium will be : [2015 RS]
‘P’ will be : [2014]
(a) 0.20 Nm (b) 0.24 Nm
m 0 æ I1 ö m0 (c) 0.12 Nm (d) 0.15 Nm
(a) (b) (I1 + I2 )
2pd çè I2 ÷ø 2pd 15. A square loop ABCD carrying a current i, is placed near and
coplanar with a long straight conductor XY carrying a
current I, the net force on the loop will be : [2016]
m0 2 m0 2 2 1/ 2
(c) (I1 - I22 ) (d) (I1 ´ I 2 ) Y B C
2 pd 2 pd
11. An electron moving in a circular orbit of radius r makes n
rotations per second. The magnetic field produced at the 1 L
I
centre has magnitude: [2015]
m0 n 2 e
(a) Zero (b) X A D
r
m0 ne m0 ne
(c) (d) L/2 L
2r 2pr
12. A wire carrying current I has the shape as shown in adjoining 2m 0 Ii m 0 Ii
(a) (b)
figure. Linear parts of the wire are very long and parallel to 3p 2p
X-axis while semicircular portion of radius R is lying in Y-Z 2m 0 IiL m 0 IiL
plane. Magnetic field at point O is : [2015] (c) (d)
3p 2p
 EBD_7751
534 PHYSICS

16. A long straight wire of radius a carries a steady current I. (a) 4.55 mJ (b) 2.3 mJ
The current is uniformly distributed over its cross-section. (c) 1.15 mJ (d) 9.1 mJ
The ratio of the magnetic fields B and B', at radial distances 19. An arrangement of three parallel straight wires placed
a perpendicular to plane of paper carrying same current 'I
and 2a respectively, from the axis of the wire is :[2016] along the same direction is shown in fig. Magnitude of force
2
per unit length on the middle wire 'B' is given by [2017]
1 1
(a) (b)
4 2 B d C
(c) 1 (d) 4 90°
17. A long solenoid has 1000 turns. When a current of 4A flows
through it, the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the d
solenoid is 4 × 10–3 Wb. The self inductance of the solenoid
is : [2016]
A
(a) 4H (b) 3H
(c) 2H (d) 1H
2m 0 i 2 2m0 i 2
18. A 250-turn rectangular coil of length 2.1 cm and width 1.25 (a) (b)
pd pd
cm carries a current of 85 mA and subjected to magnetic field
of strength 0.85 T. Work done for rotating the coil by 180º m0 i 2 m0i2
against the torque is [2017] (c) (d)
2pd 2 pd
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 535

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 1 df
Total charge induced = ò i dt = ò .dt
1. (d) 2. (d) R dt
3. (b) F = iB l sin q. This is maximum when sin q = 1 f
1 2 1
R fò
or q = p/2. = d f = (f 2 - f1 )
R
m 0 2pni1 m 0 2pni 2 m é ni ni ù 1

4. (d) B= . - . = 0 ê 1- 2ú 24. (b) Energy is stored in magnetic field.

