Kendo Training Handbook

By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 1 of 52
Kendo Training Handbook
EDITION 1 Rev 5
December 2011
By Matt Jackson
Kendo is a traditional Japanese martial art, as well as Athletic sport. How you think of and practice it will change and
develop over the time to practice the art. This guide is a summary of my understandings, and so, as a disclaimer, I can-
not guarantee that these are thoughts of everyone, including myself in future times. Over the years I have practiced
Kendo, I have learned and been taught many ideas, in many ways. I have, from the advice I have received and ideas
taught to me, compiled my notes, and have selected those ideas I found most useful myself, and that was a common
idea among many Sensei. To avoid changing ideas beyond those of Kendo, I have set the basic standard as that de-
scribed in the All Japan Kendo Federation manuals. Where differences appear in teaching ideas, I have commented in
Italics to give some guidance. I set the basic elements needed for practice to master basic Kendo and teach the skills
needed to face an opponent, these being the Kihon-dosa as described by the All Japan Kendo Federation. They are as
follows:
1) Shisei (Posture)
2) Kamae (stance or posture) and Metsuke (use of eyes)
3) Kamae-kata (the way of drawing the bokutō/shinai) and Osame-kata (the way of putting away bokutō/shinai)
4) Ashi-sabaki (footwork)
5) Suburi (Swinging the shinai)
6) Kake-goe (vocalization)
7) Ma-ai (distance between oneself and opponent)
8) Kihon-no-uchi-kata, Tsuki-kata, and Uke-kata (Basic ways of striking, thrusting and receiving strikes.)
9) Kiri-kaeshi (Continuous striking center, right-left men)
10) Tai-atari (colliding with opponent)
11) Tsuba-zeriai (fighting close with the sword guards.)
12) Zanshin (keeping alert with correct posture after cutting)
I have adjusted the order to fit in with the logical progression of practice and contents of this list to include notes on
Reigi-Saho (Etiquette and Manners).
The Content Chapters are listed in step by step order that is needed to master the basics of Kendo.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Reigi – Saho .............................................................................................................................................. 2
Chapter 2: Kamae, Kamae-kata and Osame-kata ...................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 3: Ashi-sabaki ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 4: Suburi ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 5: Ma-ai, Kihon-no-uchi-kata, Tsuki-kata, Uke-kata, Tsuba-zeriai and Zanshin ............................................ 16
Chapter 6: Kiri-kaeshi and Tai-atari ............................................................................................................................ 22
Chapter 7: Seme, Sen and Kikai .................................................................................................................................. 24
Chapter 8: Shikake-waza and Oji-waza ....................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 9: Uchikomi geiko, Kakari-geiko and Jigeiko ................................................................................................. 34
Appendix A: Bokutō ni yoru Kendo kihon waza keiko ho ............................................................................................ 36
Appendix B: Nihon Kendo Kata .................................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix C: SUBURI SWING SPEED STUDY .................................................................................................................. 43
Appendix D: Small cutting action for striking. ............................................................................................................. 46
Appendix E: Equipment ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Appendix F: Training .................................................................................................................................................... 49
References and Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. 51

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 2 of 52
Chapter 1: Reigi-Saho (礼儀作法)
The Etiquette, Manners, and Attitudes below should be shown during Kendo training. Remember, in Kendo, the do (道)
refers to the way or path to enlightenment, and as such, the attitudes should also be taken with you into everyday life.
No matter what your experience or ability in kendo you can always show good reigi. Reigi is important because it helps
to maintain the relationship between the sword and the shinai. By showing such manners you are showing that you re-
spect the fact you are dealing with a real sword and death is a very real possibility. Kendo is Japanese art, and if we fail
to maintain the Japanese identity of kendo, it will lose its meaning.
Good Etiquette and Manners:
● Always ensure your toenails and fingernails are cut short before training.
● Always air your uniform and your armor after each session: never leave them in the bag between sessions or they will
get moldy and smell horrible.
● Keep your uniform clean and fold it correctly before attending the session.
● Always check your shinai for splinters before attending the session.
● Do not wear shoes in the dojo.
● Remove all jewelers, including rings and watches before training.
● Show up early to practice. You shouldn't only just have time to get ready. You should help to prepare the dojo. It is
usually the beginners' responsibility to clean the floor before and after every session. With a job or busy lifestyle this
can sometimes be hard to achieve, but if you make an effort to do this, you will eventually understand the benefits.
Don't use business or studies as your excuse to miss a session. Management of yourself is still part of your kendo.
● If you are late to practice, enter quietly, warm up and stretch, prepare yourself in seiza and join in from the end of the
line.
● Always bow on entering and leaving the dojo.
● If you are warming yourself up before a session, you MUST stay in the shimoza. The kamiza is for your sensei and the
shomen. Never enter it unless you are doing so to prepare the dojo for practice or are carrying sensei's gear for him.
Usually, the half near to the entrance is the shimoza, and the other half is the kamiza.
● When you bring all your equipment into the dojo take up as little space as possible when you leave it at the side, make
sure that it doesn't get in the way of the practice or the doors.
● Do not smoke, eat, drink or fool around in the dojo.
● Do not lean on a sword or rest a shinai or bokutō point downwards. Don't leave your shinai or bokutō in a way that
means they can fall over; they represent your swords which would be of great value. The blade and kensen of your
shinai and bokutō should point away from the Kamiza. If the dojo is small, then place your swords on the floor close
to the wall.
● Do not step over or kick a shinai on the ground.
● When you are asked to line up, this should be done quickly. KNOW YOUR PLACE IN THE LINE. The order in which you
line up is the order of your responsibility in the group, not just your rank.
● Make it a habit of sitting in seiza quietly at the beginning and the end of the session.
● DON'T move about unnecessarily when you sit in seiza. You should sit with correct posture even if it starts to hurt.
Controlling your posture and maintaining seiza even when it becomes uncomfortable is part of kendo. If you have a
serious issue, swap to the cross-legged position but do not move again.
● If someone is kneeling in armor, you should pass behind them or, if you have to pass in front of them, bow and extend
your right hand in a vertical plane, palm forward.
● Follow the Sensei to whether Tenugui is laid over the Men or folded inside. If laid out, you should be able to read your
tenugui before you put it on.
● When you bow (shomen-ni, senseigata-ni, or otagai-ni) always bow longer than your seniors. Also if you are saying
'onegaishimasu' or 'dōmo arigatō gozaimasu' say it correctly.
● When you put on your equipment (Men when we are in seiza, or Do after Kata practice) try to be the quickest. How-
ever, it is worse if you have to redo your equipment. Be quick but put the gear on properly. If your Men-himo is too
long, shorten them; if your Kote is untied, then tie them.
● During practice always bow correctly; 15 degrees maintaining eye contact.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 3 of 52
● During rotation you will have to pass quickly around the back of the sensei - DO NOT slow the whole practice down by
being slow.
● Do not interrupt the teacher’s instruction, and do not chat with each other during practice. Save questions to when
asked or to after final rei.
● If you need to fix your bogu during a session then first ask your partner, move back out of the way and sit in seiza.
● If someone falls over in the dojo, unless it directly involves you, you should continue training. Don’t stop and crowd
around. Sensei will say if you have to stop, and if you are the first aider, be ready.
● Keep practicing unless you truly can't continue. It is reigi to keep going to get the most out of sensei; they will appre-
ciate that you kept trying despite it causing you pain. Kendo practice means to train you, in other words, to make you
feel pain physically and mentally. Don't run away from this.
● Do not lean or lay down: stand, kneel or sit cross-legged when resting.
● It is reigi to be ready for practice; this means eating and drinking enough that you don't become tired and dehydrated.
Drink enough before sessions, so you have the energy to continue, and don’t let the sensei, the dojo, and yourself
down.
● If the weather is very hot, pay extra attention to fluid intake. If you are dehydrated and practicing for a long time in
such weather, you may get heat stroke.
● If you vomit or your feet bleed your first responsibility is to clean the dojo floor. After the dojo is cleaned, you can
take off Men and clean it, after which you can tend to yourself.
● Do not just stop practicing. If you cannot continue, tell your partner, excuse yourself to the sensei, take seiza and re-
move equipment in such a way as to not get in the way of practice.
● Only break for rest when invited to by sensei. Take that opportunity to drink fluids and check shinai and Bogu.
● Normally drinking will be outside Dojo, or in an assigned area. Bow if leaving the Dojo. Do NOT walk around the Dojo
drinking!
● Take your Men off correctly: Pull the himo over your head and untie them there. Then take the Men off, holding it in
front of your face until you have removed the tenugui.
● ALWAYS carry the visiting sensei's equipment for them; you should also fold it for them after the session. If you offer
to do this, but they don't accept don't give up; offer again.
Attitudes for Kendo:
● Always value the basics.
● Practice repeatedly and many times, practice with someone formidable
● Practice with the proper attitude.
● Practice with courtesy and respect.
● Do not be obsessed with winning; practice with the desire to study the principles of kendo.
● Have devotion to Kendo and practice with the initiative.
● Practice with determination.
● Value graceful, elegant, dignified Kendo.
● Be prepared physically and mentally, and then practice with eagerness.
● Know your capabilities and practice accordingly.
● Learn by experiencing.
● Always consider ways to improve.
● Be mindful of everyday life.
● Be conscious of safety.
● Be conscious of health and hygiene.
● Do not over-exhaust unreasonably beyond the limit.
● For students, consider how studies and Kendo can be balanced.
● Grasp the value of watching; humbly learn merits of others by observing.
● Always do warming up and cooling down exercises.
Dojo: The term Dojo comes from Buddhism meaning "place to study," which originally referred to the platform Buddha
meditated on. Commit yourself to sincere training when entering Dojo, appreciate having a place to practice and people
to practice with, maintain cleanliness, and take care of your belongings neatly (e.g., shoes, clothes, Bogu).

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 4 of 52
Know the location of Kamiza, the upper seat; this may be a shrine, flag or another symbol. The term Kamiza can be
written in different Japanese characters which mean "upper seat" or "toward the altar." Beginners line up toward the
lower end (Shimoza). Reigi is not just a quick bow entering the Dojo but is about Respect. Know how to bow correctly,
and when, where and who to in the Dojo. They are not empty rituals but an expression of respect for all the other
members of the dojo who are offering you a chance to practice kendo. Here is an extract from the Kendo Reader - writ-
ten some 70+ years ago:
● Make a reverend bow when entering and leaving the Dojo.
● Do not enter the Dojo dressed untidily; a Hakama should be worn if dressed in Japanese style.
● Maintain a respectful attitude and most correct posture.
● Be quiet and conscientious, do not engage in noisy chatter, laughter, clapping or cheering.
● After eating, allow a suitable amount of time to elapse before training.
● If you have taken alcohol, do not enter the Dojo; let alone engage in training.
● The sword is one’s soul, and the bogu is one’s armor. Handle them with respect according to the correct method.
● The Dojo interior must be cleaned morning and evening and kept tidy.
● Do not comment on other styles of swordsmanship or in each other’s technique.
● For those who are training in swordsmanship, take caution against shortness of temper or selfishness, do not be quar-
relsome but always remain serene of heart.
All senior students make sure the Dojo floor is safe, and tape/make any holes, etc., while juniors sweep the floor clean.
Visiting other Dojo:
If you are WEARING your Club’s Zekken, and visiting other Dojo, it is expected that you show CORRECT Reigi and set a
good example. Always bow to the most senior Sensei (find out who it is), and introduce yourself and ask permission to
join the class. Always try your hardest, and even if the ideas differ from what you have been taught, listen, try, learn
from them - never argue or debate with your seniors. Some commands may differ – try to follow their way.
About Rei: Rei is a way to pay respect and show acknowledgment. Upon entry to the Dojo, enter then Rei to the
Kamiza; this is a way to pay respect to the Dojo and to commit yourself to a sincere practice. Also, when exiting, Rei to
the Kamiza, then exit.
Commands during Training
At the start will be:
Sei retsu: line up in the correct order. You may hear Shinai o motte or Bokutō o motte - with Shinai or Bokutō.
Chakuza: all sit down in Seiza
Shisei o tadashite: straighten back/sit up straight
Mokusō: a brief moment for meditation
Yame: stop mokuso
Shōmen ni rei: bow to the flag (Kamiza)
Sensei (gata) ni rei: bow to the sensei (sensei’s)
Otagai ni rei: bow to each other, and ask “please train with me” by saying; “Onegai shimasu.”
Men o tsuke: put on men and kote. – seniors first when required
At the end of Practice will be:
Sei retsu: line up in correct order
Chakuza: all sit down in Seiza
Men o tore: take off kote and men
Shisei o tadashite: straighten back/sit up straight
Mokusō: a brief moment for meditation
Yame: stop mokuso
Sensei (gata) ni rei: bow to the sensei (sensei’s) [NB: note slightly different order]
Shomen ni rei: bow to the flag (Kamiza)
Otagai ni rei: bow to each other and thank them very much: “Arigatou gozaimashita.”
Acknowledge Sensei (teacher), Senpai (senior) and each other with Rei; this is to show respect and appreciation. To
someone senior, bow first and rise last. To each other, bow together simultaneously.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 5 of 52
Shizen-tai: Shizen-tai is natural posture which is the basis of all kendo postures and movements.
● The body should not feel strained.
● The face and eyes should face straight forward.
● Stretch the neck upward, and pull the chin back with a feeling of stretching the top of head to reach the ceiling.
(There should be no gap between neck and Kendo-gi.)
● Shoulders are relaxed, with a feeling of being held slightly back.
● Arms should hang down naturally by your side, with fingers together.
● The hips are held straight, and lower abdomen held taut with a feeling of tightening the buttocks.
● Knees should not be bent, but relaxed, i.e., not completely straight legged (don’t lock your knees).
● The feet slightly apart, heels are drawn in, you should have your weight evenly applied.
Ritsu-rei: There are two kinds of standing bow. The one to your opponent (moku-rei) and secondly, a formal bow,
which we use bowing to the Shomen or sensei. The bow can be performed with or without a sword (shinai). The main
difference between them is the angle of the bow, and the eye contact.
When entering or leaving the dojo, we perform a formal bow toward the Shomen or senior Sensei:
● Keep their body in shizen-tai position. Bend your body from the hip. Do not keep your eyes on them. You have to
look down. The angle of your body when you bow in this way is 30 degrees.
When bowing to your opponent to perform the standard bow (moku-rei):
● Keep their body in shizen-tai position. Bend your body from the hip while looking at your opponent. Do not keep
your face straight toward your opponent. You want to keep your chin pulled in. The angle of your body is about 15
degrees since you have to keep your eyes on your opponent.
Your fingers should remain together, hand slightly on the front side of the leg. If you hold a Shinai, it should be at sage-
to, i.e., straight-armed by your side. When bowing with shinai, the angle of the shinai should not change.
Seiza: Seiza is the formal kneeled sitting position. To assume seiza:
1. Stand in shizen-tai.
2. Draw back the left foot.
3. Kneel down with the left knee next to the right foot, keeping heel up, and ball of the foot is touching the floor.
4. Withdraw the right leg to a position next to the left leg with the heels up, and balls of feet are touching the floor.
5. Tuck the toes of both feet under so the tops of the feet are touching the floor and the big toe of the right foot is over-
lapping the big toe of the left foot.
6. Lower the hips to a fully seated position. Keep the upper body in correct posture with the hands placed naturally on
the thighs.
Standing from seiza is the reverse of sitting:
1. First, raise your upper body to a kneeling position.
2. Raise your toes, so the balls of the feet are touching the floor.
3. Step forward with the right foot, placing the foot next to the left knee.
4. Push the legs straight to a standing position and then bring the left foot together with the right to end in shizen-tai.
Main Points:
● Keep the upper body in correct, upright posture throughout the process of sitting or standing.
● While seated, your eyes cast forward. If listening to Sensei, turn your face toward the Sensei, not simply your gaze.
● The large toe of the right foot should be overlapping the large toe of the left foot.
● The knees should be separated by approximately 10cm. (the width one or two fists).
Moku-so
Moku-so is the act of composing one’s breath, posture, mind, and spirit while in the seiza position and is performed to
start and end the practice sessions. When performing moku-so, the hands are brought together to form an oval in front
of the abdomen. The fingers of the left hand overlap the fingers of the right hand, and the tips of the thumbs are
brought together under light pressure. The eyes are closed halfway, and deep breathing is performed. The tongue
should be resting on the top of the mouth, touching the back of the upper teeth.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 6 of 52
Main Points:
● The mind should be cleared of thoughts but kept fully alert (See below). Senseis say we should focus on our Kendo
goals for the practice or to clear our minds by concentrating on breathing, counting the timing of the breathing cycle -
this will concentrate your thoughts.
● The eyes should remain slightly open. When the eyes are fully open or closed, the mind tends to remain active, thus
making it difficult to perform moku-so correctly.
I quote Zen Master Dogen (1200-1253), who stated in the Shobogenzo texts that we must keep our eyes “not so wide
open and not so narrowly closed.” Therefore, I relax my eyes naturally, focussed about 1 meter in front of me.
● Breathing:
1. Breathe in for three seconds. 2. Hold your breath for two seconds. 3. Breathe out for 10-15 seconds.
How to Breathe:
1. Breathe in:
Breathe in deeply through your nose, filling your lungs in about 3 seconds. As breathing in, the air goes down to a
place called seika-tanden (臍下丹田). Using our stomach or abdomen instead of our chest to inhale, we can take in a
lot more air. It is an image-training to think that the air goes down to the lower abdomen. Do not let your shoulders
or chest rise during breathing. Chest breathing is not good for kendo as it will show our opponent when we are
breathing in, which it is a good opportunity for our opponent to attack us.
2. Hold your breath:
We do not breathe out the air right after breathing in. We hold the air inside us for a while. It is said that the air
should be held in seika-tanden, about three fingers down from your belly button. We hold the air in seika-tanden for
about 2 seconds.
3. Breathe out:
We breathe out through our mouth, slowly, not at once. It takes about 10 - 15 seconds to breathe out the air. When
we breathe out, we have to control the breathing. To do so, we have to use our abdominal muscles. (NB: Also the po-
sition of the tongue can help, relax it when exhaling.) After we breathe out, we can breathe in. Be focused on breath-
ing out.
● Do not breathe out completely. Leave a bit of the air inside of you so you will not be out of breath. Try to breathe
out for 10 seconds and gradually make it longer.
● Do not think about emptying your thoughts. By trying not to think about anything, you are already thinking. So
just relax and concentrate on breathing. You may think about what you are going to improve in or have achieved
during training.
That is the basic breathing. Some people may say the different duration of each action, but the duration mentioned
above of each action (inhale, hold, and exhale) seems a common idea. I have also been told that some old schools of
swordsmanship taught to count Zen breathing in 7’s - 7 second inhale, hold for 7 seconds, exhale over 7 seconds.
Za-rei: Za-rei is the bowing from seiza. Like Ritsu-rei, za-rei has many levels of formality that are applied to its execution.
1. Sitting in correct seiza, bend the upper body forward at the hips. At the same time, slide the hands forward over the
thighs.
2. As the bow deepens, merge the hands, creating a triangle with the index fingers and thumbs.
3. At the deepest point of the bow, the back is parallel to the floor. The hands are flat on the floor with the triangular
opening, between the index fingers and thumbs, directly below the nose.
4. After holding the bow for a moment, raise the upper body back to the upright posture. At the same time, slide both
hands back to their original position.
Main Points:
a. When bowing, the back and neck should remain aligned, keeping correct upper body posture.
b. Allowing the head to bob, especially allowing the chin to come to the chest exposing the nape of the neck to the
kamiza or shinden is very poor form and impolite.
c. As the upper body bows down, the eyes remain fixed, and the gaze follows down to the floor.
d. The hips should not rise when the upper body bows downward.
e. Exhale as the bow is performed.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 7 of 52
Chapter 2: Kamae, Kamae-kata and Osame-kata
Kamae: Kamae is the guard or ready posture employed for attack and defense. However, more than just a physical pose,
kamae is also the on-guard posturing of the mind and spirit. These aspects of kamae, the body, and mindset, must al-
ways be practiced together. Equally important to keep in mind is that kamae begins and ends with proper etiquette.
These points are never to be overlooked. There are three processes of kamae. They are assuming kamae, withdrawing
from kamae and Kamae O-toku - kamae at-ease or open kamae. The legendary swordsman, Miyamoto Musashi (1584–
1645) distinguished in his writings five primary guard postures collectively termed Goho-no-Kamae. In modern kendo,
the goho-no-kamae continues to be the principal guard postures. The goho-no-kamaes are chudan-no-kamae, jodan-no-
kamae, gedan-no-kamae, hidari-waki-gamae, and migi-waki-gamae. Of the five, chudan-no-kamae (middle guard pos-
ture) is the first and most versatile of the guard postures. In modern kendo, chudan-no-kamae is the standard posture
from which the other four kamae are instigated. Hasso-no-kamae is Kamae for eight directions (many enemies) and
treated as a special stance (?).
Chudan no Kamae (Center Guard Posture): Left-hand grips at the end of Tsuka (hilt), placed in front of the navel, and
right-hand grips near Tsuba (guard) but not touching it. The “V” shape between the thumb and index finger (Tora no
kuchi) of both hands is over the top of the Tsuka. The left grip with last three fingers hold the Shinai, while the right
hand with last two fingers lightly support it, Kensen is directed toward the opponent's throat. Tsuru (string) is up, right
foot forward, the width of a foot between feet, left heel slightly off the floor, and left knee straight but not locked.
Hand position: The anatomy of the hand includes the tora-kuchi. The tora-kuchi
is the angle at the base of the index finger and thumb. The tora-kuchi and the
tsuru or the seams of the tsuka-gawa [leather handle covering] are the keys to
positioning the hands about the shinai’s circumference. The tsuru indicates the
upright side of the shinai in its drawn attitude. In its correct configuration, the
tsuru also marks the top centerline of the shinai. The hands should be positioned
on the shinai in such a way that the top centerline of the shinai runs through the
apex of the tora-kuchi of both hands. The left hand is positioned at the end of
the tsuka, clasping the tsuka-gashira midway into the little finger. [NB: Holding
Bokutō, the left hand should just reveal the tsuka-gashira]. The forward position
of the right hand is one-and-a-half fists ahead of the left hand. A common meth-
od for establishing the forward position of the right hand is to:
a. Bend the right arm at the elbow.
b. Place the hilt of the shinai in the joint of the right-hand elbow.
c. Grasp the shinai with the right hand. Where the hand grasps the shinai with
the right hand is the location for the right hand.
d. The right hand should almost touch the tsuba of the shinai (more than 2cm of
tsuka space means it is the wrong length and needs adjusting).
Hand grip: The shinai should be gripped firmly, not tightly, as if holding an egg Tora no kuchi
without crushing the shell. Both hands grip similarly, but the left grip should be
firmer than that of the right hand. To grip the shinai:
a. Extend the left hand as if reaching out to give a handshake greeting.
b. Position the tsuka-gashira on the inside portion of the heel of the hand.
c. Grasp the shinai firmly with the little and ring fingers.
d. Grip the shinai with the middle finger using moderate (not tight or loose) pressure.
e. The index finger and thumb remain relaxed.
f. The right hand is positioned appropriately on the shinai, as previously outlined, and grips the shinai in the same man-
ner as the left hand, with slightly less pressure.
Main Points:
1. Throughout the process of strikes and techniques, the hand positioning and grip should never change.
2. The hands should not grip the shinai squarely. A square grip is usually the result of including the index fingers and
thumbs in gripping the shinai. Such a grip will restrict the flexibility and movement of the hands.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
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Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 8 of 52
3. The hilt of the shinai should be held at the very end (left hand). The overlapping of the small finger halfway over the
end of the shinai is an acceptable practice. However, never is the shinai to be held with the hilt protruding from the
heel of the left hand. [NB: In holding a Bokutō, the left hand should just reveal the tsuka-gashira (end of the hilt)].
4. The right hand should not grasp the shinai directly below the tsuba.
Chudan-no-kamae (or chudan): The shinai is held in the center-plane of the body with the tip projecting forward to the
opponent. Detailed below are the correct positioning of the hands and shinai relative to the body and the opponent:
a. The left hand is extended approximately the width of one fist (10cm) forward of the abdomen.
b. The first joint of the thumb (at the base of the thumb) is in a direct line in front of the navel.
c. The shinai is angled forward, tsuru (cord) upwards, projecting the line
of the shinai to the opponent’s throat, face or left eye (see note below).
d. The elbows should not stick out, but be relaxed, with a slight space
between them and the body - they would just touch your Do lightly.
Have the feeling of holding an egg in each armpit.
NB: The height of the Kensen can vary in certain instances, but should
not be higher than your opponent’s throat or lower than his Kote. It
must also remain close to the center, always point within opponent’s
body/throat area. The All Japan Kendo Federation Dictionary says “… the extension of the kensen (tip of the shinai)
points between the opponent’s eyes.” However, they also add within there “kihon kata” text “From issoku-itto-no-maai
(one-step one-strike interval) the line of the kensen should extend to a point on the face between the eyes or toward
the left-eye.” However, in their Fundamental Kendo manual, and Nippon Kendo Kata text, they state that the shinai or
bokutō “... is held so that the tip (kissaki) points toward the opponent’s throat.” The projected line of the shinai is called
the “kensen.” However, kensen is more than just a noun for a positional reference, kensen includes functional principles.
The understanding and application of kensen is the key to maneuvering, attacking, and forestalling an opponent. This
aspect is presented here as an introduction, only. The concept and the actual application can only be acquired through
diligent training. If the Kensen drops too low, the shinai becomes vulnerable to being struck down, giving the opportunity
to strike Men using Hari-otoshi or Kote-Men. If the kensen rises to point above the head, it no longer exerts pressure on
the opponent and is also an opportunity to strike kote. Keeping the Kensen at a level where the opponent can only see its
tip seems to about the correct level. That provides a threat to the opponent, requiring the displacement of the shinai to
make an opportunity. From this position, pushing hands or body forward, the shiani tip should strike the throat, as in
tsuki attack.
Foot Position: As noted in the coming section, Ashi Sabaki, footwork is the most important aspect of kendo practice.
Good footwork begins with correct foot positioning. In their correct position, the feet are separated by approximately
the width of one fist (10cm) with the toes pointed directly forward. The heel of the right foot should be aligned with the
big toe of the left foot. The heel of the right foot should be resting lightly on the floor while the heel of the left foot
should be elevated to a natural height off of the floor. The body weight is centered between the feet with the strength
of mobility-focused in the lower part of the legs from the knees downward. The upper body, from the knees upward,
remains relaxed. While the left leg should remain straight, the knee must not be locked. The position of the left
foot/leg is vital. There are two common methods used to aid in foot positioning:
a. The first method starts from shizen-tai with the heels of the feet together, and
the toes pointed 30 degrees outward. Pivot on the balls of the feet and rotate
the heels outward to point the toes directly forward. Step forward with the
right foot to a point where the heel is aligned with the big toe of the left foot.
b. In the second method, the right foot is positioned with the toes pointed di-
rectly forward. The heel of the left foot is placed against the heel of the right foot with the toes pointed 90 degrees
outward (to the left). From this position, pivot the ball of the left foot and rotate the heel outward to point the toes
directly forward. The feet should now be in their correct positioning.
You will take a correct position by taking a natural step forward from right foot and halting at mid-step, so that right heel
is in line with left toes. The left heel will be naturally raised with the weight evenly (50:50) distributed on both feet.

