PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE RESERVE COMMAND

526TH DEPARTMENT OF AIR SCIENCE AND TACTICS
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY JANIUAY CAMPUS
Janiuay, Iloilo

Prepared by: Sgt POSTRADO,MCA PAFR

Sgt BALBASOR, MJ PAFR

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages Time table

Lesson 1 Introduction to THE NSTP LAW 3-7 3 weeks

Lesson 2 ROTC Legal Basis 7-8 3 weeks

Lesson 3 Citizenship Training 8-16 6 weeks

Lesson 4 History Of The AFP 16-25 9 weeks

Lesson 5 AFP Core Values 25-30 3 weeks

Lesson 6 Military Courtesy and Discipline 30- 33 3 weeks

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 LESSON 1
Introduction to THE NSTP LAW

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the learners must have:

• Identified the components of National Service Training Program

• Identified the coverage of NSTP law under the Philippine Law
• Familiarize the scope of NSTP and its legal basis
• Understand the concept of ROTC and its objectives

REPUBLIC ACT 7722 – HIGHER EDUCATION ACT OF 1994 Republic Act 7722 is the
act creating the Commission on Higher Education which covers both the public and private
institutions of higher education as well as degree-granting programs in all post-secondary
educational institutions, be it public or private.
One of the powers and functions of this act which is in line with the goal of
National Service Training Program [NSTP] is to identify, support and develop potential centers
of excellence in program areas needed for the development of world-class scholarship, nation
building and national development.

THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM [R.A. 9163]

1. What is the legal basis of the National Service Training Program (NSTP)?
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law or RA 9163 also known as “An
Act Establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students,
amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for
other purposes.” was enacted last January 2002 to amend the Expanded ROTC. This program
aimed to enhance civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the
ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program
components, specifically designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to the. general
welfare.

2. What are the components of the NSTP?

a. Reserve Officer’s Training Corps [ROTC]- refers to the program component, institutionalized
under Section 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, designed to provide military training to
motivate, train organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness.
b. Civic Welfare Training Service [CWTS]- refers to the program component or activities
contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the
community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health,
education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry and
other social welfare services.
c. Literacy Training Service [LTS]- refers to the program component designed to train the
students to teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school youth and other
segments of society in need of their services.

Who are covered by the NSTP Law?

A. All incoming freshmen students, male, female, starting school year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled
in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical- vocational or associate courses, are
required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation requirement;
B. All higher and technical-vocational education institutions must at least offer one (1) of the
NSTP components.
C. State universities and colleges (SUC‟s), shall offer the ROTC component and at least one (1)
other NSTP component.
D. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA),

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Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUC‟s of similar nature, in view of the
special character of these institutions, are exempted from the NSTP.
E. Private higher education and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350
student cadets may offer the ROTC component and consequently establish / maintain a
Department Of Military Science and Tactics (DMST), subject to the existing rules and
regulations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

3. What is the duration and equivalent course unit of each of the NSTP Component?
Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two
(2) semesters for 54 to 90 training hours per semester. It shall be credited for three (3) units
per semester.

4. What fees shall be charged to students taking any of the NSTP components?
No other fees shall be collected except basic tuition fees, which should not be more than 50%
of the charges of the school per academic unit.

5. Who are covered by the suspension of the ROTC requirement?

The completion of ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is set aside for students who
have completed all their academic requirements for their respective courses as certified by the
school on or before the effectivity of the NSTP Act of 2001, which is March 23, 2002. The
concerned students may apply for graduation in their respective schools.

6. What happens to male students who are currently enrolled and have not taken nor
completed the ROTC requirements for graduation?
a. Male students who are not covered by Section 12 of this Rule and are currently enrolled but
have not taken any of the Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS) or Law
Enforcement Service (LES) shall be covered by the NSTP Law.
b. Male students who have completed two semesters of the Expanded ROTC (E-ROTC) /
National Service Program (NSP) are deemed to have complied with the NSTP requirement.
c. Male students who are not covered by Section 12 of these Rules and have taken only one (1)
semester of Basic ROTC or E-ROTC/NSP shall take any of the NSTP components to qualify for
graduation.
d. Students who want to qualify for enlistment in the Reserve Force or attend the advance
ROTC program shall undertake a special program for this purpose.

7. How are Clustering and Cross-Enrolment done?

a. Clustering of students from different education institutions during semestral or summer
periods may be done for any of the NSTP component, taking into account logistics, branch of
service and geographical locations. The host school shall be responsible in managing the
Program.
b. Schools that do not meet the required number of students to maintain the optional ROTC
and any of the NSTP components, or do not offer the component chosen by the student shall
allow their students to cross-enroll in other schools irrespective of whether such school is under
CHED or TESDA; and in the case the students taking the ROTC component irrespective of
whether the two semesters shall be taken from different schools whose ROTC is managed by
different branches of service of the Armed forces of the Philippines(AFP).

8. What is NSTP-One Summer Program (NSTP-OSP)?

NSTP-OSP is created under RA 9163 or the NSTP Act of 2001, especially Section 6 and jointly
devised, formulated and adopted by DND, CHED and TESDA.

NSTP-OSP is established for the three (3) components: ROTC, CWTS and LTS. This is intended
for graduating students in baccalaureate or at least two-year technical-vocational or associate
courses, who have yet to comply with the NSTP as a requirement for graduation, as well as for

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students, thus allow them to concentrate on the academic subjects and other co- curricular
concerns.
9. What is the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC)?
NSRC is created under Section 11 of RA 9163 or the NSTP Act of 2001, composed of graduates
of the non ROTC components: the CWTS and LTS. Members of this Corps maybe tapped by the
State for literacy and civic welfare activities, through the joint efforts of DND, CHED, and
TESDA.

RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS

The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps is the primary source of reservist officers
and enlisted reservists of the reserve force AFP. It is one of the primary sources of Officer Corps
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines which accounts for sixty four percent (64%) while the
remaining thirty six percent (36%) comes from other sources.

ROTC OBJECTIVES
The ROTC is designed to provide military training to tertiary level students in
order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness. It
seeks:
To indoctrinate, train, and provide the ROTC cadets with the basic knowledge on military
subjects and practical exercises that will enable them to acquire skills and capabilities to lead,
move, survive, shoot & communicate.
To prepare college students for possible service in the defense establishment in the event of
emergency.
To train and develop the ROTC cadets as future enlisted reservists for the reserve
component of the armed forces of the Philippines.
To inculcate in the youth the spirit of patriotism and nationalism.
To prepare the youth for the vital role in nation-building.
To develop and promote the physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being of
the youth.
To train the youth as potential community leaders.
To develop the civic consciousness and good citizenship among the youth.

GRADING SYSTEM
Attendance (30%)
Number of present x 30% x 100=____________________
Number of training weeks

Military Aptitude (30%)

100 merits - Number of Demerits x 30%= _________________

Subject Proficiency (40%)

Score Major exams x 40% x 100 = ______________________
Number of items

Total numerical grade = ___________________________________

STUDENT ACTIVITIES
ROTC cadets shall undergo orientations and field trainings. Classroom lectures

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will be held to discuss the military concepts and principles. For the practical application, field
drills shall be conducted to fully train the cadets. The following are the activities:
Combat Training of the Individual Soldier (CTIS) – involves training in basic intelligence, map
reading and land navigation, basic signal communication, unit formations, basic weapons
training and premarksmanship training.
Public Information – deals with topics such as threat to National Security and the peace
process.
Small Unit Tactics – the conduct of drills such as patrolling, raids, ambuscades and rifle
squad tactics
Individual/Unit Training – refers to the training in visual tracking, military mountaineering
and jungle base operations.
Crew-Served Weapons Training – familiarization of cadets with selected military artillery.

Cadets may also partake in extracurricular activities such as:

Civil Military Operations - participation in activities such as the Foundation Day of the
University, Blood Letting Activity and Tree Planting Program.
Military Values Education (MILVED) – the conduct of routine flag raising and retreat
activities, weekly conferences, critique or after action review, orientation among the parents
about the program.
Military Livelihood Enhancement (MILE) – activities related to livelihood and economic
development.
Community Relations (COMREL) – attendance to the selected events, ceremonies and
celebrations.
Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) - organization of dialogues with parents and guardians of
the cadets and curettes regarding ROTC program and conduct of officers training course.
Recreational Activities – involvement to the Annual ROTC Acquaintance Party, Presentation
of Sponsors and Escorts and Graduation Ceremony.

Activity I
Multiple Choice

1. It is also known as an act establishing the National Service Training Program?

a. R.A. 9163 c. R.A 7163
b. Presidential Decree 91633 d. Preamble

2. It is a branch of NSTP, designed to provide military training to students

a. CWTS c. LTS
b. ROTC d. CSC

3. It is a branch of NSTP, designed to train the students to teach literacy and numeracy
skills to children,out of school youth and other segments of society in need of their
service
a. LTS c. ROTC
b. NSTP d. CWTS

4. Refers to the program components or activities contributory to the general welfare and
the betterment of life for the members of the community.
a. LTS c. ROTC
b. NSTP d. CWTS

5. How many hours were required to complete an NSTP component ?

a. 60 hours c. 54 to 90 hours
b. 70 hours d. 40 to 80 hours

Essay : Discuss and narrate the activities and program that you want to learn at NSTP- ROTC

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LESSON 2
ROTC LEGAL BASIS

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the learners must have:

• Understand the legal basis of NSTP-ROTC

• Identify the legal basis of ROTC under the Philippine Constitution
• Identify the scope of expanded ROTC Program
• Internalize the importance of ROTC in the country

A. Commonwealth Act Nr 1 - An act establishing for the National Defense of the Philippines
penalizing certain violations thereof, appropriating funds thereof, and for other purposes
(otherwise known as the National Defense Act of 1935).

B. Executive Order Nr 57 - President Manuel L Quezon issued EO Nr 57 on 14 October 1935

authorizing the establishment and maintenance of Reserve Officer Training Units in the
following Universities and Colleges:
1. Adamson School of Industries Chemistry and Engineering, Manila
2. De La Salle College, Manila
3. Philippine Normal School
4. Philippine School of Arts & Trades
5. San Beda College, Manila
6. Siliman University, Dumaguete, Negros Oriental
7. University of Sto. Tomas, Manila

C. The Philippine Constitution of 1987

-Section 4, Article II, The Prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the
people. The government may call upon the people to defend the state and in the fulfillment
thereof, all citizens maybe required under conditions provided by law, to render personal,
military or civil service.

-Section 4, Article XVI, The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed Citizen
Armed Forces which shall undergo military training service as may be provided by law.

D. PD NR 1706 – The National Service Law

-Sec 2. National Service Law shall be obligatory for all citizen of the Philippines.
Composed of Civil Welfare Service, Law Enforcement Service and Military Service.
-Sec 4. The terms “Military Service” and “Military Training” referred to Commonwealth
Act Nr 1 as amended shall mean National Service respectively being defined.

E. Republic Act 7077 “The AFP Reservist Act”

- Sec 2. “The Regular Force”
- Sec 4. “The CALL TO PERSONAL MILITARY OR CIVIL SERVICE”
- Sec 39. “The RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORPS. Military training for
students enrolled in colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning is mandatory
pursuant to the provision of the National Defense Act and the 1987 Constitution.

F. Expanded ROTC Program

It consists of three main programs:
1. Military Training Service (MTS)
2. Law Enforcement Service (LTS)
3. Civic Welfare Service (CWS)
Essay: (Reflection)
As a ROTC cadet, write a flat form of how you will serve the country as an example to your
fellow students.

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LESSON 3
CITIZENSHIP TRAINING

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the learners must have;

• Understand the scope of Citizenship Training under the law

• Define the duties and responsibilities of the Filipino Citizens
• Comprehend the importance of nationalism
• Identified the scope and limitation of legality under citizenship training

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
Since June 12, 1898, Proclamation of Independence, there have been a total of
six (6) Philippine Constitution. Below is the evolution of the constitution:
1. Malolos Constitution (1898 – 1901) – First Philippine Constitution; First republican
constitution in Asia

2. Philippine Organic Act of 1902 & Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 (1902 – 1935) - The Phil.
Organic Act of 1902 provided a Philippine Assembly composed of Filipino citizen while the Phil.
Autonomy Act of 1916 included the first pledge of Philippine Independence.

3. Commonwealth and Third Republic/1935 Constitution (1935 – 1943 & 1945 – 1972) – The
United States Congress in 1934 passed the Philippine Independence Act that paved way to the
creation of a constitution for the Philippines. Through the 1934 Constitutional Convention, a
draft of the Constitution for the Philippines was produced. It was ratified through a national
plebiscite on May 14, 1935. In November 15, 1935 with the inauguration of the Commonwealth
of the Philippines, the constitution was fully implemented and enforced. Part of its provision
states that the said constitution will remain in effect once independence was declared on July 4,
1946. In 1940, the National Assembly of the Philippines amended the constitution from having a
unicameral assembly to a bicameral congress and changing the term limit of the president from
six (6) years with no re-election to four (4) years with a possibility of re-election for a second
term. In 1945, the constitution was again observed with the liberation of the country.

4. Japanese-Sponsored Republic/Second Republic/1943 Constitution (1943 – 1945) – The

Japanese-sponsored government nullified the constitution during the World War II. The
government created a Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence to replace the
constitution. The new constitution was used by the administration under President Jose P.
Laurel.

5. Martial Law Constitution/1973 Constitution (1973 – 1986) – During the regime of President
Ferdinand Marcos, a Constitutional Convention was formed to amend the 1935 Constitution.
Through the Presidential Decree No. 86, s. 1972 – creation of a citizen assembly to ratify a
drafted constitution by means of a Viva Voce in place of secret ballots, President Marcos
announced the ratification and its effectivity on January 17, 1973. Although there were several
opposition to its ratification, the 1973 Constitution was deemed valid and was enforced.

6. Freedom Constitution/1987 Constitution (1987 – Present) – After Martial Law and the
democracy was restored, President Corazon Aquino issued the suspension of several provision
in the 1973 Constitution and promulgated a transitory constitution through Proclamation No. 3.
The Constitutional Commission was created by Proclamation No. 9, s. 1986 and was tasked to
write a new charter to replace the previous Constitution. The National Plebiscite for the new
Constitution was held on February 2, 1987. Then, on February 11, 1987, by virtue of
Proclamation No. 58 the new constitution was ratified.

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PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and
our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

BILL OF RIGHTS

SEC. 1 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
SEC. 2 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable,
and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be
determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized. SEC. 3.1. The privacy of communication and
correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety
or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
2. Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding.
SEC. 4 No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press,
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of
grievances.
SEC. 5 No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the
exercise of civil or political rights.
SEC. 6 The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall
not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be
provided by law.
SEC. 7 The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions,
or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall
be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
SEC. 8 The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to
form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
SEC. 9 Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
SEC. 10 No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
SEC. 11 Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall
not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
SEC. 12 1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right
to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be
provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
2. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.
3. Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.

