R.A.

9299 Republic of the Philippines June 25, 2004

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NOHS (1907) I NOTS (1927) I EVSAT (1956) I CVPC (1983)
Kagawasan Ave., Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines 6200
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City 6200

CE 332-A Engineering Utilities 1

TTH 6:00 - 7:30 PM | Section A

ENGINEERING UTILITIES NOTES

Topics:
1. Electrical Theory
2. Electrical Materials
a. Overcurrent Protection (Types, mounting, CB arrangement,
Commercial CB Amperage in the Philippines)
b. Wires, wiring devices, conduits and accessories
3. Electrical Systems
4. Electrical Design Principles
5. Sustainable/Future Systems
6. Light
7. Architectural Lamps
8. Lighting Design Principle
9. Architectural Lighting Design
10. Building Communication Systems

Submitted by:
Cris Mark H. Tampioc
BSCE - III

Submitted to:
Engr. Neil Cadungog
Instructor

January 2023
 I. Electricity Theory
History of Electricity
• In the year 600 B.C.E, a Greek Mathematician named Thales discovered the concept of
Static Electricity (Stationary electric charge which is produced by friction). In
year1600, an English Scientist named William Gilbert described electrification of
many substances and coined the term electricity. In ye
• ar1600, a German experimenter named Otto von Guericke built the first electric
generating machine. In the year1729, the Englishman Stephen Gray was able to
distinguished materials that were conductors and non-conductors.
• In the year1746, a German inventor named Ewald Georg von Kleist and a Dutch
physicist named Pieter van Musschenbroek of the University of Leyden, working
independently, invented an electrical storage device called a Leyden jar, a glass jar
coated inside and outside with tin foil where static electricity could be discharged by
simultaneously touching the inner and outer foil layers. It was the original form of the
capacitor.
• In 1820, H.C. Oersted, a Danish physicist, discovered that a magnetic field surround a
current-carrying wire by observing that electrical currents affected the needle on a
compass. After two years, Andre Marie Ampere, a French Mathematician, observed
that a coil of wires acts like a magnet when electrical current is passed through it.
• Shortly after, D.F. Arago invented the electromagnetic device that was capable of lifting
over a thousand pounds.
• In 1831, MichaelFaraday, an English-man, developed a crude electric motor but a
practical motor was not developed until 1870. Both Faraday and Joseph Henry,
working independently, invented the electric generator with which to power the
motor.
• Also in 1831, American Samuel Morse conceived the idea of sending coded messages
over wires using the electromagnetic telegraph and a code of electrical impulses
identified as dots and dashes which known as “Morse Code”.
• By end of1880s, small electrical stations based on Edison’s designs were in use a
number of U.S. cities. The designs served as basis on how to distribute electricity from
power stations with the exception that Edison’s systems were Direct Current.
• Charles de Coulomb was the first person to measure the amount of electricity and
magnetism generated in a circuit. G.S. Ohm, a German college teacher, formulated a
law showing the relationship between volts, amps, and resistance. In addition, J.P.
Joule, G.R. Kirchhoff, and J.C. Maxwell developed mathematical relationships and rules
concerning electrical circuiting.
• In 1879, Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan, working independently, developed
incandescent lamp. In 1882, the Edison Electric Light Company, later known as
General Electric, successfully demonstrated the use of artificial lighting by powering
the incandescent streetlights and lamps in London and New York City.
 • In 1879, Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan, working independently, developed
incandescent lamp.
• In 1882, the Edison Electric Light Company, later known as General Electric,
successfully demonstrated the use of artificial lighting by powering the incandescent
streetlights and lamps in London and New York City.
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of
matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being
part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism.
Theories Surrounding Electricity:
1. All matters are made up of molecules
2. Molecules are made up of atoms
3. Atom contains neutrons, electron and proton
4. The electron of an atom of any substance could be transformed into another atom.
• A conductor is a material in which the electrons are losely bound to to the central
nucleus and, in fact, cn very easily become free electrons.
• An insulator is a material in which the electrons are tightly bound to the center of the
nucleus.
• A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of
a conductor, such as metallic copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity falls
as its temperature rises; metals behave in the opposite way.
• On August 26,1895, large-scale electric power distribution began when waterflowing
over Niagara Falls was diverted through a pair of high-speed turbines that were
coupled to two 5000-horsepower generators that powered nearly manufacturing
plants.
Units of Electricity
Voltage, V
Is the unit of electric force. This is the driving force behind current flow. A difference in charge
creates an electrical pressure, which moves current in one direction. The unit of electrical
pressure is Volt (V).
Current, I
Is the rate of current flow in closed electrical system and is measured in a unit called the
Ampere (A). It is equal to one Coulomb (6.280 x 10^18) electrons passing through one point
in an electrical circuit in one second.
Resistance, R
The length of a conductor (wire), the diameter of the conductor, type of conductor material,
and temperature of the conductor affect the resistance to flow of current. The unit of
electrical resistance is Ohm (Ω). One ohm Is the resistance offered to the passage of one
ampere when impelled by one volt.

