UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Program: Electrical Engineering

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: EE 562/L – Power Plant Engineering

Author: Eduard dela cruz Tee

Name of Teacher: Nicanor B. Fabracuer, Jr.

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED
USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS
WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Table of Contents

Course Outline: Power Plant Engineering……….….…..…….……………………….. 3

Course Outline Policy……………………………………………………………………. 3
Course Information……………………………………………………………………… 7
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1..…………………………………………………………… 8
Metalanguage………………………………………………………………………….... 8
Essential Knowledge……………………………………………………………………. 8
Types of Energy……………...................................................................................... 8
Common Unit of Energy............................................................................................ 10
Types of Power Plant…………………. …………………………........................... 10
Self-Help........................................................................................................................... 17
Let’s Check .......................................................................................................................18
Let’s Analyze.....................................................................................................................19
In a Nutshell...................................................................................................................... 20
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-2a............................................................................................ 21
Metalanguage................................................................................................................... 21
Essential Knowledge ....................................................................................................... 21
Average Load……………........................................................................................ 22
Peak Load …………………………......................................................................... 23
Utilization Factor ……………….............................................................................. 24
Plant Capacity Factor ……….….............................................................................. 25
Self-Help........................................................................................................................... 26
Let’s Check ...................................................................................................................... 27
Let’sAnalyze..................................................................................................................... 28
In a Nutshell...................................................................................................................... 29
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3a............................................................................................ 30
Metalanguage.................................................................................................................... 30
Essential Knowledge ........................................................................................................ 30
Power Plant Equipment............................................................................................. 30
Gas Turbine……………………............................................................................... 30
Steam Turbine ………………………….................................................................. 32
Diesel Engine ………………………....................................................................... 32
Nuclear Reactor ……………………….................................................................... 34
Hydro-Electric Turbines............................................................................................ 36
Self-Help........................................................................................................................... 38
Let’s Check....................................................................................................................... 39
Let’sAnalyze..................................................................................................................... 40
In a Nutshell...................................................................................................................... 41
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-4a............................................................................................. 42
Metalanguage.................................................................................................................... 42

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Essential Knowledge ........................................................................................................ 42

Steam Power Plant ……………................................................................................ 42
Hydro-Electric Power Plant …………...................................................................... 44
Nuclear Power Plant ……………………................................................................. 46
Solar Power Plant …………….................................................................................. 47
Self-Help........................................................................................................................... 49
Let’s Check ...................................................................................................................... 50
Let’sAnalyze..................................................................................................................... 51
In a Nutshell...................................................................................................................... 52

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Course Outline: EE 562/L Power Plant Engineering

Course Coordinator: Engr. Eduard Tee

Email: edtee@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 09475686376
Phone: (133) 296 1084
Effectivity Date: August 17, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 108 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: Electrical Transmission and Distribution System (EE 515)
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 2.0 units lecture
Attendance Requirements: None

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The expected
number of hours will be 54 including the face to face or
virtual sessions.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on the 3rd, 5th,
7th, and 9th weeks of the term. The assessment paper
shall be attached with a cover page indicating the title
of the assessment task (if the task is a performance),
the name of the course coordinator, date of submission,
and the name of the student. The document should be
emailed to the course coordinator. It is also expected
that you already paid your tuition and other fees before
the submission of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real-time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the course coordinator.
Since this course is included in the licensure

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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examination for engineers, you will be required to take

the Multiple-choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by
your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all
licensure-based programs
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment tasks
(if necessary) are required to be submitted through Turnitin with a
maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This means
that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the students will
either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for the
similarity. Also, if the paper has reached a more than
30% similarity index, the student may be called for
disciplinary action by the University’s OPM on
Intellectual and Academic Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to complete
the task for you have severe punishments (reprimand,
warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part-day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of the assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidence.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via the Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment

task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy standards
or other reasonable circumstances e.g. illness, accidents
financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the
students on the approval and disapproval of the request.

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact

Lecture:
Course discussions/exercises – 40%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 30%

Design:
Plates 1 -20%
Plates 1 -20%
Plates 1 -20%
Final Design - 40%

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Referencing Style IEEE Referencing
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the students to
have access to the materials and resources of the course.
All communication formats: chat, submission of

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be through the

portal and other university recognized platforms.

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise your
issues and concerns.

