Discussion Draft

Basics of Veda Swaras

and Vedic Recital-03

Visarga Sandhi

Version 0.1 November 10, 2017

 Visarga Sandhi

Contents
1 Veda Basics – Visarga ................................................................................. 7
1.1 Introduction: ........................................................................................... 7
1.2 Examples of Visarga Letters .................................................................. 8
1.2.1 Consonant Visarga Examples: ......................................................... 8
1.2.2 Conjunt Consonant Visarga: ............................................................ 9
1.3 Example of Visarga for ka varga: .......................................................... 9
1.4 Important Notes .................................................................................... 11
1.5 Visarga during Vedic Recital ............................................................... 11
1.6 Letter classification for Learners ........................................................ 12
1.6.1 Table of Letter Classification ......................................................... 13
2 Visarga Sandhi Rules ................................................................................ 15
3 Visarga Sandhi Rule for Visarga with ‘a’ sound ...................................... 16

3.1 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’(A,Ü, A) representing ‘s’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§ ) and

the following letter is ‘a’(A,Ü, A) ................................................................ 16

3.2 Exceptions to 3.1. Rule as an Option .................................................. 20

3.3 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’(A,Ü, A) representing ‘s’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§) and

the following letter is Vowel other than ‘a’(A,Ü, A) :............................... 24

3.4 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) representing ‘s’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§) and

the following letter is a Soft Consonant:..................................................... 28

3.5 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) representing ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) and the

following letter is ‘r’(Uç,ó¢,k§) : ......................................................................... 32

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3.6 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) representing ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) and the

following letter is any Vowel or Soft Consonant except ‘r’....................... 33

3.7 Special Rule for Visarga ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) sound for ‘saH, eshaH’ ......... 37

4 Visarga Sandhi Rule for Visarga with ‘aa’ (AÉ,Ý, B)sound .................. 43

4.1 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘aa’(AÉ,Ý, B) representing ‘s’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§) or

‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) and the following letter is any vowel or Soft Consonant ........... 43

5 Vowel sound other than ‘a’ and ‘aa’ ......................................................... 47

5.1 Short Vowels- e,u,ru,lru followed by ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) .................................... 47

5.2 Long Vowels-(ee,oo,rU,lU,Ae, O, Ou) followed by ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) ............... 51

5.3 All Vowels except a and aa followed by Vowel, Soft Consonant

(except r) ....................................................................................................... 52
6 Visargam Rules for Hard Consonants...................................................... 56

6.1 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - ka,kha (Mü,ZÉ, è,è K L) ..... 56

2

6.1.1 Exceptions of Internal Sandhi of Words for

ka,kha (Mü,ZÉ, è,è K L) .............................................................................. 59

2

6.1.2 Exceptions to the Rules for ka,kha (Mü,ZÉ, è,è K L) where

2

visargam becomes ‘s’................................................................................ 61

6.2 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - ca,cha (cÉ Nû ê ê P Q) 62

2

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6.3 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - Ta,Tha (Oû Pû, ì ì U V)... 64

2,

6.4 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - ta,tha ( iÉ jÉ, î î Z a) .. 65

2

6.5 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - pa,pha ( mÉ Tü, ð ð e f) .. 67

2,

6.5.1 Exceptions of Internal Sandhi of Words

for pa,pha ( mÉ Tü, ð ð e f) ..................................................................... 69

2,

6.5.2 Exceptions for Visargam followed by pa,pha ( mÉ Tü, ð ð e f) .. 70

2,

6.6 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant Sibilants- sa,Sa,Sha ............ 71

6.7 Other rules involving s,S,Sh (xÉ zÉ wÉ) ................................................... 75

6.7.1 Visarga sound is ‘e’(C Þ C) or ‘u’ E à D and followed by) or Ma

(qÉ, ñ, i) ....................................................................................................... 75

6.7.2 Visargam after letter ‘Ta’ (Oû , ì W)

group changes to ‘sh’ wÉç û¢ r§) ................................................................ 77

7 Rules from PrAtiSAkyam .......................................................................... 78

7.1 Rules from PrAtiSAkyam(PS) .............................................................. 78

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Notes:
1. We have started reference to Books like PrAtiSAkhyam, (English Translation
and Comments by Mr. W.D Whitney), PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI published by Sindhu
Charan Bose (originally by Indian Press Benaras in 1891), translated in English
by Shri Chandra Vasu.
2. We are also trying to understand the works of VyAsa SIkshA and PAnini
SIkshA with available English translation.

Our Articles will keep undergoing periodical changes with reference our learning
and understanding. We request readers to check for new versions uploaded in
the vedavms.in website.

We note that PrAtiSAkhyA in his work (period much earlier to PAnini) has
recorded the difference in application of grammar rules or different opinions of
other Saints/Sages before his time. Some rules or differing opinions quoted in his
work are great names like vAlmIki, ArtreyA, PauSkarasAdi, PlAkSi, KaundinyA,
GautamA, SaityAyana, SamkRutya, UkhyA, KANDamAyanA, AgnivEShyA ,
PlAksAyanA, HaritA ,SAnkhAyanA,MimAmSA and few other Saints/Sages.

Abbreviations for reference will be used as below:

PrAtiSAkhyA - PS
PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI – PA
VyAsa SIkshA – VSI
PAnini SIkshA – PSI

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Version Notes: Version 0.1 dated 10th November 2017

1. Rules forms PratiSakhyam have been added wherever direct examples
could be given from Veda Mantras in Section 7.
2. Minor typing and incomplete example (missed due to oversight in Tamil
Word) has been corrected.
3. We have removed one Section for which examples are already available

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1 Veda Basics – Visarga

1.1 Introduction:

Visarga is a special support Vowel in Sanskrit represented as AÈ (ÜÈ, AJ)

(read as “aha”); the visarga Support part “ : ” is read as ‘ha’. (half time scale)

The Akshara forms of Visarga letters are derived as with the respective base
letters (halants)

(ik, Mçü, è¢, K§ ), (ich, cÉç ê¢, P§ ) , (it iÉç î¢, d§) , (iT , Oèû ì¢, U§ ),

(ip mÉç, ð¢, e§ ) , (il sÉç, m§ ) , (m qÉç ñ¢ i§ )

to get these “ka:” , “cha:”, “ta:”, “Ta:”, “pa:” “la:” “ma:”.

The Samyukta Akshara forms are derived like sra:, sva:, bhya: etc.

Any letter that carries this maatra form ‘:’ is a Visarga Akshara (letter).
The Visarga in itself has a maatra value of half in terms of time scale. The
Visarga letters are classified as letters of Mahaprana since there is a
distinct flow of air.

The Visarga symbol ‘:’ represents the sounds ‘s’ or ‘r’ depending on the word

that is taken up. Example, lÉqÉþ: stands for lÉqÉþxÉç the Visargam stands for ‘s’

xÉç,ú¢,s§)
( and in xÉÑuÉþÈ the Visargam stands for ‘U’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) meaning xÉÑuÉUç .

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The Visarga sound with vowel “A” “AÉ” read as ‘ha’ (in half time

scale as normally saying ha)

C D is read as ‘hi’ , E F is read as ‘hu’

L is read as ‘he’ Lã is read as ‘hai’ AÉå is read as ‘ho’

AÉæ is read as ‘hau’

In Veda recital, there are specific rules as the how Visarga is treated. If we utter
each visarga in its original ha sound, the rendering will not be smooth. So, the
sound of the Visarga combines with the following word, based on the Visarga
base vowel sound (like a,aa, e,ee,u,ae, ai,ou) and the letter following the
Visarga.
The examples of Visarga letters are given below.

1.2 Examples of Visarga Letters

The basic Visarga (Support Vowel) - AÈ

1.2.1 Consonant Visarga Examples:

Mçü + AÈ = MüÈ, cÉç + AÈ = cÉÈ, iÉç + AÈ = iÉÈ,

Oèû + AÈ = OûÈ, mÉç+ AÈ = mÉÈ, qÉç + AÈ =qÉÈ
sÉç +AÈ = sÉÈ, uÉç+AÈ = uÉÈ

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è¢ + Ü: = è: , ê¢ + Ü: = ê: , î¢ + Ü: = î:
ì¢ + Ü: = ì: , ð¢+ Ü: = ð: , ñ¢ + Ü: =ñ:
ô¢ +Ü: =ô:, õ¢+Ü: = õ:

K§ + AJ = KJ , P§ + AJ = PJ, Z§ + AJ = ZJ
U§ + AJ = UJ , e§+ AJ = eJ , i§ + AJ =iJ
m§ +AJ =mJ , p§+AJ = pJ

1.2.2 Conjunt Consonant Visarga:

xÉç+Uç+AÈ = xÉëÈ, zÉç+uÉç+AÈ =µÉÈ, pÉç+rÉç+AÈ =prÉÈ,

ú¢+ó¢+Ü: = ú¢ó:, Ÿ¢+õ¢+Ü: =Ÿ¢õ:, ð¢4+ò¢+Ü: =ð¢4ò:
s§+k§+AJ = ösJ, q§+p§+AJ =qûJ , h§+j§+AJ =hõJ

1.3 Example of Visarga for ka varga:

MüÈ, MüÉÈ, ÌMüÈ, MüÐÈ, MÑüÈ, MÔüÈ, Mãü:, MæüÈ, MüÉãÈ, MüÉæÈ
è: , è£: , è¤: , è¦: , °: , Ã: , «è: , ¬è: , «è£: , ªè÷: ,
KJ, KxJ, KyJ, KzJ, K¡J, K¢J, ¥KJ, ¤¤KJ, ¥KxJ, K¦J

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The word half sound in the table indicates the ‘ha’ sound shall be given half
the time of full utterance of ‘ha’

Sanskrit Tamil Malayalam Vowel sound Read as (in

near English
sound)

MüÈ è: KJ a Kaha(ha has

half sound)

MüÉÈ è£: KxJ aa kaaha(ha has

half sound)

ÌMüÈ è¤: KyJ e Kihi (hi half

sound)

MüÐÈ è¦: KzJ ee Keehi (hi half

sound)

MÑüÈ °: K¡J u Kuhu (hu half

sound)

MÔüÈ Ã: K¢J oo Koohu ((hu

half sound)

Mãü: «è: ¥K: ae kehe

MæüÈ ¬è: ¤¤KJ ai Kaihai (hai

half sound)

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MüÉãÈ, «è£: ¥KxJ o Koho (ho half

sound)

MüÉæÈ ªè÷: K¦J ou Kouhu (hu half

sound)

PS : Rule 2. 48 visarjanIya (visargam) has the same position of the

preceding vowel (vowel sound)

1.4 Important Notes

1. The Vedas has been in existence for a long time which experts estimate
between 40000 BC to 15000 BC. Sanskrit has been one of the oldest
languages in the world. Ignoring the time factor, let us see the fact that
PAnini has structured the Sanskrit Language and Grammar and written
rules around 6th century or 3rd century BC.

2. The standard Sanskrit rules applicable to Visarga Sandhi are applicable in

Vedas but Panini’s work recognises those rules for poetry/Veda Sruti but
says some of the rules are optional. So we find that a rule as per Grammar
book is overridden in Vedas, when the effect of the sound, its swaram and
maatra time are to be retained for the best effect of rendering.
A rule applicable to prose may not be applicable to poetry/song (read as
Veda!).

1.5 Visarga during Vedic Recital

1. The Visarga shall be distinctly uttered when it is at the end of a

statement/Ruk.
2. When the Visarga letter appears in the middle of the statement/Ruk
a. The Visarga may be dropped by the Visarga Sandhi rules and then it
is not uttered or given a sound effect.

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b. The Visarga may be pronounced with special sound effect based on

the Visarga Sandhi rules based on the letters.
c. The Visarga gets converted to another letter or sound form, which
is recited as per Visarga Sandhi rules.

Note: The readers must familiarise themselves with the book that they refer to.
Visargam may be printed in some places and/or when the Visarga Sandhi rule is
applied; then visargam is printed in the form as “it is to be read”. Example :

lÉqÉþ: ÎzÉýuÉÉrÉþ may be printed with visargam or printed as to be read as

lÉqÉþÎzzÉýuÉÉrÉþ.

1.6 Letter classification for Learners

Visarga Sandhi rules are based on the following:

1. The Vowel sound of the Visargam (a,aa,e,ee,u,oo,ai,O,Ou)
2. The representation of Visargam as ‘s’ or ‘r’
3. The type of the letter that follows the Visargam (Vowel, Soft Consonant,
Hard Consonant, Letter of a particular Varga, a specific letter
4. There are also rules for a specific Visarga letters.

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1.6.1 Table of Letter Classification

Type of Letter Letter or the basic varga Letter

A AÉ C D E F L Lã AÉå AÉæ AÇ ,
AÈ G H
Ü Ý Þ ß à á ã ä æ å÷ Üñ¢
Vowels Ü: ¼ Ï
A B C C¦ D D¦ F ¤F Hx H¦ AI
AJ E u
Note: The letters ‘a’ and ‘aa’ find a special place in rules
for Visarga Sandhi.

Mü ZÉ cÉ Nû Oû Pû iÉ jÉ mÉ Tü

zÉ xÉ wÉ

Hard è è ê ê ì ì î î ð ð
2 2 2 2 2

Consonant
Ÿ, ú û

K L P Q U V Z a e f

sqr

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aÉ bÉ Xû eÉ fÉ gÉ Qû Rû hÉ S kÉ lÉ

oÉ pÉ qÉ rÉ U sÉ uÉ Wû

è è é ü ü ë ì ì í î î ï
3 4 2 3 4 3 4
Soft
Consonant ð ð ñ ò ó ô õ ý
3 4

KL O RS TWXYb c d

gh i j k m p t

‘ra’has special rules; so highlighted in green

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2 Visarga Sandhi Rules

Important Notes:
1. The examples, given in this Article, focus on the current Visarga Rule that
is being taken up in the respective Section/Para/Table. The example may
ignore or not highlight the other Visarga Rule that has been applied in
another word or padam in that same example to keep focus.
2. Please note that some swaram markings may be missing or not copied.
The focus is on the specific Sandhi rule only. Please ignore the Swaram for
the purpose understanding Sandhi rule.
3. Swaram changes that come along with Sandhi rules are being indicated
separately in the examples provided.
4. We have tried to give examples from the Vedic Vakhyams that we recite
and are not interested in giving theoretical examples as given in many
internet sites. The purpose is that the student is able to relate it to what is
being learnt in the Class.
5. The Examples given are adequate but we find that certain Sandhi rules do
not occur often and we have given lesser examples. Readers are
requested to contribute more if they find relevant examples in these areas
of fewer occurrences. We have referred to to Samhita Pada Paatam,
especially where special rules are followed Visaragam.

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3 Visarga Sandhi Rule for Visarga with ‘a’ sound

3.1 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’(A,Ü, A) representing ‘s’

(xÉç,ú¢,s§ ) and the following letter is ‘a’(A,Ü, A)

Let us take Nama: + astute

lÉqÉÈ + AxiÉÑiÉå = lÉqÉÉåÅxiÉÑiÉå

The Visarga “namaha” has vowel sound ‘a’(A, Ü, A). The Visarga stands for
‘s’. (xÉç,ú¢,s§ ). The first letter of the word/padam following visargam is also

‘a’ (A, Ü, A).

PS 9.7 – ‘a:’, the whole of it, when followed by ‘a’, becomes ‘o’

Rule: The Visarga letter gets converted to ‘O’ sound of that letter, that is qÉ to qÉÉå
and the ‘a’ becomes the symbol Å (Avagraha, as ‘a’ is elided after O)

representing half ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) sound which is blended with ‘O’. lÉqÉÈ has
become lÉqÉÉå. The Sandhi has produced the word lÉqÉÉåÅxiÉÑiÉå.

This is found in a number of places across various Vedic texts, Slokas etc.

This rule is already incorporated and printed in the Books.

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Table of Examples:
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

lÉqÉþÈ AÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉã lÉqÉÉãþÅÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉã

ïñþÈ Üú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£ ï«ñ£† Åú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£

diþJ Asy–ib§¥hõx d¥ix— „sy–ib§¥hõx

lÉqÉÈ AxrÉþSèprÉÉã lÉqÉÉãÅxrÉþSèprÉÉã

ïñÈ Üú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£ ï«ñ£-Åú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£
diJ Asõ—b§¥hõx d¥ix„sõ—b§¥hõx

lÉqÉþÈ AmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ lÉqÉÉãþÅmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ

ïñþÈ Üð°…3óñ£†í£ò ï«ñ£†Åð°…3óñ£†í£ò

diþJ AeM¡–kix—Yxj d¥ix—„eM¡–kix—Yxj

rÉÈ AýmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ rÉÉåþÅmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ |

òÈ Üýð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4 «ò£†Åð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4
jJ AýexI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— ¥jx—„exI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb—

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rÉÈ AýxqÉÉlÉç ²ã̹ý rÉÉãÿÅxqÉÉlÉç ²ã̹ý

òÈ Üýú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢®ý «ò£‡-Åú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢®ý
jJ Aýsôx© ¥bûræy– ¥jx˜„sôx© ¥bûræy–

rÉÈ AýWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ rÉÉãþÅWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ

òÈ Üýý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤… «ò£†Åý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤…
ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤ ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤ |

jJ Aýt-i—sôy– ögÖx–ti—sôy ¥jx—„t-i—sôy– ögÖx–t-i—sôy

xÉýÈ AÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ xÉÉãýÅÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ

úýÈ Üú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢ «ú£Å…ú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢

sýJ Asôy–ZxI ¥sx„–sôy–ZxI

uÉ×ý¤ÉÈ AjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ uÉ×ý¤ÉÉãÅjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ

õ¢¼…þÈ Üî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: õ¢¼…«þ£Åî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†:
p£–±J Aa— gy–mû—J p£–¥±x„a— gy–mû—J

WãûQþÈ AuÉþ WãûQûÉãÅuÉþ

«ýìþÈ Üõ† «ý«ì£3Åõ†

¥tWþJ Ap— ¥t¥Wx„p—

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uÉÂþhÉÈ AÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ uÉÂþhÉÉãÅÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ

õ¼†íÈ Üî¤4 ó£…ü:
õ¼†«í£Åî¤4 ó£…ü:
pk¡—YJ Acykx–RJ
pk¡—¥Yx„cykx–RJ |

mÉÔuÉãïþ ÌuɵÉý xÉ×eÉÈ AqÉ×iÉÉÿÈ mÉÔuÉãïþ ÌuɵÉý xÉ×eÉÉãýÅqÉ×iÉÉÿÈ

Ìó¢«õ† õ¤Ÿ¢õ… ú¢¼üÈ Ìó¢«õ† õ¤Ÿ¢õ… ú¢¼«ü£…-
Üñ¢¼î£‡: Åñ¢¼î£‡:
e¢ª¥p— pyqû– s£R–J e¢ª¥p— pyqû– s£¥Rx–„i£Zx˜J
Ai£Zx˜J

GýiÉuÉÈ ApÉuÉllÉç GýiÉuÉÉãþ-ÅpÉuÉllÉç

¼…îõÈ Üð4õù¢ù¢ ¼…î«õ£†Åð4õù¢ù¢
E–Zp—J Ahp© E–Z¥px—„hp©

xÉWþÈ ApÉuÉiÉç xÉWûÉãþ-ÅpÉuÉiÉç

úýþÈ Üð4õî¢ ú«ý£†-Åð4õî¢
st—J AhpZ§ s¥tx—„hpZ§

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xÉ rÉ LýwÉÈ AliÉ-WØïûþSrÉ xÉ rÉ LýwÉÉãÿÅliÉ-WØïûþSrÉ

ú ò ã…ûÈ Üï¢îó¢-ý¢¼†î3ò ú ò ã…«û£‡Åï¢îó¢-ý¢¼†î3ò
s j G–rJ AǪ-t£—bj s j G–¥rx˜„Ǫ-t£—bj

3.2 Exceptions to 3.1. Rule as an Option

Please refer to our Article on Avagraha, we have given two sections from PS for
rules of where Avagraha will be used and where Avagraha will not be formed.
There are exceptions since “Use of Avagraha”, subject to some rules, is Optional
as per Paanini’s work. We find that the rule is not followed/optional due the
specific sound effect, swaram of the letter. Those from Rudram Chapters are
exempt as per Pratisakyam. The following table gives such examples from well
known mantras/suktams:

Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

lÉqÉþÈ AxiÉÑý lÉÏsÉþaÉëÏuÉÉrÉ lÉqÉÉãþ AxiÉÑý lÉÏsÉþaÉëÏuÉÉrÉ

ïñþÈ Üú¢¶… ï¦ô†è¢3ó¦õ£ò ï«ñ£† Üú¢¶… ï¦ô†è¢3ó¦õ£ò

d¥ix— Asë¡– dzm—öMzpxj

diþJ Asë¡– dzm—öMzpxj

lÉqÉ…È AµÉãýprÉÈ AµÉþmÉÌiÉprÉ¶É lÉqÉÉãý AµÉãýprÉÉã ŵÉþmÉÌiÉprɶÉ

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ïñ…È ÜŸ¢«õ…ð¢4òÈ ï«ñ£… ÜŸ¢«õ…ð¢4«ò£

ÜŸ¢õ†ðî¤ð¢4òŸ¢ê ÅŸ¢õ†ðî¤ð¢4òŸ¢ê

di–J A¥qû–hõ—J d¥ix– A¥qû–¥hõx

Aqû—eZyhõÒ „qû—eZyhõÒ

rÉxiÉÉýqÉëÈ AþÂýhÉ EýiÉ rÉxiÉÉýqÉëÉã AþÂýhÉ EýiÉ

òú¢î£…ñ¢óÈ Ü†¼…í à…î òú¢î£…ñ¢«ó£ ܆¼…í à…î

jsëx–öiJ A—k¡–Y D–Z jsëx–¥öix A—k¡–Y D–Z

ÂýSìÉã AýalÉÉæ rÉÈ AýnxÉÑ ÂýSìÉã AýalÉÉæ rÉÉã AýnxÉÑ

¼…î¢3óÈ Ü…è¢3ªù÷ òÈ ¼…î¢3«ó£ Ü…è¢3ªù÷ «ò£

Ü…ð¢2ú§ Ü…ð¢2ú§

k¡–öbJ A–²¦ jJ A–fþ¡ k¡–¥öbx A–²¦ ¥jx A–fþ¡

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xÉ eÉÉýiÉÈ AirÉþËUcrÉiÉ xÉ eÉÉýiÉÉã AirÉþËUcrÉiÉ

ú ü£…îÈ Üî¢ò†ó¤ê¢òî ú ü£…«î£ Üî¢ò†ó¤ê¢òî

s Rx–ZJ AZõ—kyPõZ s Rx–¥Zx AZõ—kyPõZ

AÉmÉþÈ AqÉÏuÉý cÉÉiÉþlÉÏÈ AÉmÉÉãþ AqÉÏuÉý cÉÉiÉþlÉÏÈ

Ýð†È Üñ¦õ… ê£î†ù¦: ݫ𣆠Üñ¦õ… ê£î†ù¦:

Be—J Aizp– PxZ—dzJ B¥ex— Aizp– PxZ—dzJ

zÉ³É†È AxiÉÑ Ì²ýmÉSÿã zɳÉÉãþ AxiÉÑ Ì²ýmÉSãÿ

Ÿï¢ï†È Üú¢¶ î¢3õ¤…ð«î‡3 Ÿï¢«ï£† Üú¢¶ î¢3õ¤…ð«î‡3

qË—J Asë¡ bûy–e¥b˜ q¥Ëx— Asë¡ bûy–e¥b˜

ÍqÉþ§ÉýkÉãrÉþ³ÉÈ AxiÉÑ ÍqÉþ§ÉýkÉãrÉþ³ÉÉã AxiÉÑ

ñ¤†î¢ó…«î4ò†ï¢ïÈ Üú¢¶ ñ¤†î¢ó…«î4 ò†ï¢«ï£ Üú¢¶

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 Visarga Sandhi

iy—öZ–¥cj—ËJ Asë¡ | iy—öZ–¥cj—¥Ëx Asë¡ |

kÉëÑýuÉÉxÉÈ AxrÉ MüÐýUrÉÉã kÉëÑýuÉÉxÉÉãþ AxrÉ MüÐýUrÉÉã

î¢4¼…õ£ú†È Üú¢ò 覅ó«ò£ î¢4¼…õ£«ú£† Üú¢ò 覅ó«ò£

öc¡–pxs—J Asõ Kz–k¥jx öc¡–px¥sx— Asõ Kz–k¥jx

lÉÈý ApÉþrɃ¡ÙûhÉÉãiÉÑ lÉÉãý ApÉþrɃ¡ÙûhÉÉãiÉÑ

ï…È Üð†4òé¢ è¢¼«í£¶ «ï£… Üð†4òé¢ è¢¼«í£¶

d–J Ah—j ´£¥YxZ¡ ¥dx– Ah—j ´£¥YxZ¡

¤ÉÉqÉþ¬ãýuÉÈ AÌiÉþ ¤ÉÉqÉþ¬ãýuÉÉã AÌiÉþ

þ£ñ†î¢3«î…3õÈ Ü þ£ñ†î¢3«î…3«õ£ Ü

±xi—¥Å–pJ AZy— ±xi—¥Å–¥px AZy—

mÉÉýuÉýqÉÉýlÉÏýrÉïÈ Aýý®rÉãÌiÉþ mÉÉýuÉýqÉÉýlÉÏýrÉÉãï Aýý®rÉãÌiÉþ

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 Visarga Sandhi

ð£…õ…ñ£…ù¦ó¢òÈ Ü…î¢3î¢4«ò ð£…õ…ñ£…ù¦ó¢«ò£ Ü…î¢3î¢4«ò

ex–p–ix–dz–kõJ A–¥ÆõZy— ex–p–ix–dz–¥kõx A–¥ÆõZy—

Readers shall remember that this first rule with Avagraha helps understanding of
Krama paata flow and Padams.
Note based on general Observations : The ‘a’ does not become avagraha
when it has specific swaram, it is occurring between swarams and there is a
need for ‘a’ to be distinctly pronounced.

3.3 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’(A,Ü, A) representing ‘s’

(xÉç,ú¢,s§) and the following letter is Vowel other than

‘a’(A,Ü, A) :

lÉqÉ†È + AÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉÏÿprÉÉã.. = lÉqɆ AÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉÏÿprÉÉã..

ïñ†È + Ýõ¢ò£…î¤4驪ð¢4«ò£ = ïñ† Ýõ¢ò£…î¤4驪ð¢4«ò£
di—J + Bpõx–cydz˜¥hõx = di— Bpõx–cydz˜¥hõx
The Visarga “namaha” has vowel sound ‘a’. The Visarga stands for ‘s’.

xÉç,ú¢,s§)
(

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 Visarga Sandhi

The first letter of the word/padam following visargam not a (A, Ü, A).(for
which we have seen the first rule above in 2.1)

It can be any of the following Vowel:

AÉ C D E F L Lã AÉå AÉæ G H
Ý Þ ß à á ã ä æ å÷ ¼ Ï
B C C¦ D D¦ F ¤F Hx H¦ E u
Rule: The Visarga gets dropped and not recited or given effect.
There are a number of examples in Rudram which readers can analyse as
examples.

The Visargam is not printed in the Book. The existence of Visarga is known
to a student who knows this rule. But when Pada or Krama Paatam is
referred, it becomes clear to the students.

Table of Examples:
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

lÉqÉþÈ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉÉ lÉqÉþ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉÉ

ïñþÈ à…ꢬêó¢-«è£†4û£ò£ ïñ† à…ꢬêó¢-«è£†4û£ò£
di—J D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxjx di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxjx

lÉqÉþÈ EwhÉÏýÌwÉhÉãþ ÌaÉËUcÉýUÉrÉþ lÉqÉþ EwhÉÏýÌwÉhÉãþ ÌaÉËUcÉýUÉrÉþ

ïñþÈ àû¢í¦…û¤«í† ïñ† àû¢í¦…û¤«í†

è¤3ó¤ê…ó£òþ è¤3ó¤ê…ó£òþ

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 Visarga Sandhi

di—J Drêz–ry¥Y— MykyP–kxj— di— Drêz–ry¥Y— MykyP–kxj—

lÉqÉýÈ CwÉÑþqÉSèprÉÉã kÉluÉÉýÌuÉprÉþ¶É lÉqÉý CwÉÑþqÉSèprÉÉã kÉluÉÉýÌuÉprÉþ¶É

ïñÈ… Þû§†ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£ ïñ… Þû§†ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£
î4ù¢õ£…õ¤ð¢4ò†Ÿ¢ê î4ù¢õ£…õ¤ð¢4ò†Ÿ¢ê
di–J Cr¡—ib§¥hõx di– Cr¡—ib§¥hõx

cdûx–pyhõ—Ò cdûx–pyhõ—Ò

lÉqÉÈþ AÉiÉluÉÉýlÉãprÉþÈ mÉëÌiÉýSkÉÉþlÉãprÉ¶É lÉqÉþ AÉiÉluÉÉýlÉãprÉþÈ mÉëÌiÉýSkÉÉþlÉãprɶÉ

ïñ†þÈ Ýîù¢õ£…«ùð¢4ò:† ïñ† Ýîù¢õ£…«ùð¢4ò:†
ð¢óî34«ùð¢4òŸ¢ê ð¢óî34«ùð¢4òŸ¢ê
di—J BZdûx–¥dhõJ— di— BZdûx–¥dhõJ—

öeZy–bcx—¥dhõÒ öeZy–bcx—¥dhõÒ

lÉqÉþÈ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ lÉqÉþ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ

ïñ†È ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê£î…ð¢ò£†ò ê ïñ† ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê£î…ð¢ò£†ò ê
di—J C¦–öcyjx—j di— C¦–öcyjx—j

PxZ–eõx—j P PxZ–eõx—j P

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 Visarga Sandhi

lÉqÉþÈ FýurÉÉïþrÉ cÉ xÉÔýqrÉÉïþrÉ lÉqÉþ FýurÉÉïþrÉ cÉ xÉÔýqrÉÉïþrÉ

ïñ†È á…ó¢õ¢ò£†ò ê ïñ† á…ó¢õ¢ò£†ò ê
ú¨…ó¢ñ¢ò£†ò ú¨…ó¢ñ¢ò£†ò
di—J D¦–ªpõx—j P s¢–ªiõx—j di— D¦–ªpõx—j P s¢–ªiõx—j

Müý¤ÉÏuÉþliÉýÇ ÆrÉÈ AÉæþÍzÉýeÉÇ Müý¤ÉÏuÉþliÉýÇ ÆrÉ AÉæþÍzÉýeÉÇ

è…þ¦õ†ï¢î…ñ¢ òÈ å÷†Ÿ¤…üñ¢ è…þ¦õ†ï¢î…ñ¢ ò å÷†Ÿ¤…üñ¢

K–±zp—Ç–I ÆjJ H¦—qy–RI K–±zp—Ç–I Æj H¦—qy–RI

lÉqÉýÈ GÌwÉþprÉÉã qÉl§ÉýM×üSèprÉÉã lÉqÉý GÌwÉþprÉÉã qÉl§ÉýM×üSèprÉÉã

ïñ…È ¼û¤†ð¢4«ò£ ïñ… ¼û¤†ð¢4«ò£

ñï¢î¢ó…袼î¢3ð¢4«ò£ ñï¢î¢ó…袼î¢3ð¢4«ò£

di–J Ery—¥hõx di– Ery—¥hõx

iöÇ–K£b§¥hõx iöÇ–K£b§¥hõx

ÌSýurÉÉÈ AÉmÉýÈ AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ ÌSýurÉÉ AÉmÉý AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ

3õ¢ò£ Ýð…È æû†î4òÈ î¤…3õ¢ò£ Ýð… æû†î4òÈ

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 Visarga Sandhi

by–põx Be–È Hxr—cjJ by–põx Be– Hxr—cjJ

3.4 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) representing ‘s’

(xÉç,ú¢,s§) and the following letter is a Soft Consonant:

For list of hard and soft consonant letters, please refer to table for type of
Letters in Para 1.6.1
PS 9.8 - Also when ‘a:’ followed by a Soft (sonant) consonant, becomes ‘O’ .

lÉqÉþÈ ÌWûUþhrÉ oÉÉWûuÉã = lÉqÉÉãý ÌWûUþhrÉ oÉÉWûuÉã

ïñ†È ý¤ó†í¢ò ð£3ý«õ = ï«ñ£… ý¤ó†í¢ò ð£3ý«õ

diþÈ tyk—Yõ gxt¥p = d¥ix– tyk—Yõ gxt¥p

The Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’, visarga stands for ‘s’ and followed by ‘ha’ varga
letter which is Soft Consonant.

Rule: The Visarga is dropped; the letter before the Visarga changes to its Vowel
sound ‘O’.

The Visarga letter gets converted to ‘O’ sound of that letter, that is qÉ to qÉÉå;
lÉqÉÈ has become lÉqÉÉå. This is the most often seen rule in the Vedic Text for
Visarga. This rule is always incorporated and printed in the books as to be read.

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 Visarga Sandhi

Table of Examples:
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

lÉqÉþÈ pÉýuÉxrÉþ WãûýirÉæ lÉqÉÉãþ pÉýuÉxrÉþ WãûýirÉæ

ïñ†È ð…4õú¢ò† «ý…ò ï«ñ£† ð…4õú¢ò† «ý…ò

di—J h–psõ— ¥t–¤¤Zõ d¥ix— h–psõ— ¥t–¤¤Zõ

lÉqÉþÈ ÂýSìÉrÉÉþ-iÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉã lÉqÉÉãþ ÂýSìÉrÉÉþ-iÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉã

ïñ†È ¼…î¢3ó£ò£†-îõ¤«ù ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò£†-îõ¤«ù

di—J k¡–öbxjx—-ZZx–py¥d d¥ix— k¡–öbxjx—-ZZx–py¥d

lÉqÉþÈ qÉýÎl§ÉhÉãþ uÉÉÍhÉýeÉÉrÉý lÉqÉÉãþ qÉýÎl§ÉhÉãþ uÉÉÍhÉýeÉÉrÉý

ïñ†È ñ…ï¢î¢ó¤«í† õ£í¤…ü£ò… ï«ñ£† ñ…ï¢î¢ó¤«í†

õ£í¤…ü£ò

d¥ix— i–öÇy¥Y— pxYy–Rxj–

di—J i–öÇy¥Y— pxYy–Rxj–

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 Visarga Sandhi

lÉqÉýÈ uÉgcÉþiÉã mÉËUýuÉgcÉþiÉã lÉqÉÉãý uÉgcÉþiÉã mÉËUýuÉgcÉþiÉã

ïñ…È õë¢ê†«î ðó¤…õë¢ê†«î ï«ñ£… õë¢ê†«î ðó¤…õë¢ê†«î

diJ– pº—¥Z eky–pº—¥Z d¥ix– pº—¥Z eky–pº—¥Z

lÉqÉþÈ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉÉUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇ lÉqÉÉãþ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉÉUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇ

ïñ†È 狼ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò£- ï«ñ£† 狼ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò£-

ó†í¢ò£ù£ñ¢ ó†í¢ò£ù£ñ¢

di—J dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxjx- d¥ix— dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxjx-

lÉqÉþÈ aÉýhÉãprÉÉãþ aÉýhÉmÉþÌiÉprÉ¶É lÉqÉÉãþ aÉýhÉãprÉÉãþ aÉýhÉmÉþÌiÉprɶÉ

ïñ†È è…3«íð¢4«ò£† ï«ñ£† è…3«íð¢4«ò£†

è…3íð†î¤ð¢4òŸ¢ê è…3íð†î¤ð¢4òŸ¢ê

di—J M–¥Y¥hõx— d¥ix— M–¥Y¥hõx—

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 Visarga Sandhi

M–Ye—ZyhõÒ M–Ye—ZyhõÒ

uÉÈý lÉqÉÉã uÉÉãý lÉqÉÉã

õ–È ï«ñ£ «õ£… ï«ñ£

¥px– d¥ix
p–J d¥ix

lÉqÉþÈ eÉbÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ lÉqÉÉãþ eÉbÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ

ïñ†È üè…4ù¢ò£†ò ê ï«ñ£† üè…4ù¢ò£†ò ê

di—J RN–dõx—j P d¥ix— RN–dõx—j P

lÉqÉþÈ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ lÉqÉÉãþ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ

ïñ†È ¶3…3ð¢4ò£†ò ï«ñ£† ¶3…3ð¢4ò£†ò

di—J b¡É¡–hõx—j d¥ix— b¡É¡–hõx—j

rÉÈ ÂýSìÉã AýalÉÉæ rÉÉã ÂýSìÉã AýalÉÉæ

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 Visarga Sandhi

òÈ ¼…î¢3«ó£ Ü…è¢3ªù÷ «ò£ ¼…î¢3«ó£ Ü…è¢3ªù÷

jJ k¡–¥öbx A–²¦ ¥jx k¡–¥öbx A–²¦

3.5 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) representing ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§)

and the following letter is ‘r’(Uç,ó¢,k§) :

PS 8.16 &17 when preceded by an ‘a’-vowel, visarjanIya representing r is

omitted, And the preceding vowel is made long.
Rule: The Visarga is dropped; the letter with visarga is elongated to ‘aa’.
This rule is incorporated and printed in the books.
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule
TS 1.2.11.1

AýzÉÏýrÉý + L¹þÈ + UÉrÉþÈ AþzÉÏýrÉã¹Éý UÉrÉýÈ

அ…ஶ…ய
ீ … + ஏ ட†: + ராய†: அ†ஶ…ே
ீ ய டா… ராய…:

A–qz–j– + Græ—J + kxj—J A—qz–¥jræx– kxj–J

AýmÉÉzlrÉÑþÎwhÉÇ AýmÉÈ U¤ÉþÈ AýmÉÉzlrÉÑþÎwhÉ-qÉýmÉÉ U¤ÉþÈ

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 Visarga Sandhi

܅𣟢ù¢»†û¢í¤ñ¢Ü…ðÈ óþ†: ܅𣟢ù¢»†û¢í¤-ñ…ð£ óþ†:

A–exqïõ¡—rêy-i–ex k±—J
A–exqïõ¡—rêyi–I A–eÈ k±—J

AýmÉÉzlrÉÑþÎwhÉqÉÇ AýmÉÈ UbÉÿÇ AýmÉÉzlrÉÑþÎwhÉ-qÉýmÉÉ UbÉÿÇ

܅𣟢ù¢»†û¢í¤ñ¢ ܅𣟢ù¢»†û¢í¤-

Ü…ðÈ óè‡4ñ¢ | ñ…ð£ óè‡4ñ¢ |

A–exqïõ¡—rêy-i–ex kN˜I |
A–exqïõ¡—rêyiI A–eÈ kN˜I |

3.6 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) representing ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§)

and the following letter is any Vowel or Soft Consonant

except ‘r’

xÉÑuÉ: + CÌiÉ = xÉÑuÉý ËUÌiÉý ; xÉÑuÉUç + CÌiÉ = xÉÑuÉý ËUÌiÉý

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 Visarga Sandhi

The Vowel sounding of xÉÑuÉ: is ‘a’, the visargam stands for ‘r’ indicating

xÉÑuÉUç It is followed by a vowel letter ‘e’.

Rule: The Visarga become ‘r’ and stands as r or combines with the following
letter to become a letter in the ‘ra’ varga. This rule is incorporated and printed in
the books.
Please note that the following words with vowel sound ‘a’ takes the visarga

representation of ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) mainly.

Puna: , suva:, prata: anta:, aha: (mÉÑlÉýÈ, xÉÑuÉýÈ mÉëÉýiÉÈ, AliÉÈ, AWû:),

(¹ù…È, ú¢õ…È, ð¢ó£…îÈ, Üï¢îÈ, ÜýÈ)

e¡d–È, s§pÈ, öex–ZÈ, AÇJ, AtJ)

(

Note : These are key examples which are often seen with sound ‘r’ and the list
above is not exhaustive. A spefic Section 7 has been added which provides rules
from PratiSakyam with examples for illustration only. This Section covers more
words which get visarga sound as ‘r’

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 Visarga Sandhi

Table of Examples
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

pÉÔ: pÉÑïuÉý: xuÉ: AÉãÇ pÉÔpÉÑïuÉýxxuÉUÉãÇ

Ì4 : ¹4õ…: ú¢…õ: æñ¢ Ì4ó¢¹4õ…ú¢ú¢…õ«ó£ñ¢

h¢ªh¡p–sþ–p¥kxI
h¢: h¡p:– s§–p: HxI

xÉÑuÉýÈ CÌiÉþ urÉÉýlÉÈ | xÉÑuÉýËUÌiÉþ urÉÉýlÉÈ |

ú§õ…È Þ õ¢ò£…ùÈ ú§õ…ó¤î¤† õ¢ò£…ùÈ

s¡p–È CZy— põx–dJ | s¡p– kyZy— põx–dJ |

mÉÑlÉýÈ AÉrÉÑýÈ mÉÑlÉý: pÉaÉþÈ mÉÑlÉýUÉrÉÑýÈ mÉÑlÉýpÉïaÉþÈ

¹ù…È Ý»ýÈ ¹ù…È ð4èý3È ¹ù…ó£»ýÈ ¹ù…ó¢ð4èý3È

e¡d–È Bj¡–J e¡dÈ– hM—J e¡d–kxj¡–J e¡d–ªhM—J

mÉÑlÉýÈ SìÌuÉþhÉ qÉæiÉÑ qÉÉ mÉÑlÉý SìïÌuÉþhÉ qÉæiÉÑ qÉÉ

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 Visarga Sandhi

¹ù…È î¢3óõ¤†í ¬ñ¶ ñ£ ¹ù…ó¢î¢3óõ¤†í ¬ñ¶ ñ£

e¡d–ª öbpy—Y ¤¤iZ¡ ix

e¡d–È öbpy—Y ¤¤iZ¡ ix

ÌuÉþSÇiuÉÉý mÉÑlÉýÈ AÉaÉÉÿÈ mÉÑlÉýÈ ³ÉuÉ ÌuÉþSÇiuÉÉý mÉÑlÉýUÉaÉÉÿÈ mÉÑlɳÉïuÉ

õ¤†î3ï¢î¢õ£… ¹ù…È Ý裇3: õ¤†î3ï¢î¢õ£… ¹ù…ó£è£‡3:

¹ùó¢ ï…õ
¹ùÈ ï…õ

py—bIZûx– e¡d–È BMx˜J

py—bIZûx– e¡d–kxMx˜J
e¡dÈ Ë–p |
e¡dªË–p |

mÉëÉýiÉÈ AýÎalÉÇ mÉëÉýiÉÈ ClSìóèþ WûuÉÉqÉWãû mÉëÉýiÉUýÎalÉÇ mÉëÉýiÉËUlSìóèþ WûuÉÉqÉWãû

ð¢ó£…îÈ Ü…è¢3ù¤ñ¢ ð¢ó£…îÈ ð¢ó£…îó…è¢3ù¤ñ¢ ð¢ó£…îó¤ï¢î¢3óóè†

Þï¢î¢3óóè† ýõ£ñ«ý ýõ£ñ«ý

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 Visarga Sandhi

öex–ZÈ A–²yI öex–ZÈ CöÉóè— öex–Zk–²yI öex–ZkyöÉóè—

tpxi¥t tpxi¥t

mÉÑlÉþÈ qÉ AÉýiqÉÉ mÉÑlÉýÈ AÉrÉÑýUÉaÉÉÿiÉç | mÉÑlÉþqÉï AÉýiqÉÉ mÉÑlÉýUÉrÉÑýUÉaÉÉÿiÉç |

¹ù†È ñ Ý…î¢ñ£ ¹ù…È ¹ù†ó¢ñ Ý…î¢ñ£

Ý»…ó£è£‡3î¢ ¹ù…ó£»…ó£è£‡3î¢

e¡d—ªi B–Ãx e¡d–kxj¡–-

e¡d—È i B–Ãx e¡d–È
kxMx˜Z§ |
Bj¡–kxMx˜Z§ |

3.7 Special Rule for Visarga ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) sound for ‘saH, eshaH’

The Visarga gets dropped for the two Visarga letters Sah, Yesha (xÉ:, LwÉ:, ú:

ãû: sJ GrJ) when the following letter is any Vowel (except ‘a’ ) or any

Consonant. (Including Hard Consonants which please note)

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 Visarga Sandhi

xÉ: + uÉæ´ÉuÉhÉÉãmÉþqÉÉã = xÉ uÉæ´ÉuÉhÉÉãmÉþqÉÉã

ú: + ¬õŸ¢óõ«í£ð†«ñ£ = ú ¬õŸ¢óõ«í£ð†«ñ£

sJ ¤¤pöqp¥Yxe—¥ix = s ¤¤pöqp¥Yxe—¥ix

The Visargam is xÉ:, ú:, sJ followed by letter Consonant of “Va” vargam –

uÉæ, ¬õ, ¤¤p-The Visarga is dropped.

LwÉþ: + AÉSãýzÉÈ = LwÉ AÉSãýzÉÈ

ãû†: + Ý«î…3ŸÈ = ãû† Ý«î…3ŸÈ

GrJ— + B¥b–qJ = Gr— + B¥b–qJ

The Visargam is LwÉ:, ãû:, GrJ followed by the Vowel letter

AÉ, Ý, B. Rule : The Visarga is dropped.

This rule is incorporated so Visargam is not printed in the Books. Only students
knowing this rule may be aware of the existence of Visargam.
Reference to Pada Paatam or Kramam is helpful.

Table of Examples:

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 Visarga Sandhi

Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

LwÉ: EþmÉSãýzÉÈ LwÉ EþmÉSãýzÉÈ

ãû: à†ð«î…3Ÿ: ãû à†ð«î…3Ÿ:

GrJ D—e¥b–qJ Gr D—e¥b–qJ

xÉ: uÉÉ LwÉ: mÉÑÂwÉÉãųÉþUxÉýqÉrÉÈ xÉ uÉÉ LwÉ mÉÑÂwÉÉãųÉþUxÉýqÉrÉÈ

ú: õ£ ãû: ¹¼«û£Åù¢ù† ú õ£ ãû ¹¼«û£Åù¢ù†

óú…ñòÈ óú…ñòÈ

sJ px GrJ e¡k¡¥rx„Ë— s px Gr e¡k¡¥rx„Ë—

ks–ijJ ks–ijJ

xÉ: uÉÉ LwÉ: mÉÑÂwÉÌuÉþkÉ LýuÉ xÉ uÉÉ LwÉ mÉÑÂwÉÌuÉþkÉ LýuÉ

ú: õ£ ãû: ¹¼ûõ¤†î4 ã…õ ú õ£ ãû ¹¼ûõ¤†î4 ã…õ

sJ px GrJ e¡k¡r- s px Gr e¡k¡r-

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 Visarga Sandhi

py—cG–p py—cG–p

xÉ: rÉzÉÉãþuÉÉlÉç pÉýuÉÌiÉ | xÉ rÉzÉÉãþuÉÉlÉç pÉýuÉÌiÉ |

ú: ò«Ÿ£†õ£ù¢ ð…4õî¤ ú ò«Ÿ£†õ£ù¢ ð…4õî¤

sJ j¥qx—px© h–pZy s j¥qx—px© h–pZy

xÉ: qÉãkÉÉþuÉÉlÉç pÉýuÉÌiÉ xÉ qÉãkÉÉþuÉÉlÉç pÉýuÉÌiÉ

ú: «ñ4õ£ù¢ ð…4õî¤ ú «ñ4õ£ù¢ ð…4õî¤

sJ ¥icx—px© h–pZy s ¥icx—px© h–pZy

rÉÈ mÉÉãiÉÉý xÉ: mÉÑþlÉÉiÉÑ qÉÉ rÉÈ mÉÉãiÉÉý xÉ mÉÑþlÉÉiÉÑ qÉÉ

ò: «ð£î£… ú: ¹†ù£¶ ñ£ ò: «ð£î£… ú ¹†ù£¶ ñ£

jJ ¥exZx– sJ e¡—dxZ¡ ix jJ ¥exZx– s e¡—dxZ¡ ix

xÉuÉïýóèý xÉ: mÉÔýiÉqÉþzgÉÉÌiÉ xÉuÉïýóèý xÉ mÉÔýiÉqÉþzgÉÉÌiÉ

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 Visarga Sandhi

úó¢õ…óè… ú: Ì…îñ†Ÿ¢ë£î¤ úó¢õ…óè… ú Ì…îñ†Ÿ¢ë£î¤

sªp–óè– sJ e¢–Zi—q§TxZy sªp–óè– s e¢–Zi—q§TxZy

xÉ: SØý¹Éã qÉ×þQûrÉÉÌiÉ lÉÈ xÉ SØý¹Éã qÉ×þQûrÉÉÌiÉ lÉÈ

ú: î¢3¼…û¢«ì£ ú î¢3¼…û¢«ì£

ñ¢¼†ì3ò£î¤ ï: ñ¢¼†ì3ò£î¤ ï:

sJ b£–¥ræx i£—WjxZy dJ s b£–¥ræx i£—WjxZy dJ

The Visargam is LwÉ:, ãû:, GrJ ,when followed by letter ‘a’ becomes ‘O’

and avagraha is formed since the sound is ‘aH’ (normal rule only)

Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

xÉ rÉ LýwÉÈ AliÉ-WØïûþSrÉ xÉ rÉ LýwÉÉãÿÅliÉ-WØïûþSrÉ

ú ò ã…ûÈ Üï¢îó¢-ý¢¼†î3ò ú ò ã…«û£‡Åï¢îó¢-ý¢¼†î3ò
s j G–rJ AǪ-t£—bj s j G–¥rx˜„Ǫ-t£—bj

xÉ: AýxqÉÉjÉçxÉ×ý¹Éå-ÅmÉÉÿ¢üÉqÉiÉç xÉÉåÿÅxqÉÉjÉçxÉ×ý¹Éå-ÅmÉÉÿ¢üÉqÉiÉç

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 Visarga Sandhi

ú: Üýú¢ñ£î¢2 ú¢¼…û¢«ì£- «ú£‡Åú¢ñ£î¢2 ú¢¼…û¢«ì£-

Åð£‡è¢ó£ñî¢ Åð£‡è¢ó£ñî¢

sJ A–sôxa§s£–¥ræx- ¥sx˜„sôxa§s£–¥ræx-

„ex˜öKxiZ§ „ex˜öKxiZ§

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4 Visarga Sandhi Rule for Visarga with ‘aa’

(AÉ,Ý, B)sound

4.1 Visarga Vowel sound is ‘aa’(AÉ,Ý, B) representing ‘s’

(xÉç,ú¢,s§) or ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) and the following letter is any vowel

or Soft Consonant

Rule : The Visargam ends with vowel sound ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B) ,the visargam

represents ‘S’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§) or ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§) and followed by Vowel ‘a’ (example1)

and Soft Consonant (example 2) , the Visarga is dropped.

aÉÉãýmÉÉ: + Aþ¬ØzÉýlÉç-lɬØþzÉlÉç = aÉÉãýmÉÉ Aþ¬ØzÉýlÉç-lɬØþzÉlÉç

«è£…3ð£: + ܆î¢3î¢3¼Ÿ…ï¢- =«è£…3ð£ ܆î¢3î¢3¼Ÿ…ï¢-

¥Mx–exJ + A—b£q–©-db£—q© = ¥Mx–ex A—b£q–©-db£—q©

ÂýSìÉ: + ÌuÉþiÉÎxjÉýUã = ÂýSìÉ ÌuÉþiÉÎxjÉýUã

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 Visarga Sandhi

¼…î¢3ó£: + õ¤†îú¢î¤…2«ó = ¼…î¢3ó£ õ¤†îú¢î¤…2«ó

k¡–öbxJ + py—ZÓy–¥k = k¡–öbx py—ZÓy–¥k

The Visarga is not printed in the books. Reference to Pada Paatam or Kramam
may be required unless the student knows grammar based on the sentence
construction.
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

ÌSuÉóèþ ÂýSìÉ: EmÉþÍ´ÉiÉÉÈ ÌSuÉóèþ ÂýSìÉ EmÉþÍ´ÉiÉÉÈ

¼…î¢3ó£: àð†Ÿ¢ó¤î£: ¼…î¢3ó£ àð†Ÿ¢ó¤î£:

k¡–öbxJ De—öqyZxJ k¡–öbx De—öqyZxJ

rÉý¤qÉóè xÉÑýqÉlÉÉý: AxÉþiÉç | rÉý¤qÉóè xÉÑýqÉlÉÉý AxÉþiÉç |

ú§…ñù£…: Üú†î¢ ú§…ñù£… Üú†î¢

j–±§ióè s¡–idx–J As—Z§ j–±§ióè s¡–idx– As—Z§

lÉþÈ xÉÑýqÉlÉÉþ: pÉuÉ lÉþÈ xÉÑýqÉlÉÉþ pÉuÉ

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 Visarga Sandhi

ï†ú¢-ú§…ñù£†: ð4õ ï†ú¢-ú§…ñù£† ð4õ

dJ— s¡–idx—J hp dJ— s¡–idx— hp

SãýuÉÉ: AaÉëãý iÉSþoÉëÑuɳÉç | SãýuÉÉ AaÉëãý iÉSþoÉëÑuɳÉç

«î…3õ£: Üè¢3«ó… «î…3õ£ Üè¢3«ó…

îî†3ð¢3¼õù¢ù¢ îî†3ð¢3¼õù¢ù¢

¥b–px——J A¥öM– Zb—ög¡p˧ ¥b–px A¥öM– Zb—ög¡p˧

ÌSýÌuÉwÉþliuÉýalÉã ÎxiÉýaqÉÉrÉÑþkÉýÉ: U¤ÉþxÉãý ÌSýÌuÉwÉþliuÉýalÉã ÎxiÉýaqÉÉrÉÑþkÉÉý U¤ÉþxÉãý

3õ¤û†ï¢-î¢õ…è¢3«ù 3õ¤û†ï¢-î¢õ…è¢3«ù

ú¢î¤…è¢3ñ£»†î£…:4 óþ†«ú ú¢î¤…è¢3ñ£»†î£…4 -óþ†«ú

by–pyr—Çû–¥² sëy–³xj¡—cx–: by–pyr—Çû–¥² sëy–³xj¡—cx–

k±—¥s– k±—¥s–

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 Visarga Sandhi

SͤÉþhÉÉ AnxÉýUxÉþ xiÉýuÉÉ–: lÉÉqÉý iÉÉ SͤÉþhÉÉ AnxÉýUxÉþ xiÉýuÉÉ lÉÉqÉý iÉÉ

îú¢ò… î3þ¤†í£ îú¢ò… î3þ¤†í£

Üð¢2ú…óú†ú¢î…õ£–: ï£ñ Üð¢2ú…óú†ú¢î…õ£ ï£ñ

b±y—Yx Afþ–ks— së–px–: b±y—Yx Afþ–ks— së–px

dxi dxi–

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5 Vowel sound other than ‘a’ and ‘aa’

5.1 Short Vowels- e,u,ru,lru followed by ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§)

Rule: Visarga gets dropped; visarga vowel sound gets elongated

Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

WãûýÌiÉ: ÂýSìxrÉý mÉËUþhÉÉã uÉ×hÉ£Ñü WãûýiÉÏ ÂýSìxrÉý mÉËUþhÉÉã uÉ×hÉ£Ñü

«ý…î¤: ¼…î¢3óú¢ò… ðó¤†«í£ «ý…î¦ ¼…î¢3óú¢ò… ð󤆫í£

õ¢¼í袶 õ¢¼í袶

¥t–Zz k¡–öbsõ– eky—¥Yx

¥t–Zy: k¡–öbsõ– eky—¥Yx
p£Y°¡
p£Y°¡

mÉËUþuÉÉã WãûýÌiÉ: ÂýSìxrÉþ uÉ×ÇerÉÉiÉç mÉËUþuÉÉã WãûýiÉÏ ÂýSìxrÉþ uÉ×ÇerÉÉiÉç

ð󤆫õ£ «ý……î¤: ¼…î¢ó3ú¢ò† ð󤆫õ£ «ý…î¦ ¼…î¢ó3ú¢ò†

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 Visarga Sandhi

eky—¥px ¥t–Zy: k¡–öbsõ— eky—¥px ¥t–Zz k¡–öbsõ—

p£IRõxZ§ p£IRõxZ§

rÉÉiÉÑý kÉÉlÉÉþ WãýÌiÉ: U¤ÉÉóèþÍxÉý mÉëWãûþÌiÉ rÉÉiÉÑý kÉÉlÉÉþ WãûýiÉÏ U¤ÉÉóèþÍxÉý mÉëWãûþÌiÉ

