FOUNDATION REMEDIAL WORKS

SHORING
 It is the construction of temporary structure to support temporarily unshaped structure.
 It is lateral support to wall.
Shoring of a structure is required
o To support a structure which is sinking or tilting due to ground subsidence or instability
of the superstructure,
o As a safeguard against possible settlement of a structure when excavating close to and
below its foundation level,
o To support a structure while making alterations to its foundations or main supporting
members
Shores are of Three Types –
(a) Raking shores
(b) Flying shores
(c) Dead shores
1. Raking shores –
Ranking shores is a system of giving temporary support to an unsafe wall

(a) Rakers are to be inclined in the ground at 45º. However the angle may be between 45º
and 75º .
(b) For tall buildings, the length of the raker can be reduced by introducing rider raker.
(c) Rakers should be properly braced at intervals.
(d) The size of the rakers is to be decided on the basis of anticipated thrust from the wall.
(e) The center line of a raker and the wall should meet at floor level.
(f) Shoring may be spaced at 3 to 4.5m spacing to cover longer length of the bar.
(g) The sole plate should be properly embedded into the ground on an inclination
and should be of proper section and size.
(h) Wedges should not be used on sole plates since they are likely to give way under
vibrations that are likely to occur.

A raking shore consists of following components.

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1. Rakers / inclined members
2. Wall plate
3. Needles
4. Cleats
5. Bracing
6. Sole plate

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2. Flying / Horizontal Shores
o In this type, horizontal supports are provided for supporting temporarily the parallel
walls of the two adjacent buildings, which may tend to collapse or damage when one of
the intermediate buildings has to be pulled down and rebuilt.

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3. Dead shores
Dead Shores or Vertical Shores, In this system of shoring, the vertical members known as
‘dead shores’ are used to support temporarily the walls, roofs, floors, etc., by providing
horizontal members known as needle.

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Objectives:
o To rebuild the lower part of a defective load bearing wall
o To rebuild (or replace) or deepen the existing foundations, which have either
become unsafe or require strengthening for carrying heavier loads
o To provide large openings in the existing walls such as doors, windows, shop
fronts or garages at a lower level.

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 UNDERPINNING

 Underpinning is the process of modifying an existing foundation system by extending

into subsurface stratum that is deeper & more stable than the near surface soil that
supports the existing foundation system.
 This is done to provide vertical support that is not present in the existing design.
 Also to increase the load bearing capacity of a foundation.

Underpinning of a structure is required;

(a) To support a structure which is sinking or tilting due to ground subsidence or instability
of the superstructure,
(b) As a safeguard against possible settlement of a structure when excavating close to and
below its foundation level,
(c) To support a structure while making alterations to its foundations or main supporting
members
(d) To enable the foundations to be deepened for structural reasons, for example to construct
a basement beneath a building,
(e) To increase the width of a foundation to permit heavier loads to be carried, for example
when increasing the storey height of a building,
(f) To enable a building to be moved bodily to a new site

Methods of underpinning include:

 the construction of footings

 stem walls
 driven pilings for drilled piers.

The underpinning, if properly designed &installed, provides the basis to lift the structure
to a more acceptable elevation & provides vertical support to prevent the underpinned
area from settling.

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 Causes of foundation failure

Many houses are constructed with foundations that are inadequate for the soil conditions
existing on the site because:

o The lack of suitable land,

o Homes are often built on marginal land that has insufficient bearing capacity to
support the substantial weight of a structure.
o Near surface soils consist predominately of expansive clays that shrink & swell as
their moisture content changes.
o If the bearing soils consist of expansive clays, foundation movement can occur if
wetting and drying of the clays does not occur uniformly across the entire slab

Symptoms of foundation failure

The signs of foundation failure are:

- doors that do not close properly anymore

- windows that stick
- diagonal cracks in the interior & exterior walls
- Small cracks in the foundation or floor & uneven floors.

Site survey and preliminary works before underpinning works:

1. Notice to the adjoining owners. Explain in detail the intention to do the underpinning works
and giving full details of any proposed temporary supports such as shoring.
2. Survey of the building to be underpinned. Record any defects, cracks, supplemented by
photographs and agreed with the building owner where possible.
3. Take photo of building to be underpinned as a proof.
4. Record all the buildings movement with theodolite/levels etc.
5. Survey on required temporary support while doing underpinning works such as shoring
works.
6. Survey on soil. Make sure that the new load impose is on the suitable strength and to
determine the suitable types of underpinning work to be done.
7. Take notes on safety control for public, workers and public’s properties.