4p r1 4p r2 2 ë r1 r2 û 25. (b) Tesla is the unit of magnetic field.
5. (c) If r is the radius of the circle,
L EXERCISE - 2
then L = 2pr or, r =
2p 1. (d) The straight part will not contribute magnetic field at the
Area = pr 2 = pL2 / 4p 2 = L2 / 4 p centre of the semicircle because every element of the
6. (c) The point P is lying symmetrically w.r.t. the two long straight part will be 0º or 180º with the line joining the
straight current carrying conductors. The magnetic centre and the element
fields at P due to these current carrying conductors are 1 m0i m 0 i
mutually perpendicular. Due to circular portion, the field is =
2 2r 4r
mv m
7. (a) r= or, r µ for the same value of v and B. m0 i
Bq q Hence total field at O = tesla
8. (a) r = mv/Bq is same for both. 4r
mv2 Þ r = mv m 0 2pi
9. (a) Bqv = 2. (c) B= where
r Bq 4p r
nBA 2e 2 ´ 1.6 ´10 -19
10. (a) Current sensitivity = i= = = 1.6 ´ 10 -19 A
K t 2
where K is constant of torsional rigidity.
m i m ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19
11. (a) \ B= 0 = 0 = m 0 ´ 10 -19 T
12. (a) 2r 2 ´ 0.8
13. (b) 14. (b) 3. (d) B = m 0 nI = 4p ´10 -7 ´ 10 ´ 5 = 2p ´ 10 -5 T.
15. (b) In cyclotron, energy with which aceleration takes place
m v2 mv (9 ´ 10 -31 ) ´ 10 6
is in term of MeV. 4. (c) Bqv = or B = =
16. (a) r rq 0.1 ´ (1.6 ´ 10 -19 )
17. (d) = 5.5 ´10 -5 T
æ m 0 NI ö 2 1
18. (c) Baxis = çç ÷÷R 5. (a) Ek = mv2 or mv = 2 E k m and
è 2x 3 ø 2
B µ R2 mv 2 Ek m
r= =
So, when radius is doubled, magnetic field becomes Bq Bq
four times. 6. 2
(d) Bqv = mv /r or q/m = v /rB.
19. (a) To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, one needs 7. (b) F = I l B sin q = 3 ×0.40 × (500 × 10–4) × sin 30º
to connect a low resistance in parallel so that maximum = 3 × 10–2 N.
current passes through the shunt wire and ammeter remains
protected. Bqr 4.5 ´10 -3 ´ 1.6 ´10 -19 ´ 2 ´10 -2
20. (b) It will compress due to the force of attraction between 8. (d) v= =
m 9.1´10 -31
two adjacent coils carrying current in the same
= 1.58 ´107 m / s
direction.
21. (b) Magnetic force acts perpendicular to the velocity. m0 2 i2 m 2 i1 m 4
9. (c) B= - 0 = 0 (i 2 - i1 )
Hence speed remains constant. 4 p (r / 2) 4 m (r / 2) 4 p r
æN ö m0 4 m
22. (c) B = m0 N0i ; B1 = (m 0 ) ç 0 ÷ (2 i) = m 0 N 0 i = B = (5 - 2.5) = 0 .
è 2 ø 4p 5 2p
Þ B1 = B 10. (c) E = vB = 2 ´ 103 ´ 1.5 = 3 ´ 103 V / m.
df e 1 df
23. (c) e= ;i= = m 2pI I
dt R R dt 11. (a) In coil A, B = 0 . \B µ ;
4p R R
 EBD_7751
536 PHYSICS

B1 I1 R 2 2
Hence, B = R × I = 2 = 1 F m 0 i1 i 2 m 0i 2
= =
2 1 2 l 2 pd 2 pd
12. (c) Torque on loop t = nIAB cos q; Here q = 90º
\ t = 0. (attractive as current is in the same direction)
25. (c) The magnetic field is
m 2I I 10-7 ´ 2 ´10 ´ 2
13. (b) F= 0 1 2 ´l = ´ 2 = 8 ´10-5 N m0 2I 2 ´ 100
4p r 0.1 B= = 10-7 ´ = 5 × 10–6 T
14. (c) 4p r 4

