PPE PROBLEM SET Thermodynamics 2

1. At 180c the entropy of a substance is 5.2 KJ/K, the quality of the substance is:
KJ
At 180 ° c : Ssat=6.5857 Sact < Ssat :wet ¿ get x : S act=sf + xsfg
kg − k
5.2=2.1396 + x ( 4.4461 ) x=0.688333 ¿ 68.833 %
2. At 10m3 vessel initially contains 5m3 of saturated water vapor at 1000kPa
Vv=5 m
3 3
VL =5 m Vv =mv Vg vL=mL vF 5=mv ( 1.694 )
5=mL(0.001043 )mv=2.95159 kg mL =4793.86385 kg
mv 2.9515
mT=mV + mL ¿ 2.95 + 4793.8 mT =4796.8154 kg ¿ get x : x= =
mT 4796.8
x=0.0006153236 ¿ get u : u=uf + xufg ¿ 417.3+ ( 0.006153236 )( 2506 )
KJ
u=418.842 ( 4796.81 kg ) u=2009107.781 KJ 6
¿ 2 X 10 KJ
kg

3. A vessel with a volume of 1 m3 contains liquid water and vapor in equilibrium at 600 kPa. The liquid water has a
mass of 1kg. Using steam tables, calculate the mass of water vapor at 600 kPa: vf= 0.001101 m3/kg, vg= 0.3157
m3/kg
vT =Vv + vL ¿ mV Vg+mLVf ¿ mV ( .3157 )+1 ( 0.001101 ) mV =3.1641 kg
4. A steam has a condition of 2 MPa and 250C undergoes a constant pressure process until its quality is 50%. What
is the heat rejected by steam?
at 2 Mpa tsat=212.42 ° c tsat <t act : superheated at table 3 p=2 Mpa , T =250 ℃
KJ KJ
h 1=2902.5 for pt 2 P=2 mPa hf =908.79
kg kg
KJ KJ
x=0.50 hfg=1890.7 h 2=hf + xhfg 908.79+ ( 0.5)( 1890.7 ) h 2=1854.14 for p =c
kg kg
Q=h 2−h 1 ¿ 1854.14 −2902.5 ¿−1048.36 KJ /kg
5. Steam with specific volume of 0.09596 m3/kg undergoes a constant pressure at 1.70 MPa until its specific
volume is 0.13796 m3/kg. What is the work done?
w= p (v 2−v 1 ) ¿ 1700 (0.13796−0.0959 ) w=71.502 KJ /kg
6. Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.5KJ/kg undergoes a constant pressure process at 0.90MPa until the enthalpy
becomes 2056.1 KJ/kg. What is the internal energy?
KJ
at 0.90 Mpa hsat=2773.9 hsat <h act : superheated at table 3
kg
KJ
p=0.90 mPa , h=2843.3
kg
H U
2833.6 2626.3
2843.5 U1
2856.9 2644.2
 KJ p=0.90 mPa hsat >hact : wet h=hf 2+ xhfg 2
for pt 2 : hsat=2773.9
kg
2056.1=742.83 + x ( 2031.1 ) x=0.64658 u 2=uf 2+ xufg2 ¿ 741.83+( 0.6465 ) ( 1838.6)
KJ
u 2=1930.63321 ∆ u=u 2−u 1 ¿ 1930.6−2633.91 ∆ u=−703.2723 KJ / kg
kg
7. One kg of steam at 260C and with enthalpy of 1861KJ/kg is confined a rigid container. Heat is applied until the
steam becomes saturated. Determine the heat added.

KJ KJ
at 260 ℃ h sat=2796.9 hsat >hact : wet hf =1134.37, hfg=1662.50 ,
kg KG
h=hf 1+ xhfg 1 1861=1134.37 + x ( 1662.50) x=0.4370706 v 1=vf + xvfg
3
m
¿ 0.0012755 + 0.437 (0.042 ) ¿ 0.0191667
kg
KJ
u 1=uf 1+ xufg1 1128.39+ (0,437 )( 1470.03) u 1=1771.146137 for pt 2
kg
vg ug
0.019294 2551.8
0.0191667 U2
0.018975 2550.1
Q=u 2−u 1 ¿ 1 ( 2551.1219 −1771.1461 ) Q=779.9758 KJ
8. One kg of steam at 121C and 10% moisture undergoes a constant volume process until the pressure becomes
0.28MPa. Determine the final temperature in C.

at 121 ℃ , x 1=90 % vf =0.0010612 m3

vfg=0.8659 ,
kg
¿ 0.00106 + 0.9 ( 0.8659 ) m3
v 1=vf + x vfg v 1=v 2=0.7803712 for pt 2 p2=0.28 Mpa
kg
at tablw 3 m3
Vsat<Vact : superheated P2=0.28 Mpa, v 2=0.7803
kg
v t
0.7683 200
0.7803712 T2
0.7855 210

through theinterpolation t 2=206.976℃

9. A tank contains 0.5 m3/kg of steam. Heat is transferred at constant volume until the pressure reaches 100 kPa.
Determine the final steam quality.
m3 for pt 2 p2=0.10 mPa m3 Vsat>Vact : wet ¿ find x
v 1=v 2=0.5 Vsat=1.694
kg kg
v 2=vf 2+ x vfg2 0.5 + 0.0010432 +x (1.694 −0.00110432 ) x=29.4725 %
10. There are 2.27 kg/min of steam undergoing an isothermal process from 27.5 bar, 316C to 6.8bar. Determine the
change entropy, KJ/min.