Power, P
Power is the rate at which work is accomplished: it is work or energy released divided by
time. The unit of power measurement that most individuals are likely familiar with is
horsepower. The electrical unit of power is the watt. In theory, the watt can be related to
other measures of power:
1 horsepower (hp) = 550 foot-pounds per seconds (ft-lb/s)
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts
1 watt (W) = 3.413 Btu/hr

Energy, E
Electrical energy is energy that has to do with forces acting on electrically charged particles
and their motion. Electric current and electric potential delivered by an electrical circuit
serve as the source of this energy.

Electrical Circuits
An electric circuit is a continuous path along which an electric current can flow. If
the circuit is broken at any point, current will not flow. A simple circuit is composed of:

1. A power source (e.g. battery or generator)

2. The load, an electrical component or group of components that consume electricity (e.g., a
lamp or appliances)
3. A set of conductors that carry current from the source to the load (e.g. wires).
Closed Circuit
A closed circuit is an uninterrupted path that allows a continuous flow of current through an
electrical circuit. In a building electrical system, a circuit is closed when a switch is turned
on, allowing current to flow uninterrupted and the lamp to light.
Open Circuit
If the path of current flow is interrupted such as if the switch in a circuit is opened (turned
off), an open circuit results. The switch breaks the conductor path, which prevents current
from flowing from the power source through the conductor to the lamp.

II. Electrical Materials

Voltage Source - Is a two-terminal device whose voltage at any instant of time is constant and
is independent of the current drawn from it.
Ideal Voltage Source - Have zero internal resistance.
Practical Voltage Source - Having some amount of internal resistances.
Current Sources - Is an electronic circuit that delivers or absorbs an electric current which is
independent of the voltage across it.
Ideal Current Source - A two-terminal circuit element which supplies the same current to any load
resistance connected across its terminals.
Practical Current Source - Represented as an ideal current source connected with the resistance in
parallel.
Resistor - It is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
Capacitor - it stores electrostatic energy and, therefore, can be considered functionally similar to
springs in mechanical systems, which store elastic potential energy.
Inductor - Is also called as coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically consists
of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
Types
Air-core inductor - air core coil describes an inductor that does not use a magnetic core made of a
ferromagnetic material.
Radio-frequency inductor- are special inductors designed to be used in radio frequency (RF) and
microwave applications. Inductors are basic passive components which serve to oppose changes in
current flow.
Ferromagnetic-core inductor - or iron-core inductors use a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic or
ferrimagnetic material such as iron or ferrite to increase the inductance.
Variable inductor- It is formed by moving the magnetic core in and outside of the inductor windings.
By this magnetic core we can adjust the inductance value. When we consider a ferrite core inductor,
by moving its core inside and outside on which the coil is wounded, variable ferrite core inductor can
be formed.
Choke Inductor-this type of inductor restricts or "chokes" the changes in current

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND NETWORKS

Electrical Network - combination of different electric elements and components which are connected
in any way (simple or complex configuration.
Types of Circuits
Open circuit - A circuit which has no return path for current to flow in it, which is not completed. In
other words a circuit where voltage tends to the EMF (of generating source) and no current is flowing
at all is called an open circuit.
Close circuit - A circuit which has a return path for current to flow in it (i.e. completed circuit) is
known as closed circuit

Short Circuit - A circuit which has a return path for current to flow in it where the value of resistance
= zero. (i.e. completed or closed circuit without connected load) is known as short circuit.
Series Circuit- In this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage or Current sources, inductors,
capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in series.
Parallel Circuits - In this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage and Current sources, inductors,
capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in parallel i.e.

Overcurrent Protection
• Overcurrent protection is critical to personal safety and protection from a number of
hazardous conditions that can result from materials igniting due to improper
overload protection or short-circuit protection.
• Overcurrent protection is critical to personal safety and protection from a number of
hazardous conditions that can result from materials igniting due to improper
overload protection or short-circuit protection.
• These devices are fuses, breakers, and others limit the current to the proper rate and
disconnect short circuits.

