Statistics and Probability

3rd Quarter
Random Variables and Probability
Distribution
Module 1

What I Need to Know

Statistics and Probability is one of the most important branches

of mathematics that is often taken for granted by everyone. Statistics
plays a very important role in our lives. Without statistics, companies could not
effectively assess the performance of their manufacturing plants, TV channels would
have no way of knowing which TV shows people prefer to watch, we would not be
aware of the death rate caused by cancer, and many more. This module gives you a
head start in understanding Statistics in the future. The topics that will be discussed in
this module are very important tools that you will need to understand future topics in
this subject. Random variables will be referred to repeatedly in future modules. So,
you must do your best to retain as much information as you can from this module.

This module contains:

Lesson 1 – The Concept of Random Variables
Lesson 2 – Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables
Lesson 3 – Solving for the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of
Discrete Probability Distributions

After going through this module, students are expected to:

a. illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous); (M11/12SP-IIIa-1)
b. distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variable; (M11/12SP-
IIIa-2)
c. finds the possible values of a random variable; (M11/12SP-IIIa-3)
d. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties;
(M11/12SP-IIIa-4)
e. construct the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram; (M11/12SP-IIIa-5)
f. compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable; (M11/12SP-IIIa-6)

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following random variables is discrete?

a. Number of movies made by a director c. Time needed to finish a movie
b. Length of film used in a movie d. Land area of a movie studio
2. If two dice are rolled, which of the following is not a possible outcome of the
random variable X = total number of dots facing up?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 10 d. 13
3. Find the correct value of Y to make a valid probability distribution.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.35 Y 0.24
a. 0.11 b. 0.15 c. 0.35 d. 0.24
4. Which of the following is NOT a valid probability distribution?
a.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.1 0. 2 0.3 0.3 0.1
b.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
c.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
d.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.36 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.24
5. A family of 4 children has the following probability distribution. What is the expected
number of girls in a group of 4 siblings?
Number of Girls Y 0 1 2 3 4

Probability P(Y) 1/15 3/15 7/15 3/15 1/15

a. 1 b. 2 c. 2.5 d. 3
6. The mean of a probability distribution is the same as the expected value of a
discrete random variable of a probability distribution
a. True b. False c. Both d. Neither
7. Tossing a die has the following probability distribution. Find the standard deviation
of the number of spots that will appear when a die is tossed.

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 Number of spots (Y) 1 2 3 4 5 6

Probability P(Y) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

a. 0.167 b. 1.667 c. 1.7 d. 2.9
For numbers 8-10, refer to the probability distribution below.
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y) 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13
8. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a.2.23 b.2.33 c.2.43 d.2.53
9. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a.1.25 b.2.25 c.3.25 d.4.25
10. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 1.25 b. 1.50 c. 2.00 d. 2.25

What’s In

General Instructions
To complete the objectives of this module, you must
DO THE FOLLOWING:
➢ Patiently read the text carefully and understand every sentence. Do
not proceed to the next part of the module without fully
understanding the previous text.
➢ Read the directions of each activity carefully. You will be guided as
to the steps in answering the exercises and activities of this module.
➢ Do not proceed to the next part without completing the previous
activities.
➢ Be aware of the following terms:
having the property that the absolute value of the numerical
difference between the value at a given point and the value at
Continuous any point in a neighborhood of the given point can be made as
close to zero as desired by choosing the neighborhood small
enough.
a small cube marked on each face with from one to six spots
Die and used usually in games by being shaken and thrown to come
to rest at random on a flat surface.
Discrete consisting of distinct or unconnected elements
Finite having limits or having a limited nature
Infinite extremely large or having no limits
Measurement the process of getting the amount or degree of something
a system of marks, signs, figures, or characters that is used to
Notation
represent information
Random without definite aim, direction, rule, or method.
Source: Merriam - Webster's collegiate dictionary, 1999

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 Lesson The concept of Random Variables
1
A random variable is a variable whose value is unknown or a function that
assigns values to each of an experiment’s outcomes. Random variables are often
designated by letters and can be classified as discrete, which are variables that have
specific values, or continuous, which are variables that can have any values within a
continuous range.

What’s New

Directions: Provide what is ask below. Write your answer in activity notebook.
• Get a coin
• Perform what is being ask
• Analyze and understand of what you are doing
Perform: Toss a coin twice
Questions:
1. How many times did you toss a coin?
2. What you obtain in the first tossing a coin?
3. What you obtain in the second tossing a coin?
4. How many outcomes has a coin?
5. Have you learned the activity? how?

What is It

Let’s begin with the idea of a random variable. A random

variable may be confusing to you at first especially if you associate it
with the common variables that we use in algebra.
Let us differentiate:
Variable Random Variable
➢ written in small letter ➢ written in capital letter
➢ give value to equations like ➢ a random variable could be 𝑋 =
𝑥+2=9 the number of dots facing up after
rolling a die
➢ In this case 𝑥 can only take on a ➢ Notice how the random process
distinct value and that is 7 of rolling a die gives you a
random outcome each time you
perform the experiment. Rolling

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 once may give you 5, and rolling
again may give you 6, and again
4; I think you
see the point here. Hence it is
called a “random” variable.
➢ Additionally, we also consider 𝑋
as a numerical type of data
because the outcomes of the
said random variable are
numerical in nature.
A random variable may also be used to quantify unquantifiable processes. For
example, in the random variable Y = sex of college students’ applicant.
Possible outcomes: male or female
Characteristic: categorical (non-numerical)
It would be very difficult to perform mathematical operations on such kinds of
data so we have to find a way to convert these data into numbers. We could assign
the value 0 for male and 1 for female.

Note: The values “0 and 1” are just models/examples. You may use other values like
10, 500, and even 2,020. Still, the values 0 and 1 are most commonly used in statistics.
➢ Number of defective cell phones produced in a manufacturing factory daily
➢ Amount of paint needed to repaint a room
➢ Amount of time needed to walk from home to school
➢ Gender of students taking up BS Criminology
➢ Height of applicants for the Miss Universe pageant

There are two varieties of random variables that are numerical in nature:
Discrete Random Variables
Continuous Random Variables
Let us differentiate:

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 Discrete Random Variables Continuous Random Variables
its values are obtained through its values are obtained through
counting. measurement.
Examples: Examples:
➢ number of rotten bananas in a ➢ growth of tomato seedlings per
bunch of bananas, week,
➢ number of honor students in a ➢ time needed to finish an exam, and
class, and ➢ weight of pigs after 3 months
➢ number of tiles needed to
cover a
floor.

the sample space is finite (can be there are infinite elements in the sample
counted) because each sample has space wherein each sample are so closely
a space between them packed such that infinite number of
elements can fit throughout the sample
space

Note: A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment.
Here are some more examples of discrete and continuous random variables.
Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable

Total number of spots in rolling two dice Power consumption of an appliance

Number of pages in a chapter of a book Body temperature of a person

Number of appliances in a household Cloth needed to make a dress

Total number of all animals in a farm Length of a piece of chalk

Number of cards drawn pH level of an acid

Example:
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing
5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of
blue balls. Find the values of the random variable Z. complete the table below.
Solution:
Steps Solution
1. determine the sample space. Let The sample space for this experiment is
B represent the blue ball and R S = (RR, RB, BR, BB)
represent the red ball.
2. Count the number of blue balls in Possible Value of the
each outcome in the sample Outcomes Random
space and assign this number to Variable Z
this outcome.

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 (number of blue
balls)
RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2
So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2.

What’s More

Directions: Read carefully and answer the given problem below with the solution. Do
it in your activity notebook, copy and answer.
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y. Complete the
table below.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Y

(number of Tail)

What I have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions below and write your answer in your
activity notebook.
1. How do you describe a discrete random variable?
2. How do you describe a continuous random variable?

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 What I can Do

Directions: Try and classify the following random variables as discrete or

continuous. Each random variable is assigned a letter. Once grouped, crack and form
the “hidden words” from the letters of each group. Copy, answer and write it in your
activity notebook.
(T) number of deaths due to AIDS (H) number of channels in Sea cable
(O) weight of ₱100 worth of pork (A) number of satellites orbiting the Earth
(K) number of notebooks in a student’s (N) number of gadgets in a household
bag
(U) volume of diesel used in a trip (Y) time needed to solve a Rubik’s cube

From the entries written in the table above, try to fill out the table below.
Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable

Lesson Probability Distribution of Discrete

2 Random Variables

What is It

Again, the purpose of using random variable is so that we could

measure observations and process data to make a conclusion about
the population. So, what are the possible values of a random variable, you might ask?
Below are some random variables with their corresponding possible values.
Random Description Set of Possible Outcomes
Variables
V Material status of teachers Single, married, widow, …
W Number of dots after rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
die
X Tossing a coin Head, t5ails
Y Tossing two coins HT, HH, TH, TT

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 Z Household pet being raised dog, cat, mouse, snake, rabbit, …

As a statistician, you must be able to identify the set of possible values of your
random variable even before conducting your survey.