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 4. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions of violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
SEC. 13 All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when
evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient securities, or be
released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired
even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be
required.
SEC. 14 1. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
2. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to
meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may
proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified
and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
SEC. 15 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
SEC. 16 All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial,
quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
SEC. 17 No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
SEC. 18 1. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
2. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted.
SEC. 19 1. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving
heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall
be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
2. The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or
detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions
shall be dealt with by law.
SEC. 20 No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
SEC. 21 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act
is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar
to another prosecution for the same act.
SEC. 22 No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO CITIZEN

1. It is the duty of every Filipino to respect, honor and give due accord to his Filipino heritage,
patrimony, values and tradition.
2. It is the duty of every Filipino to contribute to the development, welfare and nation-building
of its country.
3. It is the duty of every Filipino to engage in gainful work to assure himself and his family a life
of worthy of human dignity.
4. Loyalty to the federal republic and national consciousness, aspirations and ideals shall be
asked from every Filipino citizen.
5. Every Filipino citizen is asked to uphold this Constitution, obey the laws of the land, pay taxes
and duties, and to cooperate with the duly constituted authorities in the attainment and
preservation of a just and orderly society.
6. Every Filipino citizen must give due honor to the Philippine flag, National Anthem, Philippine
President and other national symbols and emblems.
7. It is the duty of very Filipino citizen to defend the national territory from aggressive
invaders, protect the sovereignty of its people, and preserve the continuity of a just, human

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society and government.
8. It is the duty of every Filipino to report to the proper authorities all plots of terrorism, plans
of rebellion, subversion, or insurrection toward the duly and legally acknowledge government,
and other acts that will compromise the union and sovereignty of the federal republic.
9. It is the obligation of every Filipino, to report corrupt, dishonest or fraudulent government
officials to the proper forum, courts and agencies. A Filipino shall not tempt or bribe
government officials, steal from the coffers of the government, or escape or abandon his lawful
responsibilities.
10. It is the responsibilities of every Filipino to elect officials of government as a means of
demonstrating his personal ideas and aspirations for the motherland. Omission or abstention
from this responsibility may indicate a person’s renunciation of his rights of suffrage. No fine or
inappropriate or excessive penalty shall be asked from him as reparation for his choice not to
vote. People, who lost their social right of suffrage, may reclaim such rights accordance of law.

REPUBLIC ACT 8491 – FLAG HERALDIC CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

For the implementation of the Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines, the NSTP
should be guided with the following provisions:
SEC. 2 States that it is the policy of the state to prescribe the Code of the National Flag,
Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines, ensure
the promotion and implementation of its corresponding rules and regulations, and adopt
effective administrative, regulatory, coordinative and supervisory programs and activities, where
appropriate, in conformity with national government policies.
SEC. 4 The Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines will promote or sustain reverence and respect
for the flag, the anthem and other national symbols, and those which symbolizes the national
ideals and traditions.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
These are the terminologies used in these rules:
1. Military – means all the branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines including the
Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, and the Bureau of Fire
Protection
2. Festoon – to hang in a curved shape between two points as a decoration
3. National Flag – is the National Flag and Ensign of the Philippines, use on land and sea by
public, private and the military and shall refer to the flag or any other design that resembles it
as likely to cause any person to believe that it is the flag or design stated
4. Fly – is the part of the flag outside the hoist or length
5. Symbol – any conventional sign that shows man’s achievement and heroism, identification,
authority and a sign of dignity
6. Half-mast – is the lowering of the flag to the middle of the pole
7. Halyard – the long rope used for raising and lowering the flag
8. Inclement Weather – when there is a typhoon signal raised in a locality
9. National Anthem – the “Lupang Hinirang”, Philippine National Anthem
10. Official Residences – is Malacanang and other government-owned structures where the
President lives, and other structures occupied by the Philippine Consulate or Embassies abroad
11. Places of Frivolity – places of hilarity marked by or providing boisterous merriment or
recreation
12. Advertisement or Infomercial – these are any information material, printed or through radio,
television and electronic media which seeks to promote individuals, products or services,
political purposes or information campaigns
13. Heraldic Items and Devices – are coat-of-arms, seals, logos, insignia, badges, flashes,
patches, orders and decorations, medals, stars, citations, lapel pins, trophies, dry, wax or wet
seals, and imprints on letterheads, envelops and cards

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14. Government Entities – all branches of government, its bureaus and attached agencies,
constitutional offices, government owned and/or controlled corporations, government financial
institutions, state universities and colleges, Armed Forces of the Philippines and its basic units
15. Vexillary Items – national, local house flags or administrative and corporate organization’s
banner

A. HALF-MAST

SEC. 27 The National Flag should be at half-mast as a sign of mourning on all the buildings and
places where it is displayed on the official day of announcement of the death of the following
officials:

a. The President or former President (10 days);

b. The Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President of the Senate and
the Speaker of the House of Representatives (7 days);
c. Cabinet Secretaries, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, Members of the Senate and
House of Representatives, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the
Director-General of the Philippine National Police (5 days);
d. Head of National Government Agencies, including Government Owned and Control
Corporations and Government Financial Institutions (3 days)
e. The Commanding Generals of the Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Army and the Flag
Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy (3 days)
f. Governors, Vice-Governors, city and municipal Mayor, city and municipal ViceMayors (3 days)
g. Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Sangguniang Panlungsod and Sangguniang
Bayan (on the day of interment)
h. Barangay Chairmen and Barangay Councilmen on the day of interment
i. Former National or Local Government Officials, appointive or elective
j. Regional Directors, Superintendents, Supervisors, Principals, Teachers and other school
officials

During calamities and disasters, National Flag shall also be flown at half-mast.
RULE: The flag must be raised to the top of the pole before it is lowered to the half-mast
position; and before it is lowered for the day it must be raised to the top again.

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B. CASKET

SEC. 28 The National Flag may be used to cover the

caskets of the dead honored men (military, veterans of
previous wars, National Artists and other civilians) who
rendered noble service to our nation. It should not touch
the ground but must be folded solemnly and handed it to
the heirs of the deceased. No object must be placed on
top of it except for the religious objects that symbolizes
“God above the country”.
RULE When positioning the flag, the white triangle must
be at the head of the casket while the blue field must
cover the right side. To prevent the flag from falling off, a
black band may be wrapped along the side of the casket.

C. PLEDGE TO THE NATIONAL FLAG

SEC. 29 The following shall be the Pledge of Allegiance to the National Flag:

Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas

Ako ay Pilipino
Buong Katapatang nanunumpa
Sa watawat ng Pilipinas
At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag
Na may dangal , Katarungan at Kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang Maka - Diyos Maka - Tao Makakalikasan at Makabansa .

This pledge should be recited right after singing the National Anthem with right palm open and
shoulder raised high.

D. PROHIBITED ACTS
SEC. 39 It is prohibited:
a. To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on, cast contempt, or commit any act or omission casting
dishonor or ridicule upon the National Flag or over its surface;
b. To dip the National Flag to any person or object by way of compliment or salute;
c..To use National Flag
1. As drapery, festoon, tablecloth;
2. As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
3. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles;
4. As a staff or whip;
d. To display the National Flag:
1. Under any painting or picture;
2. Horizontally. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall freely;
3. Below any platform; or
4. In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places of vice or

13
where frivolity prevails.
e. To wear the National Flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform;
f. To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisement, or imprint of any
nature on the National Flag;
g. To print, paint or attach representation of the National Flag on handkerchiefs, napkins,
cushions, and articles of merchandise;
h. To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic
establishments, and in offices of international organizations;
i. To use or display or be part of any advertisement or infomercial; and j. To display the
National Flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens.

E. NATIONAL ANTHEM

SEC. 40 -41 The National Anthem should be interpreted in accordance with the musical
arrangement and composition of Julian Felipe with its original lyrics and tempo.

LUPANG HINIRANG
Bayang Magiliw Perlas ng Silanganan ,
Alab ng puso Sa Dibdib mo’y buhay .
Lupang Hinirang Duyan ka ng magiting ,
Sa manlulupig . Di ka pasisiil .
Sa dagat at bundok , Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw ,
May dilag ang tula At awit sa paglayang minamahal .
Ang kislap ng watawat mo’y
Tagumpay na nagniningning
Ang bituin at araw niya , Kailan pa may di magdidilim .
Lupa ng araw , ng luwalhati’t pagsinta ,
Buhay ay langit sa piling mo ,
Aming ligaya na pag may mang - aapi ,
Ang mamatay ng dahil sa iyo .

F. NATIONAL MOTTO

SEC. 45 The Philippine National Motto is MAKA DIYOS, MAKA TAO,

MAKA KALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA.

G. NATIONAL COAT-OF-ARMS

SEC. 46 The National Coat-of-Arms shall have: Paleways of two (2)

pieces, azure and gules; a chief argent studded with three (3) mullets
equidistant from each other; and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over
all the sun rayonnant with eight minor and lesser rays. Beneath shall
be the scroll with the words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,” inscribed
thereon.

The eight-rayed sun symbolizes the eight provinces (Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Manila, Laguna,
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac) which were placed under martial law by Governor-General
Ramón Blanco during the Philippine Revolution, and the three five-pointed stars representing
the three primary geographic regions of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

H. THE GREAT SEAL

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The Great Seal should be in circular form with the same descriptions with the National Coat-of-
Arms but without the scroll and the inscription “Republika ng Pilipinas”. It should be surrounded
by a double marginal circle which “Republika ng Pilipinas” should appear. The Great Seal should
also bear the National Motto.

I. PENALTIES

Failure or refusal to adhere to the provisions of this act, and/or any violations of these Rules
shall be penalized as stipulated in R.A. 8491.

REPUBLIC ACT 9418 – VOLUNTEER ACT OF 2007 It should be the policy of the state to
promote the participation of the different sectors of the society, international and foreign
volunteer organizations in public and civic affairs, and adopt and strengthen the practice of
volunteerism as an approach in order to reach national development and international
understanding. Every Filipino should be educated of volunteerism to foster social justice,
solidarity and sustainable development.

To achieve attainment, here are the goals and objectives of the policy:
a. To provide the policy framework that shall underscore the fundamental principles necessary
to harmonize the broad and diverse efforts of the voluntary sector,
b. To provide a conducive and enabling environment for the mobilization and nurturance of
volunteers and volunteer organizations,
c. To strengthen the Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) as an
effective institution to support volunteerism in the country.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Volunteerism – (A) act that involves different activities which includes traditional form of
mutual aid and interventions to provide an enabling and empowering both on the part of the
beneficiary and the volunteer; (B) a powerful means for bringing more people into the fold. It
strengthens civic engagement, safeguards social inclusion, deepens solidarity and solidifies
ownership of development results. It simply is not possible to attain the SDGs without a wide
range of people engaged at all stages, at all levels, at all times.
2. Volunteer – an individual or group who contribute time, service and resources whether on
full-time or part-time basis to a just and essential social development cause, mission or
endeavor in the belief that their activity is mutually meaningful and beneficial to public interest
as well as to themselves
3. Volunteer Service Organization – a local or foreign group that recruits, trains, deploys and
supports volunteer workers to programs and projects implemented by them or by other
organizations or any group that provides services and resources, information, capability
building, advocacy and networking for the attainment of the common good
4. Voluntary Sector – those sectors of Philippine society that organizes themselves into
volunteers to take advocacy and action primarily for local and national development as well as
international cooperation and understanding

ROLES AND MODALITIES OF VOLUNTEERISM IN PRIVATE SECTOR

a. Volunteerism in academe encourage academic institutions to continuously devise ways to
effectively teach and practice the value of volunteerism. Such integration provides students with
the volunteering arena by which they can channel their idealism and vigor into something
worthwhile.
b. In corporate sector, volunteerism serves as an expression of corporate social responsibility
and citizenship, which refers to the activities recognized by the company, where give their time,
skills and resources in the service of the company’s internal and/or external communities.

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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL VOLUNTEER SERVICE COORDINATING AGENCY (PNVSCA)
PNVSCA was created under the Executive Order No. 134 to review and provide policies and
guidelines regarding the national volunteer service program. It establishes and maintains a
national network of volunteer organizations and serves as liaison between and among local.

Recognizing the important contributions of volunteerism in nation-building, the Philippine

National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) leads the promotion and coordination
volunteer programs and services in the Philippines, to maximize the benefits that may be
derived from volunteer assistance and properly gauge the contributions of volunteers to
national development and international cooperation.

MULTI-SECTORAL ADVISORY BODY (MSAB)

It was created under the Executive Order No. 365 to assist the PNVSCA. It composed of
different government agencies (NEDA, DepED, DFA, DOJ, DILG, DSWD, CHED and PMS) and
representative from the corporate sector, private academe sector and from the not-for-profit
sector.

MSAB functions to provide advice in the formulation of policies and guidelines for the national
volunteer service program, provide consultative and technical advisory services on volunteer
matters, and serves as forum to enhance and strengthen linkages between and among
volunteer groups and communities.

ACTIVITY:
Reflection: As a Filipino Citizen, enumerate the things that you do of how you will show your
sense of nationalism every day.

LESSON 4
HISTORY OF THE AFP

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the learners must have:

• Understand the History of AFP

• Identified the important events on the history of AFP
• Understand the importance of AFP and its role
• Familiarized the branches of AFP and its main function

Filipinos have never been known as militaristic people unlike the Japanese,
Germans, Mexicans or Pakistanis, although many historians noted the fact that the early
Filipinos were described as warlike. But being warlike is different from being militaristic. In any
event, Filipinos, by nature, are non-conformist individuals who are likely to resist regimentation.
If forced to do so, we resort to ridiculing the authorities that try to enforce such compliance.
This is both a boon and bane to the Filipino character. By being individualistic, we place a
higher value on the individual human life and his rights. On the other hand, such an attitude
erodes discipline, which is a vital pre-requisite for the evolution of nationhood.
When the Spaniards first came to the Philippines on March 16, 1521, they tried
to establish dominion over our ancestors. Some of the tribes and chieftains submitted after they
were given an impressive demonstration of Spanish firepower. When the Mactan Chieftain Lapu-
Lapu refused to pay homage, the Portuguese leader of the Spanish expedition Captain-General
Ferdinand Magellan on April 26, Lapu-Lapu and his warriors numbering 1,500 strong defeated
the over confident Magellan with his 60 Spanish fusiliers supported by mortar fire, shipborne
cannon fire and the presence of 1,500 warriors from Rajah Humabon, although it should be
pointed out that Rajah Humabon‟s warrior did not participate in the battle in accordance with
Magellan‟s order. The latter was killed along with 8 of his men and 4 Christian native auxiliaries
while Lapu-Lapu lost at least 15 men. This was the first recorded-armed encounter involving
Filipinos.
The Spaniards were forced to leave the island when their abuses forced even

16
their friends to abandon them but they came in February 1570 in an expedition under Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi and Andres de Urdaneta and Martin de Goiti, who were joined later by
Legazpi‟s grandson, Juan de Salcedo, led by the Spanish forces in subduing one tribe kingdom
after another. In 1570 and 1571, De Goiti attacked and destroyed the huge settlements of
Maynilad (Manila) under Rajah Sulaiman and Rajah Lakandula, eventually making Manila the
capital of the New Spanish Colony of the Philippine Island. In conquering the islands, the
Spaniards employed the proven policy of conquer divide rule recruiting warriors from the tribes,
they used this to subdue other tribes, repeating the process in other parts of the Archipelago.
Ironically, the enlistment of native Filipinos for Spanish service was the first formal military
service rendered by Filipinos. An informal military aspect also emerged simultaneously with
numerous uprising against Spain.

THE HOMEGROUND INFORMAL MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE UPRISING AGAINST SPAIN

The various uprising against Spain necessitated the formation of military units
although there is limited information about them. But it is most likely that these units were
formed on geographical or clan basis. Thus villages involved in these uprising formed units of
their own commanded by the village leaders or other appointed or elected leaders. These units
have sub-units formed according to clans or blood relations. For the most part, they have little
training, poorly armed and poorly lacking in tactical leadership, organization and logistical
support. The only thing they have was abundant of courage. Because of this shortcoming, the
superior arms of the Spaniards and the inability of the different tribes to unite, these uprising
failed. One of the few exceptions is the Dagohoy rebellion in Bohol, which lasted for 85 years
from 1744 to 1829.
Dagohoy rose up against Spaniards when Spanish Jesuit priest refused church
burial to his brother who died in the service of the Church. Rallying 3,000 Boholanos, he
defeated every expedition that the Spanish authorities in Manila sent against him. Bohol at that
time existed as a virtually independent state. Even long after he died, the Boholanos continued
the successful resistance against Spain. Looking at these events in hindsight, we can deduce
that Dagohoy is more than a charismatic and effective leader. He is also an able organizer, or at
least, can motivate others to work in organizing his forces in that way, these were
institutionalized such that unto continued to fight effectively long after he died. In this event,
we can surmise that we have one of the first institution-oriented military organizations in our
history.