for pt 1 p=2.75 Mpa , t=316 ℃ tsat=229.11 ℃ tsat <tact : superheated at table 3

 T S
310 6.6321
316 S1
320 6.6733
KJ
S 1=6.65862 for pt 2 P=0.68 Mpa , T =316 ℃ TSAT =163.81℃
kg − K
tsat <tact : superheated

at table 3
T S
310 7.3481
316 S2
320 7.3836
kj
11. S 2=7.3694 −K
KG
KJ
∆ S =m( s 2−s 1) ¿ 2.27( 7.3694 −6.65862 ) ∆ s=1.61755
min− k
12. Steam at 200C and with entropy of 5.6105 KJ/kg-k expands isothermally to 0.515 MPa. For 5 kg mass, what is the
work done?
KJ KJ
for pt 1 : T 1=200 ℃ ; s 1=5.6105 Ssat=6.4323 S sat >Sact :wet
kg − K kg − K
S 1=Sf 1+ x sfg 1 5.6105=2.3309 +x 1( 4.1014 ) x 1=0.799629 u 1=uf + x 1 ugfg 1
KJ
¿ 850.65 + 0.7996 (1744.7 ) u 1=2245.7634 for pt 2 p2=0.515 Mpa t 2=200℃
kg
tsat=152.97 ℃ tsat <tact :superheated at table 3 p2=0.515 Mpa , t 2=200 ℃

P U S
0.5 2642.9 7.6592
0.515 U2 S2
0.52 2642.1 7.0394

KJ (5 kg)
W =Q −∆ U ¿ T ( S 2− S 1)− ( U 2−U 1) ¿ ( 200 + 271 ) (7.044−5.6105 ) W =281.67445
kg
W =1408.37225 KJ

13. One kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 MPa and 374C to 93c. Find the quality.
FOR PT .1: P1=2.1 Mpa ,t 1=374 ℃ tsat=214.90 ℃ tsat <tact : superheated at table 3 :
p1=2.1 Mpa ,T 1=374 ℃
T S
370 7.0017
374 S1
380 7.036
KJ KJ
through interpolation s 1=7.01542 for pt 2 s 1=s 2=7.01542
kg −k kg − K
KJ
ssat =7.4409 ssat > S act :wet s 2=sf 2+ x 2 sfg 2 7.01542=1.2271 + x( 6.2138 )
kg − K
x=0.93152666 =93.15 %
14. Steam flows isentropically through a nozzle from 1500kPa, 288c to 960kPa. For 0.454 kg/s mass, determine the
change in volume.

for pt 1 p1=1.5 Mpa ,T 1=288 ℃ tsat=198.32 ℃ tsat <t act :superheated at t able3
p=1 Mpa
T S V
280 6.8381 0.16271
288 S1 V1
290 6.8785 0.16621
m3 s 1=s 2=6.87042
KJ
through interpolation:v 1=0.16551
kg kgK
KJ KJ
For pt 2 s 1=s 2=6.87042 , P2=0.96 MPa ssat =6.6006 Ssat <Sact : superheated
kgK kgK
At table 3 p=0.6 Mpa

S V
6.8589 0.2319
6.87042 V2
6.9030 0.2374

m3
∆ v =m ( v 2−v 1 ) ¿−.454 ( 0.233−0.16551) ∆ v=0.03074
s

15. Steam at 1.4 MPa and 270C flows steadily through a steam throttle valve that reduces its pressure by 50%. Find
the change entropy in KJ/kg.

FOR PT 1 P=1.4 Mpa ,T =270 ℃ tsat=195.07 ℃ tsat <tact : superheated at table 3

KJ KJ
p=1.4 Mpa ,t =270 ℃ h 1=2973.3 =h 2 s 1=6.8331 for pt 2
kg k gK
KJ KJ
h 2=2973.3 , P=0.7 Mpa hsat=2763.5 hsat <hact : superheated at table 3
kg kg
p=0.7 Mpa
H S
2953.6 7.1053
2973.3 S2
2974.9 7.1455

KJ
through interpolation s 2=7.14248 ∆ s=s 2−s 1
kgK
KJ KJ
∆ s=0.30938 =0.31
kgK kgK
¿ 7.14248−6.8331
16. A steam calorimeter receives steam from a pipe at 0.01 MPa and 20SH. For a pipe steam pressure of 2MPa, what
is the quality of the steam?
 for pt 2 : P=0.1 Mpa , T =99.63 + 20=119.63 ℃ at table 3 : p=0.1 Mpa

T H
110 2696.5
119.63 H2
120 2716.6

KJ KJ
for pt .1 p=2 Mpa , h 1=2715.8563 hf =908.79 ,hfg=1890.7 ; h 1=hf + hfg
kg kg
2715.8= 908.79+ x 1( 1890.7 ) x 1= 0.95576=95.576 %
17. An isobaric steam generating process starts with sataturated liquid at 20 psia, The change in entropy is equal to
the initial entropy. What is the change in enthalpy at 20 psia: hfg= 960.2Btu/lb, sf= 0.3359 Btu/lbR.