Example 1. Suppose you are to test three random eggplants from a harvest to see if
there are worms in it. You want to find out the number of eggplants attacked by worms.
Use W to represent if there is a worm attack in an eggplant and N if there is none.
Note: The letters W and N are not random variables but are used to
represent the possible outcome upon checking an eggplant. X is the
random variable representing the number of eggplants attacked by worms.

Again, you are sampling three eggplants. The table below has been
filled out to illustrate and demonstrate the possible outcomes of this
experiment. Try to understand the values therein.
Possible Outcomes Value of Random Variable X
(number of eggplants with
worm attacks)

NNN 0
NNW 1
NWN 1
NWW 2
WNN 1
WNW 2
WWN 2
WWW 3
The possible value of the random Variable X is 0, 1, 2, and 3
Example 2. Suppose that four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of heads that occur. Complete the table below to find the
possible values of Y.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of heads)
HHHH 4
HHHT 3
HHTH 3
HHTT 2
HTHH 3
HTHT
HTTH
HTTT

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 THHH
THHT
THTH
THTT
TTHH
TTHT
TTTH
TTTT
The possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Now that we already have the possible values of the random variable, we can
now construct the probability distribution. Looking back at example 1, the random
variable X represents the number of damaged eggplants in a harvest. We have defined
the sample space and their corresponding values in the table below.

Value of Random Variable X

Possible Outcomes
(number of eggplants with worm attacks)

NNN 0
NNW 1
NWN 1
NWW 2
WNN 1
WNW 2
WWN 2
WWW 3
There is a total of 8 possible outcomes with 4 distinct possible values of X.
We now assign the probability values of each.
Number of eggplants Probability P(X)
with worm attacks X
0 1
8
1 3
8
2 3
8
3 1
8

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 ➢ There are 8 possible outcomes and only one of them had no worm at all. So,
1
the probability that we shall assign is 8.
➢ There are 8 possible outcomes and 3 of them have exactly 1 eggplant
3
attacked by worms. So, the probability that we shall assign is 8.
➢ There are 8 possible outcomes and 3 of them have 2 eggplants attack by
3
worms. So, the probability that we shall assign is 8.
➢ There are 8 possible outcomes and only 1 of them had all 3 eggplants attack
1
by worms. So, the probability that we shall assign is 8.
You have to remember that the sum of all probabilities in the
distribution must always be equal to 1, no more and no less. If the sum is
either more than 1 or less than 1, then the distribution is not a valid probability
1 3 3
distribution. Let us try to add all probabilities in the distribution. We get + 8+8 +
8
1
𝑜𝑟 1. Therefore, the distribution is valid.
8
The table shown on the previous page is what we call the probability distribution
or probability mass function of the random variable 𝑌. We can graph the distribution in
the form of a histogram as presented below.

The table shown on the previous page is what we call the probability distribution
or probability mass function of the random variable 𝑌. We can graph the distribution in
the form of a histogram as presented below.

3
8

2
8

1 3 3
8 8 8
1 1
8 8
0

0 1 2 3

What is a histogram?
A histogram is like a bar graph but has in between the bars. Investigate
the heights of the bars and compare it with the probabilities written in the table
above. What have you noticed?

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 What I have Learned

Directions: In your activity notebook, you will answer the following question. 5 points
each. Copy and answer.
1. Why should the sum of the probabilities in a probability distribution always equal
to 1?
2. What is the shape of most probability distributions? Why do you think so?

What I can Do

Directions: In your activity notebook, Solve the problem with the correct answer. show
your solutions with graph. 10 points each item.
1. Using the sample space for rolling two dice, construct a probability distribution
for the random variable X representing the sum of the numbers that appear.
Draw the graph of the probability distribution.
2. A family has three children. Let X represent the number of boys. Construct a
probability distribution for the random variable X. draw the graph of the
probability distribution.

Solving for the Mean, Variance, and

Standard Deviation of Discrete
Lesson 3 Probability Distribution

What is It

Any discrete probability distribution has a mean, a variance and a standard

deviation.
The mean is the average of all possible outcomes. It is otherwise
referred to as the “expected value” of a probability distribution. When we say
expected value, it means that if we repeat any given experiment infinite times, the
theoretical mean would be the “expected value”. For instance, the mean of rolling a
die is theoretically 3.5. You will never roll a 3.5 no matter how many times you roll
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 the die because there’s only 3 and 4. However, if you take the average of all
outcomes, you should get 3.5 or at least close to that value. You will have a better
understanding about this concept with more examples given underneath.

The variance and standard deviation are measures of spread or variability

LOW
HIGH

If the values of the variance and If the variance and standard

standard deviation are high, that means deviation are low, that means that the
that the individual outcomes of the individual outcomes of the experiment
experiment are far relative to each other. are closely spaced with each other. In
In other words, the values differ greatly. other words, the values are almost the
same values or if they do differ, the
difference is small.

As a point of reference, if the values of all the

outcomes in an experiment are all the same, the
variance and standard deviation are both 0. But of
course, this rarely happens in real life application.

EXAMPLE: Number of Spots

Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that would appear?
The following activity will help you answer this question.
Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing
the number of spots that would appear.
Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.
Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.
Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability
distribution for the random Number of Spot X Probability P(X)
variable X representing the 1 1
number of spots that would 6
appear. 2 1
6
3 1
6

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 2. Multiply the value of the random
variable X by the corresponding Number of Probability X·P(X)
probability. Spot X P(X)
1 1 1
6 6
2 1 2
6 6
3 1 3
6 6

3. Add the results obtained in Step

2. Number of Probability X·P(X)
Spot X P(X)
1 1 1
6 6
2 1 2
6 6
3 1 3
6 6
6
∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) = = 3.5
6

Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

The mean of a random variable with a discrete probability distribution is:

𝜇 = 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) + 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) + 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋)+. . . , +𝑋 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑋) 𝑜𝑟
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)
Where:
X , X , X , . . . ,X are the value of the random variable X; and
P(X ), P(X ), P(X ), . . . , P(X ) are the corresponding probabilities.

ENTRY CARD
Compute the variance of the frequency distribution.
Score Number of Students
5 3
8 5
10 4
12 5
15 3
Follow the steps given below. Complete the tables shown for each step.
Steps Solution

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Compute the mean by
using the formula Score X Number of fX
∑ 𝑓𝑋 Students f
𝑋̅ =
𝑛
5 3
8 5
10 4
12 5
15 3
N=20 ∑ 𝑓𝑋 =
Subtract the mean
from each score X f ̅
X-𝑿 ̅̅̅̅̅𝟐
(X-𝑿)
square the results. 5 3
8 5
10 4
12 5
15 3
N=20
Compute the variance
using the formula
∑ 𝑓(𝑋 − ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑋)2
𝜎2 =
𝑛
To get the standard
deviation, get the
square root of the
variance.

Steps in Finding the Variance and Standard Deviation

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4

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Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Find the
mean of Number of Probability X∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
the Car Sold X P(X)
probability 0 2
distribution 10
using the 1 2 2
formula 10 10
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋) 2 3 6
10 10
3 2 6
10 10
4 2 8
10 10
22
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)=10 = 2.2

2. Subtract
the mean X P(X) X∙ 𝑷(𝑿) x-𝝁
from each 0 1 0 0-2.2=-2.2
value of the 10
random 1 2 2 1-2.2=-1.2
variable X 10 10
2 3 6 2-2.2=0.2
10 10
3 2 6 3-2.2=0.8
10 10
4 2 8 4-2.2=1.8
10 10

3. Square the
results X P(X) X∙ 𝑷(𝑿) x-𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐
obtained in 0 1 0 -2.2 4.84
Step 2 10
1 2 2 -1.2 1.44
10 10
2 3 6 -0.2 0.04
10 10
3 2 6 0.8 0.64
10 10
4 2 8 1.8 3.24
10 10

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 4. Multiply the X P(X) X∙ 𝑷(𝑿) X-𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)
results 0 1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
obtained in 10
Step 3 by 1 2 2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
the 10 10
correspondi 2 3 6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
ng 10 10
probability. 3 2 6 0.8 0.64 0.128
10 10
4 2 8 1.8 3.24 0.648
10 10

Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability

Distribution
The variance of a discrete probability distribution is given by the formula:
𝜎 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)
The standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution is given by the
formula:

𝜎 = √∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)

Where:
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability of the random variable X
𝜇= mean of the probability distribution

What I have Learned

Directions: In your activity notebook, discuss your ideas regarding the questions
below. 10 points each item.
1. What are the steps in computing the mean of a probability distribution of a
random variable? How is it similar to the procedure in finding the mean of a
frequency distribution?
2. Compare the formulas for finding the mean of a frequency distribution and that
of a probability distribution.

