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Alkali Metals (Group IA / 1)

Li → Lithium ; Na → Sodium; K → Potassium; Rb → Rubidium; Cs → Caesium; Fr → Francium
Properties
No Chemical No Physical Trends
Very Reactive →
Soft → can be cut
1 stored in oil, prevents 1
increases with a knife
they react with oxygen
as go increases as go down
Reacts with water H2O Low density → Li.
down
2 form alkaline 2 Na, K float on
compounds water
Oxidation decreases as go down ,
(release
Have one electron in
electron Low melting and the attraction between
3 outer shell 3
to form boiling points attraction the positive metal
(𝑀 → 𝑀 + + 𝑒 − ) +
ions M ) ions and the delocalized sea of
electrons get weaker
Rarely found in nature Good conductors
4 4,5 and 5) shiny The same with typical metals
in their elemental form
Reaction with Oxygen
Alkali metal + oxygen → alkali metal oxide Speed increases as go down
4𝑀(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝑀2 𝑂(𝑠) Lithium : tarnishes slowly
Sodium : Tarnishes quickly
𝑀2 𝑂 → alkali metal oxides (produces tarnish) Potassium : tarnishes very quickly
Reaction with water
Reacts vigorously (increases as go down)
Lithium (Li)
• Fizzes and move around slowly
across the surface
Alkali metal + water → Alkali metal + hydrogen Sodium (Na)
Hydroxide • Fizzes and move across the
surface more quickly than Li
2𝑀(𝑠) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 2𝑀𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2(𝑔) • melts as it reacts
• becomes spherical and shiny
Exothermic reaction (releases heat) • hydrogen sometimes catches fire
Green universal → turn purples (MOH → Basic) Potassium (K)
• move across the surface very
quickly
• melts as it reacts
• hydrogen given off catches alight
(purple)
Reaction with Chlorine
Alkali metals burst into flames when heated and added to chlorine. They form metal chlorides.

Alkali metal + Chlorine → Alkali metal chloride

2𝑀(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) → 2𝑀𝐶𝑙(𝑠)

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Halogens (Group VIIA / 17)

Halogen means salt-former (Halogen-metal are salts)
F → Fluorine ; Cl → Chlorine ; Br → Bromine ; I → Iodine ; At → Astatine
Properties
No Chemical No Physical Trends
Phase and Color F2 : gas (pale yellow)
Very reactive Decreases as go Cl2 : gas (green yellowish)
1 1
non metals down At room Br2 : liquid (red brownish)
temperature (25°C) I2 : Solid (Black purple)
Never found
free in nature
Diatomic
because of their
molecules Brittle and crumbly
2 reactivity, 2
(F2 Cl2, Br2 , I2) when solid
found as
Covalent bonds
compounds
with metals
Reduction
7 electrons in the (gain 1 electron
Low melting and
3 outer shell to form ions 3 increases as go down
boiling points
𝑋 + 𝑒− → 𝑋− 𝑋 − (𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠))

Naming :
Toxic and Poisonous and
4 𝑋2 → … ine 4
harmful smelly
𝑋 − → … ide

Reaction with Metals

Halogen + Iron → Iron (III) Halide Halogen + Hydrogen → Hydrogen Halide
3𝑋2 (𝑔) + 2𝐹𝑒(𝑠) → 2𝐹𝑒𝑋3(𝑠) 𝑋2(𝑔) + 𝐻2(𝑔) → 2𝐻𝑋(𝑎𝑞)

𝐹𝑒𝑋3 ∶ Ionic compound HX : Covalent compound (dissolve easily

in water and become strong acid)
Displacement of Halogens
𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵 → 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐵
A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from a halide solution of the less reactive halogen.
∗ A must above B (A more reactive than B)
Example :
𝐹2(𝑔) + 2𝐾𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐾𝐹(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) 𝐵𝑟2(𝑔) + 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞) ↛ (not react)

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