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Conditions to avoid:
a. The toes should not point outward. Such a stance may seem stable; however, it is unstable when moving backward
and fumikiri (push of the rear leg) is slow and weak. Toes should point forward toward your opponent.
b. Avoid a stance where the feet are in a line. That is an unstable stance and movement in any direction is difficult.
c. Do not position the feet closer together than prescribed. This foot position may have some benefit in forwarding and
backward movements but is unstable. It is also weak when receiving an opponent's tai-atari (body check).
d. When the feet are extended too far apart in their forward-back relation, movement in all directions becomes awk-
ward. Additionally, such a stance lowers the body height and allows an opponent to dominate in stature.
Hip Position: Conditions to avoid
Hips should be kept square to the front, with the buttocks tucked in. That
allows the left leg/foot to be positioned correctly. When pushing or lung-
ing forward, your body will then keep straight. That also helps the left
foot to return to its position behind the right foot quickly. It is essential
to provide a stable and balanced platform to allow correct striking.
Eyes position (Metsuke)
● Metsuke is the positioning of one’s eyes. It is the act of observing the
opponent as a whole while looking into eyes.
Some Kendo sayings used to try explaining the feeling are:
● Enzan no Metsuke means that you look at your opponent as if you are looking at a far away mountain. That is to look
at the opponent as a whole, rather than focusing on one point.
● Kan-ken-no-metsuke is the teaching of the importance of having a keen eye which can not only see the opponent’s
appearance but can also perceive the opponents abilities, state of mind and intentions. (Read Gorin no Sho by Miya-
moto Musashi for more detail)
These ideas are all very deep and require study. To begin with:
● Watch the eyes: opponent looking at the target before striking (Don't get tricked)
● Watch the Kensen and wrists: (especially right Kote) to spot initiation of technique
● Watch the shoulders: As they breathe out is a good time to attack them
● Watch oneself: check your position for weakness
Assuming Kamae (with Shinai)
● Stand in shizen-tai (see the previous chapter) with the shinai held in sage-to.
Sage-to (also Tei-to): The holding of the shinai in a relaxed attitude while standing in shizen-tai. The shinai is held natu-
rally at the side with the hilt angled slightly inward. The shinai should be held at a 45-degree angle when viewed from
the side. The tsuru of the shinai is positioned on the downward side.
● Execute Moku-rei (See Ritsu-rei): Keep the grasp of the shinai relaxed. Do not change the position or angle of the
shinai as the bow is performed. Ask your partner to please train “Onegai shimasu.”
● Raise the shinai to the Tai-to position.
Tai-to: The standing posture with the shinai held in a drawing attitude. From sage-to, the shinai is raised to the hip with
Tsuka-gashira (end of the hilt of the shinai) directly forward of the bellybutton. The pad of the thumb is placed on the
tsuba, slightly to the inside (right) from the center of the shinai.
● Draw the Shinai (sword) - “Nuke-to.”
Nuke-to: Push out your shinai a little forward and start drawing your shinai toward your opponent. At the same time,
take a small step forward with the right foot.
* When drawing the shinai with the right hand, the left-hand stays still.
* Flip your sword forward in a large arc to the front, and grab the shinai with the left hand.
When you stop here, you are ready to go in the chudan position.
● Assume the sonkyo position.
Sonkyo: Turn in your left heel, and bend at the knees to lower the hips. Sonkyo is a posture taken to show respect be-
fore and after a match or training evolution. When in this squatting posture, correct upper body posture is maintained.
The knees are opened outward with the thighs forming a 90-degree angle. The body is balanced on the balls of the feet,
and the shinai is held in chudan (center guard position).
● Stand and take a step forward with the right foot to bring the feet into a proper guard position.

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Kamae-kata - Assuming Kamae with partner (Shinai practice)
1. Face each other in the sage-to posture at a separation of nine steps.
2. Execute Ritsu-rei.
3. Bring the shinai to the Tai-to position.
4. Take three steps forward starting on the right foot.
5. Draw the shinai, “nuke-to,“ on the third step and assume the sonkyo position.
6. Stand and take a step forward with the right foot to bring the feet into a proper guard position.
Osame-kata - Withdrawing from kamae
1. From the chudan-no-kamae posture.
2. Turn in your left heel, and bend the knees and lower the hips to assume the sonkyo position.
3. Withdraw the shinai -“Osame-to” to the Tai-to position and then straighten the legs to stand.
Osame-to: Reverse of nuke-to action.
4. Step back starting with the left foot.
5. Lower the shinai to the sage-to position.
6. Perform Moku-rei, and thank your partner “Arigatou gozaimasu.”
Main Points:
● Proper upper body posture should always be maintained.
● When drawing the shinai, grasp the tsuka from the underside so the tsuru will come to rest on the topside of the
shinai after the shinai is drawn. Conversely, when withdrawing the shinai, the shinai should be rotated to bring the
tsuru to rest on the downward side.
● When taking sonkyo with a partner, careful consideration should be given to the distance to the center starting point -
upon taking three steps and drawing the shinai; the shinai tip should be within the center area of the court.
● When in the sonkyo position with a partner, the tips of the shinai should be separated by two to ten centimeters.
Kamae O-toku (normal instruction "Yasume" in Shinai kendo)
Assume a relaxed or at-ease posture with the shinai drawn. From chudan-no-kamae, turn the shinai downward to point
the kissaki (tip of shinai) to just outside the opponent's left knee. The kissaki should be at a level five or six centimeters
below the knee. The cutting edge of the shinai (the side opposite the tsuru) should be angled downward and to the in-
side at approximately 45 degrees.

Chapter 3: Ashi-sabaki
Ashi-sabaki is the collective term for all kendo footwork techniques. Ashi-sabaki is the single most important physical
aspect of kendo; it is the foundation of all kendo skills. Without good footwork (without a strong foundation), it is diffi-
cult, if not impossible to build the structures of kendo technique. There are four primary footwork techniques: Okuri-
ashi, Hiraki-ashi, Ayumi-ashi, and Tsugi-ashi. (The first three are used most frequently)
Okuri-ashi
Of the four footwork techniques, okuri-ashi is the principal technique, as it allows coordi-
nated body movement in all directions and can be associated with all kendo techniques.
The movement is a simple glide/sliding step with the foot corresponding to the direction of
travel initiating the movement.
Hiraki-ashi
Hiraki-ashi is a footwork technique applied when a di-
agonal movement would prove advantageous in avoid-
ing an opponent's attack and open opportunities for a
counterattack. Hiraki means "open." As the name im-
Okuri-ashi
plies, this footwork allows a person to step out of the
way, opening the path of an advancing opponent, while
maintaining correct guard posture of the body and feet.

Hiraki-ashi

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Ayumi-ashi
Ayumi-ashi is the same as a walking step and is used in situations
requiring rapid movement across an extended distance.
3
Tsugi-ashi:
2
Tsugi-ashi is an advanced footwork technique. It normally
recommends leaving this practice to later in your study (Shodan +)
as it can lead to bad habits forming in Kihon. Tsugi-ashi is used to 2
move forward quickly across a distance greater than would be
possible to cover using okuri-ashi. I was taught (as older texts de-
scribe it) when practicing tsugi-ashi, it is particularly important to
keep in mind the basic rule that the foot corresponding to the di-
1 Ayumi-ashi
rection of movement is advanced first. In other words, the tsugi-
2
ashi technique starts with the forward foot advancing first, then
followed by the left foot being drawn even with the right to com-
plete the first step of the movement. Do not move the left foot 3
first - in all circumstances, initiating with Ayumi-ashi is incorrect 2
4
and should not be practiced. Ayumi-ashi from Shizentai 3
Suri-ashi (Sliding step)
2
● All Ashi-sabaki should be learned and practiced with Suri-ashi - sliding step. 2 1
● Slide (actually Glide) your feet across the floor without pointing toes up. 2
● Keeping the heel raised slightly, and sliding the ball of feet and toes helps slide feet smoothly.
● Do not drag feet; try to make ashi-sabiki smooth and graceful.
● This footwork is ideal for smooth wooden surfaces but will be difficult on treated anti-slip surfaces.
● If your toes rise, it may be due to the step being too large - try smaller steps
Fumi-kiri and Fumi-komi-Ashi (Lunge forward explosively with the left and right footwork) Tsugi-ashi
It is difficult to execute this footwork correctly, and it can take several years to do properly. I have broken the sequence
of movements down and later will describe some practical ideas.
Fumi-kiri: To kick/push off the floor forcefully with the rear leg to lunge forward explosively.
Fumi-kiri-ashi: The leg/foot which provides force and stability by pushing off the floor; it is the left leg in a forward strike,
and it is the right leg when retreat or execute Hiki waza.
Fumi-kiri-dōsa: The motion of pushing off from the floor with Fumi-kiri-ashi.
Fumi-komi: A firm stamping step with front foot/leg in the forward strike to stabilize the body.
Fumi-komi-ashi: The front foot which stamps on the floor with the entire sole.
Fumi-komi-dōsa: The series of motions from stamping, recovery to a stable position by bringing the left foot in after a
rapid lunge and accomplished by the continuous body movement forward with Okuri-ashi.
The processes to complete these actions are:
● Without bending the left leg, lunge forward the hips maintaining your posture.
● The right foot should move forward parallel to, and just above the floor – don’t point toes upwards.
● Straighten your right leg, causing you to stamp the floor with right foot - feeling of slapping the floor with the foot.
Remember, Fumi-komi is to stabilize your body, and the loud stamping slap is the result, not the aim.
● The above action should be “straight” posture and bring hips and Left leg/foot up to the right. (Similar feeling to when
stepping up) - Again left leg/knee straight.
● The body should naturally want to keep moving forward with its momentum - use okuri-ashi to continue forward
movement.
● Do not cheat. Since it is hard to reach our training partner with one fumi-komi, people tend to cheat to get closer to
their training partner. Common cheating to shorten the distance between you and your training partner is using tsugi-
ashi and ayumi-ashi.

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Seme-ashi
This subject will be mentioned in later chapters. The right foot action is called Seme-ashi (foot used for Seme) when you
move your right foot slightly (only slightly) forward, without leaning forward. Have the feeling of pushing forward the
right foot, the right knee, and hips as if you are pressing opponent to attack.
Jiku-ashi
This subject is the left foot (Foot used for supporting the body). - The left foot must remain planted in the correct posi-
tion to allow you to push forward and attack immediately. Do not lose the feeling that your left foot, left leg, left hip
and the left side of the body are all connected and act together.
You will not be able to use both feet as described above while you are trying to pressure your opponent if the distance
between your right foot and left foot is too wide from front to rear. Also, this is true if the center of gravity moves
forward and backward or from backward to forward, or your upper body leans forward and backward in the Kamae.
Main Points for all footwork:
1. It is Important that during ashi-sabaki, that you move maintaining your posture. Have the feeling of moving along
your hips/tanden (lower abdomen), keeping constant eye level.
2. Keeping your posture must prevent back heel touch the floor. During Okuri-ashi make sure left heel does not touch
the floor when stepping back.
3. Especially during Okuri-ashi, never drag the rear foot - it must “snap” up immediately behind the front foot. Hiki-
tsuke is the action of immediately drawing/pulling up the back foot to the front foot.
4. The foot corresponding to the direction of movement is advanced first. For example, when moving forward the for-
ward foot leads the movement. Likewise, when moving backward, the back foot leads. When moving left, the left
foot leads, etc. That is the general rule for all footwork techniques.
5. The speed and strength of both feet should be synchronous, quickly pulling the rear foot back to its correct guard po-
sition. This tempo was termed "Inyo-ashi" (shadow and light foot-movement) by Miyamoto Musashi. Musashi wrote:
"When you cut, when you retreat, and even when you deflect an attack you step right-left-right-left with Inyo-ashi."
6. The upper body should remain toned, yet relaxed, so the shoulders, arms, and shinai do not sway or bob when mov-
ing.
Conditions to avoid
In the Book of Five Rings, Miyamoto Musashi invalidates three types of footwork: Tobi-ashi, Uki-ashi, and Fumi-yusuru.
Tobi-ashi (Jumping foot)
This foot movement is exhibited when the lead foot is raised upward upon the execution of a step or strike.
Uki-ashi (Floating foot)
This foot movement is when one foot is not grounded. This situation occurs when the body weight is not centered be-
tween the feet, allowing one foot to move lightly over the floor while the opposite foot bears the body weight.
Fumi-yusuru (Stuck foot)
When the feet are inactive - fixed in their position.

Chapter 4: Suburi
Suburi is the act of swinging the shinai or bokutō up and down vertically or diagonally. The purpose of suburi is to learn
how to handle the shinai or bokutō, the correct direction of its movement (ha-suji), the proper grip for striking, and the
basic striking movements related to ashi-sabaki (footwork) and tai-sabaki (body action). Jōge Suburi (vertical swing)
and naname suburi (diagonal swing) are Basic Suburi. Kūkan Datotsu is suburi where one practices striking the targets
of men, kote, do and tsuki to an imaginary opponent. In the Kamae chapter, we discussed the correct posture, grip, and
stance for Chudan-no-kame. To master suburi, it is essential all these elements are followed correctly. A solid platform
is required for correct cutting. The elements needed for correct suburi are:
Furi-kaburi (furi-kaburu) – Swing the arms and shinai up above the head. N.B: The shoulders should be the center of
rotation for the swing – avoid bending wrists and elbows inwards.
Furi-oroshi (furi-orosu) – swing the shinai down from an upward position and strike.
Furu (verb) - To move the shinai, continuously up and down or diagonally right and left.