What I can Do

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Directions: In your activity notebook, Solve the problem with the correct answer.
show your solutions with graph. 10 points each item.
1. Roll a die 50 times. Construct a probability distribution and find the variance
and standard deviation.
2. Conduct a survey on the number of grade 11 students in ASIAN SKILLS
ACADAMY FOUNDITION related in sports activities. Construct a probability
distribution and compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation.

Assessment

Name: ____________________________ Score: ____________

Grade & Section: ______________________Date: _____________
Test 1
Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer and put your answer in your
activity notebook.
1. Which of the following random variables is discrete?
a. Number of movies made by a director c. Time needed to finish a movie
b. Length of film used in a movie d. Land area of a movie studio
2. If two dice are rolled, which of the following is not a possible outcome of the
random variable X: total number of dots facing up?
a.2 b.3 c.10 d.13
3. Find the correct value of Y to make a valid probability distribution.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.35 Y 0.24
a.0.11 b.0.15 c.0.35 d.0.24
4. Which of the following is NOT a valid probability distribution?
a.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1
b.
X 1 3 5 7 9
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
c.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
d.
X 4 8 12 14 16
P(X) 0.36 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.24
5. A family of 4 children has the following probability distribution. What is the
expected number of girls in a group of 4 siblings?
Number of Girls Y 0 1 2 3 4
Probability P(Y) 1/15 3/15 7/15 3/15 1/15
a.0.11 b.0.15 c.1 d.2
6. The mean for a probability distribution is the same as the expected value of a
discrete random variable of a probability distribution
a. True b. False c. Both d. neither

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For numbers 7-11, refer to the probability distribution below. A birthing home
recorded the number of live births that materialize in their birthing home in the past 2
years.
Live births per month Y 0 1 2 3 4 5
Probability P(Y) 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13
7. What is the probability that exactly 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a. 0.11 b.0.15 c.0.23 d.0.25
8. What is the probability that less than 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a.0.26 b.0.38 c.0.48 d.0.36
9. What is the probability that more than 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a.0.26 b.0.51 c.0.74 d.0.89
10.What is the probability that at least 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a.0.26 b.0.51 c.0.74 d.0.89
11.What is the probability that at most 2 babies will be born in the home in any
month?
a.0.26 b.0.49 c.0.74 d.0.87
12.Tossing a die has the following probability distribution. Find the standard
deviation of the number of spots that will appear when a die is tossed.
Number of spots (Y) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability P(Y) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
a.0.167 b.1.667 c.1.7 d.2.9
For numbers 13-15, refer to the probability distribution below.
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y) 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13
13.What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a. 2.23 b. 2.33 c. 2.43 d.2.53
14.What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a. 2.25 b. 2.50 c. 2.75 d.3.00
15.What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 1.25 b. 1.50 c. 1.75 d. 2.00
16.Which of the following random variables is discrete?
a. Number of movies made by a director c. Time needed to finish a movie
b. Length of film used in a movie d. Land area of a movie studio
17. If two dice are rolled, which of the following is not a possible outcome of the
random variable X = total number of dots facing up?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 10 d. 13
18. Find the correct value of Y to make a valid probability distribution.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.35 Y 0.24
a. 0.11 b. 0.15 c. 0.35 d. 0.24
19. Which of the following is NOT a valid probability distribution?
a.
X 1 2 3 4 5

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 P(X) 0.1 0. 2 0.3 0.3 0.1

b.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

c.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

d.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.36 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.24
20. A family of 4 children has the following probability distribution. What is the
expected number of girls in a group of 4 siblings?
Number of Girls Y 0 1 2 3 4

Probability P(Y) 1/15 3/15 7/15 3/15 1/15

a. 1 b. 2 c. 2.5 d. 3
21. The mean of a probability distribution is the same as the expected value of a
discrete random variable of a probability distribution
a. True b. False c. Both d. Neither
22. Tossing a die has the following probability distribution. Find the standard
deviation of the number of spots that will appear when a die is tossed.

Number of spots (Y) 1 2 3 4 5 6

Probability P(Y) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

a. 0.167 b. 1.667 c. 1.7 d. 2.9
For numbers 8-10, refer to the probability distribution below.
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5

P(Y) 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13

23. What is the mean of the probability distribution?

a.2.23 b.2.33 c.2.43 d.2.53
24.What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a.1.25 b.2.25 c.3.25 d.4.25
25.What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 1.25 b. 1.50 c. 2.00 d. 2.25

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Test II- Identification
Directions: Classify the following random variables as DISCRETE or
CONTINUOUS. Put your answer the provided space before the number. Copy and
answer, then write it in your activity notebook.
____________1. Length of a cell phone charger
____________2. Number of gadgets in a household
____________3. Count of words encoded per minute
____________4. Amount of water consumed per day
____________5. Sum of burgers sold in a day
____________6. Amount of time needed to boil a liquid
____________7. Number of channels in a cable TV
____________8. Daily count of visitors in a mall
____________9. Distance between two barangays
___________10. Total area of a rice field
___________11. Growth of a child per year
___________12. Temperature needed to bake bread
___________13. Number of babies born per day
___________14. Yearly death due to cancer
___________15. Number of mistakes in a test
Test III. Solving
Find the mean and variance of the following probability
distribution.
1.
X 1 6 11 16 21
P(X) 1 1 2 1 2
7 7 7 7 7

2.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 1 3 2 2 3
10 10 10 10 10

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 Normal Distribution
Module 2

What I Need to Know

Is defined a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a

computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted
with System Software which is involved in integrating a computer's various
capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that
benefit the user.

This module contains:

Lesson 1: Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution
Lesson 2: Understanding the Z-Scores
Lesson 3: Identifying Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve
Lesson 4: Determining Probabilities
Lesson 5: Location percentiles Under the Normal Curve

After going through this module, students are expected to:

a. illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics; (M11/12SP – IIIc
- 1)
b. construct a normal curve; (M11/12SP – IIIc - 2)
c. identify regions under the normal curve; (M11/12SP – IIIc - 3)
d. convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice
versa; (M11/12SP – IIIc - 4)
e. compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.
(M11/12SP – IIId - 1)

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your activity note
book.
1. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?
a. 0 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
2. The curve is symmetrical to which of the following?

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 a. Mean b. variance c. standard deviation d. area
3. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
a. 0.0800 b. 0.0279 c. 0.1628 d. 0.3129
4. Find the area if the value of z = -0.13.
a. 0.0248 b. 0.0517 c. 0.1398 d. 0.2467
5. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
a. 1.63 b. 1.97 c. 2.01 d. 2.83
6. Find the area between z=-1 and z=3
a. 0.8300 b. 0.8350 c. 0.8400 d. 0.8450
7. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
a. 0.0100 b. 0.8350 c. 0.0300 d. 0.0400
8. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
a. z=0.24 and z=0.31 c. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
b. z=1.6 and z=2.1 d. z=-2.5 and z=1
9. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
a. 0.1573 b. 0.1524 c. 0.1575 d. 0.1576
10. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
a. 0.1585 b. 0.1586 c. 0.1587 d. 0.1588
11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
a. 0.9937 b. 0.9934 c. 0.9936 d. 0.9938
12. Given =180 and  = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the
corresponding z-value of the score by the following students if X = 150.
a. 2 b. -2 c. 2.5 d. -2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
a. 1.33 b. 1.66 c. 1.99 d. 2.22
14. What is the value of 70th percentile?
a. 0.13 b. 0.23 c. 0.52 d. 0.71
15. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
a. 0.92 b. 0.83 c. 0.53 d. 0.23

UNDERSTANDING THE NORMAL CURVE

Lesson 1 DISTRIBUTION

A normal distribution, sometimes called the bell curve, is a distribution that

occurs naturally in many situations. The standard deviation controls the spread of the
distribution. A smaller standard deviation indicates that the data is tightly clustered
around the mean; the normal distribution will be taller. A larger standard deviation
indicates that the data is spread out around the mean; the normal distribution will be
flatter and wider.