TYPES OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE

1. Fuses - electrical safety device that removes electrical current from an electrical
circuit when the current in the electrical circuit is too high
2. Circuit breaker - A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch that
is designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by an excess amount
of current due to overload or short circuit.
Switchboard - switchboards are ground-mounted units used for purposes like distributing power
across multiple sources.
Panelboard- are electrical distribution systems that share many of the same functions as
switchboards but have several distinct differences that set them apart. The most apparent difference
between panelboards and switchboards is that a panelboard mounts to the wall.

Flush Type Switches - an electrical switch mounted with only its face exposed and with its sides
surrounded by a box or case that is not a part of the switch.
Surface Type Switches - a snap switch designed for mounting on a plane surface and requiring no
enclosing parts (such as a box)
Fixed Mounted Circuit Breakers- A circuit breaker that is bolted in its enclosure and wired to the load
frame, we can call a fixed mounted circuit breaker.
Removable Mounted Circuit Breakers - A removable circuit breaker (Disconnectable unit) has two
parts, a base, which is bolted to and wired to the frame, and the actual breaker, which has insulated
parts that electrically mate with the base.
Draw out Mounted Circuit Breakers - A drawout circuit breaker also has two parts, the base, which is
bolted and wired to the frame and the actual breaker, which slides into and electrically mates with
the base.

CB Arrangement

• Two distinct circuit breaker configurations are shown, with black squares standing in for the
circuit breakers in each. In the first configuration, (a) known as the 1(1/2)-breaker
configuration or substation scheme, all circuit breakers are typically closed during normal
operation.
• Arrangement of two different
substations with four feeders. The
black square represents the circuit
breaker. (a) represents a double
busbar substation with two circuit
breakers per feeder and (b)
represents a single busbar
substation with one disconnect
switch

SINGLE BUS ARRANGEMENT

 • The simplest bus configuration is one bus with all connections going straight to it.

DOUBLE BUS–DOUBLE BREAKER ARRANGEMENT

The double bus–double breaker arrangement involves two breakers and two buses for each
circuit.
DOUBLE BUS–SINGLE BREAKER ARRANGEMENT
Each circuit is connected to two buses via the double bus-single breaker configuration, and
there is a tie breaker between the buses. The tie breaker allows each circuit to be supplied from either
bus via its switches while it is operating normally closed.
RING BUS ARRANGEMENT
All breakers are arranged in a circle, as the name suggests, with circuits running between
every two breakers. With properly functioning relay protection, a problem on one bus section will
only interrupt the circuit on that bus section, and a fault on a circuit will not affect any other device,
increasing the reliability of the circuits.

BREAKER-AND-A-HALF ARRANGEMENT
The breaker-and-a-half configuration uses one-and-a-half breakers per circuit, with a circuit
running between two breakers in a three-breaker line-up with two buses. This is frequently the next
level of development for a ring bus arrangement.

COMMERCIAL CIRCUIT BREAKERS AMPERAGES IN THE PHILIPPINES

CIRCUIT BREAKER
is an overcurrent protection device that serves two purposes: It acts as a switch that can be opened
and closed manually, and most importantly, it automatically “trips off,” which opens the circuit when
current flowing through it exceeds the circuit rating.
Domestic circuit breakers
are simple devices installed in home wiring systems. Its main function is to detect overload
caused by the simultaneous use of devices with high-power consumption, such as lights, appliances,
and heaters.
Commercial circuit breakers
Practically work the same way, but deal with extremely high voltage circuits in warehouses,
factories, plants, and other industrial structures.

Amp is short for Ampere. Amps measure the amount of electrical charge flowing past a given point
in one second. In laymen’s terms, the number of amps indicates how much of an electrical current is
being drawn through power cables.
Voltage (volts, V) measures how strongly electricity is being pushed through a circuit. In other words,
the number of volts tells you the amount of pressure being pushed.
Wattage measures the amount of electrical power that a device uses. Watts is the unit of measure
that indicates the total amount of electrical current flowing through an electrical device. By
measuring the amount of power a building consumes, the power company is able to determine your
utility bill.
COMMERCIAL CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Commercial/Industrial: Minimum panel amperage for most Commercial and Industrial
buildings use to be 60 to 120 AMPs. By today’s standards, 200 AMPS is suggested as the minimum up
to 400 AMPS
DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF ELECTRICAL DEVICES YOUR BREAKER CAN HANDLE