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8. Bring down as much as imposed load to the building and provide temporary support where
necessary.
9. Determine servicing pipe to the building. Make sure it will not be interrupted or contractor
have to provide alternative way for the servicing pipe.
10. Get a permission and give notice to Local Authority on proposed underpinning works.

TYPES OF UNDERPINNING

1. Continuous / Traditional Underpinning

2. Pre-test Method Underpinning
3. Miga @ jack Underpinning
4. Bore Pile Underpinning
5. Needle and pile Underpinning
6. Radial Piling Underpinning
7. Pynford Stooling Underpinning

1. Continuous / Traditional Underpinning

 Continuous/ Traditional underpinning can be used to replace strip foundation only.
 should always carried out in short lengths called legs bay.
 The number and length of bays will depend upon the following factors:
i. Total length of wall to be underpinned
ii. Width of the existing foundation
iii. Condition of substructure
iv. Superimposed loading of existing foundation
v. Estimated spanning stability of existing foundation
vi. Subsoil condition encountered

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Sequence works of Continuous Underpinning:

 Divide wall to 5 bays. E.g.: 7.50 meter/5 part = 1.50 meter each part.
 Number each bays start from the left side. (1,2,3,4,5)
 Excavation works will be done stage by stage to the sides and under existing
foundation.
 Timbering must be done at excavation area as a safety precaution especially to the
workers.
 Excavation will start with parts No.3.
 Excavate till to the new level required
 Construct new foundation with the length of 1.50 meter in excavation/working space
area No.3.
 Followed with construct new wall with the length of 1.50 meter on the new
foundation. Make sure that the wall is close enough to support existing foundation.
 Fill the gap between existing foundation and new wall with ‘final pinning’ - mortar
with ratio 1:3.
 Repeat this method to working space No.5, followed by No.1, No.4 and lastly No.2.
 End of new wall must be construct with ‘tooth’ to bond the wall with another new wall
 End of new foundation must have dowel bars and toothed to produce strength and
neat connection between new foundation.
 DPM can be install in underpinning works if required.
 All excavation works must be filling back in stages.
 It is recommended that parts of excavation works/ working area to be underpinned
must not more than 6 part.
 All part/ working area with the same No. can be excavate in one time.

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 Attention/ Precaution on construction of Continuous Underpinning:

1. Maximum length of foundation or wall floating in one time is only 1.20 meter – 1.50 meter.
2. Total length of floating foundation must be not more than 1.40 meter from total length
of foundation or wall to be underpinned.

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3. Floating area supposedly not more than 1/5-1/6 from total length in one time if existing
underpinning is too weak or broken or load density is too big.
4. Buildings with low density load e.g.: double storey house or buildings with good condition
wall, floating area permitted is 1/3 from total length of the wall.

2. Pre-test method underpinning

 This method is can be used for strip and pad foundation.

 It’s suitable for building which increase the load bearing capacity to the building. E.g.
increased storey from 5 to 10 storey.

 Subsoil in new excavation level will be compact and compress to gave a predetermined
loads to the soil before underpinning works done.

Sequence works for Pre-test Method Underpinning:

i. Underpinning for strip foundation will be done stage by stage as in Continuous

Underpinning.
ii. Construct reinforced concrete strip foundation with appropriate thickness to allow
tension and compaction in foundation.
iii. For pad foundation, excavation will be done under existing pad foundation.
iv. New pad foundation will be construct in pit When new foundation has matured, jack
hydraulic will be put on the top of the new foundation.
v. Then, precast concrete beam will be arrange on top of the jack.
vi. Fast hardening concrete is laid between the precast concrete beam .
vii. Before it has finally hardened, set the jack.
viii. Precast concrete beam and half hardened concrete will be jack up to the existing
foundation. All pores between concrete will be compacted and fill with half hardened
concrete
ix. When concrete have matured, jack beam and concrete one more time to the new level.
It is extended to give a predetermined load on the new foundation, thus pretesting the
soil beneath.

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 x. Underpinning material such as engineering bricks, concrete blocks and steel beam will
be put in the hollow space as a support to precast concrete beam before remove jack.
xi. Remove jack, and fill the hollow space with underpinning material such as bricks or
concretes.