FILIPINOS IN SPANISH MILITARY ARM SERVICE

Very early in their rule, the Spaniards realized that they need the help of the
native Filipinos if they are to keep themselves in power. As stated earlier, they sought to do this
by the policy of conquer divide-rule. Subsequently, the Spaniards recruited large number of
Filipinos for military service either as auxiliaries, infantry of support forces. These recruits
proved to be a great value to them as they conquered the entire archipelago, and later beat off
the attacks of foreign powers that tried to seize this island.
Later, the Filipinos also accounted for the larger components of Spanish
expeditions to the Moluccas, Celebes (Now Suluwasi, Indonesia) and Papua (Now Papua New
Guinea and Irian Java, Indonesia) in the 19th century and Cambodia and Formosa in the 19th
century, some of the Filipino elements of the Spanish expeditions that came to the aid of the
Cambodian King remained in the latter‟s service in all these. The Filipinos distinguished
themselves by their courage, loyalty and leadership talents such that some native Filipinos like
Pedro Cabinet who led one of the columns against Dagohoy forces, rose to senior ranks despite
the unofficial Spanish policy of allowing the Filipinos to rise the rank of senior sergeants only, of
particular interest is the formation of 73 native regiment. At the outbreak of the Philippine
Revolution, Spain had 1,500 Spanish troops in the Philippines augmented by 6,000 native
soldiers.

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THE FIRST FORMAL TRULY FILIPINO MILITARY ORGANIZATION
After 323 years of Spanish rule, the pent-up feelings against the
oppressive foreigners exploded in the Phil revolution of 1896. The Filipino army of this
revolution was drawn from the ranks of the secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio. The
KATAAS-TAASAN KAGALANG-GALANGAN KATIPUNAN NG ANAK NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
(KKK). This army is not much different from the earlier uprising against Spain in terms of
organization, weapons, training and battlefield tactical leadership. However, the main difference
is that this army is truly national in character and not of the native class, tribe, geography or
blood relation but on love of the native land. Its members were drawn from the entire spectrum
of the Filipino people composed of native Indo-Malays, Chinese immigrants and Spanish creoles
and other half-breeds. This sense of national unit gave this army the strength but of proportion
to its members for actual combat power.
As the revolution progressed, the need for a more formally military
organization came to the force and the first units were formed according to provinces with the
educated members of those areas as the leaders. The revolution is acknowledged to have 2
phases:
1. The peasant-initiated revolution spearheaded by the Katipunan up to the time of the Biak-na-
Bato Pack.
2. The return of Aguinaldo to the proclamation of Philippine Independence of June 12, 1898.

Admittedly, the military organization of the second phase is much more formal
and much better than those of the first phase. In between these phases, there was a power
struggle between the Magdiwang faction of Bonifacio and the Magdalo faction of Aguinaldo.
This was resolved with the execution of Bonifacio on trumped up of charges filed by some
misguided supporters of Aguinaldo, hence forth, there was to be only one chain of command in
the revolutionary army. In the Tejeros convention of 1897, the revolutionary government was
organized. Among the agreed appointments is the designation on March 22, 1897 of General
Artemio Ricarte as the first Captain (Commanding General) of the revolution (Phil) army with
General Antonio Luna as Minister of War and Director of Operations. Provision were made for
the formalization of various arms of the army such as the Artillery, Cavalry, Ordnance,
Commissary, Quartermaster, Signal, Medical and Dental Services as well as the local
Sandatahan (Militia).
The infant Philippine Army had its baptism of fire as the army of an
independent republic during the war against America on February 4, 1899. The army about
30,000 men whom 16,000 were fully armed except 26,000 poorly armed militia. The Americans
at first had about 26,000 men in two divisions. Better armed, trained organized and supplied.
The Americans pushed back the Filipinos switched to guerilla warfare when the regular army
disintegrated. The Americans, in spite of several battlefield victories and greatly strengthen
force (70,000), could not win the war and resorted to extreme brutality and savagery that
exceeded the cruelties displayed by their Spanish predecessors especially in areas where Filipino
guerilla units were most effective. Eventually, the Americans grouped down the revolutionary
forces, which were hastened by the capture of President Aguinaldo in 1901. The Americans
considered the surrender of General Miguel Malvar of Batangas as the end of Philippine
campaign.
Nevertheless, Filipino resistance continued even up to 1910, General Ricarte
was captured and forced to exile when he refused to swear allegiance to the American flag. He
died in 1945 still a defiant patriot. Others who continued to resist were Macario Sakay who
proclaimed himself as the President of the Tagalog Republic and General Bicol. Sakay was
convinced to surrender by the educated members of the area where he was operation. After
accepting an American offer for amnesty, he became down from the hills as a hero, only to be
seized by the Americans, tried as a bandit and hanged. Other leaders emerged, usually from
the local origins, which marked the 1901 to 1910 as COLORUM movements.

18
 There were nationalist movements who sought to continue the revolution in a
religious fashion. The term COLORUM is a corruption of the part of a prayer “DEO SECULA
SECULURUM)” attracting thousands of followers who never accepted the Americans as their
new masters. They waged was with fanatical fervor and Americans had to resort to even
greater cruelties to suppress these people. After 1910, serious armed resistance surely declined.
The Philippine Army had ceased to exist as coherent fighting force even before that time.

THE COMMONWEALTH ARMY (1935-1945)

With the passing of the Tyding-McDuffle Law in 1934, the Commonwealth of
the Philippine was inaugurated in 1935. This form of government is to be a transitory one that
will last for 10 years which will give way to full independence in 1945. The first law passed by
this government was the Commonwealth (National Defense) Act Nr 1 CIRCA 1935. This act
provides for the establishment of the National Defense Forces. Consequently, the Philippine
Army of the Commonwealth was reactivated on Jan 11, 1936 Pur to Exec Order Nr 11 with
Philippine Constabulary elements as its nucleus. It should be pointed out that the
commonwealth President Quezon ordered this procedure against the advice of General Vicente
Lim who wanted to form an army from scratch. To act as the adviser of the reconstituted
Philippine Army is the retired American General Douglas McArthur who made a Field Marshall of
the Commonwealth on June 19 1936. Gen. McArthur originally envisioned an aggressive
defense to carry out on the landing beaches with air and naval forces interdicting the invading
enemy forces then hitting him with strong land forces when he landed on the beach.
President Quezon hoped that McArthur‟s stature and influence on the
American government will result to favorable actions by the U.S government with regard to the
availability of defense equipment and special procurement prices for other items but this did not
materialize. With the lack of funds from the Commonwealth and support form the U.S
Congress, the Philippine Defense program stagnated so that instead of 25,000 men, 200
Aircraft, 50 Naval craft, 2 Submarines and Artillery, Anti-Aircraft and Armor Units, the
Commonwealth Armed Forces only have 2 under-equipped regular divisions totaling 100,000
troops, 18 assorted aging aircraft of the Army Air Corps, 3 Patrol Boats of the Army off-shore
patrol, limited Artillery and Anti-Aircraft capability and Armor. The 10 Reserve Divisions were
drawn from 10 Military Districts in which the Philippines divided.
On July 26, 1941, U.S President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called into the
services of the U.S Army the 2 Regular and 10 Reserve Divisions of the Phil Army to become
part of the US Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). The following day, the different
Regiments of these Reserve Divisions were called to active status and training began at earliest
time.

WORLD WAR II
WW II broke-out in the Philippines on December 8, 1941 when the
Japanese bombed various targets in the country. Following the destruction of American Naval
fleet in Hawaii and the US Army Air Corps in the Philippines. The country was left open to
invasion and the Japanese 14th Army under General Homma landed in Lingayen, Pangasinan
almost unopposed on December 10. Filipino-American forces tried to halt almost their advance
but were unsuccessful. McArthur decided to implement and old Naval Defense Plan Orange –3,
which call for the concentration of main defense forces to Bataan with Corregidor blocking the
entry or use of Manila Bay. As a consequence, Manila was declared an Open City and the
Japanese occupied the city on January 2, 1942.
The Japanese Commander LtGen Masahuro Homma failed to appreciate the
Filipino-American withdrawal to Bataan and was forced to fight the Battle of Bataan from
January 9 to April 19, 1942. Initially suffering a series of defeats on the Peninsula from January
to early February, the Japanese launched their final assault on the Fil-Am forces and forced the
American commander MGen Edward P King to surrender on April 9, A follow-up aerial and

19
artillery bombardment of Corregidor Island culminating in an amphibious landing forced the
American commander LtGen Jonathan Wainwright to surrender the Corregidor Garrison on May
6 1942, About 70,000 Filipino and 15,000 American troops were taken prisoner in Bataan and
made to undergo the now-infamous death march while another 16,000 Americans and 2,000
Filipinos were captured in Corregidor. In surrendering the Corregidor Garrison, Wainwright also
directed the surrender of the Fil-Am Forces in the Visayas and Mindanao.

THE ARMY OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1946-1972)

After the war, the Philippine Army was in a semi-chaotic state with a
variety of units and agencies headed by officers with limited qualifications and armed with
weapons and equipment either captured from the Japanese or given by the Americans. To
restore some order, these disparate units were merged into five divisions and the general and
special staffs as well as the air corps and offshore patrol were organized.
The first President of the third Republic Manuel Rosa recognized the
Armed Forces by issuing Executive Order Nr 92 dated October 4, 1947. The Army was renamed
the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its Headquarters called the National Defense Forces.
On May 6,1948, 4 military areas were activated replacing the 10th Military Districts of the Pre-
War years. On the same date, the military training command, the off-shore patrol and the air
corps were elevated to major commands designated respectively as the Philippine Ground
Force, The Philippine Naval Patrol and the Philippine Air Force.
In Dec 30, 1950, Pres . Quirino issued EO Nr 359 which provided for the
creation of the four major services in the AFP namely: Phil Army, Phil Constabulary, Phil Navy
and Phil Air Force. Furthermore in 20 December 1990, President Corazon C Aquino signed into
law the Republic Act 6975 separating the Philippine Constabulary from the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and the former became the nucleus of the Philippine National Police under the
Department of Interior and Local Government.

THE MARTIAL LAW YEARS AND THE FOURTH REPUBLIC (1972-1986)

On September 21, 1972, President Marcos proclaimed a state of Martial
Law all over the country. He dissolved Congress, imprisoned his political opponents and
concentrated all power in his hands using the police and military to do so. He justified his
actions by claiming that the country is facing moral degeneration, its political institutions riddled
with corruption and a serious communist challenge as evidenced by their attempted arms
landing in Palanan, Isabela using the now infamous seagoing vessel M/V Karagatan. Faced with
this serious resurgent communist insurgency led by the New People‟s Army (NPA) and a
Muslim-dominated secessionist movement under the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF),
Marcos expanded the Army from 29,000 in 1972 to 65,000 in 1986 and strengthened the 3
independent brigades to full divisions. During this time, several units were activated to enable
the Armed Forces .
With the capture and neutralization of their prominent leaders like NPA
Chief Bernabe Buscayno a.k.a. Dante and Jose Maria Sison, Communists Party of the Philippines
(CPP) Chairman, the communist insurgency declined for few years. With the threat to the North
reduced, the AFP redirected its main effort to the South, and despite suffering 6,000 fatalities,
inflected several defeats on the MNLF forcing it to negotiate with the Tripoli Agreements of
1976 as the result. The period of stability and progress was short lived-lived, however. The
mismanagement of the economy by the Marcos government and the excesses committed by the
members of his family and officials led to growing unrest and the government found it
expedient to use more repressive measures. Unfortunately for the military and especially for the
constabulary, these institutions became the primary instruments for such actions.
Everything took a nose-dive when the Chief oppositionist to Marcos former
Senator Benigno Aquino was assassinated on the Tarmac of the Manila International Airport on
August 21, 1983 when he came home from voluntary exile to the U. S. ostensibly to seek a

20
meeting with Marcos to draft a National Reconciliation Program. The damage to image of the
military during this period took long time to heal and even now, the AFP is still haunted by
Human Rights issues. The NPA more than regained its lost strength and grew by leaps and
bounds reaching its zenith in 1986 with 25,000 guerillas from only 3,000 in 1979.

After 7 years as legitimate President, 9 years as dictator and over 4 years as authoritarian
President, Marcos bowed to international and public pressure and called for “SNAP” election for
Feb 7, 1986 if only to consolidate this rule. The opposition rallied behind Senator Aquino‟s
widow Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino. The election was a chaotic and bloody as any in Philippine
History and up to now the result is an open question. In any case, whether the actual results
may have been were overtaken by event when Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile tried to
mount a Coup d‟ Etat against Marcos using the 49th IB under then Major Brillantes. The plan
failed when counterintelligence units then AFP Chief Of staff General Favian C Ver uncovered
the plot and these 2 officers and a few others were arrested on Feb 22, 1986. Unformed by
sympathizers that an arrest order has been issued against him, Enrile barricaded himself in the
Defense Ministry Building in Camp Aguinaldo and sought the support of then AFP Vice Chief Of
Staff and PC/INP Chief LtGen Fidel V Ramos. Dissatisfied with state affairs in the AFP, LtGen
Ramos joined Enrile also barricaded himself inside Camp Crame across EDSA from Camp
Aguinaldo. The two leaders announced their withdrawal of support from Marcos and proclaimed
Corazon C. Aquino as the rightful President. These two only had less than 700 men between
them.
Oppositionist Agapito Aquino, brother of the slain Senator and Manila
Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin joined the fray when they publicly urged the people to surround
the Camps in order to protect the Enrile and Ramos forces from Marcos troops using their
bodies. Thus what later came to be known as the EDSA PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION. The
commander of what later came to be called as Marcos loyalist forces was BGen Artemio Tadiar
of the Philippine Marines. As his marines advanced, they were blocked by masses of civilian and
Gen. Tadiar found it impossible either to advance or fire over the heads of the people. Other
forces moving into positions were similarly blocked. Meanwhile, small groups of officers and
soldiers were making their way to Camp Crame in order to defect to the Enrile-Ramos forces
(by this time, the Enrile-Ramos troops consolidated at the PC/INP Headquarters). A planeload
of PC/INP personnel flew to the Manila Domestic Airport to join Gen. Ramos was surrounded
and disarmed. The tide turned on February 24, 1986 when a fight of several Sikorsky Gunships
who are ordered to strafed Camp Crame landed on the said camp and defected instead. Military
support for Marcos eroded swiftly and accepted the U. S. offer to fly him out of Malacanang
Palace. He was eventually forced into exile in Hawaii where he died in 1989. It was the most
bloodless “REVOLUTION” his history.

THE FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986 – PRESENT)

The period following the departure of Marcos and Gen. Ver were the most
confusing in the AFP History. The people Power Revolution of 1986 restored great degree of the
faith of FILIPINO PEOPLE in the AFP, but most of the members of the AFP, although they
refused to obey Marcos order to attack and shed the People‟s blood, nevertheless found it
extremely difficult to accept Mrs. Aquino as President and Commander-In-Chief matters were
made worse by agitators elements, many of them identified with Marcos loyalist, who stoked
fires of discontent. The military is in state of painful transition and wracked by internal
wrangling. The war against NPA is being lost and casualties continued to mount. Top it all,
elements of the AFP were involved in Anti-Government actions and between February 25, 1986
to the end of Mrs. Aquino term on June 30, 1992, no less than five (5) attempted coups and
three (3) rebellions had to be suppressed.