• Check the wattage (max power rating) on your device. This is usually labeled somewhere on
the back of the device.
• Measure the voltage on the circuit you wish to install your electrical devices. Most household
circuits are 120V and larger commercial spaces are 240V. If you’re not sure, use a multimeter
to test the voltage of your breaker.
• To calculate amperage, use the equation Amps = Watts/Volts. For example, a 200W light bulb
on a 120V circuit would draw about 1.67 amps.
• Calculate the TOTAL amperage rating of all devices. Make sure they DO NOT exceed 80% of
the breaker’s total amperage.
THE BENEFITS OF COMMERCIAL CIRCUIT BREAKERS
1.Digital Components for Higher Efficiency
Commercial circuit breakers use digital or solid-state components instead of the mechanical
components traditionally found in domestic breakers. It has a microprocessor to better measure and
monitor electric current.

2.Protects People Too

While traditional circuit breakers protect establishments from electrical damage or fire outbreaks,
there is a kind of commercial breaker that focuses on the safety of people. A ground fault circuit
interrupter or GFCI detects ground faults that usually occur when someone in the building
accidentally touches a hot wire.
 3.Low Voltage System
Many modern commercial businesses now use low voltage communication, networking, and security
equipment. Low voltage fire protection systems comprise of circuit breakers, fire alarms, and fire
suppressors that use 50 volts or less, as compared to the standard 120 V or 140 V.

Wires, Wiring Devices, and Accessories

Wires- are those electrical conductors 8 mm2 and smaller in size.
CABLES- are those which are larger than wires.
ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS -are substances or materials used to convey or allow the flow of electric
current. Insulation is rated by voltage form 300-15,000 volts.
INSULATORS -are substances or materials that resist the flow of electric current. Ordinary conductor
wires for buildings is normally rated at 300 or 600 volts.

Materials Considered as Good Electric Various Kind of Insulators:

Conductors are: 1. Rubber
1. Silver 2. Porcelain
2. Copper 3. Varnish
3. Aluminum
4. Slate
4. Nickel
5. Glass
5. Brass 6. Mica
6. Zinc 7. Latex
7. Platinum 8. Asbestos
8. Iron 9. Paper
9. Lead 10.Oil
10. Tin
Wires and Cables are either:
1. Stranded Wire- consists of a group of wires twisted to form a metallic string.
2. Solid Wire- consists of one piece of metal wire.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRIC WIRES AND CABLES
Copper or Aluminium Bare Conductors - These are bare wires used for overhead
transmission lines and for ground wires. 1.60mm-500mm2 stranded and Solid
Thermoplastic Wires (type TW). This is an ordinary wire use in an interior house wiring at
circuit voltage up to 600 Volts. Copper 1.60mm-3.2mm solid 2.0mm2 - 500mm2 Stranded
Moisture Resistant Thermoplastic Wires (type THW). These are use in an interior house
wiring at circuit voltage up to 600 Volts. Copper 1.60mm-3.2mm solid 2.0mm2 - 500mm2
Stranded

Wiring Devices/Accessories
-Wiring accessories are used for connecting appliances
Switch- A switch is used to make or break an electrical circuit. It is used to switch ‘on’ or ‘off’
the supply of electricity to an appliance.
1. Surface switch - It is mounted on wooden boards fixed on the surface of a wall. It is of
three types;
a. One-way switch - used to control single circuits and lamp
b. Two-way switch - used to divert the flow of current to either of two directions.
c. Intermediate switch- Intermediate switch: It is used to control a lamp from
more than two locations
• Ceiling rose
o It is used to provide a tapping to the pendant lamp holder through the flexible
wire or a connection to a fluorescent tube.
• Socket outlet/plug
o The socket outlet has an insulated base with the moulded or socket base
having three terminal sleeves.
• Main switch
o -To control the electrical circuit a main switch is used.
• PVC casing-capping wiring
o -PVC capping is done in order to cover the wires. It includes casing also. This
casing-capping wiring is also known as open wiring, as it is done outside the
wall.
• Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
o -A MCB is used in new constructions instead of the older types of fuses. Circuit
breakers are small devices used to control and protect the electrical panel and
the other devices from overflowing of electrical power.
Conduit - Is an electrical piping system used for protection of electrical wiring. It can be:

Conduit Accessories
1. Metallic
• 1 Way box
2. Non-metallic
• 2 way box
Classification • 3 way box
• 4 way box
1. Rigid Metal
• Angle box
2. Flexible Metal
• Looping box
3. Rigid Non-Metal
4. Flexible Non-Metal • Dome Cover
• Flexible Adaptors
• Bolt and socket
• Bar Saddle Metal Sockets
• Inspection Bends
• Inspection Tee