µ0 I q m Iq W N
15. (a) B= ´ = 0
2r 2p 4 pr 100A
16. (d) No magnetic force acts on the electron and force due
to electric field will act opposite to its initial direction
of motion. Hence its velocity decreases in magnitude. 4m
17. (d) Since no current is enclosed inside the hollow S E
conductor. Hence Binside = 0. Ground
1 2mV B
18. (c) r= According to right hand palm rule, the magnetic field is
B q
directed towards south.
26. (a) Since magnetic force is always perpendicular to the
R1 mx
= velocity of electron, so it can only change the direction
R2 my of velocity of electron, but it (the magnetic force) cannot
accelerate or deaccelerate the electron.
2 27. (c) Magnetic dipole moment
m x æ R1 ö
Þ =ç ÷ e e erv
my è R2 ø m = iA = ´ pr 2 = ´ pr 2 = .
T (2 pr / v) 2
19. (d) Btotal = 4Bside
1.6 ´ 10-19 ´ 50 ´ 10-12 ´ 2.2 ´ 106
m0 I é p pù =
Btotal = 4 ê sin + sin ú 2
æa ö 4 4û
2p ç ÷ ë = 8.8 ´ 10-24 Am2 .
è2ø
2m d E d 2m p E p
2 2m0 I 28. (c) So rdeutron = ; rproton =
Btotal = Bq Bq
ap
For same radius, B and q
mv p rp q a 2e 2
r= = Þ = = = md 2
20. (b)
qB qB ra q p e 1 mp Ep = mdEd Þ E p = E d = ´ 50 = 100keV
mp 1
21. (b) In a uniform magnetic field, a charged particle is moving 29. (c) Time taken by proton to make one revolution
in a circle of radius R with constant speed v. 25
= = 5 m sec .
mv2 mv 5
\ = Bqv or, R = .....(1)
R Bq 2 pm T m q
As T = ; so 2 = 2 ´ 1
qB T1 m1 q 2
2pR 2pmv 2pm m 2 q1 5 ´ 4 m1 q
Time period, T = = = .....(2) or T2 = T1 = ´ = 10 m sec.
v Bqv Bq m1 q 2 m1 2q
Time period T does not depend on both R and v 30. (a) Let l1, l2 be the lengths of the two parts PRQ and PSQ of
because when v is changed, R is also changed the conductor and r be the resistance per unit length of
proportionately and for period, it is R/v that is taken. the conductor. The resistance of the portion PRQ will be
22. (b) 23. (c) R1 = l1 r
24. (b) I2
i i
F
S O Q
R
P I1
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 537

The resistance of the portion PSQ will be R2 = l2 r

Pot. diff. across P and Q = I1 R1 = I2 R2 é I I ù
= m0 ê + ú
or I1 l1 r = I2 l2 r or I1 l1 = I2 l2 ...(1) ë 2 p r 4 rû
Magnetic field induction at the centre O due to currents r
through circular conductors PRQ and PSQ will be (The direction of B is into the page.)
m 0 I1l1 sin 90º m 0 I 2 l 2 sin 90º 35. (a) Due to flow of current in same direction at adjacent
= B1 – B2 = - = 0. side, an attractive magnetic force will be produced.
4p r2 4p r2 36. (c) The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the
31. (c) B at O will be due to the following portions paper. Let us consider two diametrically opposite