ò£¶…î£4ù£† «ý…î¤: ò£¶…î£4ù£† «ý…î¦

óþ£óè†ú¤… ð¢ó«ý†î¤…ú¢ óþ£óè†ú¤… ð¢ó«ý†î¤…ú¢

jxZ¡–cxdx— ¥t––Zy: k±xóè— jxZ¡–cxdx— ¥t–Zz k±xóè—

sy– öe¥t—Zy–¥së¥hõx sy– öe¥t—Zy–¥së¥hõx

UÉÎeÉý: UͤÉýiÉÉ rɶÉÉÍkÉþmÉÌiÉý-rÉï¶Éþ UÉeÉÏ UͤÉýiÉÉ rɶÉÉÍkÉþmÉÌiÉý-rÉï¶Éþ

ó£ü¤ý: óþ¤…î£ òŸ¢ê£î¤†4ðó¢ ó£ü¦ óþ¤…î£ òŸ¢ê£î¤†4ðó¢

kxRz k±y–Zx jÒxcy—

kxRy: k±y–Zx jÒxcy—
eZyª j–Ò—
eZyª j–Ò—

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 Visarga Sandhi

mÉ×SÉþMÑüýÈ UͤÉýiÉÉrɶÉÉÍkÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉï¶É mÉ×SÉþMÔü UͤÉýiÉÉrɶÉÉÍkÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉï¶Éþ

ð¢¼î£†3°È óþ¤…î£ ð¢¼î£†3à óþ¤…î£

òŸ¢ê£î¤†4ðó¢ òŸ¢ê òŸ¢ê£î¤†4ðó¢ òŸ¢ê

e£bx—K¢ k±y–Zx jÒxcy—

e£bx—K¡È k±y–Zx jÒxcy—
eZy–ª jÒ
eZy–ª jÒ

iÉåÍpÉ xÉÉåqÉÉÍpÉÈ U¤ÉþhÉ CýÌiÉ | iÉåÍpÉÈ xÉÉåqÉÉpÉÏ U¤ÉþhÉ CýÌiÉ

«îð¤4ú¢ «ú£ñ£ð¤È4 «îð¤4ú¢ «ú£ñ£ð¦4

óþ†í Þ…î¤ óþ†í Þ…î¤

¥ZhyJ ¥sxixhyJ k±—Y C–Zy ¥ZhyJ ¥sxixhz k±—Y C–Zy

SͤÉhÉmÉÔuÉïxrÉÉÎlSÍzÉ ÌuÉxÉþÍmÉïÈ lÉýUMüÈ SͤÉhÉmÉÔuÉïxrÉÉÎlSÍzÉ ÌuÉxÉþmÉÏï lÉýUMüÈ

î3þ¤íÌó¢õ-ú¢ò£ï¢î¤3Ÿ¤ î3þ¤íÌó¢õ-ú¢ò£ï¢î¤3Ÿ¤

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 Visarga Sandhi

õ¤ú†ó¢ð¤È ï…óèÈ õ¤ú†ó¢ð¦ ï…óèÈ

b±yYe¢ªpsõxI byqy b±yYe¢ªpsõxI byqy

pys—ªeyÈ d–kKJ pys—ªez d–kKJ

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 Visarga Sandhi

5.2 Long Vowels-(ee,oo,rU,lU,Ae, O, Ou) followed by ‘r’ (Uç,ó¢,k§)

Rule: Visargam is dropped

Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

TB 1.3.2.2

rÉýuÉrÉþ + AUÉþiÉÏÈ + Uý¤ÉÉãýWûhÉý: rÉýuÉrÉÉUÉþiÉÏ U¤ÉÉãýWûhÉÉãþ

ய…வய† +அரா†த:+ ர…ே ா…ஹண…: ய…வயாரா†த ரே ா…ஹேணா

j–pj—+Akx—ZzJ+k–¥±x–tY: j–pjxkx—Zz k¥±x–¥Yx—

TB 1.3.7.1

UãuÉþiÉÏÈ + UqÉþkuÉqÉç + AýalÉãÈ UãuÉþiÉÏý UqÉþkuÉ-qÉýalÉãÈ

ேரவ†த… ரம† 4வ-ம… 3ேனÈ

ேரவ†த: + ரம† 4வ + அ… 3ேன:

¥kp—ZzJ + ki—cûI + A–¥²J

¥kp—Zz– ki—cû-i–¥²È

TB 4.4.10.1

AýalÉãÈ + ÂcÉþÈ AýalÉã ÂcÉþÈ

அ… 3ேன: + ச†: | அ… 3ேன ச†:

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 Visarga Sandhi

A–¥²J + k¡P—J A–¥² k¡P—J

mÉѧÉÉå oÉ×WûxmÉþiÉÏÈ ÂýSìÈ | mÉѧÉÉå oÉ×WûxmÉþiÉÏ ÂýSìÈ |

¹î¢«ó£ ð¢3¼ýú¢ð†î¦È ¼…î¢3óÈ ¹î¢«ó£ ð¢3¼ýú¢ð†î¦ ¼…î¢3óÈ

e¡¥öZx g£ts—ðZzJ k¡–öbJ | e¡¥öZx g£ts—ðZz k¡–öbJ |

5.3 All Vowels except a and aa followed by Vowel, Soft Consonant

(except r)

Rule: Visarga becomes R

WãûýÌiÉÈ + uÉ×þhÉ£Ñü = WãûýÌiÉ uÉ×ïþhÉ£Ñü

WãûýÌiÉÈ + AýxqÉÉlÉ = WãûýÌiÉUýxqÉÉlÉç

The Visarga sound is ‘e’ other than (a,aa), it is followed by a Soft Consonant in
the first example and a Vowel in the second example ;The Visarga becomes ‘r’.

In the second example, r combines with a to become ‘ra’ hence UýxqÉÉlÉç

Let us see some examples with ee,u, ai, O,au.

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 Visarga Sandhi

This rule is applied and printed in the books. Reference to Pada Paatam and
Kramam helps the student to understand this Visarga rule further.

Table of Examples:
Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule

zÉsMæüþ: AÎalÉ ÍqÉþlkÉÉýlÉ zÉsMæüþUýÎalÉ ÍqÉþlkÉÉýlÉ

Ÿô¢¬è†: Üè¢3ù¤ ñ¤†ï¢î£…4ù Ÿô¢¬è-†ó…è¢3ù¤ ñ¤†ï¢î£…4ù

q¤¤mÜ—k–²y iy—Êx–d D–h¦

q¤¤mÜ—: k–²y iy—Êx–d

kÉluÉþlÉý-xiuÉqÉÑýpÉrÉÉãý: AÉ̦ÉïþrÉÉãýerÉÉïÇ kÉluÉþlÉý- xiuÉqÉÑýpÉrÉÉãý-UÉ̦ÉïþrÉÉãýerÉÉïÇ

î4ù¢õ†ù…- ú¢î¢õº…ð4«ò£: î4ù¢õ†ù…- ú¢î¢õº…ð4«ò£…-

Ýó¢î¢ù¤†«ò£…ó¢ ó£ó¢î¢ù¤†«ò£…ó¢

cdû—d– -s§Zûi¡–h¥jx–-kxªÙy—
cdû—d– -s§Zûi¡–h¥jx–: -
¥jx–ªRõxI
BªÙy—¥jx–ªRõxI

AÉSìïÇý euÉsÉþÌiÉý erÉÉãÌiÉþ: AWûqÉþÎxqÉ | AÉSìïÇý euÉsÉþÌiÉý erÉÉãÌiÉþ-UýWûqÉþÎxqÉ

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 Visarga Sandhi

Ýó¢î¢3ó…ñ¢ ü¢õô†î¤… Ýó¢î¢3ó…ñ¢ ü¢õô†î¤… ü¢«ò£î¤†-

ü¢«ò£î¤†: Üýñ†ú¢ñ¤ ó…ýñ†ú¢ñ¤

BªöbI– Rûm—Zy– ¥RõxZy—-

BªöbI– Rûm—Zy– ¥RõxZy:
k–ti—sôy |
Ati—sôy

pÉÔ: pÉÑïuÉý: xuÉ: AÉãÇ pÉÔpÉÑïuÉýxxuÉUÉãÇ

Ì4 : ¹4õ…: ú§…õ: æñ¢ Ì4ó¢¹4õ…ú¢ú§…õ«ó£ñ¢

h¢ªh¡p–sþ¡–p¥kxI
h¢: h¡p:– s¡–p: HxI

AmÉþ mÉÉýmqÉÉlÉÇý pÉUþhÉÏ: pÉUliÉÑ || AmÉþ mÉÉýmqÉÉlÉÇý pÉUþhÉÏ pÉïUliÉÑ ||

Üð† ð£…ð¢ñ£ù…ñ¢ ð4ó†í¦: Üð† ð£…ð¢ñ£ù…ñ¢ ð4ó†í¦ó¢

ð4ó ð4ó |

Ae— ex–e§ixdI– hk—Yz: Ae— ex–e§ixdI– hk—Yzª

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hkǡ hkǡ

CýSÇ ÆÌuÉwhÉÑý: ÌuÉcÉþ¢üqÉã CýSÇ ÆÌuÉwhÉÑý ÌuÉïcÉþ¢üqÉã

Þ…î3ñ¢ Æõ¤û¢µ…: õ¤ê†è¢ó«ñ Þ…î3ñ¢ Æõ¤û¢µ…ó¢ õ¤ê†è¢ó«ñ

C–bI Æpyrê¡–: pyP—öK¥i C–bI Æpyrê¡–ª pyP—öK¥i

qÉÉÍNûþSÉã qÉ×irÉÉãý qÉÉuÉþkÉÏý: qÉÉqÉãý oÉsÉÇý qÉÉÍNûþSÉã qÉ×irÉÉãý qÉÉuÉþkÉÏý-qÉÉïqÉãý oÉsÉÇý

ñ£ê¤†2«î£3 ñ¢¼î¢«ò£… ñ£ê¤†2«î£3 ñ¢¼î¢«ò£… ñ£õ†î¦…4ó¢-

ñ£õ†î¦…4:-ñ£«ñ… ð3ô…ñ¢ ñ£«ñ… ð3ô…ñ¢

ixQy—¥bx i£¥Zõx– ixp—cz–:- ixQy—¥bx i£¥Zõx– ixp—cz–ª-ix¥i–

ix¥i– gmI– gmI–

EýpÉrÉÉãÿ: sÉÉãýMürÉÉãþ-GýSèkuÉÉÅÌiÉþ EýpÉrÉÉãÿ sÉÉãïýMürÉÉãþ-GýSèkuÉÉÅÌiÉþ

à…ð4«ò£‡: «ô£…è«ò£† à…ð4«ò£‡ó¢ «ô£…è«ò£†

¼…î¢3î¢4õ£Å ¼…î¢3î¢4õ£Å

D–h¥jx˜: ¥mx–K¥jx—-E–Æûx„Zy— D–h¥jx˜ª ¥mx–K¥jx—-E–Æûx„Zy—

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6 Visargam Rules for Hard Consonants

The Visarga rules for Hard Consonants are not dependent on the Vowel
sound of the Visarga. This is normally based the Hard Consonant Letters that
follow the Visarga. However, there are few exceptions to make the construction
of words smoother with rule changes.

6.1 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - ka,kha

(Mü,ZÉ, è,è2 K L)

Rule : When the Visarga is followed by a word starting with ‘ka,kha,’,

the visarga is replaced and stressed in recital with a ‘kh, while recital.
This is referred to as JihvAmUlIya in classical text and recognized as a
specific sound. (ref PS and PA). The word means produced at the root of
the tongue. Ideally this sound should represent the sound of visarga before
‘ka, kha’. This is referred to as ‘ardha visarga’ or ‘half visarga’ and
represented as a vajra symbol.
This sound should not stress the ‘K’ or ‘H’ but an intermediate light stress
and the sound emanates closer to the place of generation of ‘h’ and ‘k’
Refer to your Guru for getting this sound right.
Note: We are used to normally saying ‘Kh’ with a stress like mahapranam
‘kh’ that should be avoided. There should not be forceful outflow of air.
This is not printed or printable in books; that is, books print Visargam.

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 Visarga Sandhi

Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi (OR Read as)

lÉqÉÈþ MüMÑüýpÉÉrÉþ ÌlÉwÉýÌ…¡ûhÉã lÉqÉþ(kh) MüMÑüýpÉÉrÉþ ÌlÉwÉýÌ…¡ûhÉã (h gets

ïñ:† è°…ð£4ò† ï¤û…é¢è¤«í

the light extra stress)

ïñ†(è¢2) è°…ð£4ò† ï¤û…é¢è¤«í

diJ— KK¡–hxj— dyr–O§My¥Y
di—(t§)KK¡–hxj— dyr–O§My¥Y

rÉÉxÉÑþeÉÉýiÉÈ MüýzrÉmÉÉãý rÉÉÎxuÉlSìþÈ rÉÉxÉÑþeÉÉýiÉ(kh) MüýzrÉmÉÉãý rÉÉÎxuÉlSìþÈ

ò£ú§† ü£…î: è…Ÿ¢ò«ð£… ò£ú§† ü£…î†(è¢2) è…Ÿ¢ò«ð£…

ò£ú¢õ¤ï¢î¢3ó†: ò£ú¢õ¤ï¢î¢3ó†:

jxs¡— Rx–ZJ jxs¡— Rx–Z(t§)

K–qõ¥ex– jxsûyöÉ—J K–qõ¥ex– jxsûyöÉ—J

qÉ×ýaÉÉãlÉ pÉÏýqÉÈ MÑüþcÉýUÉã ÌaÉþËUý¸ÉÈ qÉ×ýaÉÉãlÉ pÉÏýqÉ(kh) MÑüþcÉýUÉã ÌaÉþËUý¸ÉÈ

ñ¢¼…«è£3 ï ð¦…4ñ: °†ê…«ó£ ñ¢¼…«è£3 ï ð¦…4ñ†(è¢2) °†ê…«ó£

褆3ó¤…û¢ì£2: 褆3ó¤…û¢ì£2:

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 Visarga Sandhi

i£–¥Mx d hz–iJ K¡—P–¥kx i£–¥Mx d hz–i(t§) K¡—P–¥kx

My—ky–rçxJ My—ky–rçxJ

oÉëý¼É SãýuÉÉlÉÉÿÇ mÉSýuÉÏÈ MüþuÉÏýlÉÉ oÉëý¼É SãýuÉÉlÉÉÿÇ mÉSýuÉÏ(kh) MüþuÉÏýlÉÉ

ð¢3ó…ý¢ñ£ «î…3õ£ù£‡ñ¢ ðî…3õ¦: ð¢3ó…ý¢ñ£ «î…3õ£ù£‡ñ¢

è†õ¦…ù£ ðî…3õ¦†(è¢2) è†õ¦…ù£

ög–Öx¥b–pxdx˜I eb–pzJ ög–Öx ¥b–pxdx˜I eb–pz(t§)

K—pz–dxI K—pz–dxI

iÉiÉþÈ ¤Éý§ÉÇ oÉsÉýqÉÉãeÉþ¶É eÉÉýiÉÇ iÉiÉþ(kh) ¤Éý§ÉÇ oÉsÉýqÉÉãeÉþ¶É eÉÉýiÉÇ

îî†: þ…î¢óñ¢ ð3ô…«ñ£ü†Ÿ¢ê î(è¢2) þ…î¢óñ¢ ð3ô…«ñ£ü†Ÿ¢ê

ZZ—J ±–öZI gm–¥ixR—Ò ZZ(t§) ±–öZI gm–¥ixR—Ò

Note: Please note that the letter ksha ( , , ) is a joint letter (conjuct

consonant) formed by adding kh+sha, = ZÉç + wÉ; þ = è¢2+ û ;

± = K§ + r) therefore the rule for ‘ka,kha’ applies.