AMPERE – is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow in an electrical conductor

AMPERAGE – strength of an electric current in ampere (amp)

III. Electrical Systems

Electrical System - also named as circuits or networks are design as combinations of mainly
three fundamental components: resistor, capacitor and inductor. It is a network of
conductors and equipment designed to carry, distribute and convert electrical power safely
from the point of delivery or generation to the various loads around the building that
consume the electrical energy.
Electrical Materials and Equipment
• Wires – are single insulated conductors. The smallest size of wire permitted is No. 14.
• Cables – a group of conductors enclosed in a guarded covering.
• Bus Bars – large conductors which are not circular in cross section and usually found
only to supply the main switch boards.
Conductor Sizes – AWG/MCM Standard
• All conductor sizes from No. 16 to No. 0000 (also designated 4/0) are expressed in
AWG.
• Beyond AWG No. 4/0, a different designation, MCM (or thousand circular mil) is used.
In this designation, the smallest MCM size is 250 MCM and the biggest is 500 MCM.
Conductor current carrying capacity or ampacity - is the maximum operating temperature
that its insulation can stand continuously. Heat is generated as a result of the current flowing
and the conductor resistance.
Types of Cables
1. Armored Cable (Type AC) – a fabricated assembly of insulated conductors enclosed in
flexible metal sheath.
2. Metal Clad Cable (Type MC) – a factory assembled cable of one or more conductors
each individually insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath of interlocking tape of a
smooth or corrugated tube.
3. Mineral Insulated Cable (Type MI) – a factory assembled conductor/s insulated with
a highly compressed refractory mineral insulation enclosed in a liquid and gas tight
continuous copper sheath.
4. Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable (Type NM or NMC) – also known by the trade name
ROMEX, is a factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors having a moisture
resistant, flame retardant, and non-metallic material outer sheath.
5. Shielded Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable (Type SNM) – a factory assembly of two or
more insulated conductors in an extruded core of moisture resistant and flame-
retardant material covered within an overlapping spiral metal tape.
6. Underground Feeder and Branch Circuit Cable (Type UF) – a moisture resistant cable
used for underground connections including direct burial in the ground as feeder or
branch circuit.
7. Service Entrance Cable (Type SE or USE) – a single or multi-conductor assembly
provided with or without an overall covering primarily used for service wire.
8. Power and Control Tray Cable (Type TC) – a factory assembled two or more insulated
conductors with or without associated bare or covered grounding under a metallic
sheath
9. Flat Conductor Cable (Type FCC) – consists of three or more flat copper conductors
placed edge to edge separated and enclosed within an insulating assembly. This type
of cable is used for appliance or individual branch circuits installed inside floor
surfaces.
10. Medium Voltage Cable (MV) – a single or multi-conductor solid dielectric insulated
cable rated at 2,000 to 35,000 volts. Trade name is Medium Voltage Solid Dielectric.
Insulators
• are materials that impede the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule
to molecule. It has strong mechanical and dielectric qualities, as well as high
insulation resistance to stop leakage current. Materials for insulators must be
flawless, impure, and nonporous.
Types of Insulators
1. Pin Insulator - Distribution systems use this type of insulator. This insulator can
withstand voltages of 11 kV. It is made of a material with a high mechanical strength.
These are joined together horizontally as well as vertically. In comparison to other
types, this insulator's construction is straightforward and requires minimal
maintenance.
2. Suspension Insulator - also known as disc insulators, and they can be designed
utilizing materials like porcelain or glass. Suspension insulators have a voltage
capability that runs from 11 kV to 765 kV. Because it offers additional flexibility, it is
utilized in overhead transmission lines.
3. Strain Insulators - Although it is employed in an overhead transmission system, this
is identical to suspension type insulators in terms of specs and operation. The strain
insulator can withstand 33 kV of electricity. It is typically installed in a bend in a
transmission line rather than in an arm position.
4. Shackle Insulator - Small in size, these insulators are utilized in overhead distribution
systems. This insulator can be connected by means of a metallic strip. This insulator
has a 33 kV voltage capacity and can be used in bend or circular turn locations. These
insulators are currently utilized as strain insulators, but less voltage distribution lines
use them. Insulators for shackles can be positioned either vertically or horizontally.
These have a bolt or cross arm connecting them to the pole.
5. Polymer Insulator - made of fiberglass rod and have weather shelters made of
polymer. Compared to porcelain types, these are lighter while still providing more
power. These insulation materials include silicon rubber, PTFE, EPDM, and EPM.