ATTEMPTED COUPS
1. Manila Hotel incident (July 7, 1986) – Active and former military personnel led by BGen Jose

21
Maria Carlos Zumel and Marcos runningmate Arturo Tolentino, supported by Pro-Marcos
civilians occupied Manila Hotel and tried to stage a people power revolution of their own but
failed only after a few days. A controversial outcome of this incident is the way that AFP Chief
of Staff General Ramos “Punished”. The Military participants in this action by merely making
personnel who were involved in this serious offense set bad precedent and only encouraged
others to get themselves involved in similar undertakings.

2. GOD SAVE THE QUEEN incident (November 1986) – Defense Minister Enrile is grossly
dissatisfied with the way President Aquino is managing the country particularly her reported
“Coddling” of communist sympathizers. His security Chief Colonel Honasan hatched a plan to
take over the Government and reduce President Aquino to mere figure with Minister Enrile as
the real power. AFP Chief of Staff Fidel V Ramos prevented this and the attempt was never
made.

3. Channel 4 incident (January 1987) – Colonel Canlas of the PAF tried to mount a coup and
occupied the Government Channel 4 Station. Thousand of pro-Ramos civilians including some
movie stars like Miss Elizabeth Oropesa rallied Col. Canlas in the hope that AFP will defect to
them but after 2 days of stalemate, the actions fizzled out and the participants surrendered to
the government forces.

4. August 28, 1987 Coup – This daylong rebellion was planned and carried out by Colonel
Honasan and supported by RAM troops and elements of the Army Scout Rangers and other AFP
Units. The rebel‟s soldiers occupied the GHQ Building and parts of Camp Aguinaldo.
Government Forces attacked and recaptured the Camp but GHQ building was destroyed by F-5
jets and Trojan (Tora-Tora) attack aircraft. About 90 people were killed and twice as many
wounded in this attempted coup. By the late afternoon, it was all over. Perhaps the most
surprising development of this incident is the realization that discontent in the AFP is
widespread judging by the number of the AFP units that began unauthorized movements
towards Manila, ostensibly to reinforce the government forces by suspected by the intelligence
community as actually secretly sympathizers to the rebels.

5. December 1- 9, 1989 COUP – This is the bloodiest and most serious challenge ever faced by
the government from discontented military elements. Participation by AFP personnel and units
was widespread and action broke-out simultaneously in different locations all over the country
with more serious ones in Metro Manila and Mactan Air Base in Cebu. Involved were several
Scout Ranger, Infantry and Armor Units, Marines, Airforce Pilots and Planes and Navy Units.
Several active Generals and Flag Officers were also involved. Malacanang Palace itself was
bombed 11:00 a.m. RAM-SFP (Reform the Armed Forces Movement later renamed
Rebulosyonaryong Alyansang Makabayan-Soldiers of the Filipino People) air assets controlled
the air over Metro Manila and Y. O. U. (Young Officers Union) Officer leading the coup sent an
ultimatum to President Aquino to surrender but the President refused. At 2:00 p.m., U. S. Air
Force F4 Phantom Jets made several "Persuasion Flights" thereby discouraging RAMSFP planes
from flying missions over the capital. The PAF F-5 pilots loyal to the government who were
unable to take action against their former comrades now tool the air and destroyed the RAM-
SFP planes on the ground at Sangley Point while these were being refueled and re-armed.
Control of the air reverted back to the government forces.
Nevertheless, the fighting continued as government and rebel forces battled
across Metro Manila. Whole units became involved, defected, split, mis-encountered or simply
disintegrated in the confusion that followed. Defeated in their attempts to take Camp Aguinaldo
and Malacanang, 700 rebel soldiers under LTC Canlas fell back to the Makati financial district
after over 300 rebel Marines surrendered earlier. Negotiations initiated by then PMA
Superintendent BGen Arturo Enrile led to the Scout Rangers "March Back" to barracks with their
arms on December 7, Two days later, the leader of the coup in Cebu BGen Edgardo Abenina

22
surreptitiously left the rebel positions in Mactan and went into hiding. The remaining rebel
forces surrendered. Over 600 persons died and more than a thousand wounded in this
misadventure.

POCKET REBELLION BY MILITARY ELEMENTS

1. Black Forest Incidents (April 1987) - Former military personnel hijacked a fire truck and
rammed the Army detention center near gate 1 of Ft Bonifacio and set some of their comrades
free. Later they occupied HPA and took several officers and EP as hostages. Refusing to
surrender, The Commanding General, Phil Army MGen Rodolfo Canieso ordered the 4th Scout
Ranger Coy to storm Headquarters Phil. Army and recapture it, which they did with minimal
casualties on both sides. Only one Black Forest soldier was killed and a few men wounded.

2. Aguinaldo Caper (March 4, 1990) - Former PC colonel and incumbent and Cagayan Valley
governor at the time of the incident, Rodolfo Aguinaldo declared his non-recognition of Pres
Aquino‟s government as legitimate government of the country. This is in reaction to the moves
of the government to mount legal action against him for his alleged involvement in the
December coup. Supported by active and former military personnel, native tribesmen and
CAFGU militiamen loyal to him, he surrounded the hotel occupied by the AFP J-7 BGen Oscar
Florendo and his party who came to Tuguegarao to mediate with him. BGen Florendo was
negotiating with Aguinaldo's representative at the ground floor of the hotel when a firefight
broke out between the rebel elements and the members of Florendo's party under Col. Emiliano
Templo who were occupying the second floor. Florendo's was killed and the government
launched a massive mopping up operation in Cagayan using the marines brought over from
Manila. The rebel forces disintegrated with minimal bloodshed and rebellion ended.

3. Noble Uprising (Oct 1990) - The last of the military destabilizing adventures, then Col.
Alexander Noble escaped from detention, made his way to Mindanao and won over several
elements of the 402nd Infantry Brigade including elements of the 23IB 2LABn, and others. The
rebel forces occupied part of Camp Evangelista in Cagayan De Oro City. BGen Enrile again
mediated and the crisis was resolved with Noble volunteering to be placed in the custody of the
SND. Many of the rebel soldiers, however, went AWOL and it was several months before they
can be convinced to return to military control. After the Noble uprising, the AFP entered a
period of relative stability. The strange thing is, while all these were happening, the Army found
a way to finally stop and turn back the communist insurgency. Major Alex B Cogmon collated
the different successful approaches by the different Army units against the CPP/NPA and made
it into a doctrine called Special Operation Team (SOT) concept. In this concept, Cogmon
proposed to reverse the military approach to the insurgency problem by destroying the political
structure first to be followed by destroying the military capability of the insurgents instead of
the other way around. First implemented in 4ID by an initially skeptical BGen Mariano Adalem,
it was a resounding success. When Adalem became CG, PA he institutionalized the SOT Concept
and implemented the doctrine throughout the Army. It was the beginning of the end for the
NPA as its combat strength sharply declined from 25,000 in 1987 to 6,000 in 1995 and the
number of barangays influenced by them fell drastically.

4. The Establishment of the PNP - The 1987 constitution mandated further changes in the
structure of the Armed Forces. The existing militia, the civilian Home Defense force, was
ordered disbanded and was replaced beginning in 1988 with new auxiliary force under the
direct control of military regulars. More significantly, the 1987 constitution calls for the
government "to establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and
civilian in character." Pursuant to that mandate, Aquino signed a law directing that the
Philippine Constabulary, one of the four military services, be combined with the civilian

23
Integrated National Police to form the Philippine National Police. The process of integrating the
two organizations under a newly created Department of Interior and Local Government began
on January 1 1991.

Armed Forces of the Philippines Mission & Functions

AFP Mission: “Protect the people and the state, to secure the sovereignty of the state and
integrity of the national territory.”

Functions of the AFP:

1. Uphold the sovereignty, support the constitution and defend the territory of the Republic of
the Philippines against all enemies, foreign and domestic.
2. Promotes and advance the National aims, goals, interest and policies.
3. Plan, organize, maintain, develop and deploy its regular and citizen reserve for National
Security.
4. Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or assigned by higher authorities.

AFP Branch of Service:

1. Philippine Army 2. Philippine Navy 3. Philippine Air Force

PAF Mission & Functions

PAF Mission: “To conduct prompt and sustained air operations to accomplish AFP Missions.”
PAF Functions:
1. Organize, train, equip forces prompt and sustained air operations for the defense of the
Philippines.
2. Organize, train, equip forces for airlift, airborne and tactical unilaterally or in coordination
with surface forces.
3. Formulate and develop doctrines, concepts, system, policies, procedures, strategies, tactics
and techniques for join operations.
4. Organize, train, and equip all Air force Reserve Units
5. Support the socio-economic development program of the government.
6. Perform such other functions as may be provided by law or by higher authorities.

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 AFP Organizational Chart

ACTIVITY:

Reflection: By knowing the history of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), in what events
of the history gives you the sense of Nationalism and why?

Cite at least one example of local history or battles that takes place in your hometown showing
the essence of Nationalism.

LESSON 5
AFP CORE VALUES

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the learners must have:

• Familiarized the terms and concepts under AFP values

• Understand the customs and traditions of the AFP
• Understand the Importance of AFP core values
• Defined the articles under the AFP core Values

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Code of Ethics – is systematic and collection or digest of all the morale ethical and legal
principles and with members of an institutions, communism as profession freely and publicly live
themselves in achieve their common role duty or purpose to society.

Value – is a quality of a person subject or action which as individual consistently considers

professes in words and reflects in his life style in fulfillment of response to an Inner
image/dream aspiration.

Preamble – The introduction that state the reason and intent of the code.

Professionalism – Expert application of knowledge and skills based on the scientific body of
principles and knowledge governed by this code ethics for accomplishment of the AFP mission.

Public Trust and Respect – Confidence and credibility.

Nationality Territory – Geographical area belonging to our under jurisdiction of the republic of
the Philippines.

Constitutional Mandate – Refers to the power and role specified by the constitution for AFP.

Sovereignty – Power autonomy and independence of a state.

National Authority – The completeness or individuals use and oneness of the nation.

Civilian Authority – The power and authority of the elected president to exercise command
and control over all armed forces as commander in chief.

Chain of Command – The flow of authority from the commander in chief down to the chief of
staff AFP and to the lowest rank in hierarchy for effect control, supervision and authority of
command as mandate by the constitution.

Tradition – are inherited principles, standard and practices that serve as the established guides
for individuals or group. It is also accumulated experience and deeds passed on from
generation to generation both in memory and reality.

Custom – Are accepted practice realized through continued usage that take the forces and
effect of a command law.

PREAMBLE

We the members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, imploring enlightenment from
Almighty God. In order to achieve and maintain a professional organization, worthy of public
trust and respect faithful to its constitutional mandate as the protector of the people the
sovereignty of the state, the democratic institutions and the integrity of the national territory
freely and collectively commit ourselves as our way of life to abide by and adhere to the
provision of this code of ethics which we hereby do ordain and promulgate.

Article I – Identity
Section 1. Constitutional mandate – The AFP recognizes the Constitution of the Republic as the
legitimate expression of the people’s will.

Section 2. Organization and Chain of Command - The AFP duty created by law as integral part
of the Executive Branch of the Government.

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 Section 3. Commitment, Measures and Standards – The AFP shall maintain a high level of
credibility to gain the trust confidence and respect of the Filipino People. It shall manifest a high
level of competence and standard of performance in all its undertakings.

Article II – AFP History

Section 1. Historical Perspective – The AFP identities itself with the Filipino people’s historical
struggle for freedom and justice and their vigilance against any attempt to violate the country’s
integrity and sovereignty.

Section 2. Lesson Learned from the Dark Pages of AFP History – The AFP recognizes the
resolves to correct, misdeeds of some of its members who sacrifice national interest for
individual gains, committed graft and corruption, perpetuated the III effects of martial law,
including the deteriorating effect of the AFP and national economy caused by the unsuccessful
coup attempts which betrayed the AFP‟s tradition of ethical and professional conduct.

Article III – AFP Creed and Stand on Basic Issues

Section 1. The AFP Core Values – the profession of arms, noble calling, demands from its
members not only specialized knowledge and skill but also a distinct lifestyle governed by
commonly held belief-system containing non-negotiable enduring core values of honor, loyalty,
valor duty and solidarity.

Where therefore express the following creed:

1.1 We believe in honor as our crowning value as it is more precious than life itself. It hallmark
of our military conduct which implies our clear consciousness of personnel dignity and worth. To
us honor means truthfulness, sincerity, honesty, uprightness, credibility and avoidance of
deception, so that out written word may be accepted without question.

1.2 We believe in inflicting loyalty – Our oath of office requires us to be loyal to our nation and
to obey the mandate to support and defend the constitution, we shall be obedient to the duly
constituted political order. We shall support the Chain of command and obey lawful orders of
those legally appointed over us.

1.3 We believe in valor as the power of strength, courage and ability to overcome fear to carry-
out our mission and to accomplish what seemingly impossible. To us, valor goes beyond the
physical dimension of boldness and endurance to pain and hardships.

1.4 We believe in duty as the value of obedience and disciplined performance despite difficulty
and danger. To us duty is personal act of responsibility to accomplishing all assigned task to the
fullest one‟s capabilities, meeting all our willingness to sacrifice event it means giving up lives in
defense of our country.

1.5 We believe in solidarity for it is consolidating and integrating value to which all of us bind
ourselves with the rest comrades-in-arms. With it, we reject divisive fraternal organizations with
the AFP.

Section 2. The AFP stand on basic Issues – The employment of the AFP in may areas of
national concern which lie beyond the traditional martial role of the organization in the country
and abroad has ushered in a lot of misunderstandings and confusions not only in the mind of
the soldier but also in that ordinary citizens. It is therefore very necessary and important for the
AFP to clearly define its stand on the following issues:

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2.1 The AFP Organization– shall be so designed, structured, staffed and manned as to be able
to carry out its missions and functions effectively through the optimum use of resources. It shall
allow development and equipage of both active and reserve forces.

2.2 Supremacy of Civilian Authority – The AFP shall uphold the supremacy of the civilian
authority over the mil. The President as Commander-in-Chief of all the armed forces shall
exercise command and control over the armed forces.

2.3 Chain of Command– The AFP shall follow the chain of command. Every officer and soldier
shall obey the lawful orders of his immediate officers. Anyone who shall refuse or fail to carry
out a lawful order from the military chain of command shall be subject to military discipline.

2.4 Democracy – The AFP adheres to the principle of democracy that the government is of the
people, by the people and for the people. The real power and authority in the governance of
the nation among people base on justice.

2.5 Peace – Peace is a priceless gift to mankind which connotes freedom from any hostilities
such as political, social and economic ills. It is the tranquility. Orderliness and harmony among
people base on justice.

2.6 War – War is defined as the use of organized military force by a state to achieve its ends
against the physical opposition of a hostile state or states.

2.7 Human Rights – The AFP shall respect the inherent dignity of human being and his
inalienable rights as contained in the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” and other
declarations to which our country is a signatory. As such the AFP shall pledge itself to protect
and promote these rights.

Article IV – AFP Membership

Section 1. General Statement – The AFP members make the most important asset of all the
organizations‟ resources. Efforts shall, therefore, be exerted to attract only the best qualified
and most deserving in order to maintain high standards set forth in this code.

Commissioned Officer
1. Must be natural born citizen of good moral character, physically and mentally fit, single and
within the age bracket from 18 – 26 years of age.
2. Must be at least a high school graduate
3. Must be attained an average IQ rating in the general military classification test prepared and
administered in accordance with AFP regulations. 1.4.
4. Must be of minimum height as set forth in AFP regulations.

Enlisted Personnel
1. Must be a natural born citizen
2. Must have earn at least 72 units in college or its equivalent
3. Must have attained an average IQ rating in the general military qualifications test
4. Must be of a minimum height as set forth in the AFP regulations.