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 Visarga Sandhi

In case of any conjunct consonants, the rule applies based on the first letter that
forms the base of that consonant letter.

Recital Styles: When “KSha” comes after Visaragam, many Schools especially
from Southern India, give a stress for ‘kh’ for the Visaragam and also to the
‘KSha’ sound of the following letter.
However, Scholars of some Schools say that the effect of pronouncing two
khs(as they are closer to each other) is not recital friendly and it distorts the
sound effect. So they give a pause where the Visaragam is present and recite
the word starting with the “KSha” letter

6.1.1 Exceptions of Internal Sandhi of Words for ka,kha (Mü,ZÉ, è,è2 K L)

Rule: Vowel sounds with ‘e’ and ‘u’ are followed by Hard Consonant letter from
Ka, Kha or the visarga is not replaced with kh since they may not give
smooth rendering. The Visaragam is replaced with “Sh”. This is more
applicable to internal Sandhi of the words that are formed. The Veda books shall
not be printed with the source words or Padams as given in the left side of the
Table. It is printed with the final derived word as given in the right side of the
Table. This is being highlighted as this will aid understanding of Pada Paatam.

Source Words or Padams The derived word with Sandhi

erÉÉãÌiÉþ: + M×ühÉÉãÌiÉ erÉÉãÌiÉþwÉç-M×ühÉÉãÌiÉ

ü¢«ò£î¤†û¢-袼«í£î¤

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 Visarga Sandhi

ü¢«ò£î¤†:¢ + 袼«í£î¤ ¥RõxZy—r§-K£¥YxZy

¥RõxZy—:+ K§£¥YxZy

SÒ: + MüqÉïþ SþwMüqÉïþ

¶†:3 + èó¢ñ† ¶†3û¢ èó¢ñ†

b¡rܪi—
b¡—: + Kªi—

SÒ: + M×üiÉÇý SÒþwM×üiÉÇý

¶†3:+ 袼î…ñ¢ ¶†3û¢è¢¼î…ñ¢

b¡—rÜ£ZI–
b¡—: + K§£ZI–

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6.1.2 Exceptions to the Rules for ka,kha (Mü,ZÉ, è,è2 K L) where

visargam becomes ‘s’

Visarga ends with ‘a’ sound of Na (hÉ, í, Y), ha (Wû, ý t) , ya (rÉ, ò,

j) va (uÉ õ p) , sa (xÉ, ú , s ) Sa (zÉ ,Ÿ,q ) ( is followed followed by

ka,kha (Mü,ZÉ, è,è2 K L), the visargam becomes ‘s’

Source Words or Padams The derived word

qÉrÉ: MüýUÉrÉþ cÉý qÉrÉxMüýUÉrÉþ cÉý

ñò: è…ó£ò† ê… ñòú¢è…ó£ò† ê…

ijsÜ–kxj— P–
ij: K–kxj— P–

ÂSìÉãý iÉlÉÉãý qÉrÉþ: M×üÍkÉ ÂSìÉãý iÉlÉÉãý qÉrÉþxM×üÍkÉ

¼î¢3«ó£… î«ï£… ñò†: 袼î¤4 ¼î¢3«ó£… î«ï£… ñò†ú¢è¢¼î¤4

k¡¥öbx– Z¥dx– ij—sÜ£cy

k¡¥öbx– Z¥dx– ij—: K§£cy

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pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉ-rÉÉæwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉ-rÉÉæwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý

¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£- ¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£-

ªò÷û†î¦4ù£…ñ¢ ªò÷û†î¦4ù£…ñ¢

h¡p–Ç¥j— pxkypsÜ£–Zx- h¡p–Ç¥j— pxkypsÜ£–Zx-

j¦r—czdxI– j¦r—czdxI–

rÉýzÉ: MüþUýÇ rÉýzÉxMüþUýÇ

ò…Ÿ: è†ó…ñ¢ ò…Ÿú¢è†ó…ñ¢

j–qsÜ—k–I
j–q: K—k–I

6.2 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - ca,cha

(cÉ Nû ê ê2 P Q)

Rule: When the visaraga is followed by a word starting with ‘ca,cha’,

(cÉ Nû, ê ê , P Q), the visarga is replaced with ‘S’ ( zÉç, Ÿ¢ q§).
2

This rule is incorporated and printed in the books.

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 Visarga Sandhi

source Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule (or read as)

uÉÉeÉþ: cÉ qÉã uÉÉeÉþ¶É qÉã

õ£ü†: ê «ñ õ£ü†Ÿ¢ê «ñ

pxR—Ò ¥i
pxR—: P ¥i

mÉëýeÉÉmÉþÌiÉ: cÉUÌiÉý aÉpÉãï mÉëýeÉÉmÉþÌiɶÉUÌiÉý aÉpÉãï

ð¢ó…ü£ð†î¤: êó è3ó¢«ð3 ð¢ó…ü£ð†î¤Ÿ¢ êó è3ó¢«ð3

öe–Rxe—ZyÒkZy– Mª¥h
öe–Rxe—Zy: PkZy– Mª¥h

zÉqÉïþ cÉýlSì: cÉý xÉÔrÉï: cÉý zÉqÉïþ cÉýlSì¶Éý xÉÔrÉïþ¶Éý

Ÿó¢ñ† ê…ï¢î¢3ó: ê… ú¨ó¢ò†: ê… Ÿó¢ñ† ê…ï¢î¢3óŸ¢ê… ú¨ó¢ò†Ÿ¢ê…

qªi— P–öÉÒ– s¢kõ—Ò–

qªi— P–öÉ: P– s¢kõ—: P–

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 Visarga Sandhi

lÉqÉÉãþ aÉýhÉãprÉÉãþ aÉýhÉmÉþÌiÉprÉ: cÉ lÉqÉÉãþ aÉýhÉãprÉÉãþ aÉýhÉmÉþÌiÉprɶÉ

ï«ñ£† è…3«íð¢4«ò£† ï«ñ£† è…3«íð¢4«ò£†

è…3íð†î¤ð¢4ò: ê è…3íð†î¤ð¢4òŸ¢ê

d¥ix— M–¥Y¥hõx— d¥ix— M–¥Y¥hõx—

M–Ye—ZyhõÒ
M–Ye—Zyhõ: P

6.3 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - Ta,Tha

(Oû Pû, ì ì U V)
2,

When the visaraga is followed by a word starting with ‘Ta,Tha’,

the visarga is replaced with ‘Sh’(wÉç û¢ r§) .

This rule is incorporated and printed in the books.

Note: There are no direct examples in the Samhita as these rules are incorporated in the
internal sandhi of all words formed with the sound ‘ISHTa, ISHTi, ISHTe ,etc’.

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 Visarga Sandhi

6.4 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - ta,tha

( iÉ jÉ, î î2 Z a)

Rule: When the visaraga is followed by a word starting with ‘ta,tha,’,

( iÉ jÉ, î î Z a) the visarga is replaced with a ‘s’ (xÉç,ú¢,s§) while

2

recital.
Note: when the word ‘Ot, follows Visarga ‘s’ replaces the Visarga and
becomes stvota.
This rule is incorporated and printed in books for easy rendering for the
reader.

source Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule (or read as)

lÉqÉ: iÉã lÉqÉþxiÉã

ïñ†: «î ïñ†ú¢«î
di—¥së
di—: ¥Z

MüýÌuÉÇ MüþuÉÏýlÉÉ-qÉÑþmÉýqÉ´ÉþuÉ: iÉqÉÇ | MüýÌuÉÇ MüþuÉÏýlÉÉ-qÉÑþmÉýqÉ´Éþ-uÉxiÉqÉÇ |

è…õ¤é¢è†õ¦…ï£-º†ð…ñŸ¢ó†õ: îññ¢ è…õ¤é¢è†õ¦…ï£-º†ð…ñŸ¢ó†-õú¢îññ¢
K–pyI K—pz–dx- i¡—e–iöq—pJ K–pyI K—pz–dx- i¡—e–iöq—-
ZiI psëiI

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qÉþrÉÉãý pÉÑuÉýÈ iÉÉlÉþ FýeÉãï qÉþrÉÉãý pÉÑuÉý-xiÉÉlÉþ FýeÉãï

ñ†«ò£… ¹õ…: î£ ï† ñ†«ò£… ¹õ… ú¢î£ ï†

i—¥jx–h¡p–J Zx d— i—¥jx–h¡p– sëxd—

lÉqÉý EaÉþhÉÉprÉ: iÉ×óèWûýiÉÏprÉþ¶É lÉqÉý EaÉþhÉÉprÉ-xiÉ×óèWûýiÉÏprÉþ¶É

ïñ… àè†3í£ð¢4ò: óè- ïñ… àè†3í£ð¢4ò-ú¢î¢¼óè-

ý…î¦ð¢4ò†Ÿ¢ê ý…î¦ð¢4ò†Ÿ¢ê

di– DM—Yxhõ: Z£óè- di– DM—Yxhõsë£óè-

t–Zzhõ—Ò t–Zzhõ—Ò

lÉqÉþ: iÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉ lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉ

ïñ†: þ¢«íû†«õ ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ

ꣻ…î¤4«ù† ê ꣻ…î¤4«ù† ê

di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p

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 Visarga Sandhi

di—†: Zz–±§¥Yr—¥p Pxj¡–cy¥d— P

Pxj¡–cy¥d— P

6.5 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant - pa,pha

( mÉ Tü, ð ð e f)
2,

Rule : When the visaraga is followed by a word starting with ‘pa,pha,’,

( mÉ Tü, ð ð2 e f) the visarga is replaced with an ‘ph’ (Tçü, ð¢2, f§)

,

while recital. This sound is more represented as a letter called

“upadhmAnIya” which means blowing. This is used as a substitute for
Visagara before pa or Pha. It is also referred to ‘ardha visarga’ or ‘half
visarga’. This should be uttered with like ‘ph’ but not with heavy stress.
This is not printed or printable in books.

source Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule (or read as)

qÉÉ ÌWûóèþxÉÏýýÈ mÉÑÂþwÉÇý eÉaÉþiÉç qÉÉ ÌWûóèþxÉÏ(Tçü) mÉÑÂþwÉÇý eÉaÉþiÉç

ñ£ ý¤óè†ú¦… : ¹¼†û…ë¢ üè†3î¢ ñ£ý¤óè†ú¦… (ð¢2) ¹¼†û…ë¢ üè†3î¢

ix tyóè—sz––J e¡k¡—r–I RM—Z§ ixtyóè—sz–(f§) e¡k¡—r–I RM—Z§

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AýSèprÉxxÉÇpÉÔþiÉÈ mÉ×ÍjÉýurÉæ UxÉÉÿŠ AýSèprÉxxÉÇpÉÔþiÉ(Tçü) mÉ×ÍjÉýurÉæ UxÉÉÿŠ |

Ü…î¢3ð¢òú¢-úñ¢Ì†3î: Ü…î¢3ð¢òú¢-úñ¢Ì†3î(ð¢2)

ð¢¼î¤…2õ¢¬ò óú£‡ê¢ê ð¢¼î¤…2õ¢¬ò óú£‡ê¢ê

A–b§hõsþIh¢—ZJ e£ay–¤¤põ A–b§hõsþIh¢—Z (f§)

ksx˜¶ e£ay–¤¤põ ksx˜¶

lÉqÉþÈ mÉÑýÎgeɹãÿprÉÉã ÌlÉwÉÉýSãprÉþ¶É lÉqÉþ(Tçü) mÉÑýÎgeɹãÿprÉÉã ÌlÉwÉÉýSãprÉþ¶É

ïñ:† ¹…ë¢ü¤û¢«ì‡ð¢4«ò£ ïñ†(ð¢2) ¹…ë¢ü¤û¢«ì‡ð¢4«ò£

ï¤û£…«î3ð¢4ò†Ÿ¢ê ï¤û£…«î3ð¢4ò†Ÿ¢ê

diJ— e¡–Øy¥r春hõx di—(f§) e¡–Øy¥r春hõx

dyrx–¥bhõ—Ò dyrx–¥bhõ—Ò

ÌuÉýµÉiÉýÈ mÉUþqÉÉͳÉýirÉýÇ ÆÌuÉýµÉÇ ÌuÉýµÉiÉ(Tçü) mÉUþqÉÉͳÉýirÉýÇ ÆÌuÉýµÉÇ

õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…: ðó†ñ£ï¢-串î¢ò…ñ¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…(ð¢2) ðó†ñ£ï¢-串î¢ò…ñ¢

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 Visarga Sandhi

py–qûZ–J ek—ixËy–Zõ–I py–qûZ–(f§) ek—ixËy–Zõ–I

6.5.1 Exceptions of Internal Sandhi of Words for pa,pha

( mÉ Tü, ð ð2 e f)
,

Rule: Vowel sounds with ‘e’ and ‘u’ some times ‘o’are followed by Hard
Consonant letter from pa, pha, the visarga is not replaced with ph, since they
may not give smooth rendering.
The Visaragam is replaced with “Sh”. This is more applicable to internal Sandhi
of the words that are formed. The Veda books shall not be printed with the
source words or Padams as given in the left side of the Table. It is printed with
the final derived word as given in the right side of the Table. This is being
highlighted as this will aid understanding of Pada Paatam.

