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Network Addressing

The document discusses IP addresses and how they allow devices on the internet to communicate. It explains that IP addresses are made up of 32 bits and use a dotted decimal notation. It describes how IP addresses are grouped into prefixes to help routers direct traffic more efficiently. It also discusses the historical classful addressing system and how the current classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) system allows for more flexible prefix lengths.

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beshoy
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52 views14 pages

Network Addressing

The document discusses IP addresses and how they allow devices on the internet to communicate. It explains that IP addresses are made up of 32 bits and use a dotted decimal notation. It describes how IP addresses are grouped into prefixes to help routers direct traffic more efficiently. It also discusses the historical classful addressing system and how the current classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) system allows for more flexible prefix lengths.

Uploaded by

beshoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IP Address

1
The Internet needs addresses
• Addresses allow endpoints to identify, and hence talk to each other
• E.g., like people have names

• Addresses allow routers to determine how to move a packet


• E.g., like the postal system

• Network layer addresses are designed to help routers perform the


forwarding and routing functions efficiently
• Specifically, we’ll look at Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.
• Most popular: IP version 4 or IPv4. (Coming up later: IPv6)
IPv4 Addresses
• 32 bits long
• Identifier for a network interface
• An IP address corresponds to the point of attachment of an
endpoint to the network.
• An IP address is NOT an identifier for the endpoint
• Dotted quad notation: each byte is written in decimal in MSB
order, separated by dots. Example:

10000000 11000011 00000001 01010000


128 . 95 . 1 . 80
Grouping IP addresses by prefixes
• IP addresses can be grouped based on a shared prefix of a
specified length

• Example: consider two IP addresses:


• 128.95.1.80 and 128.95.1.4
• The addresses share a prefix of (bit) length 24: 128.95.1
• The addresses have different suffixes of (bit) length 8

• IP addresses: prefix corresponds to the network component and


the suffix to an endpoint/host component of the address
IP addresses use hierarchy to scale routing
NJ
• IP addresses of endpoint interfaces in a network
(e.g., Rutgers Busch campus) share a prefix of
some length
• Each interface/endpoint has a different suffix, and
hence a different 32-bit IP address
• Using prefixes reduces the amount of information
needed to forward packets over the Internet
• IP prefixes are like zip codes: routers don’t need to
store info for each endpoint, just each prefix
• Prefixes also allow IP addresses to be delegated
from one network to another (more on this later)
IP addresses use hierarchy to scale routing
NJ
• Postal envelopes should show clearly
delineated zip codes.

• Q: How to identify the prefix from a 32-bit IP


address?

• Two methods:
• Old: Classful addressing
• New: Classless addressing (also called classless
inter-domain routing, or CIDR)
Classful IPv4 addressing
Classful IPv4 addressing
Class 32 bits

A 0 Net Host 0.x.x.x – 127.x.x.x


Unicast: single endpoint dest

B 10 Net Host 128.x.x.x – 191.x.x.x


Unicast: single endpoint dest
C 110 Net Host 192.x.x.x – 223.x.x.x
Unicast: single endpoint dest
D 1110 Multicast address 224.x.x.x – 239.x.x.x
Destination is a group of hosts
E 1111 Reserved 240.x.x.x – 255.x.x.x
8 bit 16 bit 24 bit First octet of IP address gives
prefix prefix prefix you the prefix length.
Classful IPv4 addressing
• Class A:
• For very large organizations
• 224 = 16 million hosts allowed
• Class B:
• For large organizations
• 216 = 65 thousand hosts allowed
• Class C
• For small organizations
• 28 = 255 hosts allowed
• Class D
• Multicast addresses
• No network/host hierarchy
Problems with classful addressing
• IP prefixes are allocated to organizations (e.g., Rutgers) by
Internet Registry organizations (e.g., ARIN, in North America)
• Many organizations required something bigger than class C
address, but smaller than a class A (or even B) address
• However, the Internet was running out of class B addresses
• Too many networks required multiple class C addresses
• Not enough nets in class A for large + medium organizations
• Key issue: Classful addressing is too coarse-grained: The
addressing strategy must allow for greater diversity of network
sizes
Classless IPv4 addressing
(CIDR)
Classless IPv4 addressing
• Also called classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)
• Key idea: Network component of the address (ie: prefix) can
have any length (usually from 8—32)
• Address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is the prefix length
• Customary to use 0s for all suffix bits

network host
part part
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
200.23.16.0/23
CIDR
• An ISP can obtain a block of addresses 200.8.0.0/16
and partition this further to its customers
• Say an ISP has 200.8.0.0/16 address
(65K addresses).
200.8.0.0
• The ISP has customer who needs only
200.8.0.1
64 addresses starting from 200.8.4.128 200.8.4.128/26
…
• Then that block can be specified as 200.8.1.0
200.8.4.128/26 200.8.1.1
…
• 200.8.4.128/26 is “inside” 200.8.0.0/16
200.8.255.255
Netmask (or subnet mask)
• An alternative to denote the IP prefix length of an organization
• 32 bits: a 1-bit denotes a prefix bit position. 0 is the host part.

network host
part part
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
200.23.16.0/23
network part Host part
of mask of mask
11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000

Netmask: 255.255.254.0

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