Btu Btu
for pt 1 p=20 psia s 1=sf =0.3359 For pt 2 ∆ s=0.3359 ¿ s 2−s 1
lb− R lb− R
Btu
0.3359=s 2−0.3359 s 2=0.0718 at 20 psia Ssat > Sact :wet s 2=sf 2+ x sfg 2
lb −R
0.0718= 0.3359 + x ( 1.39606 )
Btu
x=0.240605 h 2+hf 2+ x hfg 2 ¿ 196.27+( 0.24 )( 960.2 ) h 2=427.29959
lb
Btu Btu
h 1=hf @20 psia h 1=196.27 ∆ h=h 2−h 1 ¿ 427.29 −196.27 ∆ h=231.02
lb lb

18. A cylinder piston arrangement contains saturated water vapor at 110C. The vapor is compressed in a reversible
adiabatic process until the pressure is 1.6 MPa. Dtermine the work done by the steam per kilogram of water. (use
steam table)
KJ KJ KJ
for pt 1 : t=110 ℃ s 1=7.2387 =s 2 u 1=2518.1 for pt 2 s 2=7.2387
kg−k kg kg
KJ
p=1.6 mPa s sat=6.4218 Ssat < Sact : superheated at table 3 : p=1.6 mPa
kg −k
s u
7.2374 2950.1
7.2387 U2
7.3009 2983.8

KJ
Wn=u1−u 2 ¿ 2518.1−2950.78 Wn=−432.6899
kg

19. A car with a frontal area = 2m2, travelling at 80kph in air at 20C is experiencing a drag force of Fd= -.225ApV2.
How much power in KW is needed in order to maintain its speed?

( )
2
80000
Fd=0.225 AP v
2
¿ 0.225 ( 2 )( 1.2 )
3600
 80000 m
¿ 266.667 N
( 3600 s) ¿ 592.92W ¿ 5.925 kW
20. A steam condenser in Rankine cycle has an inlet condition of 150kPa and 90% quality. If the mass of steam is
2kg/s, find the gallons per minute of cooling water in the condenser for 12C rise in temperature.

KJ
p2= p 3=0.15 mPa x 2=0.90 h 2=hf + xhfg 2 ¿ 467.11 + 0.9 ( 2226.5) h 2=2470.96
kg
KJ
h 3=hf @ p 3=467.11 QR=m ( h2−h 3) ¿ 2( 2470.96 − 467.11 ) QR=4007.7 KW
kg

( )
60 s
KG min
QR=mCP ∆T 4007.7=m (4.187 ) (12 ) M=79.7647
S li 3.785 li
V =79.764
s gal
¿ 1264.4345 gpm

21. A boiler feed pump operate at 40C suction. If pump efficiency is 85% and needs 20KW power of motor needed to
drive the pump, find the maximum pressure of the boiler could attain for a mass of 2kg/s.
m3
at T =40 ℃ P3=7.384 kPa v 3=0.0010078 ℘=mV 3 (P 4−P3 )
kg
20 ( 0.85 )=2 ( 0.0010078 −P 4 ) P 4=8441.5971 kPa
22. A boiler feed is available at 5Mpa and 200C. The boiler has a steam generated at 10kg/s at 5MPa and 380C. Find
the developed boiler horsepower of turbine.

for pt .1 p=5 Mpa , T =200 ℃ tsat =263.99 ℃ : subcooled at tab≤4 p=5 mpa ,t=200℃
KJ
hf =853.99 for pt .2 p=5 Mpa , t =380 ℃ :superheated at table 3
kg
KJ ms (hs −hf ) 10 ( 3600 ) (3145.9− 853.9 )
p=5 mPa ,t =380 ℃ hs=3145.9 DBH= ¿
kg 35322 35322
DBH =2335.99 Hp=2336 Hp
23. A Rankine cycle has an output of 5000KW. The overall efficiency of 65% and factor of evaporation of 1.2. Find the
mass of steam evaporated.

ms ( hs −hf ) ( hs −hf )
FOE= 1.2= (hs −hf ) =2708.4 KJ W ∈¿ ms( hs −hf )
2257 2257 kg
kg
5000 ms=2.8401668 kg
0.65
=ms( 2708.4 )
s[3600 s
hr ] ms=10,224.6
hr

