Scribd
Upload
363 views4 pages

23 Equivalent Norms

The document discusses equivalent norms on vector spaces. It defines what it means for two norms to be equivalent and proves that on finite-dimensional spaces, any two norms are equivalent. It also provides examples of norms that are not equivalent, such as the L1 and L∞ norms on continuous functions and the l1 and l∞ norms on sequence spaces.

Uploaded by

Dmitri Zaitsev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
363 views4 pages

23 Equivalent Norms

The document discusses equivalent norms on vector spaces. It defines what it means for two norms to be equivalent and proves that on finite-dimensional spaces, any two norms are equivalent. It also provides examples of norms that are not equivalent, such as the L1 and L∞ norms on continuous functions and the l1 and l∞ norms on sequence spaces.

Uploaded by

Dmitri Zaitsev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

23.

Equivalent norms
MAU22200 - Advanced Analysis

https://www.maths.tcd.ie/∼zaitsev/Adv-2020
Dmitri Zaitsev zaitsev@maths.tcd.ie

Dmitri Zaitsev (Trinity College Dublin) 23. Equivalent norms 1/4


Definition (equivalent norms)
Two norms k · k1 , k · k2 on a vector space X are called equivalent if there
exists c, C > 0 with

ckxk2 ≤ kxk1 ≤ C kxk2 for all x ∈ X . (∗)

Theorem
Two norms on a vector space X are equivalent if and only if they induce
the same topology on X .

Proof. For any two norms k · k1 , k · k2 on X , consider the identity operator

A : (X , k · k1 ) → (X , k · k2 ), x 7→ x.

Then the norm equivalence (∗) means precisely that both A and its inverse
A−1 are bounded linear operators. Which we know to be the same as the
continuity of both A and A−1 , which is, in turn, equivalent to both
induced topologies being the same as claimed.
Dmitri Zaitsev (Trinity College Dublin) 23. Equivalent norms 2/4
Theorem
On a finite-dimensional vector space X , any two norms are equivalent.

Proof. Fix any norm k · k and a basis {e1 , . . . , ek } in X , and define

L : (Rk , k · k1 ) → (X , k · k), c = (c1 , . . . , ck ) 7→ c1 e1 + . . . + ck ek ,

which is a bounded operator in view of the following computation:


P P
kLck = k j cj ej k ≤ j |cj | · kej k ≤ (maxj kej k) · kck1 .

Hence L is continuous and so is its norm f (c) := kLck as composition.


The unit d1 -sphere S := {c : kck1 = 1} ⊂ Rk is closed and bounded,
hence is compact by Heine-Borel. Then f attains minimum and maximum:
f (a) ≤ f (c) ≤ f (b) for some a, b ∈ S and all c ∈ S.
Since L is bijective, a ∈ S =⇒ a 6= 0 =⇒ f (a) = kLak > 0. Then
1
0 6= t ∈ Rk =⇒ c := t ∈ S =⇒ kLakktk1 ≤ kLtk ≤ kLbkktk1 ,
ktk1
=⇒ any k · k is equivalent to the same norm kxk0 := kL−1 xk1 on X .
Dmitri Zaitsev (Trinity College Dublin) 23. Equivalent norms 3/4
Example of norms that are not equivalent

Examples (inequivalence of L1 , L∞ and of `1 , `∞ )


1 The norms k · k1 and k · k∞ on C [0, 1] are not equivalent. Indeed, if

we had kf k∞ ≤ C kf k1 for some C > 0 and any f ∈ C [0, 1],

taking f (x) = x n , n = 1, 2, . . ., we would reach a contradiction since


R1
kx n k∞ = sup0≤x≤1 |x n |1 but kx n k1 = 0 x n dx = 1/(n + 1) → 0 as
n → ∞.
2 Recall that the space `1 consists of all sequences (xn )n≥1 with
P
n |xn | < ∞. Then the norms k · k1 and k · k∞ are not equivalent on
`1 . Indeed, if kxk1 ≤ C kxk∞ for some C > 0 and any x = (xn ) ∈ `1 ,
taking (
1/k 1 ≤ n ≤ k
x := (xn )n≥1 , xn := ,
0 n>k
=⇒ contradiction since kxk∞ = supn |xn | = 1/k but kxk1 = 1.
Dmitri Zaitsev (Trinity College Dublin) 23. Equivalent norms 4/4

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy