DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

THERMODYNAMICS
MODULE 6

BY:

ENGR. EDARDO L. ALASCO

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

VI. MODULE 6 – REGENERATIVE CYCLE

6.1 GOSPEL READING

6.2 INTRODUCTION

6.3 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

6.4 REGENERATIVE CYCLE WITH ONE STAGE OF FEEDWATER HEATING

6.4.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

6.4.2 PROCESSES

6.4.3 T-s DIAGRAM

6.4.4 h-s DIAGRAM

6.4.5 ENERGY ANALYSIS

6.4.6 EFFICIENCIES
 6.1 GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever

6.2 INTRODUCTION:

Steam power plants generate most of the electric power in the world. To save

fuel, efforts are constantly made to improve the efficiency of the cycle on which

steam power plants operate. The general idea is to increase the fluid average

temperature during heat addition and decrease the fluid temperature during heat

rejection. This section will introduce one such cycle - the ideal regenerative Rankine

cycle, which increases the fluid average temperature during the heat addition

process.

In a simple Rankine cycle, heat is added to the cycle during process 2-2'-3

e (see the T-s diagram on the left). During this first stage (process 2-2'), the
temperature of the water is low. That reduces the average temperature during

heat addition (process 2-2'-3). To remedy this shortcoming, increasing the

temperature of the feedwater (water leaving the pump and entering the boiler)

can be considered. This is accomplished by extracting stream from the turbine

to heat the feedwater. This process is called regeneration and the heat

exchanger where heat is transferred from steam to feedwater is called a

regenerator, or a feedwater heater. There are actually two main types of

feedwater heaters. If the steam mixes with the compressed water from the

pump, it is an open feedwater heater. If the steam does not mix with the

compressed water from the pump, it is a closed feedwater heater.

An Open Feedwater Heater

 Schematic of a Power Plant Running an Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle with One Open

Feedwater Heater

T-S Diagram of an Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle with One Open Feedwater Heater

An open feedwater heater is basically a mixing chamber, where the

steam extracted from the turbine mixes with the water exiting the pump. In an

ideal condition, the water leaves the heater as a saturated liquid at the heater

pressure. The schematic of a steam power plant with one open feedwater

heater is shown on the left. In an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with an

open feedwater heater, steam from the boiler (state 5) expands in the turbine

to an intermediate pressure (state 6). At this state, some of the steam is

extracted and sent to the feedwater heater, while the remaining steam in the

turbine continues to expand to the condenser pressure (state 7). Saturated

water from the condenser (state 1) is pumped to the feedwater pressure and

send to the feedwater heater (state 2). At the feedwater heater, the

compressed water is mixed with the steam extracted from the turbine (state 6)

and exits the feedwater heater as saturated water at the heater pressure (state

3). Then the saturated water is pumped to the boiler pressure by a second

pump (state 4). The water is heated to a higher temperature in the boiler (state

5) and the cycle repeats again. The T-s diagram of this cycle is shown on the

left.

Note that the mass flow rate at each component is different. If 1 kg steam

enters the turbine, y kg is extracted to the feedwater heater and (1-y) kg

continues to expand to the condenser pressure. So if the mass flow rate at the

boiler is , then the mass flow rate from other components are:

Condenser: (1-y)

Pump : (1-y)

Feedwater Heater: y+ (1-y) =

Pump :
 For convenience, heat and work interactions for regenerative Rankine cycle is

expressed per unit mass of steam flowing through the boiler. They are:

Heat Input: qin = h5 - h4

Heat Output: qout = (1 - y)(h1 - h7)

Work Output: Wturb,out = (h5 - h6) + (1 - y)(h6 - h7)

Work input: Wpump,in = (1 - y)(h2 - h1) + (h4 - h3)

Open feedwater heaters are simple and inexpensive, and can also bring the

feedwater to saturated state. However, each feedwater needs a separate

pump which adds to the cost.

Reference:

https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-

bin/ebook.cgi?topic=th&chap_sec=10.3&page=theory
6.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, students are expected to:

TLO1. Understand the different vapor cycles for power plant

TLO2. Connect the concept of steam processes in the analysis of the different

vapor cycles.

TLO3. Make an energy analysis on each component of the vapor cycle for power

plant.

TLO4. Evaluate the performance of each different cycle

6.4 Regenerative Cycle With One Stage Of Feedwater Heating

6.4.1 Schematic diagram: For 1 kg of steam

 6.4.2 Processes:

1- 2- 3: Isentropic expansion, 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 𝑠3

3 - 4: Isobaric heat rejection, 𝑃3 = 𝑃4

4 - 𝐵4 : Isentropic compression, 𝑠4 = 𝑠𝐵4

2 + 𝐵4 → 5 : Mixing at constant pressure, 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝐵4 = 𝑃5

5 - 𝐵5 : Isentropic compression, 𝑠5 = 𝑠𝐵5

𝐵5 - 1: Isobaric heat addition, 𝑃𝐵5 = 𝑃1

6.4.3 T-s diagram

 6.4.4 h-s diagram

6.4.5 Energy analysis: For 1 kg steam

6.4.5.1 Boiler

by energy balance:

ℎ𝐵5 + 𝑄𝐴 = ℎ1
 𝑸𝑨 = ( 𝒉𝟏 - 𝒉𝑩𝟓 )

Where:

𝑄𝐴 = heat absorbed by the feedwater to become

steam.