24. A Rankine cycle has a steam throttle condition of 4Mpa and 400C. The turbine exhaust is 1 atm, find the cycle
efficiency.
at 0.101325 Mpa :
KJ
S sat=7.355054 :wet S 2=sf 2+ x sfg 2 6.679=1.3067075 + x ( 6.0483465 ) x 2=0.9031050883
kgK
KJ
h 2=hf 2+ x hfg2 ¿ 418.9917 + 0.9031 (2257.046 ) h 2=2457.3414427 for pt 3
kg
 KJ
p3= p 2=0.101325 Mpa h 3=hf @ p 2=418.9917 for pt 4 h 4=V 3 ( p 4− p3 ) + h 3
kg
KJ
¿ 0.0010434915( 4000−101.325 ) + 418.9917 h 4=423.0599342
kg

WT −℘ ( 3213.6 −2457.34 ) −(423.05 −418.99 )

e= ¿ x 100 e=26.955 %
QA (3213.6 −423.05 )

25. A Rankine cycle has a turbine work of 600 KJ/kg and efficiency of 88%, pump work is 3KJ/kg and efficiency of
75%. If cycle efficiency is 26%, find the heat added to the cycle.

e=
Wnet
QA 0.26=
[600 (0.88 )] − ( 0.75
3
] QA=2015.3846 KJ / kg
QA
26. A Rankine cycle has an initial mass of liquid flowing at 15kg at 75C. If the final enthalpy is 1200KJ/kg, find the
change of enthalpy of the system.
KJ KJ
for pt 1 t=75 ℃ h 1=hf =313.93 for pt 2 h 2=1200 ∆ h=( h 2−h 1)
kg kg
KJ A turbine has an available enthalpy of 3300KJ/kg in a Rankine cycle.
¿ ( 1200−313.93 ) ∆ h=886.07
kg
The pump work has also 25KJ/kg. For a flow of 3kg/s, find the system output.

Wo=Wnet ¿ 3( WT −℘) ¿ 3( 3300−25 ) W 0=9825 KW

27. In a Rankine cycle, the system turbine inlet has a codition of 3126 KJ/kg enthalpy and entropy of 6.68KJ/kg-k. The
quality after expansion is 82% and the enthalpy of 2103 KJ/kg with hf=233KJ/kg. Find the efficiency of the cycle.
28. The available enthalpy of steam and exit of boiler in a Rankine cycle is 2900 KJ/kg and enthalpy at the exit of
turbine is2870 KJ/kg. If mass of steam is 3.5 kg/s, find the heat loss between the boiler exit and turbine entrance.
QL =m ( h 2−h1 ) ¿ 3.5 (2900−2870 ) QL =105 KW
29. In a Rankine cycle steam enters the turbine at 3MPa and condenser of 60 kPa, what is the thermal efficiency of
the cycle? At 3MPa: hg= 2804.2 sg= 6.1869 At 60kPa: hf = 359.86

KJ KJ
h 1=2804.2 s 1=6.1869
kg kg− k
S 2=sf 2+ xsfg 2 6.1869=1.1457 + x 2( 6.3687 ) x 2=0.791558 h 2=hf 2+ xhfg 2
KJ KJ
¿ 359.86 + 0.791 (2293.6 ) h 2=2175.379073 h 3=hf @ 60 kPa=359.86
kg kg
KJ
h 4=V 3 ( P 4−P3 )+ h 3 ¿ 0.0010331 (3000 −60 ) +359.86 h 4=362.8973
kg
( h 1−h 2 )− ( h 4−h 3 ) (2804.2−2175.4 ) −362.9−359.9
e= ¿¿ ¿ e=0.25633 =25.63 %
( h 1−h 4) ( 2804.2−362.9 )
30. Steam leaves an industrial boiler at 827.4 kPa and 171.6C. A portion of a steam is passed through a throttling
calorimeter and is exhausted to the atmosphere when the calorimeter pressure is 101.4 kPa. How much
moisture does the steam leaving the boiler contain if the temperature of the steam at the calorimeter is 115.6C?
At 827.4 kPa & 171.6C: hf=727.25 KJ/kg hfg=2043.2 KJ/kg
From table 3: At 101.4 kPa and 115.6C h2= 2707.6KJ/kg
 h 2=hf 2+ xhfg 2 2707.6=727.25 + x ( 2043.2 ) x=0.96923 y=1−x ¿ 0.03076
y=3.08 %
31. Steam at the rate of 610 kg/hr is produced by a steady flow system boiler from feedwater entering at 5Mpa and
220C. Find the heat added in KW if steam is converted to 5MPa and 393C.
for pt 1 P=Mpa ,T =220 ℃ tsat =263.99 ℃ : subcooled at table 4 p=5 Mpa , t =220 ℃
KJ
hf =944.5 for pt 2 p=5 Mpa , t=39.3 ℃ tsat =263.99 ℃ : superheated at table 3
kg
p=5 Mpa
32. In an ideal rankine cycle, the steam throttle condition is 4.10 Mpa and 440C. If the turbine exhaust is 0.110 Mpa,
determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

for pt .1 p=4.1mPa ,t=440 ℃ tsat =251.87 ℃ : superheated at table 3

KJ kJ
p=4.1mPa ,t =440 ℃ h 1=33057 s 1=s 2=6.8911 for pt 2
kg kg −k
KJ KJ
s 2=6.8911 , P=0.11 mPa Ssat=7.3273 :wet s 2=sf 2+ x 2 sfg 2
kg−k kg−k
6.8911=1.3329+ x( 5.9944 ) x 2=0.927215 h 2=hf 2+ xhfg 2 ¿ 428.79 + 0.927 (2250.9 )