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Jōge Suburi (also Jōge-buri)
● Start from the correct Chudan-no kamae position:
NB: The manuals state that we should swing the shinai without changing the grip. To make action easier when learning
Jōge-buri, some Sensei suggest the followings. Move the right hand close to the left or grip with both hands together
at the center of the tsuka or others say to keep normal grip - do as Instructor asks, but either way - Do NOT allow hands
to slide up and down Tsuka during swing - hand position must remain constant.
Furi-kaburi
● Swing the shinai upward in a large movement keeping left and right hands perfectly centered.
● The feeling should be of pushing the left hand toward and up over the head, raising the hands and elbows as far as
shoulders will allow. (DO NOT pull it up with the right hand- this arm must remain relaxed.) Think of lifting elbows up
as far as you can.
● The shoulders are the point the arms and shinai rotate around; the other joints should not move initially.
● Keep the shoulders down and relaxed - do not “hunch” them up during the swing.
NB: The size of the swing varies with different Sensei’s ideas. Some say that it should only swing back parallel to the floor,
as beyond this requires the other joints to bend. Others state that the swing should go all the way back until the shinai
tip reaches the center of your buttocks. The later one is best for beginners/children as it checks the swing is perfectly
centered and teaches the correct way to relax and open the shoulder. Therefore this is the method normally practiced.
● Swing the shinai all the way back over your head in a large arc until the kensen touches the center of your buttocks.
● You will need to bend/relax your elbows and wrists to do this - Do NOT allow your hand grip to loosen.
Furi-oroshi
● Keeping the feeling of rotating the swing around the shoulder, allow arms (Elbows and wrists) to naturally extend dur-
ing the downswing, while turning wrists slightly inwards, with the feeling of “wringing the Tsuka-gawa” with the bot-
tom three fingers. Thus, swing the shinai in a large arc forward and downwards in a perfectly centered line.
● The swing should finish with the kensen at knee level.
Important points and Common Mistakes:
1. The upswing and downswing should be one action; there is no pause or break between the actions (unless instructed
to do so during certain practice patterns).
2. Cutting off-center is normally a result of the right arm being too stiff or using it to swing shinai.
3. Keep wrist, elbows, and shoulders relaxed - do not hunch shoulders.
4. Keep correct posture - do not “duck” or nod head during the swing, and keep hips square to the front.
5. Do not stick out your left elbow - this is the result of wrong kamae/grip and no shibori action.
Add Okuri-ashi footwork once you have mastered the basic swing, moving forward/backward and Kake-goe (shout) to
suburi. The followings are the procedures for Jōge-Suburi:
● Step forward on the right foot and swing up shinai for furi-kaburi.
● Immediately Swing down shinai and bring up the left foot behind the right - so it is in place at the same moment the
swing finishes at knee level - with a shout - normally counting, e.g., “Ichi.”
● Step back with the left leg and swing shinai up for furi-kaburi.
● Immediately Swing down shinai and bring back the right foot in front of the left - so it is in place at the same moment
the swing finishes at knee level - with a shout - normally counting, e.g., “Ni.”
● Repeat sequence 10, 30, 50,100 times as required to learn it.
Naname Suburi (Naname-buri)
Naname suburi is a progression from Jōge suburi where the swings are diagonal. Whereas Jōge suburi leads to Men and
Kote striking, Naname-buri is the basis of Sayu Men (right and left) and Do; Most of the exercise should be performed as
Jōge Suburi, with some changes like:
● Large swing up until kensen reaches between buttocks (as above)
● Swing down and squeeze/turn the wrists to the left, so shinai swings down at on a 45-degree angle path from the right.
NB: Angle is approximate, and can vary between 30 and 60 degrees, just try to keep consistent.
● With the same furi-oroshi action as before, swing down the shinai until kensen is level with the left knee.

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● Swing the shinai back over your head following the reverse path as swing came down - until kensen touches between
buttocks.
● Swing down and squeeze/turn the wrists to the right, so shinai swings down at on a 45-degree angle path from the left.
● With the same furi-oroshi action as before, swing down the shinai until kensen is level with the right knee.
IMPORTANT
● Left hand (think of left thumb) must remain in the center body line during entire swing.
● Once you have mastered the basic swing, add Okuri-ashi footwork, moving forward/backward and later Hiraki-ashi
footwork (moving diagonally sideways).
Kūkan Datotsu.
Kūkan Datotsu is a suburi practice where we imagine cutting a similar sized opponent’s target zones of Shomen, Migi
and Hidari Men, Kote, Migi and Hidari Do and thrust to Tsuki. I will focus on Shomen (straight frontal head cut) suburi -
because this fundamental strike must be mastered before you can properly learn any other cuts.
Shomen suburi:
● Assume Chudan-no-Kamae - it is essential that your posture, grip, and kamae are correct - otherwise, it will affect and
destroy your suburi. (Check Kamae in mirror if needed)
Furi-kaburi
● Raise the arms up until the left fist is above the forehead (at about one fist’s distance), Shinai is at about a 45-degree
angle at least pointing up and back, keeping your head still. NB: The shoulders should be the center of rotation for the
swing – avoid bending wrists and elbows inwards, feeling of throwing hands and elbow forward and up.
● Instruction: “Raise both elbows as far as they will go” may best describe the action.
Below is some commonly taught Furi-kaburi. Most textbooks state:”swing up until left fist is above the forehead, the
Shinai at 45-degrees up and back.” That would appear to be Fig. 1. Also very common is that seen in figure 3, but I feel
this is more the result of bending elbows or Jodan kamae - as it is clear that right fist is above forehead here. I have also
been taught to swing back until shoulder resists movement, and it can act as a spring. Further to this is to “swing back
as if thrusting into a wall behind you.” That would appear to be as seen in Fig. 2. In practice, Fig. 2 swing is an extension
of Fig 1 that is the arms continue their swing up to their natural limit. As we cannot see behind us when swinging up,
this is the point reached in most cases. So maybe suffice it to say “perform a large upward swing with the feeling of
shinai being at 45 degrees behind, and left fist above your forehead, use the natural limit of swing to send arms forward
to strike.” Later, I will include some scientific proof that this method (Fig. 2) is the fastest and most efficient action - see
Appendix C.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Furi-oroshi
NB: Other terms; Kiritsuke is a cut, and Kirioroshi is a downward cut.
● Swing the shinai down from an upward position and strike.
● Have the feeling of pulling left fist down and forward. Remember arms must rotate around the shoulders. Keep right
arm relaxed.
● Allow elbows and wrist to stretch naturally.
● Squeeze both hands slightly in, straightening arms – Chakin-shibori (茶巾絞り, used for the teaching of Te-no-uchi).
● Strike down so that kensen stops at your head height.
● Do not use strength to strike, but snap wrists toward with a “whip” action.
● Right fist just below shoulder level, almost parallel to the floor, left fist just below chest level.

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When performing Kiri-tsuke (kiri-oroshi), you must also include:
● Te-no-uchi – this is the overall use of the hands when striking. It includes the way of tightening/loosening of the grip
and the adjusting of the balance between the two hands.
● Chakin-shibori – the way to grip the shinai with both hands, in posture, or when striking. The term originates from the
fact that the way the shinai is gripped when striking resembles the method used to wring out a towel in the tea cere-
mony. One grips tightly only with little and ring fingers, and loosely with the middle finger, thumb and forefinger.
● Sae – When striking, the correct coordination of the right and left hands, with instantaneous te-no-uchi, and sharp
“whip-like” wrist action give the strike the sharpness known as “sae.”
"Cut with the left hand, not the right."
I am sure everyone has heard or been told this. So what does it mean? We hold the sword with two hands, not one, so
what is the thought here? After listening to the Senseis I have trained with, I think the following sums up the idea:
The right arm is the forward one and normally the strongest, so there is a tendency to make it do the work. If the right
arm is used for pulling up the shinai and cutting, then the action will be incorrect and will affect your posture. The left
hand must pull down and back as the right arm extends forward to achieve the correct cutting action. By having the
feeling of the Left arm doing 70% of the work, and the right side 30%, they should work in balance.
Points to watch and avoid:
● Pause between furi-kaburi and Kiri-tsuke (NB: Unless practicing like san-kyo-do suburi).
● Hips are not square to the front.
● Head ducks/nods down - keep correct posture.
● Left elbow bent and stuck out after cutting.
● Left fist finishes too high (level with right fist) or too low (arms not reaching forward).
● Use of excess strength - stiff right arm or shoulder raised (hunched) when cutting.
● No snap action with kensen.
● Kensen should not be below the level of the hands - may be a sign of incorrect grip or hand position in Kamae.
● Not completing the cut, but pulling it back upwards without completing action - try pausing.
Kake-goe (shouts)
Kake-goe is a natural vocalization which shows that one is full of spirit and on guard. It can serve to encourage one’s self,
to intimidate the opponent, and to announce victory. The shout is often called ki-ai, as the shout shows that one’s spirit
is fully focused on attacking. Before attacking from tōma, a shout of “Yah” or “Ei” is often used to increase one’s spirit
and to unsettle the opponent. We shout the name of the target, for example, “MEN!” when attacking showing that you
meant to hit where you did, but that you are throwing all of your ki into the strike. Continue this ki-ai until Zanshin is
complete. Make ki-ai short and sharp during Suburi. If counting, shout the numbers. The shout must be loud and
strong - not from your mouth/vocal cords, but from yours abdomen/belly. Close your mouth after you shout.
1. Stationary Shomen Uchi
● Furi-kaburi: Large swing up until left fist is above the forehead.
● Kiritsuke: Shomen Uchi - left fist in front of chest; right arm extended and almost parallel to the floor, both hands (Te-
no-uchi ) snap and squeeze slightly inward (Chakin-shibori), express sharp, loud Ki-ai - "MEN!"
After this, add Okuri-ashi:
2. Okuri Ashi - Shomen Uchi ("Men uchi San Kyo Do Suburi")
● One step forward with Suri-ashi as SHINAI swung up Furi-kaburi above head as in above practice - “Ichi.”
● Kiritsuke - Men-uchi as you bring left foot up to proper position behind the right (hikitsuke).
● At the moment of striking, express Ki-ai - “Men!” or “Ni!”
● Retreat from the left foot in one Okuri-ashi step to original position; assume Chudan-no-kamae - “San!”
NB: The first steps may be altered to aid learning principles:
▪ Swing up/Furi-kaburi – “Ichi.”
▪ Step forward from the right, then perform Kiritsuke – “Men.”
Later, do both actions in one continuous motion (Ik-kyo-do) -no pause between Furi-kaburi and Kiritsuke - Men-uchi:

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3. "Men uchi Ni Kyo Do Suburi" - (Okuri-ashi Men-uchi with Ik-kyo-do swing)
● One step forward with Suri-ashi as Shinai swung up Furi-kaburi above head as in above practice, and immediately,
● Kiritsuke - Men-uchi as you bring left foot up to proper position behind the right.
● At the moment of striking, express Ki-ai - “Men!” or “Ichi! etc.”
● Retreat from left foot in one Okuri-ashi step to original position; assume Chudan-no-kamae - “Ni!”
4. Renzoku Shomen Uchi- “Zenshin Kotai Men Suburi." (Men-uchi should be in Ik-Kyo-Do, one motion, no pause)
● One step forward with Suri-ashi as Shinai swung up Furi-kaburi above head as in above practice, and immediately,
● Kiritsuke - Men-uchi - as you bring left foot up to proper position behind the right, later motion should be in Ik-kyo-do.
● At the moment of striking, express Ki-ai - “Men!” or “Ichi! etc.”
● Retreat from left foot Okuri-ashi step, swinging the Shinai up with Furi-kaburi.
● Kiritsuke - Men-uchi as you bring right foot back to the proper position in front of the left, the later motion should be
in Ik-kyo-do (one motion, no pause.)
● At the moment of striking, express Ki-ai - “Men!” or “Ni! etc.”
NB: Each cut must be with Ki-ken-tai-itchi - the harmonization of Spirit - Sword - Body when cutting. Co-ordinate the
strike - withdraw of trailing foot – ki-ai together.
The above basics can be expanded to include other suburi, such as:
● Sonkyo suburi - cut when rising, furi-kaburi as sinking back to sonkyo.
● Matawari suburi - feet in a wide stance, and cutting as you squat/sink down.
● Sayu Men suburi - cutting to the left and right men (see Kiri-kaeshi chapter)
● Kote men suburi - practice renzuku Kote and Men forward then back.
● Katate suburi - using an only left hand (best performed against the target.)
● Haya suburi - using jumping footwork to cut forward and backward
Also, as well as practicing alone with shinai, they can be practiced:
● In pairs, cutting to a Shinai held out in both extended arms at your head level. This method is beneficial in teaching
feeling of not striking too hard, learning te-no-uchi and sae, as well as practicing reigi by working together with your
partner.
● Using Bokutō instead of shinai can be beneficial to the understanding of ha-suji.
● Practicing suburi forward, backward, sideways, up and down the Dojo length on one breath to help breathe control
and ashi-sabaki.
● Using Hiraki-ashi or Fumi-komi-ashi to learn ashi-sabaki.

Chapter 5
Ma-ai, Kihon-no-uchi-kata, Tsuki-kata, Uke-kata, Tsuba-zeriai, and Zanshin
Ma-ai
Ma-ai is the spatial distance between you and your opponent. The establishment of ma-ai through a relationship with
the opponent is a subtle and important matter.
1. Chika-ma (Chikai ma-ai): Closer distance. When you get closer than issoku ittō no ma-ai, you are in Chika-ma. You
can easily reach your opponent, but your opponent also can reach you easily.
2. Issoku ittō no ma-ai (Issoku ittō no ma): This distance is a distance where you can reach your opponent with one step
forward, and you can avoid your opponent’s cut with one step backward - The fundamental spatial distance in Kendo.
3. Tō-ma (Tōi ma-ai): Distance beyond issoku ittō no ma. You cannot reach your opponent, and your opponent cannot
reach you with one step. Your shinai and your opponent's shinai are not touching (or barely touching).
● Uchi-ma: The distance for you to strike. - One’s optimum distance and opportunity for striking. When learning, start
close to make keeping posture easy, then increase distance - try to be able to strike from as far as possible.
It is easy to strike from Chika-ma: Beginners should focus on practicing Keiko from To-ma to encourage fast ashi-sabaki
and large fluid striking. Closing from tō-ma is when one must be fully prepared to attack or be attacked - there is no
chance to relax.

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Kihon-no-uchi-kata -The Basic way of striking and Tsuki-kata - Thrusting
We can learn, practice and improve our cutting with Suburi, but we need an opponent to learn about distance and learn
to strike effectively. We should practice striking with Bokutō to just above the target, and striking the target with Shinai
- either to the Bogu or a shinai held close to the actual target position, so not to effect cutting distances. Practicing in
pairs, the term Kakarite is used for the one striking (practicing technique) and Motodachi used for the receiver of the
strike or technique. Both must maintain alertness during practice as both roles are vital. Kakarite must always maintain
posture and pressure to be ready to cut immediately any opportunity to strike. The height of the kensen in kamae will
vary with the size of one's opponent, as will your Uchi-ma. When in kamae adjust the kensen level by moving the left
fist (hand) position rather than bending the wrist. When cutting your right hand should finish around your opponents
shoulder level.
Motodachi must help maintain correct Ma-ai and provide correct opportunities to be struck for Kakarite.
● Open for Men by moving Kensen to your right, or lowering it to the right.
● Open for Kote by raising the kensen to the left - at first, exaggerate movement to make kote easy to strike.
● Open for Do by raising arms to reveal target, and sometimes turn the body to the right to offer larger target.
● Open for Tsuki by lowering kensen down to the right - keep chin pulled in to receive.
If not wearing Bogu (armor) then use the shinai to receive strikes. Do not hold it arms stretched out as mentioned in the
Suburi section as this will effect Ma-ai - instead hold close to where the actual target would be, in such a way you are
still protected:
● Men - hold shinai in both hands just in front and above the head, or with hands in that position, shinai out to your side.
● Kote - hold shinai in stretched out hands at position Kote would normally be, or with hands in that position, shinai out
to your side.
● Do - hold shinai in both hands, right hand low down close to your right hip and left hand near the right shoulder. The
vertical shinai is then in a similar position to the Do.
● Tsuki - Not normally practiced by beginners except in style of Bokutō ni your Kendo kihon waza Keiko ho.
First one must master Reigi -Kamae - Ashi-sabaki and Suburi. Then you must learn and develop effective Kihon. Keep
in mind some important ideas:
● The strike must be with sufficient force to cut with a real sword. Not too soft or too hard - Men and Do are struck
more firmly than the Kote.
● You must always keep control of posture and kamae.
● Strikes are not made by force of strength, but by the correct action of arms and wrists.
● Do not think of striking with the Right hand, strike with the left. Do not think of striking with the left hand, but strike
with the hips, legs, and feet - use all your body.
● Do not put strength into lifting the shinai, relax arms, and strike quickly.
Steps to Kihon Waza:
1. Focus on large proper Furi-kaburi, Ki-ai, and Te-no-uchi from a stationary position where Datotsu-bui (striking zones)
can be reached without moving.
2. From Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai, step in using Suri-ashi and practice Ashi-sabaki to strike with Ki-ken-tai-no-itchi.
3. From Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai, build up the pressure, step in, and then strike with Ki-ten-tai-itchi using Fumi-komi-ashi.
Here one learns and improves their Uchi-ma (optimum distance and opportunity for cutting with good posture).
4. From a far distance (Toma), step into Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai with Suri-ashi, then use sharp Fumi-komi to strike and fol-
low through with Zanshin.
Step 1: Stationary Shomen Uchi (straight Men-Uchi) – Without footwork
● From Chudan-no-kamae at a distance where Datotsu-bu can be reached without a step.
● Furi-kaburi: large swing up until left fist is above the forehead.
● Kiritsuke: - cut Men with the left fist in front of chest, right arm extended and almost parallel to the floor, both hands
squeeze slightly inward in (Chakin-shibori) and (Te-no-uchi) wrist snap, express sharp, loud Ki-ai - "MEN!"
● Do both actions in one continuous motion (Ik-kyo-do) - no pause between Furi-kaburi and Kiritsuke - Men-uchi.

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Step 2: Okuri Ashi Shomen Uchi
● From Chudan-no-kamae at a distance of Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai (where one step away to reach the target)
● One step forward from right with Suri-ashi as Shinai swung up Furi-kaburi above head as in above practice, and im-
mediately,
● Kiritsuke - Men-uchi strike as you bring left foot up to proper position behind the right.
● At the moment of striking, express Ki-ai - “Men!” or “Ichi! etc.”
● Ki-ai, Hiki-tsuke (pulling up Left foot) and Strike must be simultaneous - Ki-ken-tai-itchi
● Retreat from left foot in one small Okuri-ashi step to show Zanshin in Chudan-no-kamae.
● Retreat from left foot, in another small Okuri-ashi step, to original distance/position, maintaining Chudan-no-kamae.
Step 3: Fumikomi ashi Shomen Uchi - Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai (one step cut)
● From Chudan-no-kamae at a distance of Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai (where one step away to reach the target - start at easy
distance, then try to increase it maintaining posture)
● When Motodachi (opponent) opens his or her shinai to the right,
● Furi-kaburi swing up Shinai above head as in above practice, and immediately,
● Step forward and Kiritsuke - Men-uchi. Strike Men while stepping decisively forward with the right foot, and express-
ing Ki-ai -”Men!” the step should be large enough to reach the opponent at Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai. When striking, Ki-ai,
stamping Fumi-komi-ashi, and Strike must be simultaneous - Ki-ken-tai-itchi
● Immediately bring the left foot to the proper position (hiki-tsuke); use quick Okuri-ashi (suri-ashi) to proceed
straightforwardly; relax hands; keep the arms extended until ready to return to Chudan-no-kamae
NB: Several ways of continuing after cutting which are useful to practice are:
1. Continue just 1 step forward and stop at tsuba-zerai (see later) - takes two steps back.
2. Continue straight forward 3-4 steps while Motodachi retreats - Kakarite keeping Shinai close to men target. Assume
chudan and reverse roles.
Step 4: Seme – Fumikomi ashi Shomen Uchi - Toma (two-step action)
● From Chudan-no-kamae at a distance of To-ma (where one cannot reach the target in one step - Kissaki not touching.)
express Ki-ai (Yaah!, Aeii! etc.)
● Take one step into Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai with Suri-ashi,
● Advance right foot/knee/body slightly while maintaining Kensen position to apply pressure (seme-ashi)
● When Motodachi (opponent) opens his or her shinai to the right,
● Immediately, (Ik-kyo-do - in one motion) Furi-kaburi swing up Shinai above head as in above practice, Kiritsuke - Men-
uchi -strike Men while stepping decisively forward with the right foot, and expressing Ki-ai –“Men!” The step should
be big enough to reach the opponent at Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai. When striking, Ki-ai, stamping Fumi-komi-ashi, and
Strike must be simultaneous - Ki-ken-tai-itchi
● Immediately, bring left foot to the proper position, use quick successive Okuri-ashi (suri-ashi), proceed fast steps (3 to
4) straightforward, relax hands, keep the arms extended until ready to turn the shortest way toward the opponent. –
Keep your composure with eye contact and return to Chudan-no-kamae, at To-ma or Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai fully ready
to attack again.
NB: Several different ways of Motodachi offering target can be practiced:
1. Immediately open right after Kakarite makes pressure (seme)
2. Keep relaxed kamae, and Kakarite will “Drive” in seme to control center line and make opportunity to strike (kizeme)
3. Wait 2-3 seconds before opening Kamae - to teach sensing opportunity.
Summary of Undesirable habits:
Furi-kaburi:
● Kensen pulled back too soon losing control of the center
● Eyes are looking at the target rather the straight ahead into opponents
● Hands in front of face at Furi-kaburi
● A stiff left elbow or bending the elbows in
● Shoulders rise or hunch