2 Types of Current
1. ALTERNATING CURRENT – a current which is periodically varying in time rate and in
direction. It rises from zero to maximum, falls to zero, reverses its direction and again
returns to zero.
2. DIRECT CURRENT – a current which flows at a constant time rate and in the same
direction.
Designing the Electrical System
Here are some various items typically shown in your plan:
• Lighting
• Switches
• Cables
• Fire Safety
• System Panels
• Appliance Voltage
• Smoke Detectors
Building Electrical System
Branch Circuits - An electrical circuit may be defined as a complete conducting path carrying
current from a source of electricity to and through some electrical device or load and back to
the source.

Classifications of Branch Circuits

1. General Purpose Branch Circuit circuit supplies two or more receptacles or outlets for
lighting and appliances.
2. Appliance Branch Circuit - supplies energy to one or more outlets to which appliances
are to be connected and that has no permanently connected luminaries that are not a
part of the appliance.
3. Individual Branch Circuit - dedicated to a single appliance that requires a large
amount of electricity, such as an air conditioner or clothes dryer.
4. Multiwire Branch Circuit - can supply both line-to-line and line-to-neutral loads
where all ungrounded conductors are opened simultaneously by the over current
device.
5. Life Safety Branch Circuit - supplying power for lighting, receptacles and equipment
essential for life safety that is automatically connected to alternate power sources by
one or more transfer switches during interruption of the normal power source.
6. Critical Branch Circuit - provide power to task illumination, special power circuits and
selected receptacles serving areas and functions related to patient care. It must
automatically connect to an alternative power source such as a generator when the
normal power source is interrupted.
General Circuiting Guidelines
1. General: Branch circuits shall be sufficient to supply a load of 30 watts per square meter
(3 watts per square foot) in buildings excluding porches, garages and basements.
2. In all but the smallest installations, connect lighting, convenience receptacles, and
appliances in separate circuits. The Code requires a minimum of 2 - 20 amperes appliance
branch circuit to feed all small appliance outlets in the kitchen, pantry, dining and family
room.
3. Convenience receptacles in an area shall be wired to at least two different circuits so that
in case of failure in any one of the circuits, the entire area will not be deprived of power.
4. General purpose branch circuits shall be rated at 20 amperes wired with No. 12 AWG
minimum. Switch legs may be No. 14 AWG if the lighting load permits.
5. Limit the circuit load for lighting and small appliances on 15 amp and 20-amp circuit loads
and on 15- and 20-amp overcurrent devices respectively.
Single Phase Electrical System - For homes and small commercial buildings. A single-phase
electrical system can either be 2-wire or 3-wire and composes two hot legs and a neutral
wire.
• Two-Wire Single Phase DC or AC
• Three-Wire Single Phase DC (EDISON SYSTEM)
• Three-Wire Single Phase AC
Three Phase Electrical System - For industries and large commercial buildings. The Three
Phase AC electricity is a Triple Circuit. The lighting and outlet loads are connected between
any phase leg and a neutral line. While machineries and other bigger loads are connected to
the phase leg only.
• Three-Wire Three Phase AC
• Four-Wire Three-Phase AC
Components of Building Electrical System
• Service Entrance– the point of delivery of electricity to a building by a public utility
company.
• Main Switchboard – The service entrance conductors in the form of bus bars
terminates in the main switchboard and connects to the distribution panel boards by
means of feeder circuits protected by circuit breakers. The main switchboard serves
for the control, protection and metering of the main feeders.
• Feeder Circuits – A feeder circuit is a set of conductors which extends from the main
switchboard to a distributing center (panel board) with no other circuits connected
to it between the source and the distributing center.
• Sub-Feeder Circuits – are line extensions of a feeder, fed through a panel board or cut-
out, or from one distributing center to another and having no other circuit connected
to it between the two distributing centers. A sub-feeder serves to distribute power
from the main feeders to smaller local panel boards, called sub-panel boards.
• Branch Circuits – These are small capacity conductors which deliver energy to lamps,
motors and other loads within the circuit.
• Panel Boards and Sub-Panel Boards (Also Called Cut-Outs) – These serve to control
and protect the sub feeders and branch circuits.
• Utilization Equipment – These are the lighting, power and motor loads and wiring
devices which are directly handled and utilized by users.