h 2=2515.859146
KJ
h 3=428.79
KJ m3
for pt 3 h 3=hf @ 0.11 mPa V 3=0.0010453
kg kg kg
KJ
for pt 4 h 4=v 3 ( P 4−P 3 ) +h 3 ¿ 0.0010453 ( 4100 −110 )+ 428.79 h 4=432.960747
kg
( h 1−h 2 )− ( h 4−h 3 ) 3305.7 −2515.8
e= ¿ ¿−(432.96−428.79) ¿
( h 1−h 4) ( 3305.7 − 432.96)
¿ 0.273492=27.35

33. A 500 liter tank contains a saturated of steam and water at 330C. Determine the mass of vapor if their volumes
are equal.
500
Vv= at 330 ℃ Vv=mV Vg vg =0.012996 m / kg
3
2
mv =19.23668 kg
34. A 1.3 Mpa, mixture of steam and water has an entropy of 4.50 KJ/kg-K. Find the enthalpy of the mixture.

KJ KJ
at 1.3 mPa Ssat=6.4953 Ssat=6.4953 Ssat > Sact :wet s=sf + x sfg
kg −k kg −k
4.5 =2.2515 + x( 4.2438 ) x=0.52983175 h=hf + x hfg ¿ 814.93+( 0.5298 ) (1972.7 )
KJ
h=1860.1291
kg

35. Find the temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of saturated water at 306 psia.
THERMO 1

1. A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads a 30 kPa at a location where the barometric reading is 755 mm Hg.
Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.

P abs = Pg + P atm

101.325 kPa
= (-30 kPa) + (755 mmHg) ( ¿
760 mmHg
= 70.66 kPa

2. Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30m below the free surface of the sea. Assume a barometric
pressure of 101 kPa and the specific gravity of sea water is 1.03.e

P = P1 + Pgh

= 101 + (1.03) (9.81)(30)

= 404.129 kPa
3. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60N on the 4kg piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95
kPa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder if the area is 35 sq. cm.

F = 60 + 4(9.81) = 99.24 N = 0.09924 kN

1m
−3
A= 35 cm2 ( 100 cm = 3.5 x 10 m2
¿ ¿2
F 0.09924
Pg= = = 28.3543 kPa
A 3.5 x 10−3

Pabs = pg + P atm

= 28.3543 + 95

= 123.3543 kPa

4. If the absolute pressure is 300K, what is the equivalent in R?

9 9
R= K= (300) = 540 ° R
5 5

5. If the F scale thrice the C scale, what re the value F and C?

F= 3C F= 3C

5 5
C= ( F−32) = 3 (26.67) = 80 F ¿ (3C−32)
9 9
C = 26.67 °C
6. Water enters the heater at 30C and leaves at 150F, what is the temperature difference in C?

7. A 5kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 m is filled with liquid water. Assuming the density of water is 1000
kg/m3, determine the weight of the combine system.

Mrank = 5 kg
Vtank= 0.2 m3 = Vh20

Ph20 = 100 kg/ m 3

mT= mT + mH20
= 5 + (1000) (0.2)

= 205 kg

8. Determine the mass of the air contained in a room whose dimensions are 15x20x20. Assume the density of the
air is 0.0724lb/ft3.

L= 15 ft

W= 20 ft

H= 20 ft
P air = 0.0724 lb/ft3

V = lwh

= 15(20)(20)

= 6000 ft3

M =PV

=(0.0724) (6000)
= (434.4 fb) (1 slug/32.174 fb)
= 13.5016 slug

9. The water flows in the channel 200mm x 300mm at the rate 2m/s. What is the volume flow in ft3/sec?

L= 300 mm
W= 200 mm

V = 2 m/s

Q= AV

= ((0.3)(0.2)m2) (2 m/s)
 m3
( 1m )
0.12 3.28 ft

=4.238 ft3/s

10. Two gaseous steam are mixed together with one stream contains a diameter of 120 mm and specific gravity OF
0.86 and speed of 5m/s and on the other stream is 150mm and density of 890 kg/m3 at 2m/s. Find the mass flow rate at
the exit if diameter of exit is 200mm.

M3 = m1+ m2

= P1A1V1 + P2A2V2

π π
= (860)( (0.12)2 )(5)+(890)( (0.1 ) (0.15)2 ¿(2)
4 4
= 80.0871 KG/S

11. In one section of water flow, the pressure is 1500kPa. If internal energy is 207KJ/kg, find the enthalpy at this
point.

P h20 = 1000 kg/m3

H= u + PV

= 20 KJ/kg + 1500 kN/ m3 (1/100),( m3/kg)

12. Ina constant temperature process at 150c, heat is transferred with entropy change of 0.5 KJ/K. Determine the
heat added for the system.