Source Words or Padams The derived word

zÉÇ cÉiÉÑþ: mÉSã zÉÇ cÉiÉÑþwmÉSã

ê¶:† ð«î3 궆û¢ð«î3

PZ¡—rð¥b
PZ¡—: e¥b

uÉÉxiÉÉãÿÈ + mÉýiÉãý uÉÉxiÉÉãÿwmÉiÉãý

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வா ேதா‡: + ப…ேத… வா ேதா‡ பேத…

px¥sëx˜J + e–¥Z– px¥sëx˜rð¥Z–

6.5.2 Exceptions for Visargam followed by pa,pha ( mÉ Tü, ð ð e f)

2,

Visarga ends with ‘a’ sound of na (lÉ,ù, d) ( Na (hÉ, í, Y), ha (Wû, ý

t) , ya (rÉ, ò, j), va (uÉ õ p) , sa (xÉ, ú , s ) Sa (zÉ Ÿ q) is

followed followed by pa,pha ( mÉ Tü, ð ð2 e f) the visargam becomes ‘s’

,
Examples:
Source Words or Padams The derived word

lÉqÉÉãþ uÉÉýcÉ: mÉiÉþrÉãý lÉqÉÉãþ uÉÉýcÉxmÉiÉþrÉãý

ï«ñ£† õ£…ê: ðò… ï«ñ£† õ£…êú¢ðò…

d¥ix— px–PsðZ—¥j–
d¥ix— px–P: eZ—¥j–

oÉë¼hÉ: mÉiÉ… oÉë¼hÉxmÉiÉ…

ð¢3óý¢ñí: ðî… ð¢3óý¢ñíú¢ðî…

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 Visarga Sandhi

ögÖY: eZ…

ögÖYsðZ…

uÉlÉý: mÉiÉþrÉ uÉlÉýxmÉiÉþrÉ

õùý: ðî†ò õùú¢ðî†ò

pd–sðZ—j
pd–: eZ—j

SìÉmÉãý AlkÉþxÉ: mÉiÉãý SìÉmÉãý AlkÉþxÉxmÉiÉãý

î¢3ó£«ð… Üï¢î†4ú: ð«î… î¢3ó£«ð… Üï¢î†4úú¢ð«î…

öbx¥e– AÊ—ssð¥Z–
öbx¥e– AÊ—s: e¥Z–

6.6 Visargam followed by Hard Consonant Sibilants- sa,Sa,Sha

Rule : When the visaraga is followed by a word starting with Sibilants

(FwqÉlÉç), that is ‘sa,Sa,Sha’, (xÉ zÉ wÉ), the visargam gets replaced by

corresponding halant letter of the following letter like (s xÉç ú¢ s§)

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 Visarga Sandhi

(S zÉç, Ÿ q§), (Sh wÉç û¢ r§)

Many books print these without visargam for easy and continuous reading.
source Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule (or read as)

pÉýSìÇ MühÉãïþÍpÉÈ zÉ××hÉÑýrÉÉqÉþ SãuÉÉÈ pÉýSìÇ MühÉãïþÍpÉzzÉ××hÉÑýrÉÉqÉþ SãuÉÉÈ

ð…4î¢3óñ¢ èó¢«í†ð¤4È ð…4î¢3óñ¢ èó¢«í†ð¤4Ÿ¢-

Ÿ¢¼µ…ò£ñ† Ÿ¢¼µ…ò£ñ

h–öbI Kª¥Y—hy-qü£Y¡–jxi—
h–öbI Kª¥Y—hyÈ q£Y¡–jxi—
¥bpxJ
¥bpxJ

lÉqÉÈþ ´ÉÑýiÉÉrÉþ cÉ ´ÉÑiÉxÉãýlÉÉrÉþ lÉqÉþ z´ÉÑýiÉÉrÉþ cÉ ´ÉÑiÉxÉãýlÉÉrÉþ

ïñ†: Ÿ¢¼…î£ò† ê ïñ†Ÿ¢Ÿ¢¼…î£ò† ê

Ÿ¢¼î«ú…ù£ò† ê Ÿ¢¼î«ú…ù£ò† ê

diJ— öq¡–Zxj— P öq¡Z¥s– di— öqü¡–Zxj— P öq¡Z

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 Visarga Sandhi

dxj— P ¥s–dxj— P

lÉqÉ:þ ÎzÉýuÉÉrÉþ cÉ ÍzÉýuÉiÉþUÉrÉ lÉqÉþÎzzÉýuÉÉrÉþ cÉ ÍzÉýuÉiÉþUÉrÉ

ïñ†: -Ÿ¤…õ£ò† ê Ÿ¤…õî†ó£ò ïñ†Ÿ¢-Ÿ¤…õ£ò† ê Ÿ¤…õî†ó£ò

di—: qy–pxj— P qy–pZ—kxj di—qüy–pxj— P qy–pZ—kxj

lÉqÉýÈ xÉÉãqÉÉþrÉ lÉqÉýxxÉÉãqÉÉþrÉ

ïñ…È «ú£ñ£†ò ïñ…ú¢-«ú£ñ£†ò

di–J ¥sxix—j di¥sþxixj

lÉqÉþÈ ÍxÉMüýirÉÉþrÉ cÉ mÉëuÉÉý½ÉþrÉ cÉ lÉqÉ ÍxxÉMüýirÉÉþrÉ cÉ mÉëuÉÉý½ÉþrÉ cÉ

ïñ†È ú¤è…î¢ò£†ò ê ïñ†ú¢ú¤è…î¢ò£†ò ê

ð¢óõ£…ý¢ò£†ò ê ð¢óõ£…ý¢ò£†ò ê

diJ— syK–Zõx—j P di— sþyK–Zõx—j P öepx–tõx—

jP

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 Visarga Sandhi

öepx–tõx—j P

iɳÉþÈ wÉhqÉÑZÉÈ mÉëcÉÉãýSrÉÉÿiÉç iɳÉþwwÉhqÉÑZÉÈ mÉëcÉÉãýSrÉÉÿiÉç

îï¢ï†È ûí¢ºè2: îï¢ï†û¢ûí¢ºè2:

ð¢ó«ê£…î3ò£‡î¢ ð¢ó«ê£…î3ò£‡î¢

ZË—J r¿¡LJ öe¥Px–bjx˜Z§ ZË—r§-r¿¡LJ

öe¥Px–bjx˜Z§

mÉýgcÉýSýzÉÉÈ wÉÉãþQûýzÉãwÉÑþ ´ÉrÉSèkuÉÇ mÉýgcÉýSýzÉÉ wwÉÉãþQûýzÉãwÉÑþ ´ÉrÉSèkuÉÇ

ð…ë¢ê…î…3Ÿ£: ð…ë¢ê…î…3Ÿ£û¢ -

«û£†ì…2«Ÿû§† «û£†ì…2«Ÿû§†

Ÿ¢óòî¢3î¢4õñ¢ | e–º–b–qxr§-¥rx—W–¥qr¡—

e–º–b–qxJ ¥rx—W–¥qr¡—

uÉeÉëþ oÉÉWÒÈ wÉÉãQûýzÉÏ zÉqÉïþ rÉcNûiÉ uÉeÉëþ oÉÉWÒû wwÉÉãQûýzÉÏ zÉqÉïþ rÉcNûiÉ

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 Visarga Sandhi

õü¢ó† ð£3ý§È «û£ì…3Ÿ¦ õü¢ó† ð£3ý§û¢-«û£ì…3Ÿ¦

Ÿó¢ñ† Ÿó¢ñ†

pöR— gxt¡r§¥rxW–qz qªi—

pöR— gxt¡È ¥rxW–qz
jPâZ¡
qªi— jPâZ¡

6.7 Other rules involving s,S,Sh (xÉ zÉ wÉ)

6.7.1 Visarga sound is ‘e’(C Þ C) or ‘u’ E à D and followed by)

or Ma (qÉ, ñ, i)

Vowel sounds with ‘e’ and ‘u’ are followed by Hard Consonant letters from Ka,
Kha or pa, pha, or Ma the visarga is not replaced with kh or ph or M since
they may not give smooth rendering. The visargam becomes ‘Sh’.
Visarga sound is ‘e’ followed by ‘ma’ Visarga becomes ‘Sh’
Visarga sound is ‘u’ followed by ka (hard consonant) Visarga becomes ‘Sh’

This rule must be applied carefully as many places visargam with ‘u’ and ‘e’
becomes ‘r’ or the corresponding kh,ph,m can be used.
Refer to Section 7 which gives examples from PS.

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source Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi Rule (or read
as)

WýÌuÉ: + qÉþliÉÉãý WûýÌuÉwqÉþliÉÉãý

ý…õ¤: + ñ†ï¢«î£… ý…õ¤û¢ñ†ï¢«î£…

t–pyrô—¥Çx–
t–py: + i—¥Çx–

erÉÉãÌiÉþ: qÉ®ã½ý eÉUþ³Éý AÉrÉÑþÈ erÉÉãÌiÉþwqÉ®ã½ý eÉUþ³Éý AÉrÉÑþÈ

ü¢«ò£î¤†: ñî¢3«î4ý¢ò ü¢«ò£î¤†û¢ ñî¢3«î4ý¢ò

¥RõxZy—rô¥Ætõ– Rk—Ë–
¥RõxZy—: i¥Ætõ– Rk—Ë–

ÅÅrÉÑýwÉÉÅÅrÉÑþ: qÉliÉÇ MüUÉãÍqÉ ÅÅrÉÑýwÉÉÅÅrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ MüUÉãÍqÉ

ÅÅ»…û£ÅÅ»†: ñï¢îé¢ è«ó£ñ¤ ÅÅ»…û£ÅÅ»†û¢ñï¢îé¢ è«ó£ñ¤

„„j¡–rx„„j¡—rôÇI K¥kxiy
„„j¡–rx„„j¡þ: iÇI K¥kxiy

cɤÉÑþ: qÉiÉã cɤÉÑþwqÉiÉã

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 Visarga Sandhi

êþ§†: ñ«î êþ§†û¢ñ«î

P±¡—r§i¥Z
P±¡—: i¥Z

6.7.2 Visargam after letter ‘Ta’ (Oû , ì W) group changes

to ‘sh’ wÉç û¢ r§)

This is more an internal sandhi during formation of words involving Consonant

change rule, ‘ta’ becomes ‘sta’, with s for visargam then changes to shTa. It is
easy to read it as ISHTA than Ista as per convention and rule. Kindly refer to
rules covered in Consonant Sandhi; for vowel sounds other than ‘a’ and ‘aa’, the
‘s’ changes to ‘Sh’. The OShtau match for ‘ta’ is ‘s’ and Ta is ‘Sh’. This change
can be observed even if there is no visargam in the internal sandhi of words.

Example:
Source Words or Padama Word after Sandhi (or read as)

qÉÏRÒûþ: + iÉqÉý qÉÏRÒûþ¹qÉý

ñ¦´:†4 + îñ
ñ¦´†4û¢ìñ
izX¡—: + Zi
izX¡—ræi–

qÉÏRÒûþ: + iÉqÉÉrÉýý qÉÏýRÒû¹þqÉÉrÉý

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 Visarga Sandhi

ñ¦…´4û¢ì†ñ£ò…
ñ¦´:†4 + îñ£ò
izX¡—: + Zixj– iz–X¡ræ—ixj–

7 Rules from PrAtiSAkyam

7.1 Rules from PrAtiSAkyam(PS)
PS details a number of rules with the words involved in Visarga Sandhi.
We have tried to explain some rules and with illustrative examples. Some rules
apply under specific conditions. This section is for readers who would like to get
into more depth of Visarga Sandhi Rules.Some of the exceptions and rules which
have been explained in previous Sections may also get covered.
Note: Where there is a combination of words/padam resulting in one word,
the books shall print the derived word after the Sandhi rule.
PS 8.8 visarjanIya becomes ‘r’ in hvAH, abhAH, vAH, hAH, abibhaH, ajIgaH,
akaH, anantaH, vivaH, suvaH, punaH, aharahaH, prAtaH, vastaH, SamitaH,
savitaH, sanutaH, stanutaH, stOtaH, hOtaH, pitaH, mAtaH, yaShTaH, eShTaH,
nEShTaH,and tvaShTaH.
Please note these words have ‘aH’ sound for Visargam.