(i) Vertical straight portion. This is zero. elements. By Fleming's Left hand rule on element AB
(ii) Circular portion. This is given by the direction of force will be Leftwards and the
1 m0 i m0 i magnitude will be
Bcircular = =
2 2r 4r dF = Idl B sin 90° = IdlB
(iii) Straight horizontal portion. This is given by
m i
x x x x x x x
Bstraight = 0
4pr x xB x x Cxdl x x
dF dl dF
m i m i A D
\ BTotal = 0 + 0
4r 4pr x x x x Ix x x
32. (a) For case (a) magnetic field due to straight portions is x x x x x x x
cancelled & the magnetic field due to semi circular arc
of radius r at P is On element CD, the direction of force will be towards
right on the plane of the papper and the magnitude will
m o i ´ p æ m oi ö be dF = IdlB.
Ba = =ç ÷´ p
4p r è 4pr ø 37. (b) From Lorentz equation
It is in upward direction & we take upward direction F = -eu î ´ B0 (-k̂ ) = -euB 0 ˆj
r æm iö hence it will complete a semicircular arc and comes out
negative, So B a = -ç o ÷.p
è 4 pr ø of the region at a position y, such that y < 0
38. (a)
For case (b) Due to straight portion the magnetic field
39. (d) For a given perimeter the area of circle is maximum. So
is zero so the magnetic field due to semi circular arc is
magnetic moment of (S) is greatest.
r æm iö 40. (d) Magnetic moment µ = IA
B b = ç o ÷ ´ p (in down wards direction so +ive sign)
è 4 pr ø 2pR
Since T =
For case (c) Magnetic field due to straight portion is v
mo i q qv
=- (upward direction) Also, I = =
4p r T 2pR
Magnetic field due to circular arc which substand an
angle 3p/2 at centre is æ qv ö
\ m=ç
è 2 pR ø
( )
2
÷ pR =
qvR
2
.
æ m i ö 3p
= ç o ÷´ (down ward direction)
è 4pr ø 2 m 0i
41. (a) [Hint Þ B = , where r is distance of point from the
2pr
r m i 3p
so Bc = æç o ö÷ æç - 1ö÷ wire, where we want to calculate the magnetic field. It is
è 4 pr ø è 2 ø clear from expression that B is independent of thickness
r r r æ 3p ö
of wire.]
so Ba : B b : B c = -p : p : ç - 1÷ 42. (a) The direction of the magnetic field due to a current is
è 2 ø
given by right hand curled fingers rule. Therefore at
æ -p ö p æ 3p 1 ö AB axis, the components of magnetic field will cancel
= ç ÷ : :ç - ÷ each other and the resultant magnetic field will be zero
è 2 ø 2 è 4 2ø
on AB.
33. (d) Here, the wire does not produce any magnetic field at O 43. (d)
because the conductor lies on the line of O. Also, the
loop does not produce magnetic field at O. mv 2
44. (b) [Hint Þ = qvB ].
m 0 é Ι pI I ù m 0 é 2 I p I ù r
34. (a) B= + + ê + r ú 45. (b) Let l be length of wire
4 p êë r r r úû 4 p ë r û
 EBD_7751
538 PHYSICS