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 What is It

We will start understanding the concept of the normal curve distribution by

sketching the frequency polygon of each of the following frequency distributions.
The following frequency distributions show the score of students in a
Mathematics quiz.
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3
Score X Frequency f Score X Frequency f Score X Frequency f

Example:
Questions:
1. Sketch a frequency polygon of each distribution
2. For each distribution, compute for the three measures of central tendency
(mean, median and mode). What did you observe? Where did you find these
measures on the graph (left end, at the center of right end)?
3. If we will continue to increase the number of students, what do you think if the
shape of the graph be?
Answers:
1. The frequency polygon of each frequency distribution.
Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3

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 2. Computing for the mean, median and mode of each given distributions, we
will realize that the resulting values are equal. Since these measures are
equal, they all lie at one point. That is, at the center of the graph.
3. If we will continue to increase the number of students then in the long run, we
can approximate the graph to the shape of a bell.

In reality, if a distribution contains a very large number of cases with equal

measures of central tendency values, then the distribution is symmetrical* and the
skewness* is 0. In statistics, it is called normal distribution or normal curve (Rene,
et al. 2015). In specific sense, it is called a normal probability distribution whenever
the frequencies are converted to probabilities.

Let us learn more about the properties of a normal probability distribution.

1. The curve of a distribution is a bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
This means if we will cut the curve about the mean, we will have balance
proportions of the halves.
proportions of the halves. Specifically, we say that
one is a reflection of the other. Meaning, the
qualities exhibited by one are the same qualities
exhibited by the other.

3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they
coincide at the center of the graph.

This means that the mean, median and

mode of the given distribution are located at
exactly one point since their values are equal,
and they are located at the center of the graph
which indicates the highest peak of the curve.

Mean = Median = Mode

4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.

The curve considered at the left side defines a

standard normal curve. A standard normal curve
is a normal probability distribution that has mean
value equal to 0 and standard deviation equal to 1.
width of the curve

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This property explains that the standard normal
Curve is used as a guide for
distributions which
Has mean value not equal to 0 and
standard
Deviation not equal to 1.

86 89 92 95 98 101 104

For instance, in a given distribution with mean equals 95 and standard deviation
equals 3, the width of the curve will be 3 numbers away from each other, which is
determined from the given standard deviation.
5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it.
Thus, the curve is asymptotic to the line.
6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the
probability or percentage of proportion associated with the
specific sets of measurement values. This means that for
every specific measurement value, there corresponds
exactly one probability/percentage/proportion value which
describes a particular area of the region under the normal
curve.

A specific proportion of the area of the region

under the curve can be calculated manually using the
formula
−1
𝑋−𝜇 2
𝑒2( )
𝜎
Y= 𝜎√2𝜋
Where;
Y represents the height of the curve at a particular value of X
X represents any score in the distribution
σ represents the standard deviation of the population
μ represents the population mean
π = 3.1416
= 2.7183

However, this formula is now rarely used because of the readily available z-
Table which displays all the area of the region under the curve given a z-value.

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 Table of Areas under the Normal Curve

Steps in finding the area under the normal curve given a z-value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit number.
2. Using the z-Table, find the first 2 digits on the first column.
3. Find the third digit on the first row on the right.
4. Read the area for probability at the intersection of the row (first 2-digit number)
and column (third digit number). The value observed at the intersection
indicates the area of the given z-value.

Illustration.
1. Find the area that corresponds to z=2.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 2 is the same as finding the area
between z=0 and z= 2.

Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a
3-digit number z = 2 becomes z = 2.00
b. In the table, find the first two
digit number on the first column (2.0)
c. Find the third digit on the first row (.00)
d. Read the probability at the
intersection of row 2.0 and column .00 The area at the intersection is 0.4772.

2. Find the area that corresponds to z=1.45.

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Finding the area that corresponds to z = 1.45 is the same as finding the area
between z = 0 and z = 1.45.
Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a z = 1.45 (it is already expressed to a 3
3-digit number digit number, so just copy the given)
b. In the table, find the first two
digit number on the first column (1.4)
c. Find the third digit on the first row (.05)
d. Read the probability at the
intersection of row 1.4 and column .05 The area at the intersection is 0.4265.

3. Find the area that corresponds to z= – 2.5

The negative in the given z-value as z = – 2.5 indicates the location of
where that area is in the curve. Since it is a negative, meaning the
measurement X that corresponds to z = – 2.5 is located at the left side of the

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 curve. Since the normal curve is symmetrical about the mean, therefore
finding the area of z =– 2.5 is the same as finding the area of z = 2.5.
Steps Solution
a. Express the given z-value to a
3-digit number z = 2.5 becomes z = 2.50
b. In the table, find the first two
digit number on the first column (2.5)
c. Find the third digit on the first row
d. Read the probability at the intersection of
row 2.5 and column .00

What I have Learned

In the previous lesson, you have learned about random variables, their means
and standard deviations, and their probability distributions.
Think about your answer to the following question. Then discuss your ideas in
your activity note. This activity is 20 points.

What I can Do

Directions: Do the following instructions below and match the z-value given in
column A to its corresponding area in column B. Then, identify the hidden message
by filling in the letters indicated in column B to the corresponding number indicated in
each blank below. Do it in your activity note book.

Column A Column B
1. Z=0.04 L. 0.3554
2. Z=1.06 V. 0.4817
3. Z=2.8 M. 0.4987
4. Z=2.09 T. 0.3531
5. Z=0.49 C. 0.4999
6. Z=3.02 S. 0.0517
7. Z=-1.05 I. 0.0160
8. Z=-1.05 A. 0.0120
9. Z=-2.22 E. 0.1879
10. z=-3.78 O. 0.4974
11. z=-0.13 H. 0.4868

Decode the message.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 23 6 7 8 9 56 78 110 11

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 Identifying Regions of Areas Under
Lesson 2
the Normal Curve

What is It

This point in time, it is expected that you already have mastered the skill in
determining the area under the normal curve that corresponds to a given z-values
using the z-Table.
The area you just learned also indicates the probability/percentage/proportion
of the given distribution between any two-specific z-values under the curve.
This time, you will try to find the area of the regions between any two-specific
z-values under the normal curve.

Illustration:
1. Find the area of the region between z=1
and z=3.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the
point z=1 indicates the area from z=0 to
z=1. Using the z-Table, it has
corresponding area of 0.3413

So, with z=3, it describes the area of

the region from z=0 to z=3, with
corresponding area of 0.4987 (using the z-
Table).

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).

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 In doing so, we need to subtract the area that corresponds to z=3 to the area
that corresponds to z=1. Thus, we have 0.4987-0.3413=0.1574. therefore, the area
between z=1 and z=3 is 0.1574.
2. Find the area of the region between z=1
and z=-1
Solution:
The area of the region described by the
point z=1. Using the z-Table, it has
corresponding area of 0.3413.

So, with z=-1, it describes the area of the

region from z=0 to z=-1, with corresponding
area of 03413 (using the z-Table).
Z=1 has the same area with z=-1 since the
curve is symmetrical about the mean.
Therefore, finding the area of z=1 is the same as finding the area of z=-1. The negative
sign indicates only the location of the z-value under the curve. Because it is a negative,
it is located at the left side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find

the area of the region between the two z-values
(red line).

In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z=1 to the area that
corresponds to z=-1. Thus, we have 0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826. Therefore, the
area between z = 1 and z = -1 is 0.6826.
3. Find the area of the region between z = 2 and z =
-1.5.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 2
indicates the area from z = 0 to z = 2. Using the z-
Table, it has corresponding area of 0.4772.
So, with z = -1.5, it describes the area of the region from z = 0 to z = -1.5,
with corresponding area of 0.4332(using the z-Table).

z = 1.5 has the same area with z= -1.5 since the

curve is symmetrical about the mean. Therefore,
finding the area of z = -1.5 is the same as finding the area
of z = 1.5. The negative sign indicates only the location of
the z-value under the curve. Because it is a negative, it is
located at the left side of the curve.

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 The problem states that we need to find the
area of the region between the given two z-
values (red line).

In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 2 to the area that
corresponds to z = -1.5. Thus, we have 0.4772 + 0.4332= 0.9104. Therefore,
the area between z = 2 and z = -1.5 is 0.9104.

