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Dr. Tabassum Hussain

Department of Chemistry
Government Graduate College of Science, Faisalabad
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Quality Control

Development of Quality Standards

Quality Standards

Documents that provide requirements, specifications,

guidelines, or characteristics that can be used

consistently to ensure that materials, products,

processes, and services are fit for their purpose.

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Quality Control

Prerequisites of Quality standards

Standards provide organizations with the shared

vision, understanding, procedures, and vocabulary
needed to meet the expectations of their
stakeholders. Because standards present precise
descriptions and terminology, they offer an
objective and authoritative basis for organizations
and consumers around the world to communicate
and conduct business.
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Quality Control

Principles of Quality Standards

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Objectives of Quality Standards

 Satisfying their customers’ quality requirements

 Ensuring their products and services are safe
 Complying with regulations
 Meeting environmental objectives
 Protecting products against climatic or other adverse
conditions
 Ensuring that internal processes are defined and controlled
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Quality Control

Who and why use of Quality standards

 Use of quality standards is voluntary, but may be

expected by certain groups of stakeholders
 Additionally, some organizations or government
agencies , regulatory authorities may require suppliers
and partners to use a specific standard as a condition
of doing business.
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Who and why use of Quality standards are required

Topic: Standard:
Quality Management ISO 9000
ISO 9001
Auditing ISO 19011
Environmental Management ISO 14000
ISO 14001
Risk Management ISO 31011
Social Responsibility ISO 26000
Sampling by Attributes Z1.4
Sampling by Variables Z1.9
Food Safety ISO 22000
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Quality Control

• Bottom line of every organization. Successful companies recognize

standards as business tools that should be managed alongside quality,
Business safety, intellectual property, and environmental policies.
Standardization leads to lower costs by reducing redundancy,
minimizing errors or recalls, and reducing time to market.

• Businesses and organizations complying to quality standards helps

products, services, and personnel cross borders and also ensures
Economy
that products manufactured in one country can be sold and used in
another

• Safeguards for users of products and services, but standardization can

also make consumers’ lives simpler. A product or service based on an
Consumer international standard will be compatible with more products or
services worldwide, which increases the number of choices available
across the globe.
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& QUALITY CONTROL

•Part of quality management focused on providing confidence that and extequality

Quality requirements will be fulfilled." The confidence provided by quality assurance is to
Assurance management rnally to customers, government agencies, regulators, certifiers, and
third parties

all the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be
demonstrated to provide confidence that a product or service will fulfill requirements for
quality."

•Part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements." While

Quality quality assurance relates to how a process is performed or how a product is made,
Control quality control is more the inspection aspect of quality management.
•the operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality.
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& QUALITY CONTROL

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& QUALITY CONTROL

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CHARTS

•Quality control charts depict measures of quality

for processes or for products. They show the
deviation, if any, from the set, ideal standards, or
specifications.

•The charts are useful for ensuring smooth

operational processes and uniform quality product
levels.

•While quality control is most often thought of in

the context of product manufacturing, it can be
applied to many other processes as well.
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CHARTS

Employee Retention Rates

Finding, hiring, and training new employees is an expensive and
time-consuming process for a company. Therefore, it is to a
company’s advantage to retain good employees as long as
possible. A quality control chart can be constructed that compares
a company’s actual employee turnover rate to its desired rate.

Returns on Investments
Quality control can also be applied to examine returns on your
investments, checking the extent to which individual
investments in your portfolio either outperform or
underperform compared to your expected investment returns.
E-commerce websites
Quality control charts can be used to monitor the processes and
functionality of an e-commerce website.
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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CHARTS
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QUALITY ASSURANCE
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QUALITY ASSURANCE
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QUALITY ASSURANCE
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QUALITY ASSURANCE

The function of Internal Quality Assurance is to:

•Monitor the quality of assessment judgements
•Ensure consistent and reliable assessment judgements are
made across a provider
•Highlight any problems, trends and development needs of
assessors
•Ensure all procedures and policies within a provider are
adhered to and maintained by staff.
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QUALITY ASSURANCE

Internal quality assurance measures learner achievements,

assessor judgements, assessor knowledge and the standard of
processes and procedures within a provider.
This is in order to ensure learners can achieve qualifications,
assessors are making the correct assessment judgements and
a provider is offering a high quality service. IQA activities also
ensure staff working within a provider are qualified and
competent.
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QUALITY ASSURANCE

The four main elements related to internal quality assurance

include:
1.Sampling – Reviewing learner evidence and assessor
judgements and feedback

2.Standardisation – Ensuring all assessors who deliver and

assess on a qualification are doing so to the same standards.

3.Observation – Observing assessor practice ensures that

delivery and assessment of a qualification or course is done so
to the correct standard
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4.Feedback – Obtaining and analysing learner feedback on

their experiences within a provider.
IQA includes monitoring the training and assessment activities
and the quality of evidence learners produce. Internal quality
assurance helps to ensure that assessments and IQA activities
are valid, authentic, sufficient, fair and reliable.

Internal quality assurance measures the quality, delivery,

processes, procedures and learner achievements.
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QUALITY ASSURANCE

Internal quality assurance principles include;

Ensuring standardisation activities take place

assessment decisions embrace inclusion

equality is promoted with learners and the diversity of learners is valued by
all staff.

IQA ensures fairness is apparent in all assessment judgements and that

clear and auditable records are held securely within a provider.
Other principles of IQA include maintaining health and safety practices,
ensuring all centre employees have access to training and CPD activities.

IQA must also ensure assessors and staff members are motivated and that
clear communication between all provider employees takes place regularly.
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Evaluating Quality Assurance Data

Numerical information is incorporated into the written
directives of a complete quality assurance program.
Two approaches to developing quality assurance have
been described:
Prescriptive approach,
An exact method of quality assessment is prescribed;
Performance-based approach,
where any form of quality assessment is acceptable,
provided that an acceptable level of statistical control can be d
emonstrated.
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QUALITY ASSURANCE

Prescriptive Approach
With a prescriptive approach to quality assessment, duplicate samples, blanks,
standards, and spike recoveries are measured following a specific protocol.
The result for each analysis is then compared with a single predetermined limit.
If this limit is exceeded, an appropriate corrective action is taken.
Prescriptive approaches to quality assurance are common for programs
and laboratories subject to federal regulation.
For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifies quality
assurance practices that must be followed by laboratories analyzing products re
gulated by the FDA.
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Performance-Based Approach
In a performance-based approach to quality assurance,
a laboratory is free to use its experience to determine the
best way to gather and monitor quality assessment data.
The quality assessment methods remain the same
(duplicate samples, blanks, standards, and spike recoveries)
since they provide the necessary information about precision
What the laboratory can control, however, is the frequency
with which quality assessment samples are analyzed, and the
conditions indicating when an analytical system is no longer
in a state of statistical control. Furthermore, a performance-
based approach to quality assessment allows a laboratory to
determine if an analytical system is in danger of drifting
out of statistical control. Corrective measures are then taken
before further problems develop.
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The principal tool for performance-

based quality assessment is the control

chart. In a control chart the results from the anal

ysis of quality assessment samples

are plotted in the order in which they are collecte

d, providing a continuous record

of the statistical state of the analytical system.

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Government College University,

Faisalabad, Pakistan