Article V – Military Professionalism

Section 1. General Statement – The members of the AFP are public servants who are oath-
bound to fulfill the lofty mandate of the constitution. The peculiarity of military service, which
requires the right to bear arms, calls for a corresponding assurance of professionalism from
every military man.
Section 2. Professionalism – The expert application of specialized skills base on a organized
body of knowledge and in accordance with laws and Code of Ethics with the highest degree of
excellence in the accomplishment of mission.

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Section 3. Standard of Military Professionalism – every member of the AFP shall observe the
following as guidelines of the discharge of their official duties.

3.1 Standard of Loyalty – All military personnel shall be loyal and true to the Republic of the
Philippines Constitution, the AFP and to the people at all times. They shall obey the authorities
and abide by laws, legal orders good morals, good costumes and promote order and public
safety.

3.2 S t a n d a r d o f C o m p e t e n c e – All military personnel must possess the knowledge,

skill, physical attributes and character traits necessary for the adequate performance of duty
and accomplishment of mission.

3.3 Standard of Ethics – The military community is a part of a larger society – the Filipino
society. Hence, every soldier must observe and conformed to the accepted principles of right
conduct being observed in the society of which he is part

3.4 Standard of Morals – Man is rational being. Man is also a moral being who is given the
capacity to determine what is right and do it and what is wrong and avoid it.

Section 4 Unprofessional Acts– Behavior that fall short of the professional standard set forth in
this code are considered unprofessional acts.

4.1 Act of Disloyalty – acts or omissions betraying one’s faith, duty and commitment to God
country, people Constitutional government, AFP chain of command, unit and office of its
mission.

4.2 Acts of Incompetence – Refer to the lack of the required knowledge skills, special
attributes, and character traits necessary for the adequate performance of the duty and
accomplishment of mission.

4.3 Unethical Acts – Refer to all acts of omissions which deviate from established and accepted
ethical and moral standards of behavior and performance as sort forth in this code.

Ex. Arrogance words, allowing any wrong doing or irregularity in the military service,
fornication-adultery, concubenage, homosexuality, engaging in vices including out not limited
executive gambling excessive drinking of liquor, use of prohibited drugs.

4.4 Corrupt Act – All acts or omissions described and characterized as crimes against public
interest, public moral, property, chastity, civil status of persons, and honor under the pertinent
provision of the Revised Penal Code and those specifically mentioned in Republic Acts Nos. 3019
and 6713 and other special penal laws, including the Article of War.

Section 5 Penalties and Administrative Sanctions – The penalties for the foregoing disloyal,
incompetent, unethical and corrupt acts mentioned in this Code shall be those which are
provided in the Revised Penal Code, the Articles of War.

Article VI – AFP Custom and Tradition

Section 1 General Statement– the importance of customs and traditions to the AFP cannot over-
emphasized.

Section 2. Definition of Terms

2.1 Traditions – are inherited principles, standards and practices that serve as guide for
individuals or groups.

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2.2 Customs – are accepted practices realized through continued usage that the take the force
and effect of a common law.

Section 3 .Military Traditions– The following are the significant military traditions:

3.1 Tradition of Valor – The Filipino soldiers have epitomized valor during their gallant defense
of Tirad Pass, Battan, Corrigedor, and other countless battles against foreign enemy forces.

3.2 Tradition of Duty – The Filipino soldier has exemplified himself throughout history as a
dedicated public servant who performed his tasks with a deep sense pf responsibility and self-
sacrifice by making himself available at all times whenever situation demands.

3.3 Tradition of Honor – General Artemio Ricarte, the first recognized Captain General, as well
as the other founding fathers of the AFP during those difficult times have exemplified the value
of Honor by leading a life of personal dignity and self -worthy I time of peace or in war.

3.4 Tradition of Solidarity – The strongest, most enduring and powerful military tradition that
bound the soldiers in oneness to the people they serve.

3.5 Tradition of Loyalty– The Filipino solider has held the respect of the nation by shedding
blood and offering the supreme sacrifice in defense of the country.

Section 4. Military customs– The following are some of the significant customs in the AFP.

4.1. Salute – Men of arm have used some from of military salute as an exchange of greeting
since the earliest times.

4.2. Rank has its privileges – Whenever a choice is to made, such as selection of billets of
quarters or electing means of transportation the option of selection follows rank with senior
given the privilege to select first.

4.3. Place of Honor – the place of honor is on the right. Accordingly, when a junior walks,
rides, or sit with a senior he takes position abreast and to the left of the senior.

4.4. Use of the word Sir – the word “SIR” is issued in military conversation by the junior officer
in addressing a senior, and by all soldier in addressing officers.

Article VII – General Provisions

Section 1. Legal Force – This code of Ethics shall be guided by the provisions of the
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, article of War, Revised Penal Code. R.A 6713
(Ethical Standards of Public Officials and Employees) R.A 3019 (Anti-Graft Practices Act), R.A.
6869 (Anti-Coup d’ etat Act) and other special laws.

Section 2. Moral Force – All members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the
implementation of this code shall morally bound by the Divine Laws, Oath of Office, AFP
Customs and Traditions, AFP Code of Conduct.

ACTIVITY:
Reflection: By knowing the core values of this institution, how will you execute this values as a
cadet, and how would this be helpful to improve yourself as a part of the community.

LESSON 6
MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

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Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the learners must have:

• Defined the terms used in Military courtesy and discipline

• Identified the role and importance of military salute
• Understand the basic courtesy and discipline
• Differentiated the do’s and don’ts under military courtesy and discipline

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Military Courtesy – pertains to the wholesome relationships between juniors and seniors,
between young and old, with all persons. It includes an essential element of a full and proper
appreciation of the rights of others. It also includes special acts and ceremonial procedures,
which are prescribed in official regulations.

Military Discipline – is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. It involves
the ready subordination of the will of the individual for the good of the group. It is an
extension and specialized application of the discipline that demands habitual but reasoned
obedience that preserves initiative and functions unfalteringly even in the absence of the
commander.

CORRECT USE OF TITLES

Titles of Commissioned Officers

1. Lieutenants are addressed officially as lieutenants
2. Other officers are addressed or referred to by their titles
3. Ma’am will be used in addressing a female officer
4. All chaplains are officially addressed as chaplain regardless of their military grade
5. Women officers of the Technical service as well with those WAC are addressed by their
titles.

Titles of Cadets Cadets are addressed as “cadet”

Titles to Non Commissioned Officers

1. Sergeant Majors are addressed as “Sgt Major”
2. A First Sergeant is addressed as “F/Sgt”
3. Sergeants are addressed as “Sgt”
4. Corporals are addressed as “Cpl

Use of Titles by Retired Personnel Individuals who retire from the armed forces and not active
on duty are authorized to use their titles socially, and in connection with commercial
enterprises, subject to prescribed limitations.

MILITARY SALUTE

When to Use the Hand Salute and the Salute with Arms
Salute will be exchanged between officers and enlisted personnel. Military
personnel under arms will render the salute prescribed for the weapon with which they are
armed. Military personnel in civilian clothes will render salute with each other upon recognition.
Covered or uncovered, salute is rendered in the usual manner. A person running will come to a
walk before saluting. Organization and detachment commanders salute officers of higher
grades by bringing the organization to attention before saluting except when in the field. The
smartness with which the officer or soldier gives the salute is held to indicate the degree of
pride he has in his military responsibilities.

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 When Not to Salute
1. An enlisted man in ranks and not in attention comes to attention when addressed by an
officer.
2. Individuals at work do not salute
3. When actively involved in games
4. In churches, theaters or public assemblies
5. When on the march in combat and other combat conditions
6. Sentinel armed with pistol does not salute after challenging.
7. Driver of a vehicle in motion is not required to salute
8. When indoors, except when reporting to an officer

COURTESIES RENDERED BY JUNIORS TO SENIORS

Reporting to a Superior Officer in His Office

When reporting to a superior officer, the junior (unless under arms) removes his
headdress, knocks and enters when told to do so. Upon entering, he marches up to within
about 2 paces of the officer’s desk, halts, salutes and reports.

Courtesies Exchanged when an Officer Addresses a Soldier

During conversations, salutes are exchanged, conversation is completed,
salutes are again exchanged

Procedure When an Officer Enters a Squadron of Tent

In a squadron of tent, uncover and stand at attention when an officer enters.

Entering Automobiles and Small Boats

The senior enters a boat of automobile first and leaves last.

COURTESIES TO THE NATIONAL FLAG AND TO THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

Reveille and retreat The flag at the half-staff Salute to passing colors Courtesies
to the national anthem Dipping the flag or colors Display and use of the flag

GENERAL COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

1. Being late for any engagement is the height of bad manners.
2. An officer of the Armed Forces is expected to behave and conduct himself with dignity and
restraint. 3. It is bad taste to address a woman by her first name or nickname unless she has
indicated otherwise. 4. An officer always asks to be permitted to smoke in the presence of a
woman especially in a room of automobile.
5. If an officer invites a friend to his club, he should be out of sight only when necessary.
6. An officer always stands when introduced to a woman, a clergyman, an official or an old
man.
7. It is not polite to compliment a person in a company because the others might feel slighted.
8. An officer must be careful in speaking about his wife. To people who have not met her
socially, she is referred to as my wife or her first name.

TABOOS
1. Uniform must not be defamed
2. Never slink under cover to avoid retreat
3. Offer no excuses
4. Use of third person by an officer is of poor taste
5. Servility is scorned
6. Avoid praising your commander to his face
7. Old man to be spoken with care
8. Avoid going over the officer’s head

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9. Harsh remarks are to be avoided
10. Avoid vulgarity and profanity
11. Excessive indebtedness to be avoided

ACTIVITY:
Reflection: How do you discipline yourself as a cadet and a citizen of this country?

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND MANAGEMENT

The Philippines is located in the circumpacific belt of fire and typhoon. This being so, the
country has always been subjected to natural disaster and calamities anytime of the year, in
whatever part of the country, we have been experiencing yearly natural calamities – floods,
typhoons, tornadoes, earthquakes, drought, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions which have
brought incessant miseries to our people, loss of lives properties.

In the mid-seventies and eighties, strong typhoons and torrential rains brought devastation to
Manila and large areas of central Luzon. The 1990 killer earthquake that hit several Luzon
provinces as well as Metro Manila and the effects of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption had put the
National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) in the forefront.

To enhance the people’s preparedness and ensure precision and spontaneity in responding to
emergencies or catastrophes, the NDCC, together with the concerned agencies conduct regular
mobilization exercises and drills at all levels with the participation of the private agencies
concerned and the non-government organization.

GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINES

LOCATION: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China
Sea, east of Vietnam CLIMATE: Tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October) TERRAIN: Mostly mountains with narrow to extensive
coastal lowlands POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: Population concentrated where good farmlands
lie; highest concentrations are northwest and south-central Luzon, the southeastern extension
of Luzon, and the islands of the Visayan Sea, particularly Cebu and Negros; Manila is home to
oneeighth of the entire national population NATURAL HAZARDS: Astride typhoon belt, usually
affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclone storms each year; landslides; active volcanoes;
destructive earthquakes; tsunamis

Volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Taal (311 m), which has shown recent unrest and may
erupt in the near future, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of
Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history
and close proximity to human populations; Mayon (2,462 m), the country’s most active volcano,
erupted in 2009 forcing over 33,000 to be evacuated; other historically active volcanoes include
Biliran, Babuyan Claro, Bulusan, Camiguin, Camiguin de Babuyanes, Didicas, Iraya, Jolo,
Kanlaon, Makaturing, Musuan, Parker, Pinatubo and Ragang

CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:

uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; illegal mining and logging; soil
erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing
pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds; coastal
erosion; dynamite fishing; wildlife extinction

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS:

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, But Not Ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

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GEOGRAPHY NOTE:

NOTE 1: For decades, the Philippine archipelago was reported as having 7,107 islands; in 2016,
the national mapping authority reported that hundreds of new islands had been discovered and
increased the number of islands to 7,641 - though not all of the new islands have been verified;
the country is favorably located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water bodies: the
South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and Luzon Strait

NOTE 2: Philippines is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and
earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and
some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire

NOTE 3: The Philippines sits astride the Pacific typhoon belt and an average of 9 typhoons
make landfall on the islands each year - with about 5 of these being destructive; the country is
the most exposed in the world to tropical storms

SOURCE: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html

DEFINITION AND RELATED TERMS

Here are the terminologies often used in disaster response and rescue operations:

CALAMITY – refers to a situation that is associated with catastrophic events where a number of
persons are plunged with hardship and suffering that are caused by problems like shortage of
food, clothing, medical care and other basic necessities.

DISASTERS – are progressive or sudden events brought about by natural or human-induced

hazards that cause losses and sufferings to consequence of which results to people and
communities undertaking extra- ordinary measures to cope with their impacts.

DISASTER CONTROL – refers to the act of limiting the effect of disaster through the
introduction of measures designed to prepare the inhabitants before, during and after a
disaster.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT – the efficient and effective utilization of resources and the
application of measure that will mitigate the impact of unfortunate events and facilitate return
to normalcy and redevelopment.

FLOOD – a state or condition when water overflows from natural waterways caused by heavy
rainfall resulting in the water accumulation in low lying areas.

HAZARDS – are natural or man-induced phenomena or activities, the presence of which poses a
threat to people’s lives, limbs, properties and socio-economic conditions.

NATIOANAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL – the highest government body responsible

in advising the President of the country on the status of disaster preparedness program and
disaster relief and rehabilitation effort at the national level

POLLUTION – refers to any discharge of liquid, solid substance or gases into land, soil, waters,
atmosphere, air or space which will create or render such environmental elements and
atmospheric air harmful or detrimental or injurious to human beings, animals, plants and the
nature’s environment and ecological balance.

RADIO ACTIVE FALL-OUT – dust particles of Earth and debris, together with the radioactive
materials that cling to them and are drawn up into mushroom clouds resulting from detonation
of a nuclear weapon or devise and which are carried by the wind and sent back to earth.

35
REHABILITATION – refers to the restoration of a person’s economic dependency to a stable
living either physically, economically, socially or emotionally.

RELIEF – refers to anything that is done to alleviate the condition of those who are suffering
from the effects of a calamity/disaster and who at that particular time are completely helpless.

RISKS – refers to the degree or chance and frequency that such hazards will affect or impact
people and communities.

SPACE DEBRIS – these are remains of artificial satellites and other components as well as their
means of carriage aloft which fall back to earth.

STATE OF CALAMITY – it is a condition that is declared by the President of the country in the
event of a widespread destruction to property and lives due to destructive forces of nature and
emergencies.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION – an occurrence characterized by an ejection of volcanic materials such

as molten lava, rock fragments, ashes, lahar flow, steam and other gases through the fissure
brought about the tremendous pressure which forces open the rock formation or steam
reservoirs beneath the Earth’s crust.

VULNERABILITY – the level of susceptibility or resiliency of the people and communities against
the impact of the prevailing hazards based on the state of physical, social, and economic
conditions in a given area.

NSTP & DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND MANAGEMENT In implementation of

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, the NSTP shall be guided with reference from:

REPUBLIC ACT 9163

Section 11 . The creation of the National Service Reserve Corps – There is hereby created a
National Service Reserve Corps, to be composed of the graduates of the non - ROTC
components . Members of this corps may be tapped by the state for literacy and civic welfare
activities through the joint effort of the DND, CHED, and TESDA .

REPUBLIC ACT 10121

Section 13 . Accreditation, Mobilization and Protection of Disaster Volunteers and National

Service Reserve Corps, CSOs and the Private Sector . – The government agencies, CSOs,
private sector and LGUs may mobilize individuals or organized volunteers to augment their
respective personnel complement and logistical requirements in the delivery of disaster risk
reduction program and activities . The agencies, CSOs, private sector and LGUs concerned shall
take full responsibility for the enhancement, welfare and protection of volunteers, and shall
submit the lists of volunteers to the OCD, through the LDRRMOs for accreditation and
conclusion in the database of community disaster volunteers .