What I have Learned

In the past lesson, you have learned about random variable, their means and
standard deviations, and their probability distributions. In this lesson, you learned
about z-scores.
Think about your answers to the following question. Then discuss your ideas
with your classmates. Do it in your activity notebook. This is 20 points.
1. There are three grades in a report card that you want to interpret in terms of
performance: Mathematics (75), English (85), and Science (90). The means are
72,83, and 88, respectively. The standard deviations are 3, 10, and 15,
respectively. Is the information sufficient for you to compare the grades? If so,
discuss you processes. If not, explain why it is impossible.

What I can Do
Directions: Find the area of the region under the curve that corresponds between
the given z-values. Do it in your activity note book.
1. z = 3 and z = -1
2. z = 0.5 and z = 2
3. z = 1.5 and z = -1
4. z = 2 and z = -2.25
5. z = 2.5 and z = -0.5

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 Lesson 3 Determining Probabilities

What is It

Mathematicians are not fond of lengthy expressions. They use denotations,

notations or symbols instead. Probability notations are commonly used to express a
lengthy idea into symbols concerning the normal curve. The following are the most
common probability notations used in studying concepts on the normal curve.

P (a < z < b) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
between a and b
P(z> a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
above a
P (z< a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
below a where a and b are z-score values.
P (z = a) = 0this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
equal to a is 0. This notation indicates that a z-value is equal to exactly one point on
the curve. With that single point, a line can be drawn signifying the probability can be
below or above it. That is why, for a z-value to be exactly equal to a value its probability
is equal to 0.

Let us familiarize some of the terms involved in using notations.

With all these in mind, you are now ready to solve for the proportion of the area
specified z-score value. Negative P (z < a) Positive P (z > a)

Illustration: “less than z” “greater than z”

1. Find the proportion of the area “to the left of z” “to the right of z”
between z = 2 and z = 3.
“below z” “above z”
“lower than” “more than z”
“under z “at least z”

Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve.
Locate the required z-values.
Shade the required region.

z = 2 has a corresponding area of

0.4772
Locate from the z-Table the z = 3 has a corresponding area of
corresponding areas of the given z-values. 0.4987

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With the graph, decide on what
operation will be used to identify the With the given graph, the operation
proportion of the area of the region. to be used is subtraction.
Use probability notation to avoid lengthy P (2 < z <3) = 0.4987 – 0.4772 =
expressions. 0.0215
The required area between z = 2
Make a concluding statement. and z = 3 is 0.0215.

2. Find the proportion of the area below z = 1.

Steps Solution

Draw a normal curve.

Locate the required z-value.
Shade the required region.
z = 1 has a corresponding area of
0.3413.
Locate from the z-Table the corresponding This area signifies only from z = 0 to
areas of the given z-value. z = 1.
With the graph, decide on what With the given graph, the operation
to be used is addition.
P (z < 1) = 0.5000+ 0.3413 = 0.8413
This is so because the area of the
region from z = 0 to its left is 0.5 since
operation will be used to identify the it represents half of the normal curve.
proportion of the area of the region. Use With the property that the curve has
probability notation to avoid lengthy area equal to 1, therefore half of its
expressions. area signifies 0.5000 or 0.5.

3. Find the area that the z-value is exactly equal to 1.

Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve. Locate the
required z-value. Shade the
required value.

With the graph, decide on what With the given graph, there is no need
operation will be used to identify the to decide on what operation to be used
proportion of the area of the region. since as defined, if a z-value is equal
Use probability notation to avoid to exactly one number then its
lengthy expressions.

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 probability or the proportion of the area
of the region is automatically 0
P(z=1) =0
Make a concluding statement. The required area at z=1 is 0

What I have Learned

You have learned of the importance of the areas of the regions under the normal
curve. You have also learned how to compute these values.
Think about your answer to the following questions. Then, discuss your ideas
in your activity notebook.
• What probability expression is equivalent to P(|z|>1.96)?
• How does the graph look like?
• Explain your procedure.

What I can Do
Directions: Solve for the proportion of the area of the following probability notations.
Then, sketch the normal curve shading the required region of each given notation. Do
it in your activity notebook.

1. P (-2 < z <1)

2. P (z > 3)
3. P (z < -2)
4. P (z >-1.5)
5. P (z = -1)

Lesson 4 Understanding the Z-Score

What is It

Let us begin understanding the z-scores by acknowledging that for a given

distribution, it is more preferred to have a larger set of data in order to make good
generalizations. However, at times in a given distribution, raw scores may be
composed of large values and large values cannot be accommodated at the baseline

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of the normal curve. Thus, the raw scores have to be transformed into z-scores in
order to get meaningful decisions relative to the concepts of finding the equivalent
percentage and probability of the given measure of value from the mean.
For any population, the mean and the standard deviation are fixed. This gives
the way to understand that for every raw score X, there corresponds an exactly one z-
score value, and vice versa. Therefore, if we wish to find the percentage associated
with X, we must find its matched z-value using the z formula.

The z formula is given by:

𝑋−𝜇
z= 𝜎 (z-score for population data)
𝑥−ẍ
z= (z-score for sample data)
𝑠
where
x= the raw score
𝜇= population mean
ẍ= sample mean
σ= population standard deviation
s= sample standard deviation

The area of the region under the normal curve represents the probability or
percentage or proportion of a given measurement value. It is computed by subtracting
the measurement X to the sample Ẍ or population mean, then dividing the result by
the standard deviation. The resulting value gives the z-score. The z-score indicates
the distance between a given measurement X and the mean expressed in standard

deviations. It locates either within a sample or within a population. But for now, a
readily available z-Table is made to obtain the corresponding area given a z-score.

Steps in finding the z-score given the mean (Ẍ or 𝜇), standard deviation (σ) and
the measurement (X).
𝑋−𝜇
1. Use the formula z= 𝜎 for finding the z-score
2. Check the given value: mean (Ẍ or 𝜇), standard deviation (σ) and the
measurement (X).
3. Substitute the given values in the formula.
4. Compute for the z-value

Illustration
1. In Mrs. Shirley’s science class, a student gained a score of 46. What is the z-value
of his score if test result has population mean 45 with standard deviation of 2?
Steps Solution
a. Use the formula for finding the z= 𝑋−𝜇
𝜎
z-scores of population data
b. Check the given values 𝜇 = 45, σ=2, x=46
c. Substitute the given values in Z=46−45
2
the formula
d. Compute the z-value 1
Z=2 = 0.5
Therefore, the z-value that
corresponds to the raw score of 46 is
0.5

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 0.5

39 41 43 45 46 47 49 51
mean
1. Leslie got a score of 68 in an examination she participated. What is the
corresponding z-value of her score if the results has 𝜇 =75 and σ =5.
Steps Solution
a. Use the formula for finding the z=𝑋−𝜇
𝜎
z-scores of population data
b. Check the given values 𝜇 = 75, σ=5, x=68
c. Substitute the given values in Z=68−75
5
the formula
d. Compute the z-value −7
Z= 5 = −01.4
Therefore, the z-value that
corresponds to the raw score of 68 is
-1.4

What I have Learned

In the past lesson, you have learned about random variable, their
means and standard deviations, and their probability distributions. In this lesson, you
learned about z-scores.
Think about your answers to the following question. Then discuss your ideas
with your classmates. Do it in your activity notebook. This is 20 points.
There are three grades in a report card that you want to interpret in terms of
performance: Mathematics (75), English (85), and Science (90). The means are 72,83,
and 88, respectively. The standard deviations are 3, 10, and 15, respectively. Is the
information sufficient for you to compare the grades? If so, discuss you processes. If
not, explain why it is impossible.

What I can Do
Directions: Solve the following problems below and show the solution in every item.
Do it in your activity notebook. 5 points each item.

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Given = 110 and = 10 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding value
of the scores gained by the following students.
Show all your solutions and sketch its graph.

1. X=98
2. X=65
3. X=120
4. X=74
5. X=135

Locating Percentiles Under the

Lesson 5
Normal Curve

What is It

A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a

given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall. It is a measure of
relative standing as it measures the relationship of a measurement of the rest of the
data.
For instance, you were told by your teacher that your Mathematics grade for
the quarter is 92 and your grade is at the 88th percentile. This means 88% of your
classmates scored lower than 92 and 21% scored more than 92 in the subject. This
explains that 88th percentile is located at a point such that 88% of the total population
lies below that point and 12% lies above.
At this point, we are given with the area or the proportion of the area of the
region under the normal curve. We wish to identify the corresponding z-value of the
given area. With this, we need the z-Table to find the z-value required corresponding
to the given area and if not found, we take the nearest value. The number that
corresponds to the first column and first row of the intersection attained from the
locating the given area is the required z-value.