Emergency Electric Supply System

• Emergency Systems – provide electric power and illumination essentially for life
safety and protection of property during an emergency, such as, electricity for exit
lighting, elevators, fire alarm systems, fire pumps and the like.
 • Standby Systems – provide power to selected loads not directly involved with life
safety, such as, water and sewage treatment plants and industrial machines for
manufacturing processes.
• Battery Equipment – Central storage batteries are mounted in individual racks and
always provided with automatic charging equipment.
• Engine-Generator Sets – are machines intended to produce electricity and composed
of three components: the machine and its housing (if any), fuel storage tank and the
exhaust facilities

IV. Electrical Design Principles

Application of the standards outlined in the building code is necessary for the design of an
electrical system. Understanding the fundamentals of electrical design will be helpful as one
day as future civil engineers.

Electrical Code
• specifies the written provisions necessary for protecting people and property from
the improper use of electricity and electrical equipment.
National Electrical Code
The National Electrical Code (NEC) is a set of specifications and standards in the form of a
model code that can be adopted into local law by the local government entity. The NEC was
established in 1897 through the combined efforts of insurance, electrical, architectural, and
other interested groups. In 1911, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) became
the sponsor of the NEC and continues to act in this capacity.
Philippine Electrical Code
PEC I - Electrical Installation inside buildings.
PEC II - Electrical Installation outside buildings.
PEC consists of rules which are intended to make use of electricity safe for person and
property.
Two (2) categories of PEC rules
1. Mandatory Rules - characterized by the use of the word ― “SHALL’’.
2. Advisory Rules - characterized by the use of the word ― “SHOULD” or are stated
as recommendations of that which is advised but not required.
Objectives
a) Safe Use of Electricity
- to establish basic materials quality and electrical work standards for the safe use of b
electricity for light, heat, power, communications, signaling and for other purposes.
b) Adequacy
- Strict compliance with the provisions of this Code will ensure safety in electrical installation
and construction, but not necessarily efficient, convenient, or adequate for good service or
future expansion of electrical us
The use of PEC is mandated by R.A. 7920 ( formerly R.A. 184 ), also known as
the New Electrical Engineering Law. Likewise, referral codes are also used
which are mandated by their corresponding laws.
1. P.D. 1096 - National Building Code
2. P.D. 1185 - Fire Code of the Philippines
3. Structural Code R.A. 7920 - is an act providing for a more responsive and
comprehensive regulation for the practice, licensing and registration of electrical
engineers and electricians.
Manufacturing Standards
➢ Today, all electrical equipment, appliances, and devices should meet specific safety
standards based on regular product testing. An approved product meets minimum
safety standards as determined by extensive testing by an independent testing
company or organization.
Licences
➢ Most municipalities have ordinances (local laws) that require that any person who
wishes to engage in the business of installing electrical systems must be licensed
(usually by the state or province). This means that the person must have a minimum
number of years of experience working with a licensed electrician and must pass a
written test that deals with the electrical code being used and with methods of
installation.
Permits
➢ Most municipalities require that a permit be issued before any electrical installations
may be made on a project. A complete electrical construction drawing may also be
required for review and approval by a plans examiner before installation begins.
Building Voltage System
Supply Voltage
➢ is expressed as a nominal voltage because it varies slightly. During normal conditions,
supply voltages can vary from about 90 to 105% of nominal voltage.
System Voltages
1. Medium and High Voltage Systems carry voltages above 600V may be used in special
cases such as for large signage.
2. Low Voltage Systems carry voltages less than 600 V and are typically used in
buildings.
Circuit Wiring
1. Ungrounded Conductor - a circuit conductor that carries current to the load. We
usually call ungrounded conductors in a service, feeder, or branch-circuit phase
conductor. Ungrounded conductors are also called the hot wire.
2. Grounded Conductors - job is to serve as the return path for electrical current in a
branch circuit, once that current passes through all loads in the circuit and is
returning to its source. It defined as a system or circuit conductor that is intentionally
grounded.
3. Grounding Conductors - used to provide a low-impedance fault current path that
reduces electrical equipment to near-zero electrical potential (voltage). Provides
additional protection.
BRANCH CIRCUIT REQUIREMENTS
➢ A branch circuit is that portion of a building wiring system that extends beyond the
final overcurrent protection device that is protecting a circuit.
➢ It is composed of an overcurrent protection device (fuse or circuit breaker), wiring,
and one or more outlets.
Types of Branch Circuits
1. Individual Branch Circuit
➢ This type of branch circuit serves only one receptacle or piece of equipment such as
for a range, clothes dryer, large copy machine, or other piece of machinery.
2. General Purpose Branch Circuit
➢ supplies two or more outlets for lighting and appliances. This type of circuit may be
referred to as a lighting circuit; this is a carryover from the days when electricity was
first used in buildings and its predominant purpose was lighting.
o Appliance Branch Circuit
o Multiwire Branch Circuit
o Life Safety Branch Circuit
o Critical Branch Circuit
SWITCHES AND RECEPTACLES REQUIREMENTS
• Switches must be selected to match the load they control. Large lighting installations
that require many switches may have the switches contained within a panel board-
like enclosure called lighting control panel.
• Receptacles must be selected to match the appliance or equipment they serve.
• In single-family residences and multifamily dwellings, the main panel board can
mounted either outside or inside the dwelling as near as possible to the point of
entrance of the service to the building.