l where B is the magnitude of the magnetic force.

Ist case : l = 2pr Þ r = r
2p The direction of F will be in the direction perpendicular
to the plane of the paper and going into it.
m 0I m0I By Pythagorus theorem,
B= =
2 pr l
AC = x 2 + x 2 = 2x
l
2nd Case : l = 2(2pr ¢) Þ r ¢ =
4p \ Magnitude of force on AC = i 2 x B sin 45°

m 0 In 2m I 1 r
B¢ = = 0 (where n = 2) = i 2 xB´ = ixB = | F |
l l 2
2p
4p 2 The direction of the force on AC is perpendicular to
the plane of the paper and going out of it. Hence, force
æ m0I ö r
on putting the value of B Þ B¢ = 4ç ÷ = 4B on AC = - F
è l ø r
r
Ù 50. (b) v and B are in same direction so that magnetic force
46. (a) The direction of B is along ( - k ) on electron becomes zero, only electric force acts. But
\ The magnetic force force on electron due to electric field is opposite to the
direction of velocity.
F = Q( v ´ B) = Q( v î ) ´ B(- k̂ ) = QvBĵ
Þ along OY.. I1
47. (b) The force on the two arms parallel to the field is zero. 51. (d)
F1
< I
<

<

F F3 F4
B
–F
< F2

\ Force on remaining arms = – F z 1

48. (b) Magnetic fields due to the two i F1 > F2 as F µ, and F3 and F4 are equal and opposite.
parts at their common centre are d
respectively, Hence, the net attraction force will be towards the
conductor.
m i m i i
B y = 0 and Bz = 0 y 52. (a) Magnetic field at the centre of the ring is
4R 4R
m 0 qf
i
Resultant field = B y2 + Bz2 2R

2
2 53. (a)
æ m iö æ m iö m 0i m i
= ç 0 ÷ +ç 0 ÷ = 2. = 0 B2
è 4R ø è 4R ø 4R 2 2 R
49. (b) Let a current i be flowing in the loop ABC in the
B1
direction shown in the figure. If the length of each of
the sides AB and BC be x then
r
| F| = i x B