A national roster of ACDVs, National Service Reserve Corps, CSOs and the private sector shall
be maintained by the OCD through the LDRRMOs . Accreditation shall be done at the municipal
level .

Mobilization of volunteers shall be in accordance with the guidelines to be formulated by the

NDRRMC consistent with the provisions of this Act . Any volunteer who incurs death or injury
while engaged in any of the activities defined under this Act shall be entitled to compensatory
benefits and individual personnel accident insurance as may be defined under the guidelines.

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DISASTER EQUATION AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE Disaster is characterized by several
elements namely hazards, risk, people or community and vulnerability. Hazards (H) or the
physical impact of the disturbance, either man-made or natural, is heightened by the amount of
risk (R) to the people and the community. Moreover, the degree of the vulnerability (V) of all
the involved further fuels the magnitude of a disaster. This is presented in the Disaster
Equations as shown below:

The concept of disaster risk management accepts that some hazard events may occur but tries
to lessen the impact by improving the community’s ability to absorb the impact with minimum
damage or destruction. The Disaster Management Cycle is a traditional approach to disaster
management wherein disaster measure is regarded as a number of phased sequences of action
or a continuum. It aims to reduce the vulnerabilities in the community. In addition, when
sustained over long term, it reduces unacceptable risk to acceptable levels and makes a
community become disaster resistant or resilient. This is represented as a cycle. This is
illustrated below:

The comprehensive risk management process has the potential to break the cycle of
damage and reconstruction when a community is subjected to repeated natural hazards. It
refers to a range of policies, legislative mandates, professional practices, social, structural and
non- structural adjustments and risk transfer mechanisms to prevent, reduce or minimize the
effects of hazards on a community. To be effective, a strategy must be in place and ready for
immediate implementation when necessary. This can only be done through advance preparation
and planning.
The following are risk management measures: a. Engineering measures (keep hazard
away from people). b. Land use planning and management measures (Keep people away from
hazard). c. Control and protection works (modifying the hazard). d. Early warning (predicting
hazard) e. Preparedness planning (prepare in anticipation of a hazard event). f. Reconstruction
planning after a disaster with the aim of reducing the vulnerability. g. Mainstreaming risk
management in development practice and institutionalization.

NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Philippines’ National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) is a
road map on how DRRM shall contribute to gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable
development. It shall promote inclusive growth, build the adaptive capacities of communities,
increase the resilience of vulnerable sectors, and optimize disaster mitigation opportunities with
the end in view of promoting people’s welfare and security.

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 NDRRMP THEMATIC AREAS
A. DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION Disaster Prevention – the outright
avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. It expresses the concept and
intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance such as
construction of dams or embankments that eliminate flood risk, land-use regulations that do not
permit any settlement in high-risk zone and seismic engineering designs that ensure the
survival and function of a critical building in any likely earthquake.
Disaster Mitigation – the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and
related disasters. Mitigation measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resilient
construction as well as improved environmental policies and public awareness.
B. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS – the knowledge and capacities developed by
governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to
effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current
hazard events or conditions. Preparedness action is carried out within the context of DRRM and
aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies achieve
orderly transitions from response to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound
analysis of DRR and good linkages with early warning systems and includes such activities as
contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements
for coordination, evacuation and public information and associated training and field exercises.
These must be supported by formal, institutional, legal and budgetary capacities.
C. DISASTER RESPONSE – the provision of emergency services and public assistance
during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce negative health impacts,
ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster
response of predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called
“disaster relief”.

B. DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY

Rehabilitation – measures that ensure the ability of affected communities and/or areas to
restore their normal level of functioning by rebuilding livelihood and damaged infrastructure and
increasing the communities’ organizational capacity.
Post Disaster Recovery – the restoration and improvement where appropriate, of facilities,
livelihood and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce
disaster risk factors, in accordance with the principle of “build back better”.
SOURCE: https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/DILG-Resources-2012116-
420ac59e31.pdf

YOUTH’S CONTRIBUTION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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 All able-bodied young citizen of the land should get themselves involved in civic actions in the
community where s/he lives and should be ready to render assistance anywhere and anytime
their service are needed. More than anything else, it is everybody’s moral obligation to assist
her/his countrymen in distress.
In times of natural calamities or manmade disorders, the youth should be willing and
ready to render direct assistance to calamity victims in any of the following areas:
Sorting, loading and distribution of relief goods
Administering first aid treatment on victims
Comforting and assisting in their rehabilitation
Disseminating information to concerned individual
Surveying of affected families and areas
Monitoring and liaising work
Civic action activities like environmental and ecological protection, river and watershed
control projects and tree planting/forest fire control

Likewise, the concerned youth development agencies should establish coordination and
linkages to be set up before, during and after every disaster. The leadership in the youth
development agencies in order to succeed in their chosen endeavor should: a. Plan the chosen
activities ahead before any calamity strikes. Join or participate in training exercise on disaster
and relief operations. b. See to it that the resources that are available could meet the needs of
chosen activities. c. Coordinate all activities properly with the City, Provincial and Municipal
Disaster Coordinator Councils. d. Organize the groups. Assign the members’ responsibilities
which they feel they can properly handle. Confidence in what is one is doing is the key to
success. e. Work as a team. Coordinate efforts with other organizations. (NGO, PO, LGU or
religious organizations)

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS HANDS-ON TRAINING

MORSE CODE AND DIFFERENT WAYS TO SIGNAL

SOS It is a method of transmitting information of a series of on-off tones, or clicks that
can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment. It is
named for Samuel F. B. Morse, an inventor of the telegraph. The International Morse code
encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small
set of punctuation and procedural signals (prosigns) as standardized sequences of short and
long signals called “dots” and “dashes”, or “dits”, as in amateur radio practice. Because many
non- English natural languages use more than 26 Roman letters, extensions to the Morse
alphabet exist for those languages.
Each Morse code symbol represents either a text character (letter or numeral) or a
prosign and is represent by a unique sequence of dots and dashes. The duration of a dash is
three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash is followed by as short silence, equal to the
dot duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space equal to three dots (one dash),
and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots. The dot duration is the basic unit
of time measurement in code transmission. To increase the speed of the communication, the
code was designed so that the length of each character in Morse varies approximately inversely
to its frequency of occurrence in English. Thus the most common letter in English, the letter
“E”, has the shortest code, a single dot.
In an emergency, Morse code can be sent by improvised methods that can be easily
“keyed” on an off, making it one of the simplest and most useful methods of
telecommunication. The most distress signal is Save Our Soul (SOS) or three dots, three dashes
and three dots, internationally recognized by treaty.

DIFFERENT WAYS TO SIGNAL SOS

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 FIRST AID In Encyclopedia Britannica states First Aid as “measures to be taken
immediately after accident not with an idea to cure but in order to prevent further harm being
done”. It uses the available human and material resources at the site of accident to provide
initial care to the victim of injury or sudden illness until more advance care is provided.
A simple way to remember the aims of first aid is to think of the “Three P’s” (Preserve,
Prevent, and Promote).
A. Preserve Life – your first aim is to preserve life by carrying out emergency first aid
procedures. For example, opening a casualty’s airway or performing cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR).
Preserving life should always be the overall aim of all first aiders. Remember though,
this includes your own life. You should never put yourself or others in danger.
B. Prevent Deterioration – the second aim of first aid is to prevent the casualty’s
condition from deteriorating any further. For example, asking a casualty with a broken limb to
stay still and padding around the injury will prevent the fracture from moving and causing
further injury or pain.
In addition, this aim includes preventing further injuries. You should attempt to make
the area as safe as possible and removing any dangers.
If removing danger is not possible, you should attempt to remove the patients from the
patient from the danger or call for specialist for help.
C. Promote Recovery – finally, you can promote recovery by arranging prompt
emergency medical help. In addition, simple first aid can significantly affect the long-term
recovery of an injury. For example, quacking cooling a burn will reduce the risk of long-term
scarring and will encourage early healing.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER a. Gentle – should not cause pain. b.
Resourceful – should make the best use of things at hand. c. Observant – should notice all
signs. d. Tactful – should not alarm the victim. e. Emphatic – should be comforting. f.
Respectable – should maintain a professional and caring attitude.
HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID a. Unfavorable Surroundings Night Time
Crowded city lights; churches; shopping malls Busy Highways Cold and Rainy weather
Lack of necessary materials or helps.
b. The Presence of Crowds Crowds curiously watch, sometimes heckle, and
sometimes offer incorrect advice. They may demand haste in transportation or attempt other
improper procedures. A good examination if difficult while a crowd looks on.
c. Pressure from Victim or Relatives
The victim usually welcomes help, but if he is drunk, he is often hard to examine and
handle, and is often misleading in his responses.
The hysteria of relatives or the victim, the evidence of pain, blood and possible early
death, exert great pressure on the first aider.
The first aider may fail to examine carefully and may be persuaded to do what he
would know in calm moments to be wrong.

HOW TO DEAL WITH INJURIES

1. Treatment of Wounds – a wound is usually treated by bandaging. 2. Locate wound
position – wound in different locations demand different treatment, therefore it is most
important when a victim is still conscious not to move a lot and to remain in a seating or
standing position (position of head should be the highest). 3. Pay attention to the human body’s
anatomical shape – during the treatment of a wound, the body’s anatomy has to be noticed,
because it will affect the bandaging method. 4. Identify size of the wound (extent and intensity
of blood outflow) The size of a wound determines the treatment method, even though it follows
the same principles. Cover wound and stop the bleeding. There are four methods to stop
bleeding: applying pressure, bandaging, bandaging and applying pressure (tourniquet) and total
bandaging.
When trying to stop bleeding, do not bind too loose as blood will not stop but also do
not bind too tight, as this will stop blood from flowing to the wounded area. Therefore it is
necessary to ask a victim, whether the bandage is too loose or too tight. When no response can

40
be obtained from the victim, the bandage tightness is done in such a way that the pulse can still
be felt beneath the bandage.

OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AID

Participants will be able to simulate the treatment and bandaging techniques of bleeding
wounds.
The principle of treating bleeding wounds is to as quickly as possible stop blood outflow,
because it can be fatal if blood outflow exceeds 20% of the total blood in the body.
The next principle is to as quickly as possible cover the wound, because open skin
presents an entrance for bacteria and other germs to the body. A sterile cloth should be used
when applying a bandage to prevent the wound from catching an infection, or one should apply
disinfectant to the wound if available.
Another important point is that the bandage applied to a wound should not too tight,
because this might obstruct other parts, or too loose, because otherwise the bleeding will not
stop. If the victim is conscious please ask him/her about the bandage tightness, but if the victim
is unconscious one should check for pulse signs around the wound area.

BLEEDING WOUND TREATMENT ON ROUND BODY PART

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BROKEN BONE refers to a wound which occurs on a bone, in the form of cracking, breaking or
sticking out of the body. Broken bones are injuries most common during earthquakes. The
cause of a broken bone is for instance being struck by building debris, trampled on, getting
squeezed.

3 TYPES OF BROKEN BONE WOUNDS

1. Fractured bone – a bone experiences trauma/impact it may cause the bone to crack, but not
break apart.
2. Closed broken bone – a bone breaks, but is still inside the body.
3. Open broken bone – a bone breaks and sticks out through the skin.

SYMPTOMS OF BROKEN BONE WOUNDS

Several symptoms easily recognizable are among others:

Black and blue
Swollen
Very painful when touched or moved
Change in form
Broken neck bone can be noticed when there are wounds on both head and neck
Broken backbone can be noticed when there is a difference in the length of the legs
Broken rib-bone is followed by breathing difficulties

The first aid principles to address a broken bone wound is through fixation to
rest/minimize activity of the two joints that flank the broken bone. This is necessary to prevent
friction of the broken bone. Friction of a broken bone can aggravate the wound.

TREATMENT OF BROKEN WOUNDS

Treatment of a broken bone wound (fixation) is known as splint bandaging. Fixation is

done by applying two splints comprising of wood lined with thin cloth/sponge. The splints, each
two centimeter in length are meant to flank the fracture location, which are then bound with a
rope, and tightened to support the broken body part and prevent it from suspending.
Treating a broken neck is by propping up the neck to prevent any movement, whether
left and right, to and fro, as well as turning around.

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 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)

Basic life support (BLS) is a level of medical care which is used to victims of life-
threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital. It can be
provided by trained medical personnel, including emergency medical technicians, paramedics,
and by qualified bystanders.

BACKGROUND
Approximately 700,000 cardiac arrests per year in Europe.
Survival to hospital discharge presently approximately 5-10%.
Bystander CPR vital intervention before arrival of emergency services – double
or triple survival from SCA (sudden cardiac arrest).
Early resuscitation and prompt defibrillation (within 1-2 minutes) can be result
in >60% survival.

CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

Sequences of procedures performed to restore the circulation of oxygenated blood after

a sudden pulmonary and/or cardiac arrest. Chest compressions and pulmonary ventilation
performed by anyone who knows how to do it, anywhere, immediately, without any other
equipment.

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AGONAL BREATHING
Occurs shortly after the heart stops in up to 40% of cardiac arrests
. Described as barely, heavy, noisy or gasping breathing.
Recognize as a sign of cardiac arrest (Erroneous information can result in withholding CPR
from cardiac arrest victim)

POTENTIALLY REVESIBLE CAUSE (5 H’s & 5 T’s)

Hypoxia Tension pneumothorax

Hypovolemia Tamponade
Hypothermia Toxic/therapy disturbances
Hyper/hypokalemia and metabolic disorder Thrombosis coronary
H + ions (acidosis) Thrombosis pulmonary

6. Call Emergency Number (9-1-1)

7.Chest Compression Place the heel of one hand in the center of the chest.
• Place other hand on top.
• Interlock fingers.
• Compress the chest.
o Rate 100 min-1
o Depth 4-5 cm
o Equal compression : relaxation
• When possible change CPR operator every 2 min.

8. Rescue Breaths p
Pinch the nose.
Take a normal breath.
Place lips over mouth.
Blow until the chest rises
. Take about 1 second.
Allow chest to fall.
Repeat.

Breathing: Mouth to Nose (When to use)

• Can’t open mouth
. • Can’t make a good seal.

WHEN CAN I STOP CPR?

Victim revives
Trained help arrives
Too exhausted to continue
Unsafe scene
Physician directed (do not resuscitate orders)
Cardiac arrest of longer than 30 minutes)

WHY CPR MAY FAIL?

Delay in starting.
Improper procedures (ex. Forget to pinch nose)
No ACLS follow-up and delay in defibrillation
o Only 15% who receive CPR live to go home.

44
 o Improper techniques.
Terminal disease or unmanageable disease (massive heart attack).

INJURIES RELATED TO CPR

Rib fractures
Laceration related to the tip of the sternum
o Liver
o Lung
o Spleen

COMPLICATION OF CPR
For victims that experienced vomiting/aspiration:
Place victim on left side
Wipe vomit from mouth with fingers wrapped in a cloth.
Reposition and resume CPR.
BANDAGING
It is used to hold a dressing in place over a wound, to create pressure over a bleeding
wound for control of hemorrhage, to secure a splint to an injured part of the body, and to
provide support to an injured part.

DEFINITION
Any clean cloth or material used to hold the dressing in place. To control bleeding.
It secures a split. To immobilize and support body parts.

FOUR (4) METHODS OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

a. Open Phase

b. Broad Cravat Phase

c. Semi-Broad Cravat Phase

d. Narrow Cravat Phase

PARTS OF A TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

APPLICATION
a. Must be proper, neat, and correct.
b. Apply neatly not too loose, not too tight.
c. Always check for tightness may cause later swelling.
d. Tie ends with a square knot.

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HOW TO TIE A SQUARE KNOT
RULES IN TYING SQUARE KNOT : left end over right end then right end over left end and
(vice versa).
a. Pass the left end (dark) over and under the right.
b. Bring both ends up again.
c. Pass the right end (dark) over and under the left.
d. Pull the ends firmly to tighten; tuck ends.