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● Head “ducks” underarms, nodding action
● Shinai up angled to the right due to excess strength in the right arm or hand
● Kensen drops in the back below hand level during Furi-kaburi
Fumi-komi, Kiritsuke, and Zanshin:
● A pause after Furi-kaburi and before Kiritsuke
● Insufficient Ki-ai
● Not moving straight forward
● Hips are not square to the opponent
● Right arm low
● Left elbow bent
● Left fist too high
● Shinai swings down at an angle due to excess strength in the right arm or hand
● Striking too hard or too softly without snap
● Raising shinai above head after striking
● Dropping hands to make tsuba-zeriai too soon
● Turns away from opponent too soon or runs around them
● Turns too soon while passing opponent or runs too far from the opponent
● Turns wrong direction (away from them)
● Turns with hands and shinai still extended forward
After understanding the fundamentals of Men-uchi, progression onto the other strikes and thrusts can be made using
the same basic practice method.
Kote-Uchi
● As in Men-uchi, a straight large Furi-kaburi, and ashi-sabaki.
● From Chudan-no-kamae the distance where one step away to reach the Kote target is different from Men-uchi, as the
Kote is held in front of the body. Adjust your Uchi-ma and the size of the step appropriately
● Looking at the opponent's eyes, strike the Kote straight with both arms naturally extended. Say "Kote!"
● Keep Kensen directed to the opponent and bring left foot up behind right immediately (hiki-tsuke)
● Use quick Okuri-ashi (suri-ashi) to proceed straightforward and stop at tsuba-zeriai
NB: In some exercises, (such as using Uchi-komi-bo) run straight past Motodachi for Zanshin, and
turn to the right at correct ma-ai (distance). Most, not all, textbooks and Sensei teach always to
take Tsuba-zeriai after Kote-uchi.
Normally the motodachi should make a clear opening that is easy to strike. However, in some
exercise, motodachi may keep a passive kamae. In this case, it is only possible to strike the kote
cleanly by either displacing the kensen using a push-release technique or harai-waza or by chang-
ing one’s body center.
Adjusting the footwork allows clean striking of the Kote as soon as kensen rises:
● Position your RIGHT foot in front of opponent’s right foot with hips/body facing him directly dur-
ing the forward step.
Undesirable habits:
● Shinai swings down at an angle
● Eyes look to Kote before striking
● Left fist too high or to the side
● Hips bent or twisted 1
● Pulls Kensen away from the opponent after striking
● Arms not extended - pulling hands down or inward to correct incorrect ma-ai (distance) 2
1

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Do-Uchi (Migi)
● As in Men-uchi, straight large Furi-kaburi and ashi-sabaki
● Looking at the opponent's eyes
● Swing the shinai down at a 45-degree angle in front of you keeping the Left fist/thumb centered
and below level of right fist (against an opponent of the same size)
● Strike the Do straight in front with both arms naturally extended, say "Do!"
● Bring left foot up behind right immediately (hiki-tsuke)
● Use quick successive Okuri-ashi (suri-ashi) to proceed fast steps (3 to 4) straightforward for
Zanshin. NB: Begin by cutting straight ahead, and pass an opponent on your right side.
Motodachi can turn right to offer large Do area, and allow kakarite to pass on his left for Zanshin -
after passing, turn left
Later,
● Step out to the right, so your left foot is in line with opponent’s left foot on completion of the
Do strike.
● Move quickly past Motodachi to your left side with the feeling of "brushing" shoulders. At an
appropriate distance, turn left for Zanshin.
Undesirable habits: 1
● Kiri-tsuke does not start from above the head 2
● Eyes look to Do before striking 1
● Shinai strikes with the side of shinai
● Left fist too high (Shinai tips down) or the left fist, not centered
● Arms are crossed
● Hips twisted or leaning forward
Tsuki-Uchi
● From Chudan-no-kamae at the required distance
● Step in one (or two from To-ma) large step from the right foot without moving or dipping the Kensen
● Thrust to Tsuki straight to the Nodo (throat)
● Extend both arms naturally without raising them and shout "Tsuki!"
● Bring left foot up to proper position immediately, thrusting hip forward to maintain posture and stability
● As soon as thrust completed relax kamae and let arm return naturally back into Chudan-no-kamae
Undesirable habits:
● Shinai is thrust in an angle because of uneven strengths in hands at both arms
● Hands too high
● Hips are twisted
● Kakarite strikes the floor with kensen after Tsuki
Uke-kata - (Basic blocking techniques)
These are the methods of defending oneself from strikes using the shinai or bokutō. So why do we need to learn these?
Kendo teaches that there is no defense for the sake of defense and it is not Kendo to just block attacks. That being said,
it is common for beginners in Jigeiko or shiai to block attacks in such a way that they leave other areas open, vulnerable
to get struck. Usually, this is because all they know is to attack, and when under pressure they back off and try to avoid
being hit. By teaching correct Uke-kata, they will learn the correct posture, use of arms and shinai to block attacks and
be in a position where they can immediately attack. These actions will eventually lead to Oji waza such as Suriage and
Kaeshi waza.
Shomen-Uchi-no Uke-kata I (blocking straight strike to head)
● Push both fists forward and up (Not higher than right hand at opponent’s throat level)
● Take a small step forward, or have to feel of going forward
● Block opponent’s strike in a diagonal direction with left (omote) or right (ura) side of shinai (or bokutō)
● Immediately return kamae to control the center - being mentally and physically return to attack
NB: This movement is the principle of Suri-age motion (beginnings of) and connects to Men Suri-age Men waza

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Shomen-Uchi-no Uke-kata II (blocking straight strike to head)
● Raise hands and kensen in response to opponents attack
● Strike down opponent’s shinai in a diagonal direction with left (omote) or right (ura) side of shinai (or bokutō)
● Immediately return kamae to control the center - being mentally and physically return to attack
NB: This movement is the principle of Kiri-otoshi motion (beginnings of) and connects to Men Kiri-otoshi Men waza
For blocking attacks to the Hidari and Migi (Left and right) Men, please refer to Kiri-kaeshi chapter 7.
Kote-Uchi-no Uke-kata I
● Push both fists forward, turning them (think of using left fist) slightly right (also possible to the left)
● Adjust Kamae to maintain correct posture using rear step if required, but with feeling of going forward
● Block opponent’s Kote strike to the right front with a sliding lift up motion using the right (ura) side of shinai (or
bokutō) - left (omote) side can also be used in the other direction.
● Immediately return kamae to control the center - being mentally and physically return to attack
NB: This movement is the principle of Suri-age motion (beginnings of) and connects to Kote Suri-age Men waza
Kote-Uchi-no Uke-kata II
● Push both fists forward, turning them to the right with left side of shinai on top
● Receive opponent’s strike on the left center side area of your shinai
● Immediately return kamae to control the center - being mentally and physically return to attack
NB: This movement is the principle of Kaeshi motion (beginnings of) and connects to Kote kaeshi Men (or Kote) waza
Do-Uchi-no Uke-kata
● Adjust Kamae to the diagonal rear left
● Lift both hands slightly
● Slap opponent’s striking shinai down (Feeling of small sharp striking action)
● Immediately return kamae to control the center - being mentally and physically return to attack
NB: This movement is the principle of Uchi-otoshi motion (beginnings of) and connects to Do Uchi-otoshi-Men waza
Tsuki-no-Uke-kata I
● Push both fists forward, turning them (think of using left fist) left slightly
● Take a small step forward, or have to feel of going forward
● Block opponent’s Tsuki thrust with a sliding lift to the left front with the left (omote) side of shinai (or bokutō)
● Immediately return kamae to control the center - being mentally and physically return to attack
NB: This movement is the principle of Suri-age motion (beginnings of) and connects to Tsuki Suri-age Men waza
The above is not the only ways - The idea of cutting down the attack (as mentioned in the Uke-kata for Men and Do
above) can equally be used for Kote and Tsuki, leading to Uchi-otoshi waza. Always have the feeling of going forward
when blocking. When I have mentioned moving backward, have the feeling of stepping back left foot to where it would
be needed for your uchi-ma, then block with a feeling of pushing forward. Your kamae must be stable and prepared to
attack going forward.
Tsuba-zeriai:
I mentioned moving into Tsuba-zeriai above in Kote-uchi. That is the situation in which the distance
between opponents is at its closest. Both are holding shinai (bokutō) tilted slightly right with the
Tsuba locked together, fighting to spoil opponent’s posture and gain initiative to attack.
● After striking, move forward quickly with Okuri-ashi
● Do not pull hands down too quickly, but allow hands to come down naturally as you close in. Have
the feeling of keeping shinai in contact with Men, forcing hands to lower as you close the distance.
● Hands should not be close to your body but keep arms forward in a position where you can swing
up (furi-kaburi) normally.
● Shinai held forward - upward - tilted to the right. The left hand is slightly left of center, right hand
to the right (NB: Left thumb knuckle should be almost centered).
● Blades are locked together by the Tsuba. [NB: 1. Not by fists - try using Bokutō to see position. 2. Touching fist to the
blade is Hansoku (Foul) in Shiai]

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NB: When moving in quickly after straight Kote strike, raise kensen only when needed to avoid poking opponent, and
make sure it comes to the correct Tsuba-zeriai position as shown in the above picture.- this will be impossible if cut-
ting at an angle and pulling tip backward after striking.
From this position, seme by pushing body/hands in, down, right and left to find an opportunity to strike (see Kiki waza).
Do not relax, keep alert and show Zanshin, being ready to attack at once.
Zan-shin:
The body posture and state of mind in which, even after striking, one is alert and ready to respond instantly to any
counter-attack by your opponent. Zan-shin is the state in which, after striking with full power without hesitation, one
faces the opponent with full spirit and the ability to respond naturally. Generally speaking, after striking one should put
the proper distance between yourself and the opponent, and face them in Chudan-no-kamae ready to attack or respond
to a counter-attack. During Kihon and Keiko, the motodachi will normally move aside to allow you to move straight
forward and pass to the correct distance, where you turn to show Zan-shin. If they do not move, then do not "run
around" - you must drive forward. You may force them out of your way, but if not, enter to Tsuba-zeriai or perform Tai-
atari. If you cannot move the proper distance away from your opponent, such as after Tsuki attack (and during Kata),
show Zan-shin by keeping kensen centered around the throat area to guard against attack. Only then move back to the
correct ma-ai. You must show and train this idea of Zan-shin during all practices. It is a vital part of yuko-datotsu (valid
striking). In shiai, even a perfect strike will be deemed invalid if you do not show Zan-shin after the cut.
Ways to practice
Some ideas for improving Zan-shin and instill the actions required are:
● Motodachi should turn and follow Kakarite as they pass and check that they look, turn correctly for proper Zan-shin.
● Try Men - Zanshin - Men, where, after striking and making the distance, kakarite turns and show Zan-shin and then
immediately cuts Men again (Motodachi must be positioned in the correct place).
● During Uchikomi-geiko, Kakari-geiko, and Jigeiko - follow up after attacks, and try to strike an opponent as they turn -
this is one of the key opportunities to attack.

Chapter 6: Kiri-kaeshi and Tai-atari

The importance of training the fundamentals has already been mentioned. Kiri-kaeshi is an important practice method
for beginners and experienced Kendoka alike. It should be used at the start and end of practice as a warm-up and cool-
down exercise. I will later discuss all the benefits of Kiri-kaeshi but first is how to practice it.
Kiri-kaeshi
Important points to check:
● All movements must be as large as possible – all big motions
● Movements of body and striking action must be coordinated correctly
● Do not sever the mental connection between you and your opponent and perform all motions in an unbroken series
● When swinging the Shinai upward, make sure it reaches center position well above your head
● Make the left and right strikes at an angle of about 45 degrees, beginning with a strike to the left side (your right)
● Keep shoulder relaxed, extend elbows when striking, and keep left fist centered
● Keep correct ma-ai and make sure you cut with the mono-uchi
● It is important for beginners to practice correctly with slow and exaggerated movements rather than with speed
● Always end with a strike to the left side (your right)
● Use strong ki-ai with correct and controlled breathing
If kiri-kaeshi is not done properly, it will not have the desired results. It is essential to practice fully committed and cor-
rectly. If one seeks only speed, striking will become imprecise and small. Aim for precision, and the speed will increase
gradually with improvement.
Kiri-kaeshi practice:
Kakarite:
● Give a loud Ki-ai from To-ma, seme to Motodachi, and then perform a large Shomen strike
● Move forward quickly and do Tai-atari with good posture. (Breath allowed)
● Immediately Furi-kaburi straight up while stepping forward on right foot, and strike continuous Hidari and Migi Men
(normally four Men-uchi forward and five Men-uchi backward) - first and last are Hidari Men (your right side)

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● Move forward in Okuri-ashi (suri-ashi) four steps and retreat about five steps
● Cut the Men (not the shinai) with correct hasuji from correct uchi-ma, give loud Ki-ai (Men, Men, Men, etc.), and fol-
low Motodachi's movements
● After last Hidari strike, return to To-ma in Chudan, then repeat the above Kiri-kaeshi actions
● After last Hidari strike, return to To-ma in Chudan and,
● Give a loud Ki-ai from To-ma, seme to Motodachi, and then perform a large Shomen strike
● Follow through with the final Shomen 3-4 steps and show Zanshin
Motodachi:
● After Kakarite’s seme, open quickly to allow him an unobstructed Shomen-uchi to be received
● Receive tai-atari and adjust ma-ai to Kakarite’s Uchi-ma distance
● Move backward from the left foot and receive alternate Hidari and Migi Men strikes, controlling the ma-ai using
Ayumi-ashi footwork.
● Repeat above sequence.
● Then, on receiving final Shomen-uchi, move to your right and let Kakarite pass your left, turn and check zanshin. (The
pairs then usually reverse the roles and repeat exercise)
The motodachi role is very important as they control the ma-ai for the exercise.
According to Kakarite's ability, the motodachi must alter the speed and intensity of the practice.
1. Allow beginners to strike your Men by keeping open kamae or holding shinai vertically in the center of your men
closely.
2. Block left / right strikes by holding shinai vertically (or slightly angled inwards) and moving it to the left and right side
while keeping left wrist at waist level.
3. For more advanced practice, keep hands near the center and block the Sayu-Men-uchi by striking down their shinai.
4. Use ten-o-uchi when blocking the Sayu-Men-uchi.
5. Keep constant rhythm of moving backward and forward
A good motodachi requires to watch kakarite and be able to point out any wrong doings for correct Kiri-kaeshi.
Some of the Benefits of doing Kiri-kaeshi:
● Improves posture
● Improves stamina while learning correct breathing
● The Men-uchi becomes stronger and reliable
● Learns to keep shoulders relaxed and flexible
● Learns the skill of Ten-no-uchi
● Develops faster striking technique
● Improves footwork
● Develops a stable kamae
● Ma-ai is made clear
● Strengthens one’s spirit and body
Some of the Benefits of receiving Kiri-kaeshi:
● Improves posture
● Improves footwork and balance
● Gains awareness of ma-ai
● Develops ten-no-uchi
● Gains awareness of judging opponent’s skill
Always practice Kiri-kaeshi. Practice it at the start of Keiko to warm up, use it to prepare oneself for practice, and prac-
tice at the end to correct one's posture. Use it to condition one's body.
Variations on Kiri-kaeshi practice:
● Practice with bokutō to master the basic pattern of cutting, blade path, and breathing using suri-ashi
● Practice the sequence to teach partner’s footwork and ma-ai by striking only Shomen
● Practice cutting Sayu-Men for the entire length or width of the Dojo, boosting stamina and number of strikes
● Strike Hidari and Migi Do forward and backward instead of the Sayu-Men strikes
● Alternate Sayu-Men and Sayu-Do strikes

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● Uchikomi Kiri-kaeshi - Perform Striking techniques such as Men, Kote-Men, etc. 3 or 5 times, after which the set of
nine Sayu-Men cut, followed by another set of uchi-komi, and another set of 9-Sayu men cut before finishing on men
or another 3-5 cut.
The standard format for BKA Grading requires Kakarite to execute Tai-atari. However, not all senior Sensei say it is nec-
essary. At the start of training, it may be easier for motodachi just to move backward, as this will not disturb the posture
or balance of Kakarite, and will avoid them pulling hands down after cutting.
Tai-atari
Tai-atari is the act of colliding with the opponent with the surplus force of a strike. Tai-atari is important not only for
upsetting the opponent’s balance/posture and creating an opportunity for a strike but also for stabilizing your posture
(especially lower body).
Effective & Correct Tai-atari:
● Your position of your hands and elbows are very important as you make contact. Your left hand should be at the simi-
lar level as chudan kamae but slightly left of centerline.
● Consequently, your right hand will move slightly off center to the right, with shinai lifted up, of course, your right hand
will be mid chest or a little lower.
NB: This will help to stop your elbows from crushing into your Do, and your shinai will be at a slight angle rather than
straight up. That is same as discussed in tsuba-zeriai. Breathing is very important. Don’t inhale as you make contact.
Don’t expend all the air in your lung but hold in some of your breath as contact is made. Feel that you have a strong ab-
dominal muscle to keep residual air in your stomach (image training).
● As you meet opponent in tsuba-zeriai, have a feeling like te-no-uchi in the hands - to make arms strong
● Use your arms, body, and hips to push forward in the direction perpendicular to the opponent’s weight line, which is
the line connecting opponent’s right and left feet, using fumi-komi like footwork. Push forward with arms only so
much to maintain the correct position for swinging up to execute Hiki-waza.
● Use left leg and lower back to drive in Tai-atari. The feeling is a crashing blow rather than a push.
● You must be ready and immediately strike whether opponent moves backward or you move backward at Tai-atari
When receiving Tai-atari, step forward with right foot and meet the Kakarite’s push in the hips. Do not step back when
receiving). You must maintain your balance.
● When receiving Tai-atari in Kiri-kaeshi, allow the Kakarite’s force to push you back Direction
a step, and receive strikes. To Push
● Otherwise, both would crash each other. Whoever keeps good composure with
correct arm position can find an opportunity to strike using Hiki-waza. Left Foot
Therefore Tai-atari can be used for two purposes:
1. To allow you to strike going forward by forcedly pushing the opponent back un-
balancing him with the Tai-atari.
2. To give you the opportunity to perform Hiki-waza by forcedly breaking oppo-
nent’s balance of ki-ken-tai-itchi. Opponent’s
Weight Line
Chapter 7: Seme, Sen, and Kikai
It is the achieving of the perfect strike which is the goal of Kendo. All the previous practices teach our bodies how to
move correctly. When we face our opponent in perfect Kamae, we will be in a deadlock. Breaking this deadlock, by
pressing and probing for weakness, is known as Seme-ai. While taking the initiative to attack (sen), we must also be
able to detect or make an opportunity to strike (kikai) before we select a technique to make the valid strike. It is said
that without the struggle to break the deadlock by taking the initiative, it is not Kendo, but mere “slapping for points.”
Seme
This complex idea is critical to learning Kendo. Seme is described as taking the initiative to close the distance with the
opponent with full spirit. That puts the opponent off balance mentally and physically. It is the process of searching for a
way to break the deadlock of kamae and putting you in an advantageous position where you produce an opportunity to
make a valid strike. There is a saying in Kendo “Win then strike; do not strike to win.” - it is seme where we must win
before we strike.