A The magnetic field, due the coil, carrying current I

Ampere
m0 I
B1 =
2R
The magnetic field due to the coil, carrying current 2I
Ampere
m 0 (2I )
B C B2 =
2R
Direction of The resultant B
magnetic field
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 539

58. (b) Magnetic force acts perpendicular to the velocity. Hence

Bnet = B12 + B22 + 2B1B2 cos q, q = 90° speed remains constant.
59. (d) B = 1.5 × 10–2 T, q = 90°, sin q = 1
m (2 I ) 5 m0 I
Bnet = B12 + B22
= 0 1+ 4 = e
2R 2R v = 6 × 107 m/s, = 1.7 × 1011 C/kg
m
54. (c) Time period of cyclotron is
mv 6 ´ 107
1 2pm 2pm mu p r= =
T= = ; B= u; R = = Be 1.5 ´ 10-2 ´ 1.7 ´ 1011
u eB e eB eB
= 2.35 × 10–2m = 2.35 cm
2pmu 60. (c) The force on each point on loop is radially outward and so
Þ P = eBR = e ´ R = 2pmuR net force = 0
e

p 2 (2pmuR )2 m 0 ir -7 2 ´ 10 -2
K.E. = = = 2p2mu2R2 61. (b) B= . 2 = 2 ´ 10 ´ 10 ´
2m 2m 2p R (4 ´ 10 - 2) 2
55. (b) According to the principal of circular motion in a
magnetic field = 2.5 ´ 10-5 T
62. (a) Proton will represent the direction of current, so the direction
mv 2 of current is vertically downward. By Fleming's left hand
Fc = Fm Þ = qVB rule, force acting on the proton in east direction.
R r urur
63. (c) As F = qVBsin q
mv P 2 m.k
Þ R= = = F is zero for sin 0° or sin 180° and is non-zero for angle
ur ur
qB qB qB between V and B any value other than zero and 180°.
64. (a) A current carrying coil has magnetic dipole moment.
Ra =
2(4 m) K '
r r
2qB Hence, a torque pm ´ B acts on it in magnetic field.
65. (a) The force acting on a charged particle in magnetic field
R K is given by
= r r r
Ra K' F = q ( v ´ B ) or F = qvB sin q,
When angle between v and B is 180°,
but R = Ra (given)
F=0
Thus K = K¢ = 1 MeV
56. (b) According to work energy theorem mi 1
66. (a) B = 0 or B µ
W =Ufinal – Uinitial = MB (cos 0 – cos 60°) 2pr r
When r is doubled, the magnetic field becomes half,
MB
W= = 3J ...(i) i.e., now the magnetic field will be 0.2 T.
2 67. (b) F = Bil = 2 ×1.2 × 0.5 = 1.2 N
r r æ ö 68. (b) Ig = 0.1I, Is = 0.9 I ; S = Ig R g / Is
t = M ´ B = MB sin 60° = ç MB 3 ÷ ...(ii)
è 2 ø
= 0.1 ´ 900 / 0.9 = 100 W.
From equation (i) and (ii) mv
69. (c) r = or r µ v
2 3´ 3 qB
t= = 3J
2 As v is doubled, the radius also becomes double.
57. (c) A current loop in a magnetic field is in equilibrium in Hence, radius = 2 × 2 = 4 cm
two orientations one is stable and another unstable. mv v
r uur ur 70. (d) r= Þrµ
Q t = M ´ B = M B sin q qB B
If q = 0° Þ t = 0 (stable) m0 I 1
If q = p Þ t = 0 (unstable) 71. (a) B= ÞBµ
2 pr r
As the distance is increased to three times, the magnetic
induction reduces to one third. Hence,
1
B = ´ 10 -3 tesla = 3.33 ´ 10 -4 tesla
3
72. (a) Reversing the direction of the current reverses the
direction of the magnetic field. However, it has no effect
on the magnetic-field energy density, which is
Do not experience a torque in some orientations proportional to the square of the magnitude of the
Hence option (c) is correct. magnetic field.
 EBD_7751
540 PHYSICS
r r 0 is now bent so that it now lies in the y-z plane, the
73. (c) Due to electric field, the force is F = qE in the direction
magnitudes of magnetic field moment of each
r r r
of E . Since E is parallel to B , the particle velocity vr semicircular loop of radius R lie in the x-y plane and the
r r r y-z plane is M' = I(pr2)/4 and the direction of magnetic
(acquired due to force F ) is parallel to B . Hence B
r field moments are along z-directlon and x-direction
will not exert any force since vr ´ B = 0 and the motion respectively.
r Then resultant is :
of the particle is not affected by B .
74. (b) Neutrons are neutral. Mnet = M ¢ 2 + M ¢ 2 = 2 M¢ = 2 I ( pr 2 ) 4
I1 2p - q So, Mnet < M or M diminishes.
75. (d) = Þ I1q = I2 (2p - q) ........... (1)
I2 q Hence, the magnitude of magnetic moment is now
diminishes.
q m 0 I1 2p - q m 0 I 2
B1 = . and B2 = . 4. (d) Magnetic Lorentz force :
2p 2R 2p 2R
F = qVB sin q
Using (1), we get B1 = B2.
Magnetic Lorentz force electron is projected with
EXERCISE - 3 uniform velocity along the axis of a current carrying
long solenoid F = –qvB sin 180° = 0(q = 0°) as magnetic
Exemplar Questions
field and velocity are parallel and electric field is zero (E
1. (d) As we know that the uniqueness of helical path is = 0) due to this magnetic field (B) perpendicular to the
determined by its pitch direction of motion (V). So it will not affect the velocity
of moving charge particle. So the electron will continue
2p mv cos q
P(Pitch) = to move with uniform velocity along the axis of the
Bq solenoid
Where q is angle of velocity of charge particle with x- 5. (a) There is crossed electric and magnetic field between
axis dees so the charged particle accelerates by electric field
For the given pitch d correspond to charge particle, we between dees towards other dees.
have So, the charged particle undergoes acceleration as
q 2pv cos q (i) speeds up between the dees because of the oscillating
= = constant electric field.
m BP
If motion is not helical, (q = 0) (ii) speed remain the same inside the dees because of the
As charged particles traverse identical helical paths in magnetic field but direction undergoes change
a completely opposite direction in a same magnetic continuously.
field B, LHS for two particles should be same and of Hence, the charge particle accelerates inside and
opposite sign. between Dees always.