HOW TO UNTIE A SQUARE KNOT

a. Pull one end and one piece of bandage apart.
b. Hold the knot; pull the end through it and out.

FIVE (5) DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES ON BANDAGING

1. Triangle of Forehead or Scalp - The triangle of forehead or scalp (fronto - occipital) is

used to hold dressing on the forehead or scalp.
a. Place middle of base of triangle so that edge is just above the eyebrows and bring apex back,
allowing it to drop over back of head (occiput). Bring ends of triangle backward above ears.
b. Cross ends over apex at occiput, carry ends around forehead, and tie them in a square knot.
c. Turn up apex of bandage toward top of head. Pin with safety pin or tuck in behind crossed
part of bandage.

2. Triangular Arm Sling - A triangular arm sling (brachio-cervical triangle) is used for the
support of fractures or injuries of hand, wrist, and forearm.

Two version of this sling are discussed below :

a. In this method of applying the sling, the forearm is supported from both shoulders by the
sling.

46
 Bent arm at elbow so that little finger is about a hand-breadth above level of elbow.
Place one end of triangle over shoulder on injured side and let bandage hang down over
chest with based forward hand and apex toward below elbow.
Slip bandage between body and arm.
Carry low end up over shoulder on uninjured side.
Tie and two ends, by square knot, at the neck, not in the middle where it could cause
discomfort when patients is lying on back.
Draw apex of bandage toward elbow until snug, bring it around to front, and fasten with
safety pin or adhesive tape.

b. If it is desirable to support the forearm without pressure on the collarbone or should of the
injured side, the following steps are taken.
Bend arm at elbow so that the little finger is about a hand- breadth above level of elbow.
Drape upper end of triangle over uninjured shoulder
Slip bandage between body and arm.
Carry lower and up over flexed forearm (ends of fingers should extend slightly beyond base
of triangle)
Slide lower end of bandage under injured shoulder between arm and body and secure the
two ends with square knot.
Draw apex toward elbow until snug, and secure with safety pin or adhesive tape.

3. Triangle of Chest or Back - This bandage is used to hold dressing on burns or wounds of
chest or back.
a. Drop apex of triangle over shoulder on injured side. Bring bandage down over chest (or
back) to cover dressing, so that middle of base of bandage is directly below injury. Turn up a
cuff a base.
b. Carry ends around and tie in a square knot, leaving one end longer than the other.
c. Bring apex down and tie to long end of first knot.

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4. Cravat of Head or Ear - The purpose of this bandage is too apply pressure to control
hemorrhage from wounds of scalp, or to hold dressings on wounds of ear or lower scalp.
a. Place middle cravat over
dressing b. Pass each end
completely around head.
c. Tie in square knot.

5. Cravat to Jaw (mento-vertico-occipital cravat) – This is used to dressings on the chin,

cheeks, and scalp ends upward with one end longer than the other.
a. After making a triangular bandage into a cravat of proper width, place it under the chin carry
ends upward with one end longer than the other.
b. Bring longer end over top of head. Cross both ends on side of head. (Ends should now be of
equal length).
c. Pass ends around head in opposite directions and tie with square knot on other side of head
on primary turn of cravat.

RAPPELLING
Rappelling, also referred to as rapping or the European “abseiling” (from the German
word abseilen, meaning “to rope down”), is the controlled descent down a steep terrain using a
fixed rope. The original body rappel, known as the “Dulfersitz”, ran the rope around the
rappeller’s body for friction. Modern rappelling techniques employ some type of descender or
friction device. This permits a rescuer to quickly access an injured or stranded subject in
technical terrain.

It is important to understand that rappelling is dangerous. Rappelling accidents resulting

in injury or death are frighteningly common.

The following are important safety considerations relating to rappelling;

Verify the rope reaches the target.
Double check your harness, carabiners, and all rigging prior to going over the edge.
Check the carabiners are locked and not cross loaded.
Use a buddy check system to have your rigging inspected by other rescuers.
Employ a secondary conditional self- belay (autoblock, VT Prusik, etc.) as a backup.

Keep the brake hand below the descending device – NEVER LET GO!
Keep hair and clothing away from the descending device.
Carry a cutting tool and a backup Prusik for emergencies.
Remember that a rope under tension cuts extremely easily.
Avoid dislodging rocks with the rope.
Do not bounce during a rappel- dangerously shocks the rappel anchor
Descend slowly and avoid excessive heat buildup
Use well-fitting gloves when rappelling – otherwise they become a safety hazard.

48
 Prior to rappelling, you should check every aspect of your system. The rappelling safety
acronyms B.R.A.K.E.S., developed by Cyril Shokoples 10 years ago and now widely used by
climbing schools, can easily be employed as a pre-rappel checklist. It’s a good idea to go
through this list out loud by stating each letter and touching the part of the system you’re
checking. Confirm with your partner when possible that each component of the system has
been set up appropriately and is going
to be applied correctly.

Note:

All the students of NSTP, CWTS, and

ROTC including the Facilitators shall be
invited for the Rappelling Activity

Photo Credit: Sgt Postrado, MCA, PAFR

Picture taken during the Air to Ground
Operation of PAF Reservists dated
August 2, 2020 at Philippine Air Force,
tactical Operation Group 6. Camp
Hernandez, Dingle, Iloilo

Activity:

CASE ANALYSIS DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH GROUP URGES MORE ACCESSIBLE EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION TO

FILIPINOS
By Rappler Jene-Anne Pangue Posted last 03 May 2019

MANILA, Philippines – Are Filipino households prepared for a strong earthquake?

A study released on Wednesday, May 1, showed that most Filipino households hardly have
earthquake preparedness plans. This lack of preparation was the reason the Harvard
Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) urged disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) offices to
ensure that information on earthquakes are accessible and comprehensible to all, especially
among the less educated Filipinos.

HHI’s study, through its DisasterNet Philippines project, was gathered from a nationwide
household survey conducted between March and April 2017, with a total of 4,368 interviews.
There were 240 household respondents in each of the 18 regions, except with the National
Capital Region (NCR), where more were tapped for the survey.

49
Coincidentally, the results of the survey were released just a few days after strong earthquakes
jolted Luzon and Visayas.

Need for a boost

HHI Resilient Communities Program Director Vincenzo Bollettino said in a statement that timely
access to disaster information and plans for what to do during an earthquake can save lives.

"Filipinos should be aware of the Department of Interior and Local Government’s (DILG)
guidelines on disaster preparedness (Operation Listo) and acquaint themselves with evacuation
routes, evacuation shelter locations and should have emergency kits prepared,” Bollettino
added.

The study showed that the highly educated members of the household were more likely to have
earthquake disaster plans (below 10%) than the less educated ones (below 5%).

More highly educated respondents of the survey and heads of household were more likely to
have a plan in case of earthquakes.

The familiarity on the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS), a seismic scale used to measure the intensity of a temblor, was more
common at 62% among households with members who completed tertiary education and have
skilled professionals.

This is followed at 49% by households with a member who finished secondary education, 35%
for those with a member who graduated from primary school, and only 24% for households
without members who either reached or finished any school level.

Even before the magnitude 6.1 earthquake jolted Central Luzon on April 22, this region, along
with Western Visayas only showed 3% of preparedness planning at the household level.

The least prepared regions at 1% each were Ilocos Region and Cagayan Valley. Near the
bottom at 2% preparedness were Bicol, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Soccsksargen.

Central Visayas reported the highest level of preparedness at 15%, while Metro Manila, which
was also hit by the recent earthquake ranked at the second highest level of preparedness
planning at 13% before the disaster happened.

Other factors

Familiarity with PEIS were more common at 51% among younger respondents at 18 to 35-
years old than the older Filipinos. This was followed by Filipinos with ages 36-55 at 48% and
only 43% for 56 and older.

The survey also showed that households dependent on agriculture or fishing as their main
livelihood are less likely to have an earthquake management plan at 3%, than skilled and
unskilled workers at 8%.

Communications coordinator of HHI DisasterNet Philippines Mark Toldo said that the study aims
to present specific data for each type of disaster after its general study on the perceptions of
disaster resilience and preparedness in the Philippines.

“What we're doing right now is we're getting specific data from the results of the survey on
each type of disaster such as earthquake. The other month, we released some data on drought.
We hope to release more specific data in the coming months,” Toldo said.

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GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Do you agree or disagree with the article? Why? State stories or read articles regarding this.
2. How can we remedy the problem presented in the article? State concrete actions or
solutions.
3. How can you aid the government and the community in being disaster ready?

SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION

THE NATIONAL SITUATION (PDEA 2017 ANNUAL REPORT)

The Philippines remains to be a country that produces and consumes illegal drugs.
Illegal drugs proliferate in the Philippine market because of the huge number of drug
dependents who patronize not only one but several types of illegal drugs or otherwise called
poly-drug users.

Two of the most prevalent and most abuse drugs in the Philippines are
methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu and cannabis sativa or marijuana. Based on the data
of drug-related arrests in the country, the main drug of choice isshabu at 96.43%, followed by
marijuana at 3.36% and other drugs (ecstasy, cocaine, nubain, valium).

The emergence of new drugs in the country puts another risk in the lives of
Filipinos.

As of now, new emerging drugs are identified to have entered the country. These
include new psychoactive substances under UNODC watch. In the Philippines, however, there
are NPS that are already classified as dangerous drugs in accordance with DDB Regulations
such as salvia divinorum, Benzylpiperazine, ketamine, and Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone or
flakka.

People who suffered from addiction to illegal drugs more often than not put a strain to
their personal and professional life. Aside from health concerns, these people tend to lose their
homes, families, friends and jobs. These dependents tend to have financial strains due to their
investments in illegal drugs which are very costly.

For FY 2017, the price of shabu is Php 5,000 per gram. Matijuana is priced at Php 100
per gram. Cocaine is valued at Php 4,200 per gram, while ecstasy’s price is at Php 1,500 per
tablet.

Due to the vast and porous shorelines and the various entry and exit points in the
country, the advancers of illegal activities are very resilient and irrepressible to do illicit traffic in
and out of the country.

In fact, illegal drug trafficking is the most prevalent and pervasive illegal drug activity in
the Philippines. This includes the transportation of dangerous drugs and controlled precursors
and essential chemicals (CPECs), manufacture, distribution, and use of illegal drugs.

In this regard, illegal drug trafficking proves to be a huge market in the country. Drug
trafficking organizations are the foundation of illegal drug trade. They usually function as the
manufacturer of illegal drugs in and out of the country.

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 This results to drug syndicates, transnational and local, exploiting and utilizing Filipinos,
who are easily enticed by the huge amount of money involved, to be drug couriers. Among
these organizations are the African Drug Syndicates (ADS), Chinese/Filipino-Chinese Drug
Syndicate and the Mexican Sinaloa Drug Syndicate.

With the strong pronouncement of the President to address the country’s drug problem
at the community level, there is the continuous monitoring and assessment of drug situation at
the barangay level.

As of December 2017, out of the total 42,036 barangays in the country, 24,424, or
58.10%, are drug-affected.

SOURCE: http://pdea.gov.ph/our-accomplishments/annual-reports

DEFINITION AND RELATED TERMS

DRUGS Drugs are chemicals that affect a person in such a way as to bring about physiological,
emotional, or behavioral change. ‘Dangerous drugs’ are those that have high tendency for
abuse and dependency, these substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose harm to those
who use them.

DRUG ABUSE Drug abuse is the continuous misuse of any substance, licit, illicit which results
to changes in an individual’s physical, mental or behavioral condition.

Drug abuse exists when a person continually uses a drug other than its intended
purpose. This continued use can lead to drug dependence, a state of physical and psychological
dependence or both on a dangerous drug.

DRUG DEPENDENCY This is the state of physical and psychological dependence, or both, on
a dangerous drug, or drugs, experienced by a person following the use of that substance on a
periodic or continuous basis. A person dependent on drugs will experience withdrawal reactions
(also known as “cold turkey”, symptoms that occur after long-term use of a drug is reduced or
stopped abruptly) after abstaining from drugs.

ADDICTION Drug addiction is a complex, and often chronic, brain disease. It is characterized
by excessive drug craving, seeking, and use. Addiction is caused by brain changes caused by
constant drug use.

REASONS FOR ABUSING DRUGS

In an article from Recovery Connection (2019), it listed ten (10) reasons why people use drugs.
It explains that there are circumstances that put a person to choice between properly using
drugs and abusing it. Here is the reasons:

1. Experimenting – It is not uncommon for addiction to stem from a person being curious and
experimenting with drugs or alcohol. It is a scenario that often starts with a young person using
alcohol or marijuana out of curiosity. While it seems harmless, adolescents that experiment with
drugs and alcohol are more likely to develop substance use disorder according to the National
Institute on Drug Abuse.

2. Family History / Genetics - If you have a family history of drug addiction, you may have a
genetic predisposition to develop an addiction to drugs or alcohol. It is stated that about 30% –

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70% of a person’s risk for addiction is linked to the genes they are born with along with other
social factors.

3. Prescription Drugs - There is a popular misconception that any medication prescribed by a

doctor is safe. Unfortunately, that is not always the case. Doctors prescribe medications to
alleviate symptoms of physical or mental health issues. However, many individuals are not
properly educated on the risks that the medications may carry. Chronic pain is often managed
through opioid medications, which are highly addictive. Dependent upon the amount used and
other factors, someone may require a medical detox just to stop using opioids. Likewise, those
suffering from anxiety and depression may be prescribed addictive medications to ease
symptoms. Non-addictive medication and/or pain recovery services are often available.

4. Loneliness - Addiction can start when an individual feels lonely or is isolated from the
friends and family. They turn to drugs and alcohol thinking that it will fill a void that they have
been living with. People lacking positive daily interaction may choose to use substances to feel
happy or content. Additionally, users begin to alienate themselves further if they fear being
judged or that help is not available to them.

5. Peer Pressure - Peer pressure usually applies to adolescents or young adults. The need to
fit in, on some level, is built into each and every one of us. Some people may feel the need to
participate in potentially harmful activities to do so. The pressure of being around others who
are abusing drugs or alcohol can push someone to follow suit.

6. Drugs And Alcohol Can Make You Feel Good - There is a popular quote in the Big Book
of Alcoholics Anonymous that states: “Men and women drink essentially because they like the
effect produced by alcohol.” While this seems obvious, some people like the effect so much that
they are unable to stop. It may be difficult to see the harm in something that makes you feel
good.

7. Mental Health Disorder - Depression, anxiety, and PTSD can put individuals at higher risk
of developing an addiction. Using substances to cope with difficult feelings may seem like an
easier path for some. Though they may seem crippling at times, there is help available to
anyone struggling with a mental health disorder. Non-narcotic medications are often available
for most mental health disorders. It’s worth researching with a doctor to see if there is an
alternative to addictive medications.

8. Recreation - Many people use drugs or alcohol socially with friends or to “unwind” after a
long day. They often see substances as a way to relax or clear their minds. Recreational drug
users are still at risk to become addicted if their use becomes more frequent or they use highly
addictive substances.

9. Alcohol Isn’t Enough - For some, alcohol stops doing the trick. A few beers after work or
having drinks with friends at a local bar just doesn’t have the same effect that it used to. Some
individuals end up “chasing a buzz” that they were once able to attain with a few drinks. This
can leave someone powerless over alcohol and unable to quit drinking.

10.Self-Medicating - People struggling with any of a multitude of ailments may turn to drugs
or alcohol to ease their pain. Mental health disorders and chronic pain leave some seeking
solutions on their own. Alcohol or other substances can alleviate symptoms and seem like a
short-term solution. However, people should look for manageable, long-term solutions under
medical supervision to combat these issues.