*=150C

KJ Q
∆ s=0.5 s=
k T
Q= T ∆ S

= (150+273)(0.5) = 211.5 KJ

13. Two hundred kg of water is added to 400kg of alcohol with specific gravity of 0.8. Determine the specific volume
after mixing, m3/kg.
Mh20=200 kg p= m/v

PH20= 1000 kg/m3 v=m/p

M alcohol = 4000 kg Vh20 = 0.2 m3

S.G alcohol = 0.8 V alcohol = 5m3

P alcohol = 900 kg/m3
 m H 20+ma
¿
Vt=
V H 20+V 2
¿
0.2+ 3 m3
¿ ,
200+4000 kg

−3 m3
=1.2381 x 10 ,
kg

14. A batch of concrete consisted of 240 lbs fine aggregate, 380 lbs coarse aggregate, 100 lbs cement, and 5 gallons
water. The specific gravity of the sand and gravel may be taken as 2.65 and that the cement as 3.10. How much weight of
cement is required to produce one cubic yard?

240+ 380
V sand and gravel = =3.7494 ft 3
2.65 (62.4)
100
V cement = =0.5170 ft 3
3.10 (62.4)

ft 3
V h20 = 5 gal ( ¿=0.6683 ft 3
7.482 gal
w mass of cement 100
= =
L total volume 3.7494 + 0.5170+ 0.6683
lb 3 ft
= 20.26499 ( )
ft 3 1 yd
lb
= 542.1544
yd 3
15. A vessel has pressure of 200 kPag. The atmospheric pressure is 10 m of water equivalent. Find the absolute
pressure in m of water.

10.3 m of H 20
Pg = 200 kpag ( ) = 20.3306 m of H20
101.325 kPa
P atm = 10 m of H20
P abs = Pg + P atm

= 20.3306 + 10
=30.33 m of H20

16. Water flows in a pipe at the rate of 10kg/s. If the speed of flow is 10m/s, find the pipe diameter.

17. R-134A flows in pipe at 30c with a specific volume of. 0.04434 m3/kg. The internal energy and enthalpy of R-
134A are 250.8KJ/kg and 273.0KJ/kg respectively. The pressure of the refrigerant in Mpa is ___________.
V= 0.04434
m3
kg
KJ
U= 258.8
kg
H= 270 KJ/kg
H = u + PV

273 = 250.8 + p(0.004434)

P= 500.6766 kPa

= 0.5 MPa
18. Water is heated on an electrical range with a power rating of 1.5 kW for a period of 18 minutes. The initial and
final temperatures of the water are 15c and 85c and 70% of electrical heat is transferred to the water. What is the
amount of water?

P=1.5 KW Q = Mcp ∆T
T1= 15C 1.5(1080)(0.7)= M (4.187) (85-1)

T2 = 85 C M= 3.8691 kg/s

E = 70%

T = 18 mins = 1080 s

19. A new temperature scale is to be used where freezing boiling temperature of water is 100N and 500N
respectively. Calculate the absolute zero in degrees N.

Using temperature scale

100−c 500−N
=
100−0 500−100
400(100-C) = 100(500-N)

400 000 – 400C= 50000 +100N

100 N = 400 C + 10000
N= 40 + 100
=4(C+25)

Absolute zero @ C = -273.15

N= 4(-273.15 +25)

=-992.6N
20. The increase of enthalpy of a certain gas is 141.9KJ/kg when the pressure increases from 103.448 kPa to
103.48kPa and the volume decreases from 0.4772 cu. M to 0.0745 cu. M, Find the the change of internal energy in KJ.

M = 1KG

∆ H =∆ u+ ∆ PV
= 141.9 (1) = ∆ u+( (1034.48 ) ( 0.0745 )− (103.448 ) ( 0.4772) )
∆ u=114.1966 KJ
21. In constant temperature, closed process, 120 KJ of heat is transferred to the working fluid at 38c. What is the
change of entropy of the working fluid in KJ/K.

Q = 120 KJ
Q
∆ s= = 120
T 38 + 273
= 0.3859 KJ/K

22. 500 kilocalories of heat is added to 2 kg of water at 80c. How much steam is produced?

M H20 = 2kg
T= 80c

4.187 kJ
Q= 500 kcal ( ¿=2093.5 KJ
kcal
Q =m CP ∆ t +mLv

2093.5 = 2(4.187)(100 – 80) +m(2257)

23. An engineer carried aneroid barometer from the ground floor to his office atop the Shangrilla Hotel in
Madaluyong City. On the ground level, the barometer reads 102.5 kPa absolute; topside it reads 95kPa absolute.
Assuming that the average air density was 12 kg/m3, estimate the height of the hotel.

kg
p=102.5 kPa p2=95 kPa P=1.2 ∆ P= pgh ( 102.5− 95)( 1000 )=1.2 (9.81 )(h )
m3
h=637.1050 m

24. The fluid manometer tube is 60% waster and 40% alcohol (SG=0.8). What is the manometer fluid height
difference if a 10kPa pressure difference is applied across the two ends of the manometer?
S.Ga = 0.8