For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program head.

Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito Cañesares

Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 082-227 2902
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Nicanor Fabracuer Jr.
Head Email: nick_fabracuer@umindanao.edu.com
Phone: 09471908871
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks or
extension of the deadline for submission of assessment
tasks. However, the alternative assessment tasks should
still be in the service of achieving the desired course
learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact CEE Blackboard Administrator
Jetron J. Adtoon
jadtoon@umindanao.edu.ph
09055267834

CEE
Frida Santa O. Dagatan
cee@umindanao.edu.ph
09562082442
082-2272902

GSTC
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
Ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
09212122846

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Silvino P. Josol
gstcmain@umindanao.edu,ph
09060757721
Library Contact LIC
Brigida E. Bacani
library@umindanao.edu,ph
09513766681

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello prospective Engineer! Welcome to this course EE 562/L: Power Plant
Engineering. By now, I am confident that you wanted to become an engineer
and that you have acquired enough knowledge in Electrical Transmission
and Distribution System.

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1. Explain different types of power plant and its operations.
CO 2. Illustrate how to establish load and demand graphs.
CO 3. Design a power distribution system.

Let us begin!

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO-1): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
understand the different Energy Sources and types of power plants

a. Discuss the different Energy Sources and types of Power Plants

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1. Discuss the different Energy Sources and
types of Power Plants

Metalanguage

The demonstration of this ULO requires the understanding of the following:

1. Power Plant – is an industrial facility that generates electricity from primary energy.
Most power plants use one or more generators that convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy to supply power to the electrical grid for
society's electrical needs.
2. Nuclear– relating to, producing, or using energy that is created when the nuclei of
atoms are split apart or joined together.
3. Steam – is water in the gas phase. It is commonly formed by boiling or evaporating
water.
4. Diesel – an internal combustion engine in which heat produced by the compression of
air in the cylinder is used to ignite the fuel.
5. Prime Mover - an initial natural or mechanical source of motive power.
6. Turbine - a machine for producing continuous power in which a wheel or rotor,
typically fitted with vanes, is made to revolve by a fast-moving flow of water, steam,
gas, air, or other fluid.

Essential Knowledge

Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light. The equation for
work is the force, which is the mass time the gravity times the distance. Heat is the ability to
change the temperature of an object or phase of a substance. For example, heat changes a solid
into a liquid or a liquid into a vapor. Heat is part of the definition of energy.

TYPES OF ENERGY
Nuclear energy produces heat by fission on nuclei, which is generated by heat engines.
Nuclear energy is the world’s largest source of emission-free energy. There are two processes

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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in Nuclear energy fission and fusion. In fission, the nuclei of uranium or plutonium atoms are
split with the release of energy. In fusion, energy is released when small nuclei combine or
fuse. The fission process is used in all present nuclear power plants because fusion cannot be
controlled. Nuclear energy is used to heat steam engines. A Nuclear power plant is a steam
engine using uranium as its fuel, and it suffers from low efficiency.
Electricity powers most factories and homes in our world. Some things like flashlights and
Game Boys use electricity that is stored in batteries as chemical energy. Other items use
electricity that comes from an electrical plug in a wall socket. Electricity is the conduction or
transfer of energy from one place to another. Electricity is the flow of energy. Atoms have
electrons circling then, some being loosely attached. When electrons move among the atoms
of matter, a current of electricity is created.
Thermal energy is kinetic and potential energy, but it is associated with the random motion
of atoms in an object. The kinetic and potential energy associated with this random microscopic
motion is called thermal energy. A great amount of thermal energy (heat) is stored in the
world’s oceans. Each day, the oceans absorb enough heat from the sun to equal the energy
contained in 250 billion barrels of oil (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems).
Chemical energy is a form of energy that comes from chemical reactions, in which the
chemical reaction is a process of oxidation. Potential energy is released when a chemical
reaction occurs, which is called chemical energy. A car battery is a good example because the
chemical reaction produces voltage and current to start the car. When a plant goes through a
process of photosynthesis, what the plant is left with more chemical energy than the water and
carbon dioxide. Chemical energy is used in science labs to make medicine and to produce
power from gas.
Radiant energy exists in a range of wavelengths that extends from radio waves that may be
thousands of meters long to gamma rays with wavelengths as short as a million-millionth (10–
12
) of a meter. Radiant energy is converted to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.
The next two types of energy go hand and hand, gravitational potential energy, and kinetic
energy. The term energy is motivated by the fact that potential energy and kinetic energy are
different aspects of the same thing, mechanical energy.
Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field.
The potential energy of an object, in this case, is given by the relation PE = mgh, where PE is
energy in joules, m is the mass of the object, g is the gravitational acceleration, and h is the
height of the object goes.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object in motion, whether it be vertical or
horizontal motion, has kinetic energy. There are different forms of kinetic energy vibrational,
which is the energy due to vibrational motion, rotational, which is the energy due to rotational
motion, and transnational, which is the energy due to motion from one location to the other.
The equation for kinetic energy is KE = ½ mv2, where m is the mass and v is the velocity. This
equation shows that the kinetic energy of an object is directly proportional to the square of its
speed.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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COMMON UNITS OF ENERGY