= energy developed by the boiler

= capacity of the boiler

ℎ1 = enthalpy of generated steam

= enthalpy of steam entering the turbine.

ℎ𝐵5 = enthalpy of feedwater

ℎ𝐵5 = ℎ𝑓 ] 𝑇𝐵5

where 𝑇𝐵5 = feedwater temperatur

6.4.5.2 Turbine / Engine

by energy balance:

ℎ1 = 𝑊𝐸 + 𝑚2 ℎ2 + (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ3
 𝑊𝐸 = ℎ1 - 𝑚2 ℎ2 - (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ3

𝑊𝐸 = ℎ1 - 𝑚2 ℎ2 - (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ3 + ℎ2 - ℎ2

𝑊𝐸 = ℎ1 - ℎ2 + ℎ2 - 𝑚2 ℎ2 - (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ3

𝑊𝐸 = ℎ1 - ℎ2 + (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ2 - (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ3

𝑾𝑬 = 𝒉𝟏 - 𝒉𝟐 + (1 - 𝒎𝟐 )(𝒉𝟐 - 𝒉𝟑 )

where: 𝑊𝐸 = work of the turbine / engine

ℎ2 = enthalpy of exhaust steam entering the feedwater heater

= enthalpy of extracted steam

ℎ3 = enthalpy of exhaust steam

𝑚2 = extracted steam flow rate

6.4.5.3 Condenser

by energy balance:

(1 − 𝑚2 ) ℎ3 = 𝑄𝑅 + (1 − 𝑚2 ) ℎ4

𝑸𝑹 = (𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐) ( 𝒉𝟑 - 𝒉𝟒 )
 where: 𝑄𝑅 = heat rejected in the condenser

= capacity of the condenser

ℎ4 = enthalpy of condensate

ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓 ]𝑃𝐶

where 𝑃𝐶 = pressure of condenser

and 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃3 = 𝑃4

6.4.5.4 Condensate pump

by energy balance:

(1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ𝐵4 = 𝑊𝑃2 + (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ4

𝑾𝑷𝟐 = (1 - 𝒎𝟐 ) ( 𝒉𝑩𝟒 - 𝒉𝟒 )

where: 𝑊𝑃2 = condensate pump work

ℎ𝐵4 = enthalpy of condensate entering feedwater heater

Note: For estimation:

𝑾𝑷𝟐 = (𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝒗𝒇𝟒 (𝑷𝑩𝟒 - 𝑷𝟒 )

and 𝑣𝑓4 = 𝑣𝑓 ]𝑃4

6.4.5.5 Boiler feedwater pump

by energy balance:

ℎ𝐵5 = 𝑊𝑃1 + ℎ5

𝑾𝑷𝟏 = ( 𝒉𝑩𝟓 - 𝒉𝟓 )

where: 𝑊𝑃1 = boiler feedwater pump work

Note: For estimation:

𝑾𝑷𝟏 = 𝒗𝒇𝟓 (𝑷𝑩𝟓 - 𝑷𝟓 )

and 𝑣𝑓5 = 𝑣𝑓 ]𝑃5

6.4.5.6 Feedwater heater

Type equation here. by energy balance:

ℎ5 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 + (1 - 𝑚2 ) ℎ𝐵4

ℎ5 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 + ℎ𝐵4 - 𝑚2 ℎ𝐵4

ℎ5 − ℎ𝐵4 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 − 𝑚2 ℎ𝐵4

ℎ5 − ℎ𝐵4 = 𝑚2 ( ℎ2 - ℎ𝐵4 )

𝒉𝟓 − 𝒉𝑩𝟒
𝒎𝟐 =
𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝑩𝟒

6.4.6 Efficiencies

6.4.6.1 Thermal efficiency, e

5.4.6.1.1 Ideal Engine Thermal Efficiency, e

𝑊𝐸
e= x 100%
𝐸𝐶

𝑬𝑪 = 𝒉𝟏 - 𝒉𝟓

6.4.6.2 Cycle Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝑪

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝒆𝑪 = x 100%
𝑄𝐴

where: 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = net work

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐸 - 𝑊𝑃𝑇

𝑊𝑃𝑇 = 𝑊𝑃1 + 𝑊𝑃2

Example 1. An industrial power plant requires steam at 0.7MPa for heating purposes.

This steam maybe supplied from an extraction turbine which receives steam at 4 MPa

and 380oC and is exhausted to a condenser at 0.0034 MPa. Calculate the work of the

turbine, ideal engine thermal efficiency and cycle thermal efficiency.