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San-sappo. (三殺法, three ways to kill)
San-sappo is the teaching of the three ways to overwhelm an opponent. Everyone’s Kendo differs due to their physical
build and personality, and the kind of defense and attack methods developed are almost unlimited. However, they can
be grouped in 3 ways to unbalance and overwhelm your opponent.
1. Ki-o-korosu -Killing the Spirit (Ki) - Use your spirit and force of will (Ki) to overcome your opponent’s Ki. With strong
spirit they may feel fear, doubt or surprise, forestalling their attack and leading to a weakness or opportunity for you
to strike.
2. Ken-o-korosu - Killing the sword - Spoil the opponent’s kamae. Control the opponent’s kensen by restraining or de-
flecting it. If you direct your kensen to the center of your opponent’s body, you will exert control over their actions.
3. Waza-o-korosu - Killing the technique. - By anticipating opponents attack, you can disrupt it and make it ineffective.
As they attack, sweep it aside and counterattack, or be in a position where they are unable to strike.
Sen - the initiative:
Sen can be defined as Initiative, advantage, and ambition. When facing an opponent in Kendo, we must constantly
strive to seize the initiative. When one has sen (the initiative) one defeats the opponent. There are said to be three sen
within sen. About the opponent, these are before, during, and after sen. There are different names and descriptions
given to them, such as sen-sen-no-sen, sen-no-sen, go-no-sen or as Mushasi used in his book, Go Rin no Sho, Ken-no-
sen, Tai-no-sen, Tai-tai-no-sen. I have used the terms listed by the All Japan Kendo Federation.
Mittsu-no-sen:
In kendo it is of paramount importance to suppress the opponent’s movement at the moment it begins. It may be said
that the competition to take sen decides the match. There are said to be three sen:
1. Sen-sen-no-sen - When opponent’s intent to attack appears in his heart (Ki), win immediately by striking him before
he shows his initial move, having keen insight to recognize opponent’s Ki, forestalling his move. This act of attacking
faster than opponent’s sen is the most important in kendo.
2. Sen-no-sen – When opponent’s intent to attack appears in his initial move (Tai), win immediately by striking him be-
fore the waza is shaped up. That is the initiative of the pre-emptive strike. Debana-waza
3. Go-no-sen - When opponent’s attack appears in his waza (Ken), win by striking him before his waza is completed
using parrying techniques (Nuki, Harai, Uchi-otoshi, Suriage, etc.) with your shinai and body. Ōji-waza
Kikai (Chance or opportunity)
The best moments to strike is called datotsu-no-kōki. These are said to be when:
Datotsu-no-kōki:
● Opponent begins to strike
● Opponent Blocks a strike
● Opponent finishes a strike or moves back.
It can be said that these are the three great opportunities that cannot be missed. It is important to practice recognizing
these situations. Some moments are said to occur unfailingly during combat where opportunities occur:
1. Avoid their strengths, strike where and when they are weakest.
▪ Strike openings when they appear, but do not be tricked by feints of weakness.
▪ Control opponent, take an advantageous ma-ai and strike them when they are immobile or move backward. (Ippon
uchi no waza, Tobikomi-waza)
2. Harass them and strike
▪ Aggressively probe opponent’s kamae and strike at resultant movements
▪ Attack relentlessly without mercy and strike at openings (Ni-san-dan-no-waza)
3. Strike them when they move to attack.
▪ Discern your opponent has decided to attack, as their Ki is about to take form and strike them first. (Debana-waza.)
4. Strike them at the moment of his attack.
▪ Fein weakness, and invite them to attack
▪ Strike at the unbalanced part of their attack. (Nuki-waza, Suriage-waza)
▪ Wait until they think of success, then counter and strike. (Nuki-waza, kaeshi-waza)

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5. Strike them when they are confused.
▪ Strike when your opponent when they are beset with doubts and unable to decide on action.
▪ Confuse them and strike. (Katsugi-waza)
6. Strike them when they stop.
▪ Strike opponent when their attacks come to an end.
▪ Strike when their psychological, physical and technical impetus as ended. (Uchiotoshi-waza)
That is the idea of taking the initiative (sen) by use of seme to find the opportunity (kikai) to perform technique (waza)
Basic Seme techniques:
● The saying "Win then strike; do not strike to win" emphasizes the importance of gaining superiority over the opponent
before striking.
● Seme is a way to overcome opponent's strong ki-ai and Kensen;
● Breaking the opponent's Ki-ai and Kamae creates an opportunity to strike.
● As soon as Seme defeats the opponent's Kensen, you must strike without hesitation.
● Basic seme practice is done with Shinai or Bokutō; applications are practiced later with Bogu.
Kensen and opportunity:
When is Chudan-no-kamae, the kensen is directed toward the throat, this exerts pressure on opponents, preventing
them attacking. If the kensen moves, there is a chance to strike.
● Kensen moves too far to the sides or is too low, and then Men and Tsuki become open.
● Kensen is raised to high - Kote becomes open.
● Hands and Arms raised to high - Do becomes open.
If you move your kensen away from center before moving to attack, you will give opportunity away. These points apply
to how seme and furi-kaburi are performed.
Ways of Deflecting the Kensen as Seme
When opponent obligingly offers an open target, simply proceed with one on the basic strikes or thrust. If however, he
has assumed a stable kamae, you must break it before striking.
1. Fureru (Touch): Lightly touch Kensen from the right or left side without moving the position of your left or right grip.
Feel how the opponent responds, you may raise doubt or concern in opponent's mind and induce a reaction.
2. Osaeru (hold down or suppress): Push down or lightly cover opponent's shinai with your left or right side of kensen
(shinogi) as the opponent is about to move or strike, then strike as soon as the opportunity arises.
3. Hajiku or Harai (knock away): Using a wrist snap or slap action, knock opponent's shinai to the left or right side, thus
destroying their kensen's center position.
4. Harai-otoshi (Slap down): When opponent's kensen is in a lower position, hit down (diagonally) their shinai with a
quick sharp action, returning to maintain your Kensen in the center to capture the opportunity to strike. Be aware
that during the slap down, your kensen will reveal a suki (weakness).
5. Harai-ageru (deflect upward): When kensen in a high position or is lightly held, deflect it diagonally up. Use your snap
and semi-circular motion to hold the center. (Be aware of opponent's Shinai returning with momentum)
6. Maku (maki-age or maki-otoshi)(wind round): When the opponent is holding the Shinai tightly near the end, wind
your shinai around his shinai close to his tsuba from the right or left side. You can force their kensen diagonally up or
down to break their kamae.
When performing the above actions, you must make sure you follow these rules:
● Use your body during the seme not just your hands - the above actions should include the use of seme-ashi (see chap-
ter 4) to press with the whole body.
● Use your shinogi and mono-uchi of your shinai respectively to knock off and strike. Knock off close to its center.
● You must dominate the center position. During any push or slap, your kensen must return immediately to the center.
● Have strong spirit and determination. Make actions powerful and strike at any opening immediately.
● Do not push hands forward during seme - the left fist must maintain its position to allow correct furi-kaburi, and the
right arm must remain relaxed - as mentioned already, use your body. Hold your breath in your tanden, and hold the ki
in place with an unyielding left fist.

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Ki-zeme:
Senselessly "batting" around your opponent's shinai using your wrist will only induce weakness (suki) in your position,
even if you are moving forward. Even though the above techniques have its place, a strong kamae and powerful body
movement should form the root of all seme.
● Take the initiative with your Ki
● Dominate the center
● Control the ma-ai to your advantage
1. Ki: Do not let your opponent ki gain form. Bottle up or frustrate his spirit and exploit immobility. Hold the breath in
your tanden, don't allow hands to rise, hold your ki in with an unyielding left fist. Feel the ki flow from your belly
through the shinai and kensen into your opponent's center. Try to develop Ki-gurai.
2. Dominate the center: Aim your kensen at your opponent's center without moving your hands. I have been told dif-
ferent ideas (seme to the body)- focus the kensen toward the throat (tsuki), chest (left or right breast) or sternum.
The fundamental idea though is to dominate the center to force opponent's kensen away from the center, leaving an
opening.
3. Ma-ai: You must break into opponent's space and break down their kamae. You must position yourself at your uchi-
ma, but do not raise your kensen too soon or you will lose the center. Have the feeling of closing inside opponent’s
shinai and ma-ai before striking.
NB: Ki-gurai - The strength or commanding presence derived from confidence acquired through repeated training.
Practice applications of Seme.
I have used the term "seme to" for these exercises. It refers to the focus of the kensen. As discussed already, DO NOT
push hands forward toward the target, as this will stop correct furi-kaburi - instead use seme-ashi and the left hand to
control kensen.
● Seme to Tsuki (Body) - then strike Men or Kote depending on response.
● Seme to Men - then strike Kote or Do according to response.
● Seme to Kote, then strike Men.
● Opponent retreats: use Oi-komi Men (chase with tsugi-ashi) or Renzoku-waza (such as Kote-Men.)
● Opponent advances to strike: use Debana-waza or Harai-waza
Ken-Tai-ichi (or Kō-bō-itchi) - Attack and waiting (defense) as one
In this saying, Ken (懸, not 剣 ) means to attack or strike opponent fiercely, and Tai (待, not 体) means to wait to resist
opponent making the first move while observing his move calmly for ready to counter-attack. In Kendo, it is the direct
attack that is valued most. We are all taught we should attack with "sutemi – give all you have regardless of the out-
come," not thinking of receiving or dodging, but only of striking. That does not mean it is right to attack when there is
no opportunity recklessly. Offence and defense are inseparably combined. You must attack when one should attack,
and wait when one should wait. This term is saying the importance of always being mentally and physically ready to de-
fend against the opponent’s counterattack while attacking, and ready to counterattack while defending. While attacking
one also watches and waits. One is on the verge of attacking while waiting and watching.
● Have a posture of Ken (懸) with the body. Advance the body ready to strike at any time.
● Have an attitude of Tai (待) with the sword. Entice the opponent to attack and counterattack at the first opportunity.
● The mind should retain an attitude of Tai (待). You must be calm and able to discern the correct opportunity to strike.

Chapter 8: Shikake-waza and Ōji-waza

Kendo techniques (waza) are usually grouped into two categories:
1. Shikake-waza: techniques for initiating an attack. These positive attacking techniques are used to challenge and fore-
stall the opponent, gaining the center, and thus an opportunity.
2. Oji-waza: techniques for counter-attacking by parrying opponent’s strike with body and shinai. It is commonly said
that in Kendo we never defend for the sake of defense. Oji means to respond, but we cannot wait to be attacked. We
must still probe our opponent’s kamae, lead with our ki, sense opponent’s intention (waza) of attack, and create an
opportunity to strike.

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However, the situation is not so clear to sense opponent’s real intention. Rather like “Yin and Yang in Chinese” or “InYō
(陰陽) in Japanese,” meaning “shadow exist where light is,” the opponent’s intention is “In (陰)” and actual waza exe-
cuted is “Yō (陽).” These thought and ideas have to be balanced and merged into one another. What may start as
shikake-waza may end as ōji-waza. An example here is to initiate the attack with harai-waza, but you are countered by
debana-waza - you then counter it and strike with the same action (harai), but this is now suriage-waza. Only by con-
stant training can we hope to react correctly. You should be able to move and strike as discussed in the previous section.
All the following assumes this previous kihon have learned, and that seme is used. This waza is then used according to
opponent’s response (see Kikai - chapter 8). These two categories are further divided into subgroups of similar tech-
niques. I have only listed a few. I have made my choices based on what senior Sensei most commonly teach us and on
the ideas and goals of the Bokutō ni yoru Kendo kihon waza keiko ho. I have heard different ideas with regards to the
learning and use of the different waza. It is an old kendo dictum that says it takes three years to learn the basics. That I
believe depends on the person and how much they practice, but still, without the ability to perform large correct strikes,
it is impossible to progress to complex techniques. However, Kendo without waza can become dull if you think of only
striking Men. The use of the Bokutō ni yoru Kendo kihon waza keiko ho is a good way of introducing the ideas of waza.
I have read that these are designed to teach students these basics of waza by the time they reach 2nd Dan. To begin
with, concentrate on Shikake-waza, taking the initiative to strike going forward.

Shikake-waza.
Ippon-uchi-no-waza:
These attacks are performed as the basic Kihon strikes already discussed. They sometimes go under other names, such
as Tobikomi-waza and hikibana-waza, but these are ways of describing the seme and timing. Some basic ideas and
practices are:
● Men-uchi from To-ma #1: Push in with full spirit and kensen aimed at opponent’s neck for seme to tsuki (body). Op-
ponent hesitates or retreats - drive forward controlling center and strike Men.
● Men-uchi from To-ma #2: Push in with kensen aimed at opponent’s Kote for seme to kote. Opponent moves kensen
to cover your shinai to protect his Kote - take the center and strike Men.
● Kote-uchi from to-ma: Seme to men or tsuki: Opponent raises kensen to defend, showing a weakness- strike Kote
● Do-uchi from To-ma: Push in with seme to Men as if you are about to strike Men. Opponent raises shinai to block
Men, leap forward and strike Do.
Renzoku-waza (Ni-san-dan-no-waza)
There are two methods of using these techniques.
1. First, attack rather than just seme to destroy opponent’s spirit and posture, revealing an opportunity to strike. These
actions must be performed in a continuous unbroken sequence. You must strike with determination, not a mere feint-
ing action. Example of the waza: Kote-Men, Kote-Do, Men-Men, Kote-Kote-Men, etc.
2. When the first attack is unsuccessful, observe the change in opponent’s position, respond to their movement and
strikes again (and again) until a valid strike is made. The correct continuous rhythm must be maintained.
NB: In shiai, even if the first strike were a perfect ippon, it would not count if the second strike was unsuccessful when
Renzoku-waza is used - keep this in mind.
● Kote-Men: From To-ma, push in with full spirit and strike Kote. Opponent defends and retreats - pull left foot quickly
up into place, drive forward and strike Men.
● Kote-Do: From To-ma, push in with full spirit and strike Kote. Opponent avoids and anticipates men cut, blocking or
retreating (retreats while raising shiani to perform nuki-Do-waza) - pull left foot quickly up into place, drive
forward (diagonally right) and strike Do.
● Men-Do: From To-ma, push in with full spirit and strike Men. Opponent avoids and anticipates men cut, blocking
(while retreating) - pull left foot quickly up into place, drive forward (diagonally right) and strike Do. (Control
footwork to strike with monouchi because ma-ai is harder for this waza)
● Men-Men: From To-ma, push in with full spirit and strike Men. Opponent avoids and anticipates another strike, and
retreats while losing strong kamae - pull left foot quickly up into place, and strike Men. (This is a case when opponent is
trying to avoid making the first strike ineffective).

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Many other combinations exist, such as Tsuki-Men, Kote-Men-Do, Men, tai-atari, Hiki-men, etc.
When practicing, keep the following in mind:
1. Begin with large striking action and body movements; motodachi moves back sufficiently to allow correct striking.
2. Later, use small techniques; motodachi does not have to move to allow the second strike.
3. The left foot must be drawn up immediately (hiki-tsuke) to allow correct striking in good posture.
4. Learn to control the size of your steps. You must move your body in a good posture to allow striking with monouchi.
5. Each strike must be made in full spirit.
6. Your tenouchi must be tightened and relaxed with each strike. Correct tenouchi is essential.
7. Perform actions in one continuous attack sequence.
Harai-waza:
When your opponent has a strong chudan-no-kamae, there is no chance to strike. The kensen must be moved away
from the center to give an opportunity. That can be achieved by Harai-age - parrying their shinai diagonally upward to
the left or right or Harai-otoshi - parrying it diagonally down to the left, controlling the center and striking immediately.
Several key aspects must be observed or considered to be effective:
1. You must use/perform the sweeping action with your body (moving forward), not just your hands - sweeping with
seme-ashi.
2. Use both hands to parry, snap your wrist at the moment of parrying to sharpen the action.
3. Parry in a semi-circular motion. Your hands must move quickly forward and up along the path of furi-kaburi.
4. Parry the midpoint of opponent's shinai using shinogi at monouchi of your shinai.
5. The curved motion allows the sweeping action to finish at the end of furi-kaburi and ensures shinai in the correct po-
sition (including correct hasuji) to strike - all in one action.
6. In the beginning, learn techniques using suri-ashi and large techniques.
7. Later use small sweeping action and fast, powerful fumi-komi.
8. The entire action must be made in one continuous action.
The timing and opportunities are also critical:
● When you are stationary, the kamae is strongest. You will gain great advantage performing this harai-waza at the
moment opponent advances to attack or retreats.
● Harai-age is most effective when opponent's kensen is higher than yours.
● Harai-otoshi is most effective against a kensen lower than yours.
NB: You can set the level of your Kensen as part of seme. For example, seme to Kote is the kensen to lower position.
Harai-Men (omote)
● Push forward while sweeping up the shinai from lower right to upper left in semi-circular action knocking kensen of
opponent away from the center.
● Maintaining the center, immediately (in one motion) strike shomen.
Harai-Men (ura)
● Drop kensen slightly, and push forward while sweeping up shinai from lower left to upper right in semi-circular action
knocking kensen of opponent away from the center.
● Maintaining the center, immediately (in one motion) strike shomen.
Harai-Kote (ura)
● Drop kensen slightly, and push forward while sweeping up shinai from lower left to upper right in semi-circular action
knocking kensen of opponent away from the center.
● Maintaining the center, immediately (in one motion) strike kote. It requires quick action and small, fast footwork.
Harai-Men (otoshi)
● Raise kensen and push forward while sweeping down shinai from upper right to lower left with sharp tenouchi in a
small circular action knocking kensen of opponent down to your left.
● Your kensen must return immediately to the center position, from where you can complete the strike to shomen.
Again, many other options of the waza exist, such as harai-tsuki., ura, omote and otoshi.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
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Page 30 of 52
Hiki-waza
These are stepping back techniques, a waza where you strike while retreating from close quarters. These techniques are
usually performed from tsuba-zeriai after a previous attack. You must first break your opponent’s guard either by tai-
atari or pushing the opponent to off balance and break his posture. Tsuba-zeriai means to fight or compete with the
handguard (see Kamae.)
● The footwork is hard to master because fumikomi-ashi (right foot) is used like fumikiri-ashi.
● First practice using Suri-ashi and large actions, then later use small, fast actions and powerful footwork.
● Push with right foot/knee, body, hips and arms. But do not push arms forward or allow them to collapse inward - left
fist must remain in correct position to strike. Left foot must be drawn back quietly and act like seme-ashi.
There are many ways of breaking the kamae from tsuba-zerai, I will discuss the basic ideas only:
Hiki-Men
● From tsuba-zerai, push forward with seme-ashi (right foot). Push shinai inward toward the opponent’s body or his
right shoulder.
● Wait for opponent to push back, trying to maintain his kamae,
● Immediately step back from the left leg to uchima, with the feeling of pulling opponent toward you.
● Opponent should now be off balance and kensen will drop forward (to your left) giving an opportunity.
● Stamp the right foot (fumi-komi-ashi) while striking Men with ki-ken-tai-itchi, and flick left foot up and back to move
back showing zanshin.
NB: Zanshin: Retreat about three steps and take chudan-no-kamae at an appropriate distance. - when retreating, do not
pull arms above the head but keep hands forward slightly raised (some sensei teach otherwise to produce sae to cut).
Hiki-Do
● From tsuba-zerai, press in and down with seme-ashi (right foot). Push shinai and hands down.
● Wait for opponent to resist, push hands back up, trying to maintain his kamae,
● Immediately step back from the left leg to uchima, with the feeling of push opponent’s hands up as you swing up.
● Opponent’s arms will rise.
● Rotate wrist and strike the Do while stamping the right foot (fumi-komi-ashi) and flick left foot up and back to move
back showing zanshin.
NB: Zanshin - do not pull arms back when retreating, keep hands forward in striking position (may be slightly raised,
kensen point up). Retreat about three steps and take chudan-no-kamae at an appropriate distance.
Hiki-Kote
● From tsuba-zerai, push forward and down with seme-ashi (right foot). Push shinai inward toward body as if trying to
touch the neck of the opponent.
● Wait for opponent to push back, trying to maintain his kamae,
● Immediately step diagonally back to the left, starting from the left leg, to uchima, maybe have a feeling of flicking left
hand up beneath opponent’s hand.
● Opponent should now be off balance and kensen will rise, giving an opportunity for Kote strike.
● Stamp the right foot (fumi-komi-ashi) while striking a straight Kote with ki-ken-tai-itchi, and flick left foot up and back
to move back showing zanshin.
NB: Zanshin - do not pull arms back when retreating, keep hands forward-center, in striking position (may be slightly
raised, kensen point up). Retreat about three steps and take chudan-no-kamae at an appropriate
distance.
You can practice this waza in many different ways:
● From tsuba-zeriai: Compete to find opening and strike. Motodachi should follow up to help develop a speed of your
footwork and zanshin.
● Strike opponent, then both performs tai-atari, and kakari-te will strike with hiki-waza.
● Strike opponent, motodachi blocks, and strikes, then both perform tai-atari, and kakari-te will strike with hiki-waza.
● Strike opponent, motodachi blocks, and strikes, then move aside, and kakari-te turns as he passes and will strike again
with hiki-waza.
● Motodachi strike (Men) - you block/attack using correct uke-kata, and immediately use hiki-waza to strike.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
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Page 31 of 52
Debana-waza
Just as the opponent moves toward you on the verge of striking, he is likely to be concentrating on his technique, losing
sight of your actions, thus presenting you with a good opportunity to strike. You must strike at the first sign of his inten-
tion to attack. If you wait for kensen to lift, you have already missed the chance.
Debana-men
● From To-ma, you push in with seme ashi to tsuki (body) or kote.
● Opponent steps forward with intention to perform seme and Men strike.
● You dominate the center and push your body and hips forward to strike Men immediately.
Debana-kote
● From To-ma, you push in with seme ashi to tsuki (body) or kote.
● Opponent steps forward with the intention to perform seme and Men strike raising his kensen up.
● You anticipate this kensen rise, and step forward with small quick footwork, and strike kote with the small, fast action
using tenouchi.
NB: Try stepping forward, so your right foot faces opponent’s right foot when striking.
Practice the following types:
● From to-ma use seme-ashi. Motodachi reacts by pushing forward to strike seme-men (2 step cut due to ma-ai) - as
he pushes forward, you dominate center and strike kote or men.
● As a pair, step forward and back using suri (okuri) - ashi trying to reach an advantageous ma-ai and position. Once
you feel opportunity strike Motodachi as he steps forward (or back) - can be repeated with both trying to strike.