1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 Joules (J)
1 British thermal unit (BTU) = 252 cal
= foot-lbs (ft-lbs)
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3600 kilojoules (kJ)
= 3413 Btu
= 860 kcal
1 quad = 1 x 1015 Btu
1 J = 1 x 107 ergs

EXAMPLE: The net energy requirement in place is approximately 3 x 106 GWh. What is the
equivalent of this energy in the quad?
SOLUTION:
W = 3 x 106 GWh = 3 x 1012 kWh

= 3 x 1012 kWh x x

W = 10.24 quad

TYPES OF POWER PLANT

STEAM POWER PLANT

Steam is an important medium for producing mechanical energy. Steam has the advantage that
it can be raised from water which is available in abundance it does not react much with the
materials of the equipment of power plant and is stable at the temperature required in the plant.
Steam is used to drive steam engines, steam turbines, etc. The steam power station is most
suitable where coal is available in abundance. Thermal electrical power generation is one of
the major methods.

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A steam power plant must have the following equipment:

1.A furnace to burn the fuel. 143
2.Steam generator or boiler containing water. The heat generated in the furnace is utilized to
convert water in the steam.
3.Main power unit such as an engine or turbine to use the heat energy of steam and perform
work.
4.Piping system to convey steam and water.

Fig. 4.1 shows a schematic arrangement of equipment of a steam power station. Coal received
in the coal storage yard of the power station is transferred in the furnace by the coal handling
unit. The heat produced due to the burning of coal is utilized in converting water contained in
the boiler drum into steam at suitable pressure and temperature. The steam generated is passed
through the superheater. Superheated steam then flows through the turbine. After doing work
in the turbine die pressure of steam is reduced. The steam leaving the turbine passes through
the condenser which maintains the low pressure of steam at the exhaust of the turbine. Steam
pressure in the condenser depends upon the flow rate and temperature of cooling water and on
the effectiveness of air removal equipment. Water circulating through the condenser may be
taken from the various sources such as river, lake, or sea. If a sufficient quantity of water is not
available the hot water coming out of the condenser may be cooled in cooling towers and
circulated again through the condenser. Bled steam taken from the turbine at suitable extraction
points is sent to low pressure and high-pressure water heaters.

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Air taken from the atmosphere is first passed through the air preheater, where it is heated by
flue gases. The hot air then passes through the furnace. The flue gases after passing over boiler
and superheater tubes, flow through the dust collector and then through the economizer, air
pre-heater and finally, they are exhausted to the atmosphere through the chimney.

DIESEL POWER PLANT

The oil engines and gas engines are called Internal Combustion Engines. In IC engines fuels
burn inside the engine and the products of combustion form the working fluid that generates
mechanical power. Whereas, in Gas Turbines the combustion occurs in another chamber and
hot working fluid containing thermal energy is admitted in the turbine. Reciprocating oil
engines and gas engines are of the same family and have a strong resemblance in the principle
of operation and construction.
In a Four Stroke Engine Cycle, the piston strokes are used to obtain the four steps (intake,
compression, expansion, exhaust) and one power stroke in two full revolutions of the
crankshaft. In a Two-Stroke Engine Cycle, one power stroke is obtained during each full
revolution of the crankshaft.