∆ p=10 kPa ∆ p=Pg ∆ h 10=( 0.8 )(9.81 )( ∆ h) ∆ h =1.2742 m

25. One hundred grams of water is mixed to 159 grams of alcohol (density = 790 kg/m3). Calculate the specific
volume of the solution assuming that is mixed completely.
M h20 = 100 g = 0.1 kg

Ma = 150 g =.15 kg

Pa = 790 kg/m3
 m m
P= v= vH 20=1 x 10−4 m 3 Va=1.8987 x 10−4 m 3
v p

vT =
v H 20+Va (1 x 10− 4)+1.873 x 10−4
mH 20+ ma 0.1+ 0.15

( )
❑
m3 100 km kg
= 1.1595 x 10−3 ( ¿
kg 1m 1000 g

= 1.1595
cm3
gm
26. A fluid flows through a 20 tubes on a single cooler with a velocity of 5mps. The tube inside diameter is 40 mm
and a fluid density of 0.8 gram/ml. What is the volume flow rate in gpm?

D=40 mm
V= 5 mps

m3 1000 li gal 60 s gal

Q= ∆ V ¿ 6.2832 x 10−3 ( ) ¿( )( ) ¿ 99.6014
s m3 3.785 li min min

27. A double purpose tank is 18 ft wide, 24 ft long a depth is filled with water. What is the weight of water in the
tank in long tons.

m
p=
v
m=pv
lb
v =18 (24) ( 4) =1728 ft 3 Ph20=6214 ¿ 62.4 ( 1728 )
ft 3
¿ 107827.2lb ( longton
2240 lbs )
¿ 48.1371 longton
28. Oil flow through a 16 tubes on a single cooler with a velocity of 2 m/s. The internal diameter of the tube is 30
mm and oil density is 0.85 gm/ml. Find the volume flow in liters per sec.

For 16 tubes = nQ

=16 (1.4137)
=22.6195 li/s

29. The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars at the beginning of a hiking trip and 780 mbars at the end.
Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance climbed. Assume
g=9.7 m/s2.

kg m
p=12 P1=930 mbar =9300 pa P2=780 mbar =78000 Pa g=9.7 ∆ P=Pgh
m3 m2
93000− 78000=1.2 (9.7 ) (h ) h=1288.6598m
30. Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where barometric reading is 740 mmHg and gravitational
acceleration g=9.7 m/s2. Assume the temperature of mercury to be 10c, at which the density is 13570 kg/m3.
m kg
h=740 mm =0.74 m g=9.7 p=13570
s2 m3
31. What is the kinetic energy of a 500 kg body traveling at 20m/s?

m 1 2 1 2 1
¿ ( 500) ( 20 )
2
m=500 kg v =20 kE= mv ¿ mv ¿ 100000 KJ =100 KJ
s 2 2 2

32. What is the potential energy of a 300 kg body if it strikes the ground from a 50 m elevation?
m=300 kg

h=50 m PE= wh ¿ 300( 9.81 )( 50 ) ¿ 147150 J =147.15 KJ

33. Five kilograms water enters the heater at 25c and leaves the heater at 180F. Determine the heat added in KW?
m=5 kg t=25 C t 2=180 F=82.22 C Q−mCP ∆ T ¿ 5( 4.187 ) (32.22−25 ) ¿ 1197.9007 KJ

34. Water enters the condenser at 30c which has a mass of 3kg/s. If heat added is 100KW, determine the outlet
temperature in C?
kg
t 1=30 C m=3 Q=100 kw Q=mcp ∆ T 100=3( 4.187 ) ( T 2−30) t 2= 37.9611 C
s
35. The enthalpy of air is increased by 140 KJ/kg in a compressor. The rate of air flow is 16.42 kg/min. The power
input is 48.2 KW. What is the heat loss from the compressor?

∆ h=140
KJ
kg
m=16.42
kg
min
w=48.2 kw W =∆ KE+ ∆ PE +∆ h + Q 48.2 + 140 (16.42) ( 601 )+Q
Q=9.8867 KW 36.
Steam enters a turbine 80 lbs of steam per minute with an enthalpy of 1700Btu/lb and velocity of 98 fps. It leaves the
turbine at 1400 Btu/lb at 880 fps. The heat loss is 90,000 Btu/hr. Find the horsepower output of the turbine.
 ¿
1700−1400
lb
¿ 1.33
s
btu
h 1=1700
lb
v 1=98 fps
Btu
h 2=1400 9000
lb (¿)−( )
3600
v 2=880 fps
Btu
Q=90000
hr
w=∆ KE+ ∆ PE +∆ h −Q
133 ( 982−8802)
¿ +1.33
2( 32.2)( 778 )
m=90 lbs/min ¿=354.6427
Btu
s
60 ( s
)(
hp
min 42.42 Btu
)
¿=501.6230 hp ¿ ¿ ¿
lb

37. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 2800 KJ/kg at 128 m/s. Calculate the work done by the system.