Oji-waza
Nuki-waza
This waza is an evasion technique, where you avoid an opponent, so his strike cuts the air only, and counter-attack. You
need to anticipate opponent's intent, and timing is vital. If you move too soon, you will signal your intention, and this
becomes his opportunity. If you move too late, you will be struck. Start by learning large waza where a rear step with
left foot is required using suri-ashi and then fumikomi-ashi to strike. Later, using small action, learn to position left foot
to allow fast dynamic counterattacks.
Men-nuki-Do
● Press in with seme-ashi, seme to body or kote, and wait for the reaction.
● As opponent swings up to strike Men, step diagonally forward right on the right foot while swinging up shinai.
● Immediately turn wrist and strike his right Do.
● Pass close to opponent pulling shinai through, and turn to him in chudan for Zanshin.
● Move with the whole body. Keep posture upright, push forward the hips.
● Your footwork must be fast.
● Pass close to the opponent as if hitting the shoulder.
Kote-nuki-Men
● Press in with seme-ashi, seme to men, and wait for the reaction.
● As opponent swings down to strike Kote, step back on the left foot, quickly swinging up shinai in a large movement.
● Opponent’s shinai will swing down into thin air,
● Immediately step forward and strike his Men.
● Tai-atatri, tsuba-zeriai or pass through and turn to him in chudan for Zanshin.
NB:
● Evade with the entire body not just hands.
● Step back with a feeling of going forward - Position of left foot vital - try Haya suburi footwork.
● Swing shinai up in large rapid motion.
● The entire sequence must be one continuous action.
● It is possible to also evade from below by dropping kensen and stepping diagonally back.
Many other nuki-waza exist, such as Men-nuki-men (see Nihon Kendo Kata- Ipponme) and Kote-nuki-kote (see Nihon
Kendo Kata- Nihonme).

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
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Page 32 of 52
Suriage-waza
This waza is a raising slide technique used to deflect opponent’s attack and immediately counter strike. The parrying
action is a similar principle as Harai-waza, but the timing is after sen. Here the strike has begun, and we deflect his
shinai during the strike.
Kote-suriage-Men (from Ura side)
● seme-ashi, seme to men and wait for the reaction
● Opponent reacts by cutting your kote.
● As he strikes down, push forward and sweep shinai forward and up in a right semi-circular arc parrying with shinigi at
the right side (Ura) of the shinai near monouchi.
● Top of the sweep must be central, immediately strike Men – the string of shinai must be on top side before the strike.
Important:
● Learn basics with suri-ashi, and large movements. Here you must place left foot back to correct uchima position as he
strikes, still trying to do waza going forward.
● Later add fumikomi-ashi, and then try small, fast movements.
● Do suriage and strike men going forward in one continuous motion due to the different ma-ai for kote and men.
● Suriage is part of furi-kaburi motion; remember it is the strike that is the object of waza.
● The position of the left foot is important.
● During suriage, have a feeling of advancing hips, left hand must move forward and up along the furi-kaburi path, and
right fist rolls to the left with a snapping action.
● Try to parry close to the middle of opponent’s shinai.
Men-suriage-Men (Omote)
● seme-ashi, seme to kote or tsuki, and wait for the reaction
● Opponent reacts by cutting your Men.
● As he strikes down, step forward (and a bit right) and sweep shinai forward and up in a left semi-circular arc parrying
with shinigi at the left side (Omote) of the shinai near monouchi.
● Top of sweep must be central, you face an opponent, immediately strike Men. Your left foot should end in line with
opponent’s left foot - the string of shinai must be on top side before the strike.
Important:
● Learn basics with suri-ashi, and large movements.
● Later add fumikomi-ashi, and then try small, fast movements.
● Due to close ma-ai, this is a very difficult timing to master - try with a feeling of Fumikomi-ashi almost on the spot.
● Try to catch strike early, parrying close to the middle of opponent‟s shinai.
● Try reverse, waza on ura side also.
● Can be executed with back step action (see Nihon Kendo Kata- Gohonme)
Many other suriage-waza exist, such as tsuki-suriage-men, and kote-suriage-kote (Nihon Kendo Kata- Ropponme)
Kaeshi-waza
This waza is a reflex deflection technique in which you parry with one side of the shinai using the opponent’s energy to
reverse direction and counter strike the other side. Again, many options exist for this waza, and I have again selected
those most simple and therefore most practical:
Men-Kaeshi-Do (Migi)
● Seme to kote or tsuki and wait for the reaction.
● Opponent strikes Men.
● As they strike down, push forward and right and lift shinai forward and up parrying with the left side.
● Rotate the wrists over, using the striking force to change direction and immediately strike his migi Do while stepping
forward diagonally right from your right foot.
● Pass each other, turn toward the opponent with zanshin.
Important:
● Learn basics with suri-ashi, and large movements.
● Try practicing waza straight in front, then later with a forward right diagonal step.

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● Later add fumikomi-ashi, and then try small, fast movements.
● Have the feeling of "catching" opponent’s shinai as far forward as possible.
● Hands must not rise above head level - neck level sufficient.
● Use small, fast footwork going forward - NEVER go backward.
● There must be no break between parry and striking.
Kote-Kaeshi-Men
● Seme to men and wait for the reaction.
● Opponent strikes Kote.
● As he strikes down, step back diagonally to the left on the left foot, and lift shinai forward and up (kensen down) par-
rying with the left side.
● Rotate the wrists over, using the striking force to change direction and immediately strike his shomen while stepping
forward with your right foot.
● Tai-atari or pass and turn toward the opponent with zanshin.
Important:
● Learn basics with suri-ashi, and large movements.
● Later add fumikomi-ashi, and then try small, fast movements.
● Wrists must be flexible.
● Can also be done steeping straight back.
● Small, fast waza can be done without a rear step.
Other versions include Men-kaeshi-men and kote-kaeshi-kote. These both have difficult ma-ai, and I have seen them
performed going backward as they strike, i.e., Koke-kaeshi-hiki kote.
Uchiotoshi-waza
This waza is a downward striking technique. You strike down opponent’s strike to spoil its effects and upset his balance
while giving you an opportunity to counter strike.
Do-Uchiotoshi-Men
● Seme to men and wait for the reaction.
● Opponent strikes the Do.
● As they strike down, step back diagonally to the left on the left foot, and swing shinai up.
● Strike opponent’s shinai down to the right with strong tenouchi using cutting edge of the shinai.
● Immediately strike his shomen while stepping forward with your right foot.
● Tai-atari or pass and turn toward the opponent with zanshin.
NB: Use of tenouchi is important here. Try to strike his shinai close to his tsuba. Also, if opponent drives forward quickly,
strike hiki-men.
Kote-Uchiotoshi-Men
● Seme to men (or body) and wait for the reaction.
● Opponent strikes Kote.
● As he strikes down, step back diagonally to the left on the left foot, and swing shinai up.
● Strike opponent’s shinai down to the right with strong tenouchi.
● Immediately strike his shomen while stepping forward with your right foot.
● Tai-atari or pass and turn toward the opponent with zanshin.
Important:
● Learn basics with suri-ashi, and large movements.
● Later add fumikomi-ashi, then try small, fast movements.
● Use of tenouchi is important here. Strike his shinai down close to his tsuba with small sharp action.
● With small, fast waza: strike down opponent’s shinai with feeling of striking his right kote, then strike men immediate-
ly – have a feeling of small fast kote-men striking - maintain the center line (Seichūsen)
● Very effective against opponent cutting Kote at an angle.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
Article retrieved from: http://suffolkkendo.co.uk/KendoTrainingHandbook(rev5).pdf
Page 34 of 52
Chapter 9: Uchikomi geiko, Kakari-geiko and Jigeiko
Uchikomi geiko (8 Benefits of)
1. Good posture (Shisei)
2. Strong physical body, endurance
3. Strong limbs, more agility
4. Faster Waza
5. Extend breathing
6. Observe, see striking distance or opportunity (Uchima)
7. Powerful strikes, sharper grip (Te-no-uchi)
8. Remove doubt or fear, unite thoughts, spirit, and strength (Shin Ki Ryoku no itchi.)
Uchikomi Procedures:
● With Motodachi and Kakatite in Chudan at Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai or a little further - Kissaki just touching, express Ki-ai
("Yah!").
● Kakarite performs seme - step slightly forward from right foot (Seme-ashi)
NB: Undesirable habits; insufficient Ki-ai, improper Ma-ai.
● If Motodachi feels sufficient pressure (Ki-ai and seme), move Kensen slightly away from the center to allow kakarite
one of the Kihon strikes (or thrusts)
▪ If Kensen moves down or to the sides, strike Men or Tsuki.
▪ Kensen moves up, strike Kote.
▪ If Motodachi’s Shinai is thrust forward (and up), strike Do.
● Step forward and strike with Fumikomi: one large forward step sharply to the floor, and left foot immediately follows
up, moving forward with okuriashi- 3 to 4 steps.
● Motodachi uses Hiraki-ashi to move away after the strike. With Tsuki, retreat slightly with Okuri-ashi.
NB: Undesirable habits; inadequate Fumikomi, right foot raised too high, left foot does not follow quickly or kicks up,
pause between Furikaburi and Datotsu, improper Okuriashi, hips bent and body unstable.
● Datotsu as in Kihon; equal strength in both hands, release strength from hands immediately after strike, relax shoul-
ders (especially for Furikaburi) and contain power in the lower abdomen (Seika Tanden)
● Follow through with Okuriashi until the distance is again at Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai or to-ma, then come to Chudan and
show Zanshin.
NB: Undesirable habits: excess upper body strength after striking, follow through diagonally, breaking Kamae after each
strike, (i.e., pulling hands down or pushing back overhead), insufficient or excessive follow through without Zanshin.
Uchikomi Geiko methods:
● Against a Motodachi, practice continuous Fumikomi practice: Shomen uchi, Kote uchi, Do uchi.
● Add Renzoku-waza: Kote-Men, Kote-Do, Kote-Men-Do.
● Combine the Waza in a prearranged order - Yakusoku geiko. Such as Men, kote-men, kote-do, men-hiki men, men-hiki
kote, men-hiki do, men.
● Following the ideas of the Bokutō ni yoru kendo kihon waza keiko-hō, try: Men, kote, do, kote-men, harai-men, men-
taiatari-hiki men.
Uchikomi versus Kakari Geiko:
The practices may look similar at first, but:
● In Kakari Geiko, Motodachi maintains Chudan-no-kamae, and the student (Kakarite) must break this to gain center
before striking.
● In Kakari Geiko, there should be no pause between Waza, continue Keiko with strength, speed and power until nearly
exhausted, use Okuriashi, as when tired people start using Ayumiashi.
● In Kakari Geiko, Motodachi can sometimes also strike if Kakarite’s attacks have insufficient Ki-ai or concentration. Use
Oji-waza against improper strikes, but otherwise allow the strike.
● In Kakari Geiko, student strikes appropriate points according to Motodachi’s position, instead of just rhythmically con-
tinuing the strikes.
● Kakari Geiko is extremely exhausting since the student (Kakarite) must maintain strong Ki-ai, strike properly and quick-
ly, and continue without pause, practice for 10-15 seconds at a time, but repeat several times.

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Kakari Geiko
Procedure:
● With strong Ki-ai shout ("Yah!") break Motodachi’s kamae and step forward to striking distance, show Seme, observe
Motodachi’s response, and immediately strike appropriate point.
● Follow through quickly, and commence next Waza as soon as Ma-ai is re-established
● Use Shikake-waza only, no Oji-waza.
● Continue without pause until told to stop
Kakari Geiko may be practiced by the pair simultaneously
Jigeiko
This Keiko is the general method of doing Keiko in which we can practice implementing all the kihon and waza we have
learned during the other practices. Here we learn to find opportunity, polish our techniques, and discipline our minds
and bodies. We will learn our strengths and weaknesses, which we can try to overcome. Do not let it become your fo-
cus just to beat your opponent, and try to strike him more time than he strikes you. You should aim to practice the waza
you have learned. Learn to use seme and with a strong spirit, using fluid actions in good posture, try to learn when and
how you can make perfect strikes.
Mawari-geiko: Here all members practice together, while rotating partners in a fixed direction, for a fixed length of time.
Good for cultivating spirit as you face different opponents one after another.
Hikitate-geiko: A method of instructional Keiko where the higher ranked kendoka lets, the lower ranked opponent strike
correctly (without making this obvious), so the less experienced person can gain experience of success, and learn the
opportunities. Poorly executed attacks may be countered. The less experienced person should try their best to try to
score first, using all they know to make an opening. It has been said that you should exhaust all your energy in such a 5-
minute bout. For the senior, try to act may be a half grade higher than opponent, and handicap yourself to what waza
you can use.
Gokaku-geiko: This Keiko is for practice between persons of almost equal skills. In this practice, we treat each other as
equals, even if there is a difference in ability. You must always try to do your best Kendo. Here you should concentrate
on dominating the center, and try to score the first valid strike.
Mitori-geiko: A method where one observes the practice of another, learning their good points and reflecting on how to
improve your kendo. If injured or waiting, do this. If you cannot do training, I am sure Youtube and the like will show
you experienced kendoka.
Shiai-geiko
In this type of practice, referees rate the match. Both kendoka compete as if it is a real match. This way we learn our
inadequacies and faults, as well as finding our effective waza, and gaining confidence in our techniques. When judging
our match, we must be honest, and call our opponent’s successful strikes, and not cheating to gain an advantage. Do
not let this Keiko degenerate into a violent fight. You must maintain the correct mental attitude to do your best kendo.
If you try to attack without the same basic principles you have learned, Kamae - Seme - Kikai (Opportunity) - Datotsu -
Zanshin, you will not achieve a valid strike. Remember Shiai is to challenge yourself and your training. If you cannot
succeed there, then you have not learned correctly.
Shiai
Kendo is not a sport or martial art to learn to kill somebody. It is part of your life to train yourself. It is not about some-
body else; it is about yourself. Kendo training is hard and strict because it means to be so and not to be something en-
joyable like football or any other sports. How you achieved winning a match is more important than the wining in that;
how you prepared, practiced before and how you fought, controlled yourself physically and mentally in the match.
However, winning a match is still very important. You should understand now how difficult it is to get Ippon against
your opponent. You need to practice long and hard to be able to beat someone. Through the preparation for a
competition, you will learn many things, and this is the reason why we have competition. Therefore a bad result or de-
feat makes your preparation meaningless. Only a victory can justify your preparation. It is wrong to think that “I lost,
but it was good kendo.” That is just an excuse hiding or justifying weakness. Try to win once you compete in a shiai and
after you have become able to win then talk about your ideal kendo.

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 Kendo Training Handbook
By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
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Page 36 of 52
Appendix A: Bokutō ni yoru Kendo kihon waza keiko hō
This practice method was devised, so students can learn the fundamental techniques of Kendo based on the notion that
the Shinai is a sword. Some of the benefits of this practice are:
● Movements are based on those of the Nihon Kendo Kata, thus giving a basic understanding, to aid their learning.
● You use bokutō to learn kendo correctly.
● Develop solid basics and techniques that are directly translatable into bogu kendo practice.
● Develop reiho (manners).
There, a 9 Kihon that comprises 5 Shikake-waza and 4 Oji-waza: Shikake-Waza is Kihon 1, 2,3,4,7 while the others are
Oji-waza, Kihon 5,6,8,9. The following rules need to be followed:
Reigi:
Reigi is the same as for the Nihon Kendo Kata. Begin with bokutō in right hand, rei, and swap to left hand for tai-to and
move three ayumi-ashi steps to center, draw bokutō as taking sonkyo at the correct ma-ai. Stand in Chudan, Yokote of
tips just crossing. Lower kensen while turning hands to the right, until Kensen just below knee level, retreat five small
ayumi-ashi steps, take chudan, then begin kihon. Reverse the sequence at the end.
Kamae
Kamae used is chudan-no-kamae.
Metsuke
Eye focus centered on opponent’s eyes but seeing the whole body.
Ma-ai
Issoko-ittō-no-ma-ai. The distance will vary slightly according to size, experience levels, and the target of your strikes.
Datotsu
Strikes must be made in full spirit, with large and correct furi-kaburi. Strikes must have correct tenouchi (grip), hasuji
(path of the blade) and use the monouchi. All strikes should stop just short of the target.
Ki-Ken-Tai-itchi
This Ki-Ken-Tai-itchi must be demonstrated by coordinating the Strike, Shout and rear foot “snapping” up behind the
right foot.
Ashi-sabaki
For Kihon, all footwork is Okuri-ashi with suri-ashi (sliding step).
Kakegoe
Show Ki-ai with clear, loud, sharp shout of the targets during all strikes. “Men!”, “Kote!”, “Do!” and “Tsuki!”
Breathing
Breathe in deeply before beginning, and perform each Kihon using one breath.
Zanshin
Step back at the end of each strike keeping mentally alert and exerting pressure on the opponent with the kensen. The
manual states kensen to the throat, although some teachings state between the eyes. After the Shikake-waza, you take
a small step back for zanshin, then another back to ai-chudan (mutual chudan stance). For Oji-waza, both step back
simultaneously to Chudan for zanshin.
Practice ideas:
Perform Kihon fully as the Kata.
Perform Kihon in a continuous sequence, with no break between them.
Perform each twice, reversing the roles, before separating.
Choose those relevant to the lesson plan.
Use principles to practice other similar waza.

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By Matt Jackson, Tsurugi Bashi Kendo Kai (剣橋剣道会), Cambridge University Kendo Society
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Page 37 of 52
Kihon Ichi - Ippon-uchi-no-waza "Shomen, Kote, Do, Tsuki"
Motodachi Kakarite
1) Open Men by moving the kensen sharply to the right. 1) Step forward and strike shomen – Okuri-ashi Men
2) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
2) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
3) Step back into ai-chudan at issoku ittō no ma-ai for the
3) Move the kensen back to ai-chudan.
next strike.
4) Open Kote by moving the kensen up to the left. 4) Step forward and strike kote – Okuri-ashi Kote
5) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
5) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
6) Step back into ai-chudan at issoku ittō no ma-ai for the
6) Move the kensen back to ai-chudan.
next strike.
7) Open Do by raising the bokutō upward. 7) Step forward and strike migi Do – Okuri-ashi Do
8) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
8) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
9) Step back into ai-chudan at issoku ittō no maai for the
9) Move the kensen down to ai-chudan.
next strike.
10) Open Tsuki by moving the kensen slightly down to the
10) Step forward and thrust Tsuki.
right while taking a step backward receiving the thrust.
11) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
11) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
12) Return to chudan and step forward simultaneously
12) Take a second back to ai-chudan at yokote kosa.
with kakarite’s second step.
● Keep tension between each other. Kakarite must immediately strike when motodachi release the center position.
● Kakarite should complete the entire sequence of cuts in one breath.
● The ma-ai (uchima) for each strike is different. When taking Zanshin, adjust rearward steps to reach correct ma-ai for
next strike.
NB: Yokote kōsa – distance where the Yokote of sword are cross (tips just crossing)

Kihon Ni - Ni/San-dan-no-waza (Renzoku-waza) "Kote-Men."

Motodachi Kakarite
1) Open Kote by raising the kensen up to the left. 1) Step forward and strike Kote – Okuri-ashi Kote
2) Take a small step back and move your kensen to the
right opening Men. (Move the kensen straight across 2) Step forward and strike Men – Okuri-ashi Men
underneath the kakarite's bokutō as he swings up.)
3) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
3) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
4) Return to ai-chudan. 4) Step back into ai-chudan at yokote kōsa.

5) Step forward while in ai-chudan. 5) Step back while in ai-chudan.

● Kakarite’s strikes must both be performed in one continuous sequence of action.

● Motodachi must control the ma-ai for the second Men strike. Do not take a large step as this will make it hard for
Kakarite to make up the extra distance between the kote and men position.

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Kihon San- Harai-waza, "Harai-Men." (omote)
Motodachi Kakarite
1) From issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai, Kakarite takes one large step
forward and at the same time moves the bokutō in an
1) From issoku ittō no ma-ai the kakarite breaks your
upward, clockwise, circular motion to strike and to use
kamae by using harai-waza.
the omote shinogi to break the mototachi’s kamae by hit-
ting /pushing his kensen to your left.
2) Continuing the same upward circular motion used to off-
2) (Kakarite performs harai-aga and shomen-uchi in one set Motodachi’s bokutō, Kakarite completes the upward
action) swing of the bokutō and then strikes forward to
Motodachi’s Shomen
3) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
3) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
4) Return to ai-chudan. 4) Step back into ai-chudan at yokote kōsa.

● The Harai action must have sufficient force to move opponent’s Bokutō, resulting in an audible knocking sound.
● Harai action must be with the body going forward, not on the spot.

Kihon Yon - Hiki-waza, "Hiki-do."