æeö æeö NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions

\ ç ÷ +ç ÷ = 0
è m ø1 è m ø2 6. (c) A current loop in a magnetic field is in equilibrium in
2. (a) By Biot-Savart law two orientations one is stable and another unstable.
r uur ur
Q t = M ´ B = M B sin q
Idl sin q æ I ´ dl ö
dB = =ç ÷ If q = 0° Þ t = 0 (stable)
r2 è r ø
If q = p Þ t = 0 (unstable)
In Biot-Savat’s law, magnetic field B||idl × r and idl due
to flow of electron is in opposite direction of v and by
direction of cross product of two vectors
B^V
So, the magnetic field is ^ to the direction of flow of
charge.
3. (a) As the direction of magnetic moment of circular loop
of radius R placed in the x-y plane is along z-direction
Do not experience a torque in some orientations
and given by M = I (pr2), when half of the loop with x >
Hence option (c) is correct.
 Moving Charges and Magnetism 541

12. (b) Magnetic field due to segment ‘1’

uur m I
$
B1 = 0 [sin 90° + sin 0°] (–k)
4 pR
7. (a)
– m0 I ur
=
4pR
( k$ ) = B 3

Magnetic field due to segment 2

When moves with an acceleration a0 towards west,
electric field
B2 =
4R
–i =( )
m0 I $ – m0 I $
4pR
pi ( )
F ma 0 Z
E= = (West)
q e
When moves with an acceleration 3a0 towards east, 2
magnetic field
2ma 0 Y
B= (downward) O
ev0 1
I I
8. (c) Given: 3
Magnetic field B = 2 × 10–4 weber/m2
Velocity of electron, v = 107 m/s X
Lorentz force F = qvB sin q ur
\ B at centre
= 1.6 × 10–19 × 107 × 2 × 10–4 (Q q = 90°)
ur ur ur ur
= 3.2 × 10–16 N
r r r Bc = B1 + B2 + B3 =
– m0I $
4pR
pi + 2k$ ( )
9. (b) Here, FAB + FBCDA = 0
r r r mv 2
13. (c) As we know, F = qvB =
Þ FBCDA = - FAB = - F R
r mv 2m(kE)
(Q FAB = F ) \R= =
qB qB
10. (d) Net magnetic field, B = B12 + B22 q2
Since R is same so, KE µ
m
2 2 Therefore KE of a particle
æm I ö æm I ö æ m 0 I1 m I ö
= ç 0 1 ÷ + ç 0 2 ÷ çQ B1 = and B2 = 0 2 ÷ q2
2
( 2 ) = 1 MeV
è 2pd ø è 2pd ø è 2 p d 2 pd ø = =
m 4
m0 14. (a) Here, number of turns of coil, N = 50
= I12 + I22 Current through the coil I = 2A
2 pd Area A = l × b = 0.12 × 0.1m2
11. (c) Radius of circular orbit = r r
Magnetic field B = 0.2 w/m2
No. of rotations per second = n
1
i.e., T =
n

30° B
O r 60°

Magnetic field at its centre, Bc =? M

As we know, current
e e Torque required to keep the coil in stable equilibrium.
i= = = en = equivalent current r r
T (1 / n) t = M ´ B = MB sin 60° = Ni AB sin 60°
Magnetic field at the centre of circular orbit, 3
= 5 0 × 2 × 0 .1 2 × 0 . 1 × 0. 2 ×
m i m ne 2
Bc = 0 = 0
2r 2r = 12 3 ´ 10 -2 = 0.20784 Nm
 EBD_7751
542 PHYSICS

15. (a) The direction of current in conductor 17. (d) Here, number of turns n = 100; current through the
Y FBC solenoid i = 4A; flux linked with each turn = 4 × 10–3
B C Wb
FAB FCD
\ Total flux linked, and total
I i L = 1000[4 × 10–3] = 4 Wb
A L D ftotal = 4 Þ L i = 4
X Þ L= 1H
FAD
XY and AB is same 18. (d) Work done, W = MB(cosq1–cosq2)
\ FAB = ilB (attractive) When it is rotated by angle 180° then
W = MB (cos0° – cos 180°) = MB (1 + 1)
m0 I m iI
(¬) = 0 ( ¬) W = 2MB
FAB = i(L). 2p æç ö÷
L p
è 2ø W = 2 (NIA) B
= 2 × 250 × 85 × 10–6[1.25 × 2.1 × 10–4] × 85 × 10–2
FBC opposite to FAD
FBC (­) and FAD (¯) = 9.1 mJ
Þ cancels each other 19. (c) Force per unit length between two parallel current car-
FCD = ilB (repulsive) rying conductors,

m0 I m iI m 0 i1i 2
FCD = i(L) (®) = 0 ( ®) F=
æ 3L ö 3p 2pd
2p ç ÷
è 2 ø Since same current flowing through both the wires
Therefore the net force on the loop
ii = i2 = i
Fnet = FAB + FBC + FCD + FAD
mo iI mo iI 2mo iI m0i2
Þ Fnet = - = so F1 = = F2
p 3p 3p 2pd
16. (c) For points inside the wire i.e., (r < R)
F1[due to wire A]
m0 Ir
Magnetic field B =
2pR 2
For points outside the wire (r > R)
m0I F2[due to wire C]
Magnetic field, B' =
2 pR
\ Magnitude of force per unit length on the middle
m0 I ( a / 2 ) wire 'B'

B 2 pa 2 = 1:1 m0 i 2
\ = m0 I Fnet = F12 + F22 =
B' 2pd
2 p ( 2a )