COMMONLY SIGNS OF DRUG ABUSE

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 The profile of a drug dependent or a substance abuser is as follows:
• Changes in attendance in school or work
• Changes in the normal capabilities in school/work
• Abrupt changes in overall attitude
• Generally lazy, irritable, discourteous, aggressive
• Usually untrustworthy and lacks self-confidence
• Manipulative • Have a distorted view of reality
• Low frustration tolerance
• Con-game player
• Lacks interest in his studies/work (withdrawal from responsibilities)
• Blames everybody but himself (blame tosser)
• No respect for the rights of others
• Prefers to stay with peers (barkada)
• May frequently go to odd places (to take drugs)
• Poor physical appearance (unconcerned with grooming and hygiene)
• Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times
• Unusual effort to cover arms to hide needle marks (long- sleeved garments)
• Stealing items which can be readily sold
• Unusual borrowing of money from relatives and friends
• Association with known drug abusers

COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS

SUBSTANCE & METHOD OF USE

ALCOHOL

Alcohol abuse is a pattern of problem drinking that results in health consequences, social,
problems, or both. However, alcohol dependence, or alcoholism, refers to a disease that is
characterized by abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior that leads to impaired control over drinking

EFFECTS

Short-term effects of alcohol use include:

Distorted vision, hearing and coordination
Impaired judgement
Altered perceptions and emotions
Bad breath; hangover

Long-term effects of heavy alcohol use include:

Loss of appetite, vitamin deficiencies, stomach ailments
Skin problems
Sexual impotence
Liver damage
Heart and central nervous system damage; memory loss

METHAMPHETAMINE

Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug chemically related to amphetamine but with stronger

effects on the central nervous system. Street names for the drug include "speed," "meth," and
"crank."

Methamphetamine is used in pill form, or in powdered form by snorting or injecting. Crystallized

methamphetamine known as "ice," "crystal," or "glass," is a smokable and more powerful form
of the drug

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EFFECTS

Effects of Methamphetamine use include:

Euphoria
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Increased wakefulness; insomnia
Increased physical activity
Decreased appetite; extreme anorexia
Respiratory problems
Hypothermia, convulsions, and cardiovascular problems which can lean to death
Irritability, confusion, tremors
Anxiety, paranoia, or violent behavior
Can cause irreversible damage to blood vessels in the brain, producing strokes

Methamphetamine users who inject the drug and share needles are at risk for acquiring
HIV/AIDS

COCAINE

Cocaine is a white powder that comes from the leaves of the

South American coca plant. Cocaine is either "snorted" through
the nasal passages or injected intravenously. Cocaine belongs to
a class of drugs known as stimulants, which tend to give a
temporary illusion of limitless power and energy that leave the
user feeling depressed, edgy, and craving more. Crack is a smokable form of cocaine that has
been chemically altered. Cocaine and crack are highly addictive. This addiction can erode
physical and mental health and can become so strong that these drugs dominate all aspects of
an addict's life.

EFFECTS

Physical risks associated with using any amount of cocaine and crack:
Increase in blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate and body temperature
Heart attacks, strokes and respiratory failure
Hepatitis or AIDS through shared needles
Brain seizures
Reduction of the body’s ability to resist and combat infection

Psychological risks:
• Violent, erratic or paranoid behavior
• Hallucinations and “coke bugs” – a sensation of imaginary insects crawling over the skin
• Confusion, anxiety and depression, loss of interest in food or sex
• “cocaine psychosis” – losing touch with reality, loss of interest in friends, family, sports,
hobbies and other activities

Some users spend hundred or thousands of money on cocaine and crack each week and will do
anything to support their habit. Many turn to drug selling, prostitution, or other crimes.

Cocaine and crack addicts often become unable to function sexually.

Even first time users may experience seizures or heart attacks, which can be fatal.

HALLUCINOGENS

Hallucinogenic drugs are substances that distort

the perception of objective reality. The most wellknown

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hallucinogens include phencyclidine, otherwise known as PCP, angel dust, or loveboat; lysergic
acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD or acid; mescaline and peyote; and psilocybin, or
"magic" mushrooms. Under the influence of hallucinogens, the senses of direction, distance,
and time become disoriented. These drugs can produce unpredictable, erratic, and violent
behavior in users that sometimes leads to serious injuries and death. The effect of
hallucinogens can last for 12 hours.

LSD produces tolerance, so that users who take the drug repeatedly must take higher and
higher doses in order to achieve the same state of intoxication. This is extremely dangerous,
given the unpredictability of the drug, and can result in increased risk of convulsions, coma,
heart and lung failure, and even death

EFFECTS

Physical risks associated with using hallucinogens:

Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Sleeplessness and tremors
Lack of muscular coordination
Sparse, mangled and incoherent speech
Decreased awareness of touch and pain that can result in self-inflicted injuries
Convulsions
Coma; heart and lung failure

Psychological risks associated with using hallucinogens:

A sense of distance and estrangement
Depression, anxiety and paranoia
Violent behavior
Confusion, suspicion and loss of control
Flashbacks
Behavior similar to schizophrenic psychosis
Catatonic syndrome whereby the user becomes mute, lethargic, disoriented, and makes
meaningless repetitive movements

Everyone reacts differently to hallucinogens – there’s no way to predict if someone can avoid a
“bad trip”

CANNABIS SATIVA (MARIJUANA)

Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States
and tends to be the first illegal drug teens use. It can be either
smoked or swallowed.

EFFECTS

Short term effects of using marijuana:

Sleepiness
Difficulty keeping track of time, impaired or reduced short term memory
Reduced ability to preform tasks requiring concentration and coordination
Increased heart rate
Potential cardiac dangers for those with pre-existing heart disease
Bloodshot eyes

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 Dry mouth and throat
Decreased social inhibitions
Paranoia, hallucinations

Long term effects of using marijuana:

Enhanced cancer risk
Decrease in testosterone levels for men; also lower sperm counts and difficulty having
children
Increase in testosterone levels for women; also increased risk of infertility
Diminished or extinguished sexual pleasure
Psychological dependence requiring more of the drug to get the same effect

The physical effects of marijuana use, particularly on developing adolescents, can be acute.
Marijuana blocks the messages going to your brain and alters your perceptions and emotions,
vision, hearing, and coordination. A recent study of 1,023 trauma patients admitted to a shock
trauma unit found that one-third had marijuana in their blood.

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2004

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

In several sources, it has been indicated that there are many effects of drug abuse. The
effects can be classified as follows:

1. Physiological/Physical Effects
A. Systemic
a. Cardiac (Heart) Pathology – irregularity of heart beat, elevated or lowered blood pressure,
chest pain, convulsions or death from cardiac arrest.
b. Pulmonary (Lung) Illnesses
c. Hepatic (Liver) Problems
d. Renal (Kidney) Diseases
B. General Health
a. Malnutrition or weight loss
b. Infections
c. Accidents
d. Blood Transmitted Disease
C. Usage
a. Tolerance – the individual needs more drugs to achieve the same effects they did previously
with a smaller amount
b. Dependence – the substance becomes the central point to the individual’s life and they can’t
function properly without it
c. Withdrawal – this happens when the individual reduced or stopped the substance use.
d. Overdose – the level of intoxication reaches a point where it begins to produce physical
and/or psychological harm. This can lead to death.

2. Psychological/Mental Health Effects

A. Perception – auditory and visual hallucinations
B. Orientation – paranoia, psychosis
C. Memory
D. Judgement – depression that lead to suicide E. Stress – either heightening or weakening of
emotions

3. Economic Effects
A. Employment loss – individuals lose their effectivity and efficiency in the work place
B. Academic difficulties – for the youth, being unable to accomplish their course work can affect

57
their performance at school and their grades
C. Financial problems – addiction to substance requires more monetary resources since the
individual is forced to consume more of the substance to get their fix

4. Social Effects
A. Conflictual / Dysfunctional Relationships – an individual under the influence of drugs creates
tension and conflict with their family members and among their peers that can result in broken
relationships and abandonment.
B. Violence – some of the chemicals in the abused substance can impaired the mind to think
illogically and to act aggressively that can have the individual act violently in social settings.
C. Safety – an individual under the influence of drugs can put someone in dangerous
circumstances and can be prone to accidents.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

Substance abusers can be classified according to the frequency of their substance use.

1. Experimenters – people who abuse the drug(s) for experimental basis.

2. Occasional Users – abuse the drug occasionally/whenever there are special occasions.
They abuse the drug once every two (2) weeks to two (2) times a week.

3. Regular Users – abuse the drug on a regular basis approximately three (3) to four (4)
times a week or every other day.

4. Drug Dependents – people who tend to abuse the drug(s) everyday (almost everyday) or
about five (5) to seven (7) times a week.

5. Mentally Ill Chemical Abuser/Substance Induced Psychosis – drug abusers who

manifest signs and symptom of psychotic disorders caused by the effects of drugs
(hallucinations, disorientation, delusions, etc.)

SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCY AND KEEPING DRUG-FREE WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR
DRUG DEPENDENCY?
Withdrawal symptoms
Need to take drugs to overcome withdrawal symptoms
Compulsion
Tolerance Relapse
Reduced social/occupational act

HOW CAN YOU STAY AWAY FROM DRUGS?

Devote yourself to your studies and other productive activities at home or in school
Stay away from people, places and events that promote drug use
Learn to manage feelings and cope with stress without using drugs
Develop a strong moral and spiritual foundation
Educate yourself about the effects of drug abuse
Always say NO

WHAT ARE THE COUNTER-MEASURES FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE?

CLASSIFICATION MANAGEMENT

Abstainer Preventive Education

Experimenters Counselling
Occasional Users
Regular Users

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Drug Dependent Drug Rehabilitation
Mentally Ill Chemical Abuser (Substance Induced Psychosis) Psychiatric Treatment

COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUG ACT OF 2002

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act 9165 is an act that
supersedes R.A. 6425 or the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972. This amended law practices a more
intensive approach against drug abuse, trafficking and enforcement. It also gives emphasis on
the role of the educational system in information dissemination and prevention campaign. It re-
evaluates the procedures, policies and programs concerning drug abuse. It highlights the
importance of rehabilitation and reintegration of rehabilitated individuals to society.

These are some of the important provisions in the law:

UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES

SEC. 5 Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of

Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals

SEC. 6 Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort

SEC. 11 Possession of Dangerous Drugs

SEC. 15 Use of Dangerous Drugs

SEC. 19 Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs

DANGEROUS DRUGS TEST AND RECORD REQUIREMENTS

SEC. 36 Authorized Drug Testing

PARTICIPATION OF THE FAMILY, STUDENTS, TEACHERS AND SCHOOL

AUTHORITIES IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACT

SEC. 46 Special Drug Education Center

PROGRAM FOR TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG DEPENDENTS

SEC. 54 Voluntary Submission of a Drug Dependent to Confinement, Treatment and

Rehabilitation

SEC. 60 Confidentiality of Records under the Voluntary Submission Program

SEC. 61 Compulsory Confinement of a Drug Dependent who Refuses to apply under the
Voluntary Submission Program

YOUTH’S IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

As drug abuse and addiction is prevalent in younger generation, it is imperative that the
youth take part in its prevention and rehabilitation efforts. Youth group or organizations can be
a vehicle in which their community can help alleviate or eradicate the possibility of drug abuse.
Whether individually or as a group, the youth is a good driving force that could shape the drug
abuse prevention initiative of the country. Here are some ways the youth can step up in this
endeavor:

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1. UNDERSTAND. Know the concept and reality of drug abuse. Having a grasp of the
addiction can help in avoiding it and watching out for others.
2. LISTEN. Open yourself up in the knowledge of the experts and experiences of others that
have undergone the abuse. Hear the stories and get their lessons to heart.
3. SHARE. Share your knowledge and network in aiding others towards being informed and
recognizing their role in drug prevention.
4. ENCOURAGE. Give your peers and family members a good push in the right direction
whether its prevention or rehabilitation.
5. SUPPORT. Take part in activities beneficial in the drug abuse prevention initiative. Add your
presence to the growing force tackling this issue.
6. ORGANIZE. Great minds think a like. Having a mutual goal, it is more purposeful to
combine efforts and sources to create a bigger impact about the concern.
7. INFORM. Approached appropriate government agencies regarding incidents and cases of
drug abuse.

Activity:

CASE ANALYSIS SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION

I COULD NEVER GET HIGH ENOUGH

This is the story of Cecilia, a typical college girl, full of innocence, hope and dreams.
Once a splendid life shattered by the dreary reality of curiosity, peer pressure and thrill of living
it high. This is her account…
Growing Up I grew up in Paco, Manila with my mom, dad, brother and younger sister.
My mom and dad at the time bought a restaurant. They were always gone since it was such a
demanding business. I was home alone a lot and could do whatever I wanted.
Rebellious Streak I loved movies and I loved role play. I idolized rockers and the hardcore
lifestyle they lived and I wanted to be a part of it. I would sneak out to parties on the
weekends. However, this particular party is different, I vividly remember that party. I was a
freshman at college and the other girls invited me to a party that would have all these
“gorgeous guys”. I was a bit nervous and whenever a guy would come up and talk to me, I
stuttered and embarrassed myself. Then, suddenly, he was right in front of me. He had the
darkest, most beautiful eyes I had ever seen and as he leaned in and whispered to me, I was a
goner. He almost immediately had my heart. I did not realize he was taking my future as well.
He saw right through my nervousness and told me he had something that would help me get
over it. He said he had been the same way a couple of years ago, starting college after growing
up in a small, secluded town. I was only 17 at the time, one thing led to another and tried my
first taste of the drug. I was curious about drugs, so it was an easy sell. I gave him my heart.
He gave me an addiction to heroin.
My friends tried to talk me out of seeing him. Apparently, he was the local college dealer
and I was hooked on him. When he went home for the break, I barely got through those days.
I kept texting and calling him but he would not answer. When he finally did, he seemed mad by
my concern and let me know that he would not be checked on. I did not remind him that he did
the same thing to me a couple of times already. I was just grateful I could hear his voice.

Living it High
That little taste started me on a path of getting high at school and then eventually
dropping out all together. Classes interfered with my drug life. What I thought was normal
behavior was not normal at all. I was out of control and addicted to drugs. All I wanted to do
was hang out and get high – and I could never get high enough.
During the Christmas break, he sent me home with enough heroin to get through the holidays.
However, I will never forget walking into my room and seeing my parents, my brother and
younger sister waiting there. My father was holding the heroin. They asked me where I had
gotten it but apparently they already knew, as my best friend told them it was why we had
drifted apart during the first semester. We had a fight and I tried defending my situation.
Having no exit, I left home and wandered the streets.

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 I was with my boyfriend, which made it easy for me to abuse the drug. I was living on
the doorstep of death everyday, almost unknowingly because I had no idea how toxic and
explosive the chemicals used were at the time. Sometimes I would be up for days, smoking
constantly. When I’d finally come down, I was totally depleted. I would barely get out of bed
for weeks.

Having no money for my habit, I even tried to stay sober at one point. I got a job at a
local gas station to support myself, but after a month I started using drugs again. I couldn’t
hold my job because I was too sick and too high to function. I tried to lead a regular life but I
found that even the simplest things were impossible. I could barely walk though the truckloads
of garbage, dirty clothes and other things I can’t seem to remember if its all my belongings. I
can’t eat a decent meal but instant noodles. I can’t sleep properly. I was severely thin because I
wasn’t taking care of myself. I’m 5’4” and at one point I was about 90 pounds in weight. A few
months later, my family found me. They took me home, their frail, lanky and almost lifeless
daughter.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What are the things that push Cecilia to get involved with drugs? What are its effects on her
life?
2. What can she and her family do in order to aid her in her predicament? Kindly chart or list
down your treatment or rehabilitation regiment?
3. Suppose that Cecilia is your friend. What pieces of advice can you give for her in order for
her to take a step towards staying away from drugs and maintaining a clean, drug-free life?

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