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 Visarga Sandhi

Constitutent Word/padam Word After Sandhi

mÉÑlÉþÈ + FýeÉÉï mÉÑlÉþÃýeÉÉï

ன†: + ஊ…"ஜா ன†$…"ஜா

e¡d—J | D¦–ªRx e¡d—k¢–ªRx

mÉÑlÉþÈ + AýalÉý mÉÑlÉþUalÉ

ன†: + அ… 3ன ன†ர 3ன

e¡d—J + A–² e¡d—k²

SÉãwÉÉþuÉxiÉ SÏïÌSýuÉÉóè SÉãwÉÉþuÉxiÉUç SÏÌSýuÉÉóè

ேதா3ஷா†வ தÈ த3தி…3வாóè ேதா3ஷா†வ த" த3தி…3வாóè

¥bxrx—psëJ bzby–pxóè ¥bxrx—psëª bzby–pxóè

mÉëÉýiÉÈ AýÎalÉÇ mÉëÉýiÉÈ ClSìÇ mÉëÉýiÉUýÎalÉÇ mÉëÉýiÉËUlSìÇ

ð¢ó£…îÈ Ü…è¢3ù¤ñ¢ ð¢ó£…îÈ ð¢ó£…îó…è¢3ù¤ñ¢ ð¢ó£…îó¤ï¢î¢3óñ¢

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 Visarga Sandhi

Þï¢î¢3óñ¢ öex–Zk–²yI öex–ZkyöÉI

öex–ZÈ A–²yI öex–ZÈ CöÉI

mÉ×ÍjÉþÌuÉqÉÉiÉýÈ qÉÉ qÉÉþ mÉ×ÍjÉþÌuÉqÉÉiÉýqÉÉï qÉÉþ

ð¢¼î¤†2õ¤ ñ£î…È ñ£ ñ£† ð¢¼î¤†2õ¤ ñ£î…ó¢ñ£ ñ£†

e£ay—pyixZ–ª ix ix—
e£ay—pyixZ–È ix ix—

TS 1.3.14.3

WûÉãýiÉýÈ + SÉãýwÉÉ WûÉãiÉSÉãïýwÉÉ

ேஹா…த…: + ேதா…3ஷா ேஹாத"ேதா…3ஷா

¥tx–Z–J + ¥bx–rx | ¥txZª¥bx–rx

TS 3.5.5.1

xÉÌuÉþiÉ: + ÌuɵÉþ - cÉýUç.wÉýhÉãý xÉÌuÉþiÉýÌuÉïµÉþcÉUç.wÉhÉ

ஸவ(†த: + வ()வ† -- ச…".ஷ…ேண… ஸவ(†த…" வ()வ†ச".ஷண

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 Visarga Sandhi

spy—ZJ + pyqû— - P–ªr–¥Y– spy—Z–ªpyqû—PªrY

TS 1.7.13.5

xÉýlÉÑýiÉÈ + rÉÑýrÉÉãýiÉÑý xÉlÉÑýiÉrÉÑïþrÉÉãiÉÑ

ஸ…,…த: + -…ேயா….… ஸ,…த"-†ேயா.

s–d¡–ZJ + j¡–¥jx–Z¡– sd¡–Zkõ¡—¥jxZ¡

Exceptions observed for suvaH when followed by ‘r’ and Soft Consonants
The examples given under ‘ah’ becoming ‘r’ for suvaH has been already covered
under Section 3.5 and 3.6. The following illustrative exception was observed
when ‘suvaH’ is followed by a word with letter ‘r’.
Applicability of any special rule for these examples needs to be studied and
analysed.
Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 1.4.43.1

xÉÑuÉþÈ mÉiÉ ÃýmÉãhÉþ xÉÑuÉþÈ mÉiÉ ÃýmÉãhÉþ

ஸுவ†: பத $…ேபண† ஸுவ†: பத $…ேபணþ

s¡p—J eZ k¢–¥eYþ
s¡p—J eZ k¢–¥eYþ

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TS 1.4.43.2

ÆÌuÉ xÉÑuÉýÈ mÉzrÉý ÆÌuÉ xÉÑuÉýÈ mÉzrÉý

Æவ( ஸுவ…: ப)ய… Æவ( ஸுவ…: ப)ய…

Æpy s¡p–J eqõ– Æpy s¡p–J eqõ–

TS 1.7.9.1

xÉÑuÉþÈ UÉã¤rÉÉÍqÉý xÉÑuÉÉãþ UÉã¤rÉÉÍqÉý

ஸுவ†È ேரா0யாமி… ஸுேவா† ேரா0யாமி…

s¡¥px— ¥kx±õxiy–
s¡p—J ¥kx±õxiy–

TS 1.7.9.1

xÉÑuÉþÈ + UÉãWûÉþuÉ xÉÑuÉÉãý UÉãWûÉþuÉ

ஸுவ†È + ேராஹா†வ ஸுேவா… ேராஹா†வ

s¡¥px– ¥kxtx—p–
s¡p—J + ¥kxtx—p–

TS 3.5.4.2

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 Visarga Sandhi

xÉÑuÉþÈ + ÂWûÉþhÉÉ xÉÑuÉÉãý ÂWûÉþhÉÉ

ஸுவ†È + ஹா†ணா ஸுேவா… ஹா†ணா

s¡¥px– k¡tx—Yx
s¡p—J + k¡tx—Yx

Note: Before ‘P’ the visaragam retained to be read as ‘ph’. (for words pata,
paSya) in the above table.
Before ‘r’ it becomes ‘O’ like ‘aH’ endings convert before Soft Consonant.
Like namaH rudrAya becoming namO rudrAya.
PS 8.9 Also in kaH and AvaH, in an unaccented word
Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 1.3.7.2

ÍqÉýjÉÑýrÉÉ | MüýÈ+ pÉÉaÉ - kÉãrÉÿqÉç ÍqÉjÉÑýrÉÉ MüþpÉÉïaÉýkÉãrÉÿÇ

மி….…2யா+ க…: + பா4க3--ேத4ய‡ மி.…2யா க†"பா4க…3ேத4ய‡

iy–a¡–jx | K–J + hxM - ¥cj˜I iya¡–jx K—ªhxM–¥cj˜I

PS 8.10 Also in antaH, except when accented on the first syllable.

Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 2.1.11.5

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 Visarga Sandhi

AýliÉÈ + LýwÉÉýqÉç AýliÉUãþwÉÉÇ

அ…3த: + ஏ…ஷா… அ…3தேர†ஷா

A–ÇJ + G–rx–I A–Ç¥k—rxI

PS 8.11 Also a visarjianIya followed by AvRut

PS 8.12 And likewise when ‘iti’ follows
PS 8.13 Also in ahAH, ahaH, and suvaH, except at the end of a separable word.
PS 8.14 Not, however, when followed by BiH or ByAm
PS 8.15 Also not in a(gm)haH.
PS 8.23 At the end of the former member of a compound, before k, K, or p,
visarjanIya becomes Sh or s, if preceded by a.
PS 8.24 Also in AviH, niH, iDaH, SaSvataH, apasaH, dEvariShaH, a(gm)hasaH,
ati divaH, viSvataH, aSmanaH, and tamasaH.
Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 2.6.11.4

CýQûÈ + mÉýSã CýQûxmÉýSã

இ…ட3: + ப…ேத3 இ…ட3 ப…ேத3

C–WJ + e–¥b C–Wsð–¥b

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 Visarga Sandhi

TS 4.1.9.2

xÉWûþxÉ: + mÉÑý§ÉÉã xÉWûþxÉxmÉÑý§ÉÉã

ஸஹ†ஸ: + … ர: ஸஹ†ஸ … ேரா

st—s: + e¡–¥öZx st—ssð¡–¥öZx

PS 8.25 Also before kRudhi, pinva, and pathE

Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 1.4.2.1

CwÉþÈ + M×üýÍkÉý | CwÉþxM×üÍkÉý

இஷ†: + …தி…4 இஷ† தி…4

Cr—J + K£–cy– Cr—sÜ£cy

TS 2.6.11.3

Eý + lÉýÈ + M×üýÍkÉý EÂhÉþxM×üÍkÉ

உ… + ந…: + …தி…4 உ ண† தி4

D–k¡ + d–J + K£–cy– Dk¡Y—sÜ£cy

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TS 2.3.9.1 Exception for saH observed

AÉqÉþlÉxÉÈ M×üÍkÉý xuÉÉWûÉ AÉqÉþlÉxÉýÈ M×üýÍkÉý xuÉÉWûÉ

ஆம†னஸ: தி…4 வாஹா ஆம†னஸ: தி…4 வாஹா

Bi—dsJ K£cy– sûxtx Bi—dsJ K£cy–

sûxtx(visargam retains ‘kh’

sound)

TS 3.3.11.4 Exception for naH Visargam does not become ‘s’

zÉgcÉþlÉÈ M×üÍkÉ
observed

zÉqÉç + cÉý + lÉýÈ + M×üýÍkÉý

ஶ8ச†ன: தி4
ஶ + ச… + ந…: + …தி…4
qº—dJ K£cy
qI + P– + d–J + K£–cy–
Note: the NaH is an independent word
or padam

TS 4.3.4.3

zsÉÉãýMüýrÉý +AýmÉÈ+ÌmÉýluÉ+AÉãwÉþkÉÏÈ zsÉÉãMürÉÉýmÉ-ÎxmÉýluÉÉæwÉþkÉÏ:

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 Visarga Sandhi

)ேலா…க…ய…+அ…ப:+ப(…:வ…+ ஓஷ†த4: )ேலாகயா…ப- ப(…:ெவௗஷ†த4:

¥qøx–K–j+A–eJ+ey–dû–+Hxr—czJ ¥qøxKjx–e-sðy–dû¦r—czª

TS 4.7.13.2

lÉqÉþÈ + mÉ–jÉã lÉqÉþxmÉýjÉã

நம†: + ப…ேத2 நம† ப…ேத2

di—J + e–¥a di—sð–¥a

PS 8.27 Also before patnI vE, patI, patE, patayE, patiH, and patim
Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 1.4.2.1

uÉÉýcÉÈ + mÉiÉþrÉã | uÉÉýcÉxmÉiÉþþrÉã

வா…ச: + பத†ேய வா…ச பத†ேய

px–PJ + eZ—¥j px–PsðZ—¥j

TS 1.1.13.3

qÉlÉþxÉÈ + mÉýiÉãý qÉlÉþxÉxmÉiÉã

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 Visarga Sandhi

மன†ஸ: + ப…ேத… மன†ஸ பேத

id—sJ + e–¥Z– id—ssð¥Z

TS 2.6.11.1

zÉýÌiÉlÉþÈ + mÉÌiÉþÈ zÉýÌiÉlÉýxmÉÌiÉþÈ

ஶ…தின†: + பதி†: ஶ…தின… பதி†:

q–Zyd—J + eZy—J q–Zyd–sðZy—J

PS 8.27 Also in divaH and sahasaH, before pari and put

Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)

ÌSýuÉxmÉÑý§ÉÉrÉý
TS 1.2.91

ÌSýuÉÈ + mÉÑý§ÉÉrÉþ |
தி…3வ … ராய…
தி…3வ: + … ராய†

by–pJ + e¡–öZxj— by–psð¡–öZxj–

TS 1.3.14.5

ÌSýuÉÈ + mÉËUþ + mÉëýjÉýqÉqÉç ÌSýuÉxmÉËUþ mÉëjÉýqÉÇ

தி…3வ: + ப>† + ?ர…த…2ம
தி…3வ ப>† ?ரத…2ம8

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 Visarga Sandhi

by–psðky— öea–iI
by–pJ | eky— | öe–a–iI
TB 4.1.9.2

xÉWûþxÉÈ + mÉÑý§ÉÈ xÉWûþxÉxmÉÑý§ÉÉã

ஸஹ†ஸ: + … ர: ஸஹ†ஸ … ேரா

st—sJ + e¡–öZJ st—ssð¡–¥öZx

PS 8.28 Also in rAyaH, before pO

Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 1.3.1.2

UÉýrÉÈ + mÉÉãwÉÿqÉç UÉýrÉxmÉÉãwÉþÇ

ரா…ய: + ேபாஷ‡ ரா…ய ேபாஷ†

kx–jJ + ¥exr˜I kx–j¥sðxr—I

TS 1.3.4.2

UÉýrÉÈ + mÉÉãwÉãþhÉ UÉýrÉxmÉÉãwÉãþhÉý

ரா…ய: + ேபாேஷ†ண ரா…ய ேபாேஷ†ண

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 Visarga Sandhi

kx–jJ + ¥ex¥r—Y kx–j¥sðx¥r—Y

PS 8.30 Also in namaH, before karO

Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 2.6.9.8

lÉqÉþÈ + MüýUÉãýÌiÉý lÉqÉþxMüUÉÌiÉ

நம†: + க…ேரா…தி… நம† கேராதி

di—J + K–¥kx–Zy– di—sÜ¥kxZy

TS 5.5.7.3

lÉqÉþÈ + Mü–UÉã–ÍqÉ– lÉqÉþxMüUÉãÍqÉý

நம†: + க…ேரா…மி… நம† கேராமி…

di—J + K–¥kx–iy– di—sÜ¥kxiy–

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 Visarga Sandhi

PS 8.31 Also in vasuH, before k

Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)

TS 4.4.4.5

uÉxÉÑþÈ + MüýÌuÉÈ + AýÎalÉÈ uÉxÉÑþwMüýÌuÉ-UýÎalÉÈ

க…வ(-ர… 3ன@È
வஸு†: + க…வ(: + அ… 3ன@:
வஸு†

ps¡—J + K–pyJ + A–²yJ

ps¡—rÜ–py-k–²yÈ

PS 8.32 Not in adhvaram viSvataH, antaH, jAtaH, viviSuH, paruH, and

punaH (s or S not being) formed for visargam
Constitutent Words/padams Word after Sandhi (or read as)
TS 4.1.11.1

rÉý¥ÉqÉç + AýkuÉýUqÉç + ÌuÉýµÉiÉþÈ | ÆrÉý¥ÉqÉþkuÉýUÇ ÆÌuÉýµÉiÉþÈ mÉËUýpÉÔ

mÉýËUýpÉÔ

ய…Aஞ +அ… 4வ…ர +வ(…)வத†: + Æய…Aஞம† 4வ…ர Æவ(…)வத†:

ப…>…C4 ப>…C4

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j–¹I+A–cû–kI+py–qûZ—J + Æj–¹i—cû–kI Æpy–qûZ—J

e–ky–h¢ eky–h¢

TS 4.2.6.4

AÉþÌuÉÌuÉýzÉÑÈ mÉÂþÈ mÉÂÈ AÉþÌuÉÌuÉýzÉÑÈ mÉÂþÈ mÉÂÈ

ஆ†வ(வ(…ஶு: ப †: ப : ஆ†வ(வ(…ஶு: ப †: ப :

B—pypy–q¡J ek¡—J ek¡J B—pypy–q¡J ek¡—J ek¡J

PS 8.33 Nor before a word containing dh or Sh

Analysis of examples show that when the next word begins with ‘dh’,
the visargam becomes ‘O’ since ‘dh’ is a soft consonant.
Similarly when a word with ‘Sh’ follows visargam, the visargam becomes ‘Sh’
only.
PS 8.34 Not before pari vA or pra
This rule just reiterates that before these words the visaragam will be ‘ph’ only.
Does not change to ‘s’ or ‘Sh’.
PS 8.35 Not so with niH
This rule reiterates that after niH the visargarm either becomes ‘r’ or ‘Sh’
depending on following word. Vowel sounds (other than ‘a’ and ‘aa’) like ee,uu,
ae, ai will have the ‘s’ changing to ‘Sh’.

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