Schematic diagram:

Solution:

a). 𝑊𝐸 = ℎ1 - ℎ2 + (1 - 𝑚2 )(ℎ2 - ℎ3 )

𝐾𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ]𝑇=380 𝐶
𝑃=4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3.165.9
𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
𝑠1 = 𝑠]𝑇=380 𝐶
𝑃=4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 6.6971
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝐾𝐽
and 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 6.6971
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
 To check the condition at point 2:

𝐾𝐽
𝑠𝑔 ]𝑃=0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 6.7086 𝑘𝑔 𝐾

since 𝑠2 < 𝑠𝑔 ]𝑃=0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → pt.2 is wet

and ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2 ]𝑃=0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎

solving for 𝑥2 ,

𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓2 + 𝑥2 𝑠𝑓𝑔2 ]𝑃=0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓 6.6971−1.9922
2
𝑥2 = 𝑠𝑓𝑔
= x 100% = 99.77%
2
4.7158

hence,
𝐾𝐽
ℎ2 = 697.22 + (0.9977) (2,066.3) = 2,758.77 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
and 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 𝑠3 = 6.6971
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
and ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓3 + 𝑥3 ℎ𝑓𝑔3 ]𝑃=0.0034 𝑀𝑃𝑎

solving for 𝑥3 ,

𝑠3 = 𝑠𝑓3 + 𝑥3 𝑠𝑓𝑔3 ]𝑃=0.0034 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑓 6.6971−0.3840
3
𝑥3 = 𝑠𝑓𝑔
= x 100% = 77.47%
3
8.1488

hence,
𝐾𝐽
ℎ3 = 109.84 + (0.7747) (2,439.4) = 1,999.72
𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓 ]𝑃𝐶=0.0034 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 109.84 𝑘𝑔

ℎ𝐵4 = 𝑣𝑓4 ( 𝑃𝐵4 - 𝑃4 ) + ℎ4

𝑚3
𝑣𝑓4 = 𝑣𝑓 ]𝑃𝐶=0.0034 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1.0032 x 10-3 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝐵4 = 1.0032 x 10-3 (0.7 – 0.0034) x 103 𝑚2 + 109.84 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝐵4 = 110.534 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
ℎ5 = ℎ𝑓 ]𝑃𝐶=0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 697.22 𝑘𝑔

and ℎ𝐵5 = 𝑣𝑓5 ( 𝑃𝐵5 - 𝑃5 ) + ℎ5

𝑚3
𝑣𝑓5 = 𝑣𝑓 ]𝑃𝐶=0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1.2522 x 10-3 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝐵5 = 1.2522 x 10-3 (4 – 0.7) x 103 + 697.22
𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝐵5 = 701.36 𝑘𝑔
 ℎ5 − ℎ𝐵4 697.22− 110.534
and 𝑚2 = = = 0.22
ℎ2 − ℎ𝐵4 2,758.77− 110.534

therefore: 𝑊𝐸 = (3,165.9 – 2,758.77) + (1 – 0.22) (2,758.77 – 1,999.72)

𝑲𝑱
𝑊𝐸 = 999.19 𝒌𝒈 Ans.

𝑊𝐸
b) e= x 100%
𝐸𝐶

𝐾𝐽
𝐸𝐶 = ℎ1 - ℎ5 = 3,165.9 – 697.22 = 2,468.68
𝑘𝑔

999.19
e= x 100% = 40.47% Ans.
2,468.68

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
c) 𝒆𝑪 = x 100%
𝑄𝐴

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐸 - 𝑊𝑃𝑇

𝑊𝑃𝑇 = 𝑊𝑃1 + 𝑊𝑃2

𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝑃2 = (1 - 𝑚2 ) ( ℎ𝐵4 - ℎ4 ) = (1 – 0.22) (110.534 -109.84) = 0.54 𝑘𝑔

or 𝑊𝑃2 = (1 − 𝑚2 )𝑣𝑓4 (𝑃𝐵4 - 𝑃4 )

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝑃2 = (1 – 0.22) (1.0032 x 10-3 ) (0.7 – 0.0034) x 103 = 0.54
𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
and 𝑊𝑃1 = ( ℎ𝐵5 - ℎ5 ) = 701.36 – 697.22 = 4.14
𝑘𝑔

or
 𝑚3 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁 𝑚 𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝑃1 = 𝑣𝑓5 (𝑃𝐵5 - 𝑃5 ) = 1.2522 x 10-3 (4 – 0.7) x 103 = 4.14 = 4.14 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝑃𝑇 = 4.14 + 0.54 = 4.68 𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 999.19 – 4.68 = 994.51 𝐾𝐽

𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
𝑄𝐴 = ℎ1 - ℎ𝐵5 = 3,165.9 – 701.36 = 2,464.54 𝑘𝑔

994.51
𝒆𝑪 = x 100% = 40.35% Ans.
2,464.54
REFERENCES

Online References
Call Reference Material
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Online https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Vprz4XisuQ
Online https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeIrXPISyMk
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFZN71MY71o
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You tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uokZ0EknUyY
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https://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node61.html

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