Illustration.

1. Find the 86th percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P86 means locating an area before or below the point. We
want to know what the z-value is at this point.

Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal
curve.

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 b. Express the given percentage as 86% is the same as 0.8600
probability
c. Split 0.8600 into 05000 and .3600 0.8600=05000+.3600
d. Shade 0.5000 on the sketched
normal curve
e. Refer to the table of areas under
The area is not found in the table. It is
the normal curve. Locate the area
between the values of 0.3599 and
of 0.3600 0.3621, with corresponding z-value of
1.08 and 1.09 respectively.
f. Locate the nearest value of The nearest value of 0.3600 is 0.3599
0.3600 from the values 0.3599 which corresponds to the z-value of 1.08.
and 0.3621 therefore, the z-score by which the
relative comparison starts at 1.08.
g. Locate 1.08 on the curve and
draw a line through under the
curve
h. Shade the region to the left of
1.08.
i. Describe the shaded region. The shaded region is the 86%
percentage of the distribution. Meaning,
86% of the distribution lies below the z-
value 1.08.

2. Find the 95th percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P95 means locating an area before or below the point. We
want to know what the z-value is at this point.

Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal
curve.

b. Express the given percentage as 95% is the same as 0.9500

probability
c. Split 0.9500 into 05000 and .4500 0.9500=05000+.4500
d. Shade 0.5000 on the sketched
normal curve
e. Refer to the table of areas underThe area is not found in the table. It is
the normal curve. Locate the areabetween the values of 0.4495 and
of 0.4500 0.4505, with corresponding z-value of
1.64 and 1.65 respectively.
f. Locate the nearest value of Since both values display the same
0.4500 from the values 0.4495 amount of distance away from 0.4500,
and 0.4505 we cannot just easily pick a number from
the values 0.4495 and 0.4405. thus, we
need to do the interpolation.
g. Do the interpolation. 1.64+1.65
Z= = 1.645
2
In doing so, locate the
Therefore, the corresponding z-values of
corresponding z-values of 0.4495
0.4500 is 1.645.
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 and 0.4505. then, find the
average of the two z-values.
h. Locate the z-value 1.645 and
draw a line through under the
curve.
i. Shade the region to the left of
1.645
j. Describe the shaded region. The shaded region is the 95%
percentage of the distribution. Meaning,
95% of the distribution lies below the z-
value 1.645.

What I have Learned

You have learned how to utilize the areas under the normal curve in dealing
with probabilities. Survey the population in your barangay. Which purok has the
poorest population? Show the rank using the sketch o a normal curve.

What I can Do

Directions: In your activity notebook solve for the percentile of the following numbers.
Then sketch its graph. 5 points each item.
1. 30th
2. 52nd
3. 15th
4. 88th
5. 97th

Module 2 Assessment

Test I. Multiple Choice

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
2. The curve is symmetrical to which of the following?
a. Mean b. Variance c. Standard deviation d. area
3. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
a. 0.0800 b. 0.0279 c. 0.1628 d. 0.3129
4. Find the area if the value of z=-0.13.

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 a. 0.0248 b. 0.0517 c. 0.1398 d. 0.2467
5. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
a. 1.63 b. 1.97 c. 2.01 d. 2.83
6. Find the area between z=-1 and z=-3
a. 0.8300 b. 0.8350 c. 0.8400 d. 0.8450
7. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
a. 0.0100 b. 0.0200 c. 0.0300 d. 0.0400
8. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
a. z=0.24 and z=0.31 c. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
b. z=1.6 and z=2.1 d. z=-2.5 and z=1
9. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
a. 0.1573 b. 0.1524 c. 0.1575 d. 0.1576
10. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
a. 0.1585 b. 0.1586 c. 0.1587 d. 0.1588
11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
a. 0.9937 b. 0.9934 c. 0.9936 d. 0.9938
12. Given =180 and = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the
corresponding z-value of the score by the following students if X = 150.
a. 2 b. -2 c. 2.5 d. -2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
a. 1.33 b. 1.66 c. 1.99 d. 2.22
14. What is the value of 70th percentile?
a. 0.13 b. 0.23 c. 0.5 d. 0.71
15. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
a. 0.92 b. 0.83 c. 0.53 d. 0.23
Test II. Fill in the Blank.
Directions: fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or phrase to make meaningful
statements.
1. The curve of a probability distribution is formed by _______.
2. The area under a normal curve is ________.
3. The important values that best describe a normal curve are ________.
4. There are ________standard deviation units at the baseline of a normal curve.
5. The curve of a normal distribution extends indefinitely at the tails but does
not______.
6. The area under a normal curve may also be expressed in terms of ______ or
_______ or _______.
7. The mean, the median, and the mode of a normal curve are ________.
8. A normal curve is used in __________.
9. About _________% of a score distribution is between z=0 and z=1.
10. The skewness of a normal curve is 0 because it is a ______shape.
Test III. Solving
Directions: Solve the following problems below. 5 points each item.
Given Ẍ=62 and s=8. Find the z-score value that corresponds to each of the
following scores up to two decimal places.
1. X=70
2. X=78
3. X=82
4. X=50
5. X=42

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Sampling and Sampling Distribution
Module 3

What I Need to Know

In this module, you will learn about sampling, sampling techniques, and
sampling distribution. As you go over this module, it will introduce you to the different
sampling techniques and sampling distributions as one of the core topics in statistics.
Hopefully, this will help you appreciate the importance of sampling techniques in your
study in Statistics and Probability.

This module contains:

Lesson 1: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean from a Finite
Population
Lesson 2: Mean and Variance of the sampling distribution of the
Sample Means
Lesson 3: Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Mean

After going through this module, students are expected to:

a. identify sampling distribution of a sample mean; (M11/12SP-IIId-4

b. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of sample means;
(M11/12SP-IIId-5)
c. solve problems involving sampling distribution of the sample mean. (M11/12SP-
IIIe-f-1)

What I Know1

Take the following pretest before you proceed to the lesson.

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of your answer and write it in your activity
notebook.
1. A sampling technique in which every number of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
a. Systematic sampling c. Cluster sampling
b. Lottery sampling d. stratified random sampling
2. The probability distribution when all possible sample size n is repeatedly drawn from
a population.
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 a. Sampling c. Sampling distribution
b. Parameter d. Central Limit Theorem
3. it is a subset or a small group selected from a certain population either by
random or non-random sampling.
a. Sample size c. Population
b. Sample d. Sampling
4. using the Sloven’s formula, what is the sample size n for N=11,000 and e=5%?
a. 385 c. 387
b. 386 d. 388
5. A certain population has a mean of 13.2 and a standard deviation of 3.8. If random
samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the following statements is
correct?
a. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 13.2.
b. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than 13.2
c. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
3.8
d. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
13.8
6. How many possible samples of size n=3 can be drawn from a population of size12?
a. 36 c. 144
b. 1728 d. 220
7. The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from a population of size N is
given by
a. NCn c. NPn
b. nCN d.nPN
8. What is the shape of the sampling distribution of the means if random samples
of size n become larger?
a. Left skewed c. Normal
b. Right skewed d. rectangular

9. which sample size will give a smaller standard error of the mean?
a. 10 c. 30
b. 20 d. 35
10. what is the probability that a randomly selected year will have a population
increase greater than 185 for 15 years.
a. 0.7011 c. 0.4922
b. 0.4523 d. 0.0078

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 Sampling Distribution of Sample
Lesson 1
Mean

What is It

A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution where all

possible random samples of a specific size were taken from a population.

Activity:
Evaluate the following: (Combination of N objects taken n at a time)
1. 6C2
2. 8C3
3.10C4
4. 8C3
5. 20C5
The above activity can be done using the formula for finding the
Combination of N objects taken r at a time which is given by

NC n = _____N! ______
(N -n)! n!
Where N = number of observations
n= size of possible random samples
Illustrative example:
Six students have the following grades in English
89 84 90 93 86 82
List all possible random sample of size 3
Solution: Using the formula of Combination, n = 6 and r = 3 6C3=
____6! ____
(6–3)!3!
= 20 random samples
a. Arrange the observations from lowest to highest as follows;
82 84 86 89 90 93
b. list all random samples of size 3
82,84,86 82,86,90 84,86,90 89,93,82
82,84,89 82,86,93 84,86,93 89,93,84
82,84,90 82,89,90 86,89,90 89,93,86
82,84,93 82,89,93 86,89,93 90,93,86
82,86,89 84,86,89 89,90,93 90,93,82

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 A finite population is a population that has a fixed number of elements or
observations.