KJ
h 1=3620
kg
m
v 1=75
s
kj
h 2=2800
kg

0.00981( 75 2−1282 ) KJ
w=∆ KE+ ∆ PE+ ∆ h + Q w= + (3620 −2800 ) ¿ 814.6205
2 (9.81 ) kg

38. A steam turbine developed 2372.20 hp when its inlet condition is 1300Btu/lb enthalpy and 400 f/s velocity and
steam flow of 200 lb/min. The exit enthalpy is 800 Btu/lb. Find the exit velocity.

w=2372.20 hp
Btu ft Btu lb
h 1=1300 v 1=400 h 2=800 m=200 w=∆ h + ∆ ke +∆ pe
hp s lb min

2 (32.2 ) (778 )
ft
¿ 49.9458
s
w=∆ KE+∆ PE + ∆ h−Q
40 ( 0.00981) [ 160 −50 ]
2 2 39. The mass flow rate of the gas in
¿ + 40 ( 1300−350 )−1000
2 ( 9,81)
¿
200/60(4002−v 2)
2372.20( 42.42) =1/60 s ¿=200/60(1300 −800)+
¿
a gas turbine is 40 kg/s. The specific enthalpy and velocity in the inlet are 1300 KJ/kg and 160 m/s respectively while in
the outlet are 350 KJ/kg and 50m/s respectively. Calculate the power output in KW of the turbine if there is a heat loss of
1000 KW.
¿
w=∆ KE + ∆ PE +∆ h −Q
40( 0.00981 ) [ 1602 −502]
¿ +40( 1300 −350)−1000
2 (9,81 )
¿ 37462 kw
40. A house is to be heated by a hot water that receives heat from a furnace. Air with an enthalpy of 305 KJ/kg and
fuel with an enthalpy of 45,360 KJ/kg enters the furnace and the gasses leaving have an enthalpy of 608 KJ/kg. There are
17 kg air per kg fuel and the water for heating receives 18.3 MW of heat by circulating through the furnace. What is the
fuel consumption in kg/hr?
KJ
ha=505
kg
KJ
hf =45360=
kg

KJ ma
hg=608 =17 kg Q=18.3 MW ma ha+mf hf + mghg + Q
kg mf
305+mf ( 45630)=18 mf ( 608 )+18300
¿ 17 mf ¿
mf =0.4621
s (
kg 3600 s
hr ) ¿ 1663.5944 kg /hr

41. Air in a 10 m3 tank has a pressure of 500 kPa and temperature of 40c. Determine the mass of air in the tank.

v =10 m
3
P=500 Kpa T =40 C PV =mRT 500 ( 10)=m ( 0.287) ( 40 + 273 ) m=55.66 kg

42. The pressure and temperature of the vessel is 380 kPa and 60c, what is the density of air in kg/m3?
380
m P P=
p=380 kPa t=60 C PV =mRT = ( 0.2007 ) (60 + 273 )
v RT
¿ 3.9761 m3 / kg
43. What is the specific volume of air at 15 psia and 90F in ft3/lb?

v RT
P=15 psia t=90 F =
m P

53.328 ( 90 + 460 ) ft 3
¿ ¿ 13.5769
15 ( 12)2 lb

44. The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the absolute pressure changes from 100 kPa to 800kPa.
If initial volume is 100 liters, what is the final volume?

T =C P1=100 kPa P2=800 kPa v 1=100 Li p1 v 1= p 2 v 2 100 ( 100 )=800 ( v 2)

v 2=12.5 li
45. An automobile tire is inflated to 35 psiag at 54F. After being driven, the temperature rise to 80F. Determine the
final gage pressure assuming volume remains constant.

P1 P2
V=C =
T1 T2
 35 =14.7
P2
= 80 + 460
54 +460
P2= 522140 -14.7
=37.5140 psig

46. An air bubble from the bottom of a lake becomes triple itself as it reaches on the water surface. How deep is the
lake?

V2= 3V1
P1V1=P2V2

(Pg+101.325)(V1)=(101.325)(3V1)

Pg=202.65 kPa

Pg=Pgh

202.65(1000)=1000(9.81)h

H= 20.6575 m
47. Find the mass of ammonia in 100ft3 tank having a pressure of 70psia at 120F.

Ammonia (NH3)

1545 ft −lb
R= =90.88
17 lb− R
PV=Mrt

12
70( 2 (100)=m(90.88)(120+460)
¿¿
m= 19.1229 lb

48. If the initial pressure of ideal gas at 110kPa is compressed to one half its original volume and to twice its original
temperature, what is the final pressure?

P1=110kPa

1
V2= V1
2
T2= 2T1

P 1 V 1 P2 V 2
=
T1 T2
1
P 2( V 1)
110 (V 1) 2
=
T1 2T 1
 P2= 440 kPa

49. A thermodynamic system contains 10 cubic meters of air at 300 kPa and 127c. The weight of this system in
Newton is____.
PV=Mrt
300(10)=m(0.287)(127+273)

M=26.1324 kg

W=mg
=26.1324(9.81)

50. Air in a closed piston cylinder device arranged to maintain a pressure of 400 kPa is heated from 27c to 227c.
Initially the volume of the air is one liter. What is the final air volume?