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

The gas turbine obtains its power by utilizing the energy of burnt gases and air, which is at high
temperature and pressure by expanding through several rings of fixed and moving blades. It

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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thus resembles a steam turbine. To get a high pressure (of the order of 4 to 10 bar) of the
working fluid, which is essential for expansion a compressor, is required.
Thus, a simple gas turbine cycle consists of
(1) a compressor,
(2) a combustion chamber and
(3) a turbine.
Since the compressor is coupled with the turbine shaft, it absorbs some of the power produced
by the turbine and hence lowers the efficiency. The network is therefore the difference between
the turbine work and work required by the compressor to drive it.
The gas turbine power plants which are used in the electric power industry are classified into
two groups as per the cycle of operation.
(a) Open cycle gas turbine.
(b) Closed cycle gas turbine.

OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

A simple open cycle gas turbine consists of a compressor, combustion chamber, and a turbine
as shown in Fig. 9.1. The compressor takes in ambient air and raises its pressure. Heat is added
to the air in the combustion chamber by burning the fuel and raises its temperature.

The heated gases coming out of the combustion chamber are then passed to the turbine where
it expands doing mechanical work. Part of the power developed by the turbine is utilized in

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

driving the compressor and other accessories and remaining are used for power generation.
Since ambient air enters into the compressor and gases coming out of the turbine are exhausted
into the atmosphere, the working medium must be replaced continuously. This type of cycle is
known as an open cycle gas turbine plant and is mainly used in the majority of gas turbine
power plants as it has many inherent advantages.

CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

In hydro-electric plants, the energy of water is utilized to spin the turbine blades which in
turn drives the electric generator.

P = Qγh  Q=

W = Vγh
P = power input to the hydraulic turbine
W = electric energy
Q = volumetric discharge of water
V = volume of water used in time t
γ = specific weight of water
h = effective head of water
P W Q γ h V f
watts joules m3/s 9810 m m3 s
Lb-ft/s Lb-ft Ft3/s 62.4 Ft Ft3 s

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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WIND POWER PLANTS

The electrical energy can be generated by wind energy. The wind energy can be used to run a
wind turbine which in turn drives a generator to produce electricity.

P = 0.00246D2V3

P = power generated by wind turbine (watt)

D = diameter of the turbine blade (feet)
V = velocity of the wind (miles per hour)

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EXAMPLE: a small wind generator is designed to generate 50 kW of power at a wind velocity

of 25 mph. what is the appropriate blade diameter?
SOLUTION:
P = 0.00246D2V3
50,000 = 0.00246D2(25)3
D = 36 ft

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
To further visualize and understand more about the significant concepts in the strength
of materials you can view the following:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdPTuwKEfmA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZt5xU44IfQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUn5-0VG3Hw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OC8Lbyeyh-E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKxrkht7CpY&feature=emb_title

Or you can read the following reference:

Robba, Minciardi (2012). Handbook of Power Plant Engineering, London, UK: Auris
Reference Ltd.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Let’s Check
Choose the correct answer.

Problem 1
A penstock is a component of what power plants?
(a) Steam Power Plant
(b) Diesel Power Plant
(c) Gas Turbine Power Plant
(d) Hydro-Electric Power Plant
(e) Wind Turbine Power Plant

Problem 2
What is the equivalent of 1 Calorie of energy to quad?

Problem 3
In Wind Turbine Power Plant, if the wind velocity is doubled, the power generated by the
generator increase to how many times?

Problem 4
The nacelle is a component of what power plants?
(a) Steam Power Plant
(b) Diesel Power Plant
(c) Gas Turbine Power Plant
(d) Hydro-Electric Power Plant
(e) Wind Turbine Power Plant

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Let’s Analyze
Solve the following and simplify your answer.

Problem 1
A hydroelectric plant generates 100MW at an available head of 200 m and at an overall
efficiency of 75%, what quantity of water is required?

Problem 2
Estimate the average power output of a wind turbine having a blade diameter of 35ft in the
wind velocity ranges from 10 to 30 mph.

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In a Nutshell

Activity 1
Electricity is produced at an electric power plant. Some fuel source, such as coal, oil, natural
gas, or nuclear energy produces heat. The heat is used to boil water to create steam. The steam
under high pressure is used to spin a turbine. The spinning turbine interacts with a system of
magnets to produce electricity. The electricity is transmitted as moving electrons through a
series of wires to homes and businesses.

Activity 2
Electric Power Plants have several components in common and are an interesting study in the
various forms and changes of energy necessary to produce electricity.

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