Illustrative Example:
A certain population consist of the numbers 3, 6, 7, 12, and 4. Construct a sampling
distribution of size 3.

Step 1. Determine and list all possible random samples of size 3 and solve the mean
of each random samples.

5C3 = __5! __
[(5-3)! 3!]
= 10 random samples of size 3

Random Samples of size 3 Sample Mean

3,4,6 4.33
3,4,7 4.67
3,4,12 6.33
3,6,7 5.33
3,6,12 7
3,7,12 7.33
4,6,7 5.67
4,6,12 7.33
4,7,12 7.67
6,7,12 8.33

Step 2. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means. This is called the
sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Means Frequency Probability

4.33 1 0.10
4.67 1 0.10
5.33 1 0.10
5.67 1 0.10
6.33 1 0.10
7 1 0.10

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 7.33 2 0.20
7.67 1 0.10
8.33 1 0.10
Total 10 1

Step 3. Construct a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

P Means Probability
R 4.33 0.10
O 4.67 0.10
B 5.33 0.10
A 5.67 0.10
B
I 6.33 0.10
T
Y
7 0.10

7.33 0.20

7.67 0.10

8.33 0.10

Steps in constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means

1. determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population
using the formula.
NCn
Where N = size of the population
n= size of the sample
2. list all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample
3. construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in Step 2.

What I have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions below, think about the answers to these
questions and discuss your answer. Do it in your activity notebook.
1. What is the shape of the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample
means?
2. Why do you think so?

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 What I can Do

Activity 2. (List and Construct). Do it in your activity notebook.

A group of students got the following scores in an achievement test: 9,12,15,18, 21,
and 24. Consider samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this population.

1. Determine and list all possible samples and the corresponding

sample means.
Random Samples Sample Means

b. Construct a sampling distribution of the resulting sample means

Sample Means Frequency Probability

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c. Draw a histogram of a sampling distribution of the sample mean.
P
R
O
B
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y

Find the Mean and Variance of

Lesson 2 the Sampling Distribution of
Means

What is It

In the previous lessons, you have learned how to find the sample mean and
how to construct a sampling distribution of the sample means. In this lesson, you will
know how to find the mean and variance of a sampling distribution of the sample
means.

Illustrative Example:
Consider a population consisting the ages of SHS students 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19
Suppose samples of 3 are drawn from this population, how will you describe the
sampling distribution of the sample means.
Solution:
When we describe the sampling distribution of the sample means, we need to
determine the mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means
and compare these to the mean and variance of the given population.

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Steps 1. Solve for the mean of the population (μ)
∑𝑋
𝜇= 𝑁
15+16+17+18+19
= 5
85
= 5
𝜇 = 17
Hence, the mean age of the population is 17 years old.

Step 2. Calculate the variance of the population 𝜎 2

2 = ∑ (x – μ)2
N
10
= 5

X (X- μ) (X- μ )2
15 15-17=-2 -22= 4
16 16-17=-1 -12= 1
17 17-17=0 02 =0 So, the variance of the population is 2.
18 18-17=1 12=1
19 19-17=2 22 =4
∑(X- μ )2=10

Step 3. Determine the possible samples of size 3

𝑁!
Using the formula NCn = (𝑁−𝑛)!𝑛!
5!
= (5−3)!3!
= 20 random sample of size 3 that can be drawn.
Step 4. List all possible samples and their corresponding means.
Random Samples Mean

15,16,17 16
15,16,18 16.33
15,16,19 16.67
15,17,18 16.67
15,17,19 17
15,18,19 17.33
16,17,18 17
16,17,19 17.33
16,18,19 17.67
17,18,19 18

Step 5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means

To get the probability, divide each frequency by n, the total number random samples;
Ex: mean = 16
Frequency = 1
1
= 0.10
10
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 Means Frequency Probability
16 1 0.10
16.33 1 0.10
16.67 2 0.20
17 2 0.20
17.33 2 0.20
17.67 1 0.10
18 1 0.10
Total 10 1.00

Step 6. Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means (μ X̅ ).
Using the formula (μ X̅ ) = ∑ [X * P(𝐗 )]
To do this, multiply the sample means by the corresponding probability and write the
products in the third column. Then get the sum. This represents the mean of the
sampling distribution of the sample means.

Means (X ̅) Probability P (X ̅) X * P (X ̅)
16 0.10 1.6
16.33 0.10 1.63
16.67 0.20 3.33
17 0.20 3.4
17.33 0.20 3.47
17.67 0.10 1.77
18 0.10 1.8
Total 1.00 ∑ [X * P(𝐗 )] = 17.00

Hence, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 17.
Step 7. Calculate the variance (δ X̅) of the sampling distribution of the sample
means. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
δ2 = ∑ P (𝐗) ∗ (𝐗 - μ )2

Means
P (X ̅) X- μ (X - μ )𝟐 P (X) * (X- μ )𝟐
(X ̅)
16 0.10 16-17= -1 (-1)2 =1 0.10*1=0.10
16.33-17= (-0.67)2=
16.33 0.10 0.10*0.4489=0.04489
-0.67 0.4489
16.67-17=- (-
16.67 0.20 0.20*0.1089=0.02178
0.33 0.33)2 =0.1089
17 0.20 17-17=0 (0)2 =0 0.20*0=0
17.33-
17.33 0.20 (0.33)2 =0.1089 0.20*0.1089=.02178
17=0.33
17.67- (0.67)2 =
17.67 0.10 0.10*0.4489=.04489
17=0.67 0.4489
18 0.10 18-17=1 (1)2 =1 0.10*1=0.10
∑ P(𝐗) ∗ (𝐗
Total
𝛍)2 =0.333

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 𝛅𝟐 =∑P(𝐗 ) ∗ (𝐗 - 𝛍 )𝟐 =0.333

Therefore, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 0.333

Step 8. Construct the histogram.
Ẋ P(Ẋ ) P 0.25
16 0.10 R
16.33 0.10 O
0.2
B
16.67 0.20
A
17 0.20 0.15
B
17.33 0.20
I
17.67 0.10 0.1
18 0.10
L 0.05
I
T 0
Y 16 16.33 16.67 17 17.33 17.67 18

Sample Means

What I have Learned

Fill in the table below and answer the questions that follows.
Sampling Distribution of Sample
Population
Means
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation

Questions:
1. How do you compare the mean of the population and the mean of the
sampling distribution of the sample means?
Answer: ____________________________________
2. How do you compare the variance of the population and the variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample means?
Answer: _______________________________________
3. How do you compare the standard deviation of the population and the
standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
Answer: _______________________________________

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 What I can Do

Directions: Read and understand the problem below and answer the following
questions. Do it in your activity notebook. 5 points each question.
Consider a population consisting the scores of 6 students in a Statistic test.
18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36
Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn from this population, describe the sampling
distribution of the sample means following the steps below:

1. What is the mean of the population? Show your solutions here.

2. What is the variance of the population? Fill in the table and show
your solutions here.
(X -𝛍)
X (X-𝛍 ) 2

3. Determine the number of possible samples of size 3 Show your solutions here.

4. List the possible samples and the corresponding means in the table.

Samples Means

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5. Fill in the table to have a sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample means Frequency Probability P(𝐗)

Find the Mean and Variance of

Lesson 2 the Sampling Distribution of
Means
SO 2
What is It

The Central Limit Theorem justifies the use of the following formula when
computing the probability that 𝐗̅ will take on a value within a given range in the
sampling distribution of 𝐗̅:
𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
Where;
X=sample mean
𝜇=population mean
𝜎=population standard deviation
n=sample size
Example:
Sample Problem 1. The average time it takes a group of OSHS students to
complete a Statistics test is 54.8 minutes. The standard deviation is 5 minutes. We
shall assume that the data are normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly chosen OHS students will complete
the test in less than 53d minutes?
Step 1. Identify the given information 𝜇 = 54.8, 𝜎=5, x=53
Step 2. Identify what is ask P (x < 53)
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Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.
When dealing with an individual data
obtained from the population, the formula to be
𝑋−𝜇
used to standardize 53 would be 𝑧 = σ
Step 4. Solve the problem illustration:
𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= σ
53−54.8
= 5
=-0.36
We shall find P(x<53) by getting the area under a normal curve
P(X<53) =P(z<-0.36)
= 0.5000 – 0.1406
= 0.3594
Step 5. State the final answer.
So, the probability that a randomly chosen OHS student will finish the test in
less than 53 minutes is 0.3594 or 35.94%. This implies that it is 35.94 % possibility
that an OHS student will finish the test in less than 53 minutes. Likely to happen.
b. If there are 50 randomly selected OSHS students, what is the probability that
the mean time it takes the group to finish the test will be less than 53 minutes?
Step 1. Identify the given information
μ =54.8
𝜎=5
𝐗=53
n=50
Step 2. Identify what is asked
P(x < 53)
Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.