Motodachi Kakarite
1) At Issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai, receive the kakarite's Men
strike with the omote (left) shinogi of the bokutō with- 1) Step forward and strike shomen. – Okuri-ashi Men
out moving feet.
2) Your strike having been received, step forward and into
2) Step forward and enter tsuazeriai with the kakarite.
tsubazeriai with the mototachi.
3) The kakarite presses your hands down as if to create a
3) Press down your tsuba against mototachi's tsuba, forcing
shomen opening, so you push hands upward in re-
hands downward.
sponse.
4) Feeling the Motodachi’s upward response, Kakarite re-
4) As kakarite release pressure, your hands spring up for- leases the downward pressure to elevate the bokutō,
ward. takes a large step backward with the left foot, and exe-
cutes a strike to Motodachi’s right Do. (Hiki-Do)
5) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
5) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
6) Step back and assume ai-chudan. 6) Step back into ai-chudan at yokote kosa.

● Both step into tsubazeria together. Kakarite’s tsuba on top.

● The action of taking tsubazeria, pushing down, and stepping back to strike must be a continuous sequence of actions.

Kihon Go - Nuki-waza, "Men-nuki-do."

Motodachi Kakarite
1) From issoku ittō no ma-ai step forward and strike 1) Avoid the mototachi's strike by taking a step to the for-
shomen. ward, diagonal right while simultaneously striking migi Do.
2) Align yourself with the kakarite while turning slightly to 2) Face the motodachi and take a step back together along
the left, and take a step back and assume chudan. your current off-center angle, and assume chudan.
3) While in ai-chudan take a circular step to the left back 3) While in ai-chudan take a circular step to the left back to
to the starting positions. the starting positions.
● The Ki-ai “Men! – Do!” should sound joined as one voice if the timing is correct.

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Kihon Roku - Suriage-waza, "Kote-suriage-men." (ura)
Motodachi Kakarite
1) As the mototachi strikes, step back from the left foot
1) From issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai step forward from the and perform suriage waza with the right (ura) shinogi of
right foot and strike kote. bokutō. Then immediately (in one action) step forward
and strike men.
2) Step back together and assume ai-chudan. 2) Step back together and assume ai-chudan.

● The stepping back by Kakarite must be coordinated to allow the strike made going forward, with entire action in one
continuous motion.

Kihon Nana - Debana-waza, "Debana-kote."

Motodachi Kakarite
1) From issoku-ittō-no- ma-ai, take a small step forward
with the right foot (as seme-ashi) and raise the 1) At the moment the mototachi begins to move, step
kensen slightly by moving hands forward / upward forward and make a “small” fast strike to the right kote.
from chudan as if to initiate a strike.
2) Take a small step back and point kensen toward the
2) Wait for kakarite's zanshin.
mototachi's throat.
3) Withdraw right foot and return to ai-chudan. 3) Step back into ai-chudan at yokote kosa.

● Motodachi should move kensen slightly left if required, to allow Kakarite to strike Kote cleanly.
● For Kakarite, this shows Debana waza and small striking action (see Appendix). Make sure the hands rise then cut cor-
rectly.
● Kakarite may try moving forward slightly left of center, still facing an opponent (see kihon).

Kihon Hachi - Kaeshi-waza, "Men-kaeshi-Do."

Motodachi Kakarite
1) Receive(block) the mototachi's strike with the left
shinogi of the bokutō while starting to step forward, di-
1) From issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai strike shomen.
agonal right and continues moving while flicking bokutō
around underneath to strike migi Do.
2) Face the motodachi and take a step back together
2) Align yourself with the kakarite while turning slightly
along your current off-center angle, and assume
to the left, and take a step back and assume chudan.
chudan.
3) While in ai-chudan take a circular step to the left 3) While in ai-chudan take a circular step to the left back
back to the starting positions. to the starting positions.
● Kakarite should not raise the hands above the head for the Kaeshi-waza action. Keep hands in front with the feeling of
moving forward.
● Blocking action and kaeshi-do action must be a continuous motion.

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Kihon Kyu - Uchiotoshi-waza, "Do-uchiotoshi-Men."
Motodachi Kakarite
1) As the mototachi strikes, step back to the diagonal left
and strike the center of motodachi’s bokutō, down
1) From issoku-ittō-no-ma-ai strike migi Do.
right, with your monouchi. Then immediately step
forward and strike men.
2) Face the motodachi and take a step back together
2) Align yourself with the kakarite while turning slightly
along your current off-center angle, and assume
to the left and take a step back and assume chudan.
chudan.
3) While in ai-chudan take a circular step to the left 3) While in ai-chudan take a circular step to the left back
back to the starting positions. to the starting positions.
● Motodachi must cut with correct hasuji – blade at 45 degrees when cutting.
● Kakarite knocks down opponent’s bokutō with the te-no-uchi action of the straight downward strike to the center
(close to tsuba) of motodachi’s bokutō.
● Strike straight down with the blade – do NOT use the side or shinogi.

Appendix B: Nihon Kendo Kata

Brief History:
● Kata is the essence of a Kendo school, with all the techniques that have been tested in combat.
● During Tokugawa period, there were over 200 schools of Kendo.
● Major schools gathered for the first time to establish a Ten form Kata for the Imperial Police in 1886 (Keishicho Ryu
Gekken Kata).
● Butoku-kai established the three Kata forms in 1906 to promote Kendo in schools.
● Kendo became part of the required curriculum in intermediate and high schools in 1911.
● A Kata Committee by Dai-Nippon Butokukai introduced the Kata forms in October 1912.
● In September1917, and May 1933 the Kata was revised with additional details to take its present form.
● At this time it became known as Nihon Kendo Kata or Nippon Kendo Kata.
From the original writing of Noboru Shigeoka Hanshi 9th Dan, and passed on by Jumpei Matsumoto 7th Dan:
Practicing Kata helps one to:
1. Establish adequate Kiai and spirit
2. Understand the principle of Sen (taking the initiative)
3. Control your mind
4. Establish natural Reiho (etiquette) and calmness in behavior
5. Establish correct posture
6. Improve footwork
7. Learn how to read the opponent’s movements and mind
8. Move and react quickly
9. Correct your bad habits
10. Understand about distance
11. Understand the law, reason, rationality, and logic of Kendo
12. Establish your Kihin (elegance in presence), Fū-Kaku (noble presence) and Kigurai (noble bearing – pride in attitude)
Points to remember when practicing Kata:
1) When moving forward and backward, you should hold your breath while maintaining a good balance of spirit and
mind. When moving forward, firstly you should breathe in deeply and continue to move in holding this breath, until
exhaling with the utterance of either “Ya” or “Toh.” The strike should be perfected with an awareness of Tanden (the
lower part of the abdomen). When moving to Ma-ai, a diaphragmatic breathing method should be exercised quietly
so that the opponent will not notice your breathing pattern.

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2) In Kata, the movements are pre-arranged. However one should exercise a freedom of thought, and Uchidachi should
consider various ways of potential Seme in the attacks, to break through Shidachi’s pre-arranged defense, strikes or
counter-attacks, try to use this image to make this as real as possible. That will also create a high level of spiritual ten-
sion.
3) Shidachi should practice all of the techniques with a quick reaction against the strikes made by Uchidachi, but not by
hasty or rushed actions. Both Uchidachi and Shidachi should maintain enough tension from the first Rei until the last
Rei.
4) Uchidachi should strike when the harmony in the breathing coming from both sides meets and when the level of spir-
itual tension from both sides reaches an adequate point. Uchidachi as a teacher initiates his/her spirit and encourages
and helps to establish Shidachi’s spirit and in turn, should teach the opportunity for the strikes.
5) Shidachi should maintain the spirit of Seme or Sen, and even though the movements are pre-arranged, he/she should
not just wait for Uchidachi’s strikes to happen. When within Ma-ai [see footnote on this particular Ma-ai], he/she
should win in spirit by Seme firstly, inviting Uchidachi to attack and therefore creating a reaction against the strike and
then to win with technique.
6) Always pull the left foot toward the right foot when striking. The shoulders should be relaxed while maintaining good
tension in the Tanden, this way you can strike correctly with the back and the lower part of the body. Cut by pushing
the sword away from the body with the right hand and by pulling it back with the left hand toward the body. Only in this
way can a Japanese sword cut.
Footnote on Ma-ai.
According to the teaching of Noboru Shigeoka Hanshi 9th Dan, the Ma-ai referred herein to item 5) is when engaging in
the Issoku Ittō no Mai. The Issoku Ittō no Mai is a dangerous distance to enter into, as it could become a mutual position
from where your opponent may also be able to strike. So extreme caution should be exercised. That also includes any
closer distance than Issoku Ittō no Mai including Chikama. I have only discussed the first three kata here. There are
many good textbooks available on the subject that you can refer to for more detail. The reigi/terms are similar to that
discussed in chapter 1, except:
● Sage-tō - Bokutō held in right hand on right side (blade up)
● Bring bokutō up in front of the chest and swap to left hand and place in Tai-tō.
● Start and finish at a position where the Yoko-te of bokutō are crossing.
● Metsuke - keep eye contact throughout Kata.
Key Points:
● Practice predefined steps but perform with flexibility.
● Maintain focus from the first Rei to the last, especially when retreating after each Kata.
● Uchidachi is the senior and Shidachi is the student, so Uchidachi always leads and Shidachi responds.
● Learn not only the steps but also the reasons and logic of the Waza (Riai) and the variation of speed and strength.
● Always look at each other's eyes and not at the target point.
● Move forward from the front foot and retreat from the back foot.
● Kata starts after Uchidachi sees a proper opportunity to strike. NB: Kodachi kata starts as Shidachi tries to enter into
the Ma-ai (Irimi).
● Shidachi always shows Zanshin after each Kata, and Uchidachi moves after seeing this.
● Use Suriashi footwork quietly.
● Bring the rear foot immediately up to the heel of the front foot with each Datotsu to a proper footwork, release
shoulder tension, focus power to lower abdomen, and strike from the hip (whole body, not just arms).
● Monouchi must reach the target point with force, stopping just short.
● Hold breath to stabilize the body when coming into Ma-ai or retreating from it. Inhale deeply before stepping forward,
approach at once, then strike with Ki-ai (exhale) and power from lower abdomen (while in Ma-ai, breath shallow,
quietly, and naturally from the diaphragm so as not to let the opponent sense your breathing).
● Ki-ai is expressed by the shouts of "Yah!" for Uchidachi and "Toh!" for Shidachi, with a loud voice with power from the
lower abdomen.

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Ipponme - The first LongSword kata
This Kata teaches Ma-ai, Sen, power, courage, conviction, faith, justice, truth.
Jodan-no-kamae (Kamae of Fire; represents all-consuming power, Jodan is primarily attacking Kamae)
● Assume Morote (with both hands) Hidari Jodan by stepping left foot forward, being alert; bring hands up without
changing the hand grip from Chudan.
● Left fist is one fist away above/front of forehead and above the left foot; sword 45-degrees with the body slightly
oblique; blade forward but Kensen slightly to the right.
● Morote Migi Jodan is the posture of kihon kendo with a big Furi-kaburi; body, bokutō, and kensen are straight.
● Uchidachi takes Morote Hidari Jodan, and Shidachi responds by taking Morote Migi Jodan.
● Uchidachi leads from the left foot, Shidachi follows from the right foot in response, and both move to correct ma-ai.
● Shidachi shows Sen (pressure), then, at the right opportunity, Uchidachi strikes Shomen to overcome this pressure. -
"strike" means to "cut through" - Uchidachi attempts to strike through the Tsuka all the way down (fast, strong, large
arc), the Kensen may drop to below Gedan position at this time.
● Shidachi evades this attack by stepping back and extending the arms up and back to the Kensen's direction (Kensen
does not drop down) - Uchidachi leans slightly forward at the end of his strike due to the force of the effort to cut thru.
● Shidachi strikes back (fast, strong) with forwarding step (the evading and striking must be a continuous action).
● Immediately Uchidachi steps one step back with okuriashi, and Shidachi lowers the kensen to the center of Uchidachi's
face (between eyes), then as Uchidachi's retreats another step, Shidachi follows up assuming Morote Hidari Jodan and
shows Zanshin.
● As Uchidachi raises the sword and straightens up, Shidachi retreats to Chudan.

Nihonme - The second longsword kata

This Kata teaches Seichūsen (正中線), endurance, Jin (仁). Thus Waza is merciful and strike is not fatal.
Chudan-no-kamae (Kamae of Water)
● Both assume Chudan-no-kamae. With Uchidachi leading and Shidachi following in response, both move forward to
the correct Ma-ai (Bokutō cross at about three inches).
● Both sides endure the pressure until Uchidachi can no longer withstand the Shidachi’s force.
● At the right opportunity, Uchidachi strikes the Kote (fast, strong) with large technique to a point where Kensen is
slightly below the Shidachi’s fist level.
● Shidachi evades by stepping back diagonally to the left, while dropping Kensen straight down to approximately Gedan
(knee) level, then (naturally drawing an arc under Uchidachi’s bokutō) with a large swing and large step from the right
foot, make a straight strike to Uchidachi’s right Kote.
● Shidachi shows Zanshin using Ki-zeme (without bodily motion, so must show this with Ki - spirit).
● Uchidachi’s Kensen goes under Shidachi's bokutō when returning to Chudan.

Sanbonme - The third long sword kata

This Kata teaches Center (中心), Kigurai, Kuraizume, and heart, commanding the opponent without injuring him.
Gedan-no-kamae (Kamae of earth)
● Lower the Kensen, straight down.
● Kensen should be at a level 3-6 cm below the opponent’s kneecap.
Gedan is a defensive posture.
● Both assume in Gedan-no-kamae. With Uchidachi leading and Shidachi following in response, both move forward to
the correct Ma-ai.
● From this ma-ai, both raise kensen toward Chudan with Sen (being alert, Kiarasoi), with bokutō just crossing.
● At the right opportunity, Uchidachi thrusts toward the solar plexus using Shinogi (blade turned slightly to the right).
● Shidachi parries with the Mine (with the blade turned to the right) to control the force, then immediately thrusts back
to the Uchidachi’s chest (blade down).

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● Uchidachi deflects by stepping right foot back using the right Shinogi (press down to the right) with arms somewhat
extended and Kensen to the throat (Hidari Shizentai-no-kamae ).
● Shidachi deliberately pressure further forward (Kuraizume, not a thrust with arms) with left foot leading, so Uchidachi
steps back and uses the left Shinogi to parry the Bokutō (in Migi Shizentai-no-kamae). But he is unable to withstand
advancement, so lowers the Bokutō to the right and retreats with three rapid steps (left-right-left).
● Shidachi quickly follows Uchidachi raising the Kensen gradually to end at the center of the face (between eyes) and
show Zanshin.
● After Zanshin, Uchidachi slowly raises the bokutō to Chudan, and Shidachi begins to retreat slowly two steps, so both
meet in Chudan (at issoko ittō no ma-ai), and continue another three steps back to the center position (All five steps
should be continuous for Shidachi).

Appendix C: SUBURI SWING SPEED STUDY

By Ueda Fumio & Yoshida Yasumasa - Keio University, Japan. Translated by Matt (Kingofmyrrh - Kendo World Forum)
INTRODUCTION
In your daily practice, at what angle do you swing up the shinai, and to what position do you swing it down? In Heisei 10,
at the 31st Japanese Budo Forum, two pieces of research were presented. 'Changes in suburi - in particular, changes
caused by kensen position at the apex of the upswing - due to variations in kendo teaching methods' and 'Suburi
teaching methods in kendo - variations in arm action at the terminal position during empty striking.' The researchers
were a group centered around Professor Ueda Fumio (Kyoshi 7 dan) and Assistant Professor Yoshida Yasumasa (7 dan),
both of Keio Gijuku University. Both researchers have since further advanced their research into suburi, and continue to
search for the most effective suburi scientifically. Here, they explain suburi that is effective in actual use.
INDEX
● Doubts about Ambiguous Instructional Methods
● Research into the Upswing Movement
● Investigation into the Terminal Position of the Downswing
● The Most Effective Suburi
DOUBTS ABOUT AMBIGUOUS INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
Ueda
I see this every year in my role as kendo club coach at Keio University, but when it comes to university kendo clubs, the
members gather together from all over the country. Even though we can raise suburi as an example of something that
each of the students has been taught, the fact is that it varies wildly according to their home region. I felt that to be able
to instruct all of them; it would be necessary to start by teaching them exactly what correct suburi was. At Keio Univer-
sity, there are not all that many students who achieved superb results in competitions during their high school years; in
fact, there are many that are close to beginners [this is a somewhat relative description!]. I thought that by having them
master correct basics as best, they could raise their skill level during their four years here. Taking up a shinai and striking
each other is something that cannot be done without an opponent, but suburi is something that you can do by yourself.
I feel that important factors in kendo are kamae and suburi. These days we have machines so we can easily do strength
training, but in the old days, they didn't have such things. It was most likely suburi itself that was strength training back
then. At every Japan Budo Forum, a research topic is presented. In Heisei 10, Keio University was used as the venue,
and we performed the role of hosts. When we then wondered what we should present research on, we hit upon the
idea of presenting something about suburi. I looked into the position of the downswing, while Yoshida sensei led those
who got to work on the angle of the upswing.
Yoshida
I first turned my eye to the instructional methods of 'swing back until the shinai touches your buttocks' and 'swing up
such that the angle of the shinai reaches 45 degrees.'
Ueda
Talking about the '45 degrees' method, we were somewhat concerned as to whether one could discern what angle the
shinai was at since it was in a position behind the body where it could not be seen.

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We wondered whether it was really necessary to stipulate the angle to which the shinai should be swung back and
whether it wasn't possible just to teach a naturally flowing backswing movement without specifying an angle. We also
had our doubts as to which stopping position was best for the downswing. When talking conceptually, suburi is often
taught regarding stopping the right fist at the height of the right shoulder. However, we were aware that when we did
suburi, we often stopped the kensen at the height of the opponent's head. If you stop with your right hand at the height
of your right shoulder, the kensen comes to a halt at quite a high position. I carried out my research into the downswing
of the shinai from a stance of trying to find out just which of these suburi methods was most effective. The suburi
method in which you swing back until the shinai touches the buttocks, so-called 'jōgeburi' suburi, is a method used to
instruct children. It's difficult for children to understand if you just tell them to 'swing straight.' By having them line up
the shinai with the coccyx at the buttocks, you can teach them a straight shinai path. In fact, in the suburi described in
the All Japan Kendo Federation's 'Points for the Instruction of Young Children,' there are only two types, 'jōgeburi' and
'sayūfuri.' Swinging straight down at an imaginary opponent is distinguished with the name 'shomen strike.' In other
words, it is seen not as suburi but a movement that comes at the striking stage. Despite the fact that suburi, where one
stops the shinai at shomen is carried out, it does not exist as a term. In this research, we used the name 'air shomen
suburi.'
Yoshida
Most likely 'shomen strike' refers not to suburi but to the movement that comes at the stage when bogu is worn and
actual striking is carried out. In Nakano Yasoji's 'An Illustrated kendo Dictionary' there is something called 'advancing
and retreating men strike suburi,' which is probably safe to think of as shomen suburi.
Ueda
Kendo suburi and basic techniques came to be standardized after the war, from around the latter half of Showa 30s to
the Showa 40s. The central figure of that time was Nakano Yasoji sensei. Since 'An Illustrated Kendo Dictionary' was put
out by Nakano sensei, it naturally became the basis of the post-war instructional method.
Yoshida
If we go even further back from there, we arrive at Takano Sasaburo sensei's 'Kendo.' This 'Kendo' is the starting point.
As such, the makeup of many instructional texts that followed was the same as that of 'Kendo,' and many texts use al-
most the same terms.
Ueda
At present, research into kendo is carried out from every possible viewpoint, but surprisingly, there has been almost no
research or data on suburi.
RESEARCH INTO THE UPSWING MOVEMENT
Ueda
For this investigation, we obtained the cooperation of five subjects with kendo experience, ranging from 3rd dan to 7th
dan, and five subjects without kendo experience. Yoshida sensei also used the same subjects in his research.
Yoshida
Yes, Ueda sensei looked at an electromyogram (EMG), and I carried out analysis of movements using a high-speed cam-
era. For these observations, we first divided ways of swinging up the shinai into four types (see illustration). We desig-
nated swinging back as far as the buttocks as suburi 1, and from there suburi 2, suburi 3, and finally we designated
swinging up to 45 degrees as suburi 4. We selected these four classifications based upon photographs of suburi that we
had seen in various instructional texts and kendo magazines. While no matter which book you read the explanatory text
is pretty much the same; the photographs of suburi are almost completely inconsistent. We looked at these photo-
graphs, and while there was a suburi method in which one touches the buttocks, there was also talk of swinging up such
that the kensen would thrust into a wall behind you, with the shinai horizontal. Then again there was somewhere the
shinai was swung so that it pointed diagonally up. We divided these into four types.
4 Types of Suburi Tested:
● Swinging upward at a 270-degree angle
● Swinging upward at a 225-degree angle
● Swinging upward at a 180-degree angle
● Swinging upward at a 135-degree angle