3. Miga or jack underpinning

 This method is suitable for strip and pad foundation.
 Suitable for subsoil with deep bearing capacity which is not practical to use
traditional wall underpinning.
 Using jack in underpinning works can avoid deep excavation.
 No vibration and noise in using jack which will not disturb nearest building or
environment
 Can be use in as short as 1.80m depth working space

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  Existing foundation supposed to be in good condition to receive piles. At the end it
will act as a pile cap to the piles.
 The condition and ability of the existing strip foundation will determine the
spacing of the pile.
Sequence works for Miga or Jack Underpinning
1. For strip foundation, excavation works is done as per continuous underpinning.
Excavate bay by bay with 1.80m depth working space.
2. For pad foundation, excavation is done under existing foundation.
3. Hydraulic jack will be use to jacked precast concrete pile into the suitable subsoil.
4. Short Precast concrete pile with pointed steel toe , size of 300x300x600mm will be
jack as a first section (initial pile).
5. Followed with extension piles with the size 300x300x750mm.
6. The pile is jacked until the pile has reached the required depth.
7. Space between the top of the pile and underside of the existing foundation is fill
with a ‘final pinning’ concrete, with a ratio 1:3.

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4. Bored pile underpinning
 Suitable method to replace existing foundation with piling.
 Simple method of construction which include excavation, steel casing,
reinforcement and concrete works.
 Bore pile is most suitable piling work for underpinning because piling rig can be use
in small and limited space especially under existing foundation.
 It can be used in space as low as 1.80 meter.
 Quiet and not produce a lot of vibration.
 The best diameter pile for the underpinning work is 300mm-950mm.
 It will be done stage by stage.

Sequence works for Bore Pile Underpinning:

1. For strip foundation, excavation works is done as per continuous underpinning.

Excavation is done bay by bay.
2. For pad foundation, excavation is done under existing foundation.
3. Allow 1.80-meter depth for working space.
4. Locate ‘ Rig pile’ in working space where as it functioning as pit excavator.
5. Use steel casing to prevent soil from fall and fill the excavation pit.
6. Excavate to suitable depth and arrange reinforcement in the excavation pit.
7. lastly, pour concrete to the pit and compact the concrete with air.
8. Steel casing will be bring out, one by one.
9. The best bored pile is the pile with toothing around. It helps pile to bond strongly
and neatly with soil.
10. It is better to make the lower part of the bore pile bigger than usual to support the
pile.

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5. Needle & pile underpinning

 Needle and pile is use if the wall to be underpinned has a weak foundation that is
considered unsuitable for spanning over the heads of jack piles.

 This method uses pairs of jacks or usually bored piles in conjunction with an in-situ
reinforced concrete beam or needle place above the existing foundation.

 The system works on the same principles as a dead shoring arrangement relying on the
arching effect of bonded brickwork.

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 If water is encountered when using bored piles, a pressure pile can be used as an
alternative.
 There are two ways of arrangements to enable the work to be carried out. Either from
both sides of the wall or from the external face only.

Sequence works for Needle and Pile Underpinning

 The needle and pile underpinning are referring to the arrangement of pile in
underpinning works.

 If using jack, the sequence works is same as miga @ jack underpinning.

 If insitu pile, the sequence works is same as done in bored piles.

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6. Radial/ angle piled underpinning

 Low-cost modern alternative to traditional underpinning for stabilizing existing sub

structural walls and foundations.
 The pile is installed by using air flushed rotary percussion drill from inside and outside
of the building.
 Spacing and depth of boring will depend on site conditions such as the occurrence of solid
bearing strata and extent of structural damage.
 Although disruption to the building’s interior is most likely, the relatively short timescale
and minimal excavation make for an economic process.
 Although disruption to the building’s interior is most likely, the relatively short timescale
and minimal excavation make for an economic process.
 The suitable pile diameter to be used in this underpinning works is between 120mm –
280mm.

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7. Pynford stooling

 This method is only suitable for strip foundation.

 It’s enable walls to be underpinned in continuous runs without the use of needles or

raking shoring.

 The procedure is to cut away portions of brickwork, above the existing foundation to

enable precast concrete stool to be inserted and pinned.

Sequence works of Pynford Stooling Underpinning

1. Cut holes in brickwork in the upper part of existing foundation. This work will be done
alternately.
2. Stools or precast concrete beam positioned and pinned in holes cut.

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3. Remove brickworks between stools.
4. Fabricated and positioned reinforcement around stools till it be ring beam
reinforcement.
5. Erect formwork to cast concrete beam along the underpinning works.
6. Removed formwork after concrete matured.
7. Do final pinning with mortar ratio 1:3 where necessary.

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