Since we are dealing with data about the sample means, the formula to be used to
𝑋−𝜇
standardize z is, 𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
Step 4.
𝑋−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
Solution to the problem.
53−54.8
= 5
√50
−1.8
=0.707
=-2.55

We shall find P (𝐗<53) by getting the area under a normal curve

P (𝐗̅<53) = P (z < -2.55)
= 0.5000 – 0.4946
= 0.0054

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Step 5. State your final answer
So, the probability that 50 randomly selected OSHS students will finish the test
in less than 53 minutes is 0.0054 or 0.54%. This implies that it is only 0.54% possibility
that a group of 50 students will finish the test in less than 53 minutes. Very unlikely to
happen.

What I have Learned

Directions: Answer the questions below. Do it in your activity notebook.

1. explain the usefulness of solving problems involving sampling.
2. why are individual data from a population more variable than sample data?

What I can Do

Solve the following problems:

1. The average rating of a public senior high school students in a certain division of
region X is 85% with a standard deviation of 3.

a. If a student is selected, what is the probability that his average rating

is greater than 80 %?
Step 1. Identify the given information

Step 2. Identify what is ask

Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.

Formula to be used to standardize 80 would be

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Step 4. Solve the problem
Solution: Illustration

Step 5. State the final answer.

Assessment

I. Multiple choice.
Directions: Read carefully and answer the follow questions below. Write the letter of
the best answer. Do it in your activity notebook.
1. Jason wants to know the average height of senior high school students in his school.
Which of the following is a good representative for the population?
a. A sample consisting all grade 7 OHS students
b. A sample consisting all officers of OHS students
c. A sample consisting representatives from grade 7 to grade 10 OHS class
which were drawn by lot
d. All OHS students in school.
2. Which of the following describes a parameter?
a. 40% of Filipinos are in favor of the Federal form of government.
b. 30% of the school children in the Philippines like Mathematics
c. 45% of 2,000 pupils in a certain school got below 10 on a standardized test.
d. 15% of the residents in a certain country are aware of the proper waste
disposal.
3. How many possible random samples of size 3 can be drawn from a
population of size 12?
a. 36 b. 1728 c. 144 d. 220
4. A certain population consist the numbers 1,2,3,4, and 5. Suppose samples of size
3 are drawn from this population, what is the variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample means?
a. 0.35 b. 0.33 c. 0.53 d. 0.38
5. A certain population has a mean of 13.2 and a standard deviation of 3.8. If random
samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the
following statements is correct?
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 a. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 13.2.
b. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than 13.2
c. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
3.8
d. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
13.847
6. Which value of standard deviation defines the best estimate of the
population mean?
a. 0.20 b. 0.37 c. 0.57 d. 1.3
7. A certain population has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 4. A
random sample of 15 are drawn from this population. Which describes the
sampling distribution of the sample means.
a. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean of 50, variance of
1.067, and a standard deviation of 1.033.
b. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean greater than 50,
and a standard deviation of 0.033.
c. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean less than 50, and
a standard deviation of 1.033.
d. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean of 50, variance of
1.067, and a standard deviation of 0.033.
8. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling
distribution of the means approaches normal distribution as n gets smaller in
size.
b. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling distribution of
the means approaches normal distribution as n gets larger in size.
c. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling distribution of
the means approaches normal distribution as the standard deviation gets larger
in size.
d. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling
distribution of the means approaches normal distribution as the standard
deviation gets smaller in size.

For numbers 9-10, the average acid content of a certain juice drink is 200 milligrams,
and a standard deviation of 12 milligrams. Assume the variable is normally
distributed.
9. If a juice drink is selected, what is the probability that the acid content will be greater
than 210 milligrams?
a. 0.2967 b. 0.2033 c. 0.7967 d.0.2089
10.If a sample of 10 juice drinks is selected, what is the probability that the mean of
the sample will be larger than 210 milligrams?
a. 0.4959 b. 0.5000 c.0.0041 d.0.4211
11. which of the following statement is correct?

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 a. the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is less than the population
mean.
b. the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is greater than
the population mean.
c. the means of the samples drawn from a population are always equal to the
population mean.
d. the means of the samples drawn from a population may be equal, greater
than or less than the population mean.
12. A certain population has a mean of 15.4 and a standard deviation of 5.6. If random
samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the following statements is
correct?
a. the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 15.4.
b. the mean of the sapling distribution of the sample means is less than means
is 5.6
c the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 5.6
d. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
15.4
13. How many possible of size n=3 can be drawn from a population of size 12?
a. 36 b. 1728 c. 144 d. 220

14. what is the shape of the sampling distribution of the means if random samples of
size n become larger?
a. left b. right skewed c. normal d. rectangular
15. if the variance of the population is 10, what is the variance of the sapling distribution
of the means of size 5 drawn from this population?
a. 2 b. 4.47 c. 1.41 d. 10
16. which sample size will give a smaller standard error of the mean?
a. 12 b. 20 c. 25 d. 35
17. what is the finite population correction factor if the size of the population is 200 and
the sample size is 25?
a. 0.979 b. 0.879 c. 0.938 d. 0.856

For number 18-20, refer to the problem below. The average precipitation for the first
7 months of the year is 19.32 inches with a standard deviation of 2.4 inches. Assume
that the average precipitation is normally distributed.

18. what is the probability that a randomly selected year will have precipitation greater
than 18 inches for the first 7 months?
a. 0.7088 b. 0.8523 c. 0.4562 d. 0.1258
19. what is the average precipitation of 5 randomly selected years for the first?
a. 19.32 inches b. 22.4 inches c. 20. 52 inches d.15.56 inches

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20. what is the probability of 5 randomly selected years will have an average
precipitation greater than 18 inches for the first 7 months?
a. 0.8907 b. 0.2587 c. 0.4156 d. 02879

II. Evaluating
Evaluating combination of N Objects Taken n at a Time
Evaluate the following: 2 points each item.
1. 8C3
2. 8C4
3. 9C6
4. 10C3
5. 12C8
III. Problem solving
Solve the problem below. Do it in your activity notebook. 5 points each item.
1. A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11. Consider samples of
size 2 that can be drawn from this population.
a. List all the possible samples and the corresponding mean.
Samples Mean

b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean X Frequency Probability P(X)

c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

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 References

Book

k-12 first edition, Statistics and Probability published and distributed by REX Book store.
Normal Table. Retrieved from: http://www.growingknowing.com/-
GKStatsBookNormalTable1.html. Date Retrieved: January 24, 2019
Notification Bell. Image of a Bell. Retrieved from: https://pngkey.com. Date Retrieved: January
22, 2019
Orines, F. General Mathematics. 2nd ed. Manila, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House Inc.
(2016), Chapter 5 pp. 1 – 55
Oronce, O. General Mathematics. 1st ed. Manila, Philippines: Rex Publishing House (2016),
pp.226 - 335.
Belecina, Rene R., Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability, Manila:
Rex Book Store Inc., 2016, 101-131.
Deauna, Melecio C. Applied Educational Statistics 1. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc. 2011.
Febri, Francisco Jr. Introduction to Statistics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
1987. 85 - 101
Ocampo, Jose Jr M., and Wilmer G. Marquez, Conceptual Math & Beyond: Statistics and
Probability, Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc., 2016, 85-118.
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Calaca, Ninia I., Chin Uy, Nestor M. Noble, and Ronaldo A. Manalo, Statistics and Probability,
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc., 2016, 40-92.
Walpol, Ronald E., Raymond H. Myers, and Sharon L. Myers, Probability and Statistics: for
Engineers and Scientists, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Education Asia
Pte Ltd., 2001, 51-83.
“Random Variables,” Khan Academy, Inc., last modified August 1, 2019,
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/random-variablesstats-
library/random-variables-discrete/v/random-variables.
“Probability Distributions,” Batia Infotech, last modified Jan 28, 2013,
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=probabilitydistributions.

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