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Ueda
When Yoshida sensei said to me, 'It seems that there's also a method in which you swing back as if thrusting into a wall
behind you,' I argued that that was ridiculous. That is because if you swing back as if to thrust into a wall, your elbows
will end up going behind your head. I felt that this type of upswing was probably inefficient.
Yoshida
Before starting the investigation, we had our subjects practice the four types of suburi. We made the same subjects per-
form all four types. Next, we measured which of these swinging methods produced the greatest kensen speed at the
point of swinging down, measured at phase 8 (see phase diagram). The suburi 3 was found to give the fastest kensen
speed. The slowest was suburi 4. If I were to try to explain, it would seem that because with suburi 4 you are in a situa-
tion where the shinai has merely been thrust upwards, it is not possible to smoothly switch to a downswing action. In
the end, all that you can do is swing using just the power of your hands. Additionally, from doing this research, we be-
came aware of how difficult it is for humans to calibrate angles at a position not visible to themselves. During the inves-
tigation, when we had the subjects perform the four types of suburi, we instructed them to 'swing back to this position,'
but the point to which they swung was rather varied. At first, they swung to roughly the designated point, but there was
a trend for their upswing to become steadily larger as they continued to swing the shinai. The result was that suburi 3
was the fastest, but their actual backswing was somewhere between suburi 2 and suburi 3. I think you'll see what I
mean if you look at the graph of 'variation in kensen speed.' This graph is of subject M. In this case, suburi 2 is fastest.
Next is suburi 1 and suburi 3.
Ueda
Based upon these results, we tend to feel that while there is no problem as long as the angle is at a position that can be
seen, trying to specify angles outside of the field of vision is not a good idea. Expressing it regarding getting somebody
to look from the side and find the rough angle is probably better.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE TERMINAL POSITION OF THE DOWNSWING
Ueda
We designated two kensen stopping positions. One was the position reached when stopping the right hand at the
height of the right shoulder, and the other was the position reached when stopping the kensen at the position of the
head of an imaginary opponent (see illustration). Since opponents come in all shapes and sizes, we went for roughly
one's head height. What we were looking for as a result was a movement close to that of actual combat. The fact is
that suburi that affects the actions of actual fighting is good, so the suburi that showed a balanced distribution of power
use when viewed on kindenzu (筋電図) would be the best. We investigated which of suburi 1 and suburi 2 used the
muscles most effectively. We took measurements with an EMG, constructed a graph and looked at the results (see
'muscular electrical output of suburi 1 against suburi 2'). For this, we did not make any stipulations about the backswing.
Yoshida
Looking at the results, with suburi 1, where the right-hand stops at the height of the right shoulder, we see a situation in
which tension remains in the right arm for a long period. The tension in the right deltoid was seen especially frequently.
It continued to be tense even after finishing cutting men. On the other hand, with suburi 2, where the kensen was
stopped at head height, the tension soon disappeared when cutting down.
Ueda
In actual fighting, two-step strikes and continuous strikes are essential. To move quickly to the next movement, it is es-
sential to first shift to a state of relaxation from the state of tension that exists after making a strike. With suburi 1, the
muscles are constantly tense, and the shift to the next action is not smooth. We can state that suburi 2 enables muscle
usage more in line with the movements of actual fighting. As an aside, we only specified the kensen stopping height for
suburi 2, but when we started the experiment, we saw that most of the subjects brought their fists down to the solar
plexus.
Yoshida
In this experiment, we stretched a piece of rubber at each of the stopping positions of right shoulder height and head
height and measured the tip speed when the kensen touched this rubber. In the case of suburi 1, we saw that the max-
imum tip speed occurred not when it touched the rubber, but before that point.

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THE MOST EFFICIENT SUBURI
Ueda
We would like people to think of Yoshida sensei's research on the backswing, and my own on the downswing, not sepa-
rately but together. That is that suburi performed with the upswing and downswing that resulted from this research is
effective. In conclusion, effective suburi would be something like the following: First, with regards to the upswing,
'from kamae, raise both elbows as far as they will go.' The position of the kensen is not specified.
Yoshida
However, there is one important condition here, which is not to loosen the grip of the left hand. If you loosen it, you
end up with a different movement.
Ueda
That's right; you must raise the arms while gripping the shinai properly. That is an important condition. If you think
about it, it's doubtful whether suburi 1 from the upswing investigation can be performed with correct te-no-uchi in the
first place.
Yoshida
That's right. As long as you don't loosen the grip, it's pretty difficult to get the shinai to reach the buttocks. As for the
downswing, you should 'swing down so that the kensen reaches your head height.' It's best to just specify the kensen
height and not the height of the arms. Since everybody has a different physique, the position of their head will also vary.
Yoshida
One other thing that I can explain with confidence from the results of this research is that you must use the shoulders,
then the elbows, then the wrists, in that order, such that it becomes a shoulder joint-centric movement. Best of all is to
make full use of the snap of the wrists, rather like a whip. Something is often seen with suburi where the right-hand
stops at shoulder height, are people who go directly from the shoulder to the wrist. It ends up being a movement like a
pole, not a whip.
Ueda
If you do suburi in this pole-like state, the extra effort required leads to extra fatigue and repeated many times; there is
even the possibility of damaging the elbows. If the elbows extend flexible, the burden on them should be less.
Ueda
There is a teaching often used when striking men, 'after you've struck men, extend both arms.' You'll soon see if you try
to do this that if you try to extend the right arm when the body is facing forward, then the left arm bends. To extend
both arms, you have no choice but to take a hanmi stance. It's difficult to describe this as correct suburi.
Yoshida
If those teaching just says, 'Stretch out your arms, stretch them!' then it's difficult for those being taught as that's just
what they will try to do. Something like 'you should end up with both arms extended in front of you' is probably a better
expression.

Appendix D: Small cutting action for striking

All the basic practices discussed in this document refer to the need for large swinging action when striking. Indeed, it is
essential to master the large relaxed striking motion and practice it during all the previous practice types. All my Kendo
manuals mention this fact, but none discuss the way to perform the small, fast striking action we see used in Jigeiko and
Shiai. It is common for beginners to emulate their seniors, and as soon as they wear Bogu to start using small striking
actions to become faster and help them strike targets. It is also a problem that the action they use is incorrect, and will
hinder their progression in learning proper Kendo. I have therefore set out the basic principles and common errors for
striking with a small cutting action.
● To start, the Kamae, posture, grip must all be correct. That is the same as already discussed in the previous Chapters
of this document.
● The furi-kaburi action is, in essence, a small version of the large striking action. The hands swing up and forward until
the kensen is above the target (more precisely, the center of gravity of shinai is just above the target).

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● Kiri-tsuke (cutting down) is then performed with normal action - left fist pulling down, while right arm extends for-
ward to strike. Shibori, ten-o-uchi and sae actions are all required.
● Shinai, hands, and arms finish extended at the same level as discussed in the previous chapter. As the swing is much
smaller, the coordination with the body movement and step is different.
● When pushing forward to strike, keep the kensen centered until almost reaching the opponent, then quickly raise
hands with a spring-like action to strike as above with fumikomi. That gives you control over opponent, center and re-
duces the chance of being countered.
● Whichever target you are striking, the kensen and hands must rise before striking to have the correct cutting action.
Points to Avoid:
● A common mistake is to leave left fist stationary, and pull and push (pump) right arm when striking. That results in a
slapping action, not a cutting action.
● Another error is pulling right hand back as lifting arms. That pulls kensen away from opponents, losing your seme.
● Both above points relay on bending in the right elbow during upswing - remember correct basic furi-kaburi - the posi-
tion of the arms DOES NOT change when swinging up, they only extend during striking.
● Also, many people do not swing up and forward enough, especially striking Men. Make sure kensen is raised above
target slightly before striking.
● So-called Sashi-men is an action where kensen is pushed onto the target with a wrist flick action. That is NOT small
striking. It results in a strike too light. It is not cutting action - think of using a real sword.

Appendix E: Equipment

Shinai
The complete list of physical parts of a shinai is as follows, including the ones not explicitly highlighted in the above dia-
gram.
● Sakigawa: The leather cap on the tip of the shinai.
● Sakigomu: The rubber mushroom-shaped stopper that prevents the take (bamboo) from poking through the sakigawa.
● Take: Take is four bamboo slats of which the body of the shinai is made.
● Tsuru: The cord that holds together the sakigawa and tsukagawa. It represents the back of the blade.
● Nakayui: The strip of leather that ties the take together.

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● Tsuba: The sword guard.
● Tsubadome: The stopper that prevents the tsuba from slipping.
● Tsukagawa: The leather cover of the tsuka.
● Chigiri: The small square metal plate embedded inside the shinai at the base of the tsuka to hold the four slats of
bamboo together.
Your shinai must be maintained well to prevent accidents. You should check it for any splits or damage to the take, and
re-tie loose naka-yui and tsuru.

Kendo-gi.
The kendo-gi, also called keiko-gi or do-gi, is a jacket-like garment made of thickly quilted cotton fabric. The resiliency
of the material provides a level of protection from bumps and stray strikes that may be encountered during a kendo
practice. The quilting helps absorb perspiration and facilitates drying. Kengo-gi can be found in several different colors
and patterns; the most common are solid colors of white and dark indigo blue.
Wearing Kendo-gi:
1) Wear the keiko-gi with the left lapel overlapping the right.
2) Secure the kendo-gi with the maehimo (front cords), tying the end in a bowknot. Be sure the knot is tied such that
the loops rest in a horizontal position.
Hakama
The hakama resembles a pleated skirt in its outward appearance but is a trouser-like garment with individual pant legs.
The hakama is well suited for kendo as it allows good air circulation around the legs and lower body and permits unre-
stricted movement. Hakama made for kendo are of cotton or a polyester material and are most commonly found in sol-
id colors of white and indigo blue. The pleats of the hakama are symbolic of six fundamental virtues. Viewing the
hakama from the front and identifying the pleats from left to right, the first five virtues are Jin (mercy), Gi (righteousness
or Justice), Rei (etiquette), Chi (intelligence or Wisdom), and Shin (trust). The back pleat represents the sixth virtue of
Makoto/Chu-kou (loyalty/allegiance).
Wearing hakama:
1) Holding the front of the hakama, step into the garment, first with the left foot. When removing the garment, step out
on the right foot first.
2) Place the front of the hakama at waist level and wrap the maehimo (front cords) around the back of the body and
around to the front. Bring the maehimo across the front of the body about 6 to 10 cm below the top edge of the
hakama. At a point in front of the right hip, fold the himo that is coming around from the right side of the body over
the maehimo that is coming across from the left side. Bring the maehimo around to the back and secure the ends to-
gether with a horizontal bowknot.
3) Bring the koshiita just above the knot of the maehimo and wrap the ushirohimo around to the front of the body.
4) Crossing the left ushirohimo over the right, wrap it under and around all of the hakama himo.
5) Tie the ushirohimo in a square knot and neatly tuck the ends in the back.
6) Reach inside the side openings of the hakama and straighten the coattails of the kendo-gi. Pull any slack on the back-
side of the keiko-gi to the sides so that the kendo-gi is neatly fitted to the back with no vertical wrinkles.

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Folding
See the pictures on the right. Read the pictures
from left top to down.
Care and Washing
The kendo-gi and hakama should always be kept
clean and presentable. They should be replaced if
they become faded, discolored, worn, or in any
way unsightly. Proper care and storage of the uni-
form will prolong the life of the garments and keep
them looking crisp. Polyester hakama should be
cared for in the same manner as other permanent
press garments. Prompt removal from the dryer
and immediate folding will help preserve the
pleats and keep the garment looking pressed
neatly. Dyed cotton hakama and kendo-gi require
a level of special handling. Dyed uniforms should
always be washed separate from another laundry,
as the indigo dye will bleed from the material
throughout the life of the garments. New hakama
and kendo-gi should be soaked overnight in a bath
of vinegar and water. Add about ½ cup of vinegar
to every 4 liters of water. The acidity of the bath
will set the dye and help reduce fading. After soaking, wash the garments using cold or lukewarm water and mild deter-
gent; old fashion soap flakes work well. Sequent washings may include additional vinegar to further slow fading. Hand
washing is recommended for maximum color preservation – the bath converts to the perfect washtub for this task. Af-
ter air-drying, the hakama and kendo-gi should be properly folded and stored to maintain a smartly pressed look.
(Damp folding the hakama and letting dry on a clean, flat surface will help set the pleats and reduce wrinkling.)

Appendix F: Training
Kendo training consists of Kata-geiko, Kihon-geiko, and Jigeiko. All three elements are part of Kendo and do not exist
separately. They should all be connected fundamentally, and all come together to allow us to learn and develop com-
plete Kendo.
Kata-geiko
Here, the term includes all bokutō practice such as Bokutō ni yoru Kendo kihon waza keiko hō, Nihon Kendo Kata and
Koryu (such as Mizoguchi-ha ittō Ryu). The use of the Bokutō emphasizes the practice of techniques about using a real
sword. We can see the correct path of the blade, and the shape of the sword. We learn waza that can be applied to
Shinai practices, and practice correct abdominal breathing.
Kihon-geiko
Here, repeated practice of striking and waza is performed under predetermined situations. We become proficient with
the strikes and thrust made using the shinai and practice striking the Bogu accurately. We should develop full ki-ai, good
posture, and master ki-ken-tai-itchi when striking.
Jigeiko
As mention in previous chapters, this is where you can learn to make effective seme, and to recognize opportunities to
strike. Only by testing the techniques learned in other practice in unrestricted situations will you learn if your kendo if
effective. All three Geiko must be practiced throughout your kendo training and must be balanced according to the
stages of learning. Whether everything is practiced in all sessions or averaged over an ongoing practice plan is a matter
of choice. The balance and content of training will vary according to the aim of the practice. The Coaches should have
regular discussions to the content and time allocated to each area. That will vary according to members and upcoming
Shiai and gradings.

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A normal training session should include warm-up/stretching before practice begins, and a cool down to finish.
Normally all suburi, kihon-geiko, Jigeiko and Kata-geiko will be practiced after rei. An example of a lesson plan:
Warm up (5)
● Brisk walking, gentle jogging, squats and jumps lasting for about 5 minutes
● Going from rest to hard exercise is bad for the body, so make sure to warm up
● Static stretches are far more effective after a correct warm-up
Stretching (5)
● Static stretches are performed for Calf muscles, Thighs, lower back, upper back, shoulder/triceps, arms, elbows, wrists,
and neck.
● Ease into and out of all stretches; do not “bounce” during them.
● Hold each one for 10-30 seconds, and repeat several times.
● Breathe out naturally while performing them.
● Stretch each side of the body equally.
● Boost your spirit with shouts - leader counts “ichi, ni, san, shi!” then others count “go, roku, shichi, hachi!” – Use this
to include breathing out requirement. Counting this sequence twice will take about 20 seconds, so you can use it to
time stretching.
Rei
● Everyone will line up and perform rei – see chapter 1. (page 2)
Suburi and Ashi-sabaki (10)
● Perform the different Suburi types as required. Use Shinai or bokutō as required.
● Practice the different footwork types alone, or as part of above practice.
● Consider paired practice for Katate and te-no-uchi practice.
Normally, unless doing Bokutō exercises, we now take seiza and put on Bogu ready for practice.
Kihon-geiko (20-30)
● Kiri-kaeshi practice: This should be tailored to the experience level of Kendoka.
● Basic Striking practice: Large Men, Kote, Do (and Tsuki if suitable for experience levels)
● Basic Waza practice: Concentrate on Shikake waza such as Nidan-waza, harai-waza, hiki-waza, etc.
NB: Consider practicing using opening waza to make Men / Kote-Men strikes (x3), leading onto Kakari-geiko.
● Applied Waza: Practice different seme. Have motodachi strikes at various targets, where you can practice the various
counters to them, including any Oji-waza you know.
Check Shinai and Bogu while in seiza. That may be a good time for fluid intake. (5)
● The BKA make clear the need for adequate breaks for fluid intake during training sessions.
● Breaks will be provided as required, do not just stop training, unless invited.
Striking Practice (5-10)
● Perform Kakari-geiko for about 20 seconds each in several rounds.
● Uchikomi-geiko with a fast pace may be more beneficial to beginners. Check Shinai and Bogu while in seiza.
Combined Practice (Jigeiko) (20)
● Senior members will normally act as motodachi.
● Practice Jigeiko for 2-5 minute with opponents.
● Beginners without Bogu may practice uchikomi-geiko, kakari-geiko or Kiri-kaeshi against motodachi, or combination of
them all.
● Let Beginners practice, but after one or two rounds, they can perform Mitori-geiko (watching practice) while seniors
practice together.
Basics and Kiri-kaeshi (5)
● Perform Basic large striking exercises, such as Uchikomi - 5 x Men uchi (continuous action) and Kiri-kaeshi.
● That helps the correct body and mental attitude after Jigeiko. A short jog and brisk walk will help the body cool down.

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Rei (5)
● Line up and remove Bogu.
● Use Mokuso as part of the regulated breathing, so this should last a minute or more.
● Rei, then listen to advice from sensei.
Kata-geiko
The numbers in brackets are an estimate of the number of minutes required for the tasks. That equates to 1 hour 30-40
minutes. That leaves 20-30 minutes for Kata-geiko. Kata-geiko is sometimes performed before warm up and rei, but as
it is an essential part of practice, I like to practice after we have warmed up and performed Rei. The practice of Bokutō
ni yoru Kendo kihon waza keiko hō is best practiced before any Kihon training, as it is often used to introduce tech-
niques to be practiced later with Shinai. In this case, it makes the most sense to perform relevant suburi using the
Bokutō also. The Nihon Kendo Kata can be practiced before (as above) or after Jigeiko. Performing at the end can be
beneficial as a way of correcting posture, and a good way to cool the body down slowly. That is only a basic lesson plan
idea, and even the best-made plans will be subject to ongoing changes depending on the circumstances. A usual lesson
plan could be thus:
● Warm up and stretching
● Rei
● Suburi
● Bogu on: (all repeated twice)
● Kirikaeshi – without tai-atari
● Kirikaeshi
● Men x3
● Kote x3
● Do x3
● (Tsuki x3)
● Kote-Men x3
● Kote- Do x3
● Hiki- men x3 (add kote and do)
● Men – tai-atari – hikimen x3
● (Uchikomi geiko: Men-Kote/Men-Kote/Do-Men tai-atari- hiki men, kote, do, Men)
● Use waza to make opening for Men x3 (Seme, osae, harai, nayashi, etc.)
● Use waza to make opening for Kote x3 (Seme- press/release, osae, harai, etc.)
● Kakari-geiko: 3 attacks, 5 attacks, 5 attacks with some hiki waza. Etc
● Waza: Motodachi step into uchima – strike Men: Kakarite use Harai, Debana, Nuki, etc. to strike men, kote, do
● Waza: Motodachi step in to strike Kote - Kakarite use Debana, Nuki, Suriage, etc. to strike men, kote, do
● Jigeiko: Mawari geiko 2-3 minute rounds

References and Acknowledgments

1) All Japan Kendo Federation - Fundamental Kendo 1974 edition and 1995 revision
2) All Japan Kendo Federation- Dictionary of Kendo
3) Kendo, the Definitive Guide by Hiroshi Ozawa
4) Attitudes to Jigeiko, tactics in kendo and Attitudes in shiai, BKA, by Sotaro Honda PhD
5) N Shigeoka. Nihon Kendo Kata, 2nd ed. (1987) Ski Journal, Tokyo
6) N Shigeoka. Nihon Kendo Kata Kaisetsu, 3rd ed. (1972) Toki Printing, Osaka
7) S Uehara. Michi Shirube (1989) Physical Education and Sports Publishing, Tokyo
8) J Tokeshi. Kendo: Hawaii Kendo Federation, Aiea Taiheiji Kendo Manual (1995)
9) Matsubara. Kendo no Susume #26. Kendo Jidai 1998;25(3):3741
10) H Takano. Kendo Dokuhon. (1973) Yomiuri Shinbun
11) T Baba. Kendo Reiho to Saho. (1990) Physical Education and Sports Publishing, Tokyo

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12) All Japan Kendo Federation. Dojo Kun Shu (1971)
13) The technical and Psychological Methodology of Kendo. Minoru Ohya.
14) The Kendo Reader. Noma Hisashi.
15) Our website, http://www.srcf.ucam.org/kendo/index.shtml, and its contributors

Many thanks to our teacher, Boffa sensei, who has supplied me with much of the advice I hope to have included and
passed on here. I would also like to thank the following people who have run seminars and given advice I have referred
to here:
Chiba Sensei, Sumi Sensei, Ozawa Sensei, Morikawa Sensei, Naganuma Sensei, Massamoto Sensei, Ishihara Sensei, Ya-
maguchi Sensei, Holt Sensei, Salmon sensei, Mano sensei, O'Donnell sensei, Shirakata sensei, Nao sensei,
I would also like to thank all those I have practiced with, as without them I would be unable to train.

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