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND FUSES) REQUIREMENTS

An overcurrent protection (OCP) device
• a fuse, or circuit breaker serves to limit current levels in a conductor b interrupting
power when current limitations are exceeded.
• It prevents excessive heat from damaging conductors and related equipment.
The voltage rating of a fuse or circuit breaker must be equal to or greater than the voltage of
the circuit in which the fuse is applied.

Feeder Requirements
Feeder- is a set of conductors that carry a comparatively large amount of power from the
service equipment to a second panelboard, called a subpanel board, where branch circuits
further distribute the power.
• must be designed to provide sufficient power to the branch circuits they supply so
feeder conductor size is based on the maximum load to be supplied by the feeder.
• Feeders should be capable of carrying the amount of current required by the load,
plus any current that may be required in the future.

SWITCHBOARD AND PANELBOARD REQUIREMENTS

➢ Switchboards and panelboards can be used as distribution equipment, at a point
downstream from the service entrance equipment.
➢ Panelboards feeding lighting and convenience receptacles and having at least 10% of
the circuits rated at 30 A or less are identified as lighting and appliance panelboards.
SERVICE ENTRANCE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
➢ Service equipment must be large enough to supply the computed load of the building
or area of the building being served. It is calculated using code requirements and
 utility regulations. In most commercial and industrial installations, several
disconnects may be used.
➢ In single-family residences and multifamily dwellings, the main service panel board
can be mounted either outside or inside the dwelling as near as possible to the point
of entrance of the service conductors to the building.
➢ All service equipment and electrical panels shall have a clear area 30 in (0.75 m) wide
and 36 in (0.9 m) deep in front.

V. Sustainable Systems
SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability is our ability to meet current needs without harming the
environmental, economic, and societal systems on which future generations will rely for
meeting their needs.
SUSTAINABILITY AND THE P-GREEN BUILDING
Buildings and products are being marketed as being green even though they only
partially fulfill the standards of sustainability or do not satisfy them at all. This makes these
buildings and products partly green (P-green).
Advantages
• High-efficiency systems for heating, cooling, ventilating, and lighting,
Disadvantage
• Consume significant amounts of energy, requires more resources to build and
maintain.
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (COGENERATION) SYSTEMS
Conventional power plants release heat created as a by-product of electricity
generation into the environment through cooling towers, flue gas, or by other means.
Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is the use of a heat engine (or
other means) to simultaneously generate both electricity and heat.
Conventional Cogeneration
The basic elements of conventional cogeneration system are the prime mover
(engine), generator, heat recovery system, exhaust system, controls, and acoustic enclosure.
Stirling Engine Cogeneration
 Stirling Engine Cogeneration A Stirling engine is a closed-cycle, piston-driven,
external heat engine with a gaseous working fluid that under cooling, compression, heating,
and expansion drives a piston.
Building CHP Systems
Building cogeneration or CHP systems produce electrical power for local buildings,
and use the heat from that production to also provide heat to the buildings (often through
underground steam or hot water piping systems).

Geothermal Energy Systems

Geothermal energy, derived from the word’s geo (meaning “earth”) and thermal
(meaning “heat”), is energy derived from the heat in the earth’s interior. Geothermal energy
comes from the process of decay of radioactive elements within the earth’s crust.
Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
One method used to extract thermal energy from the earth is referred to as
hydrothermal. Hydrothermal energy is manifested in as hot springs and geysers or through
dry steam.
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
A geothermal heat pump (GHP), also known as a ground source heat pump (GSHP),
earth-coupled heat pump, or geoexchange system, is an electrically powered heat pump
system that consists of pipes buried in the shallow ground near the building, a heat pump,
and ductwork in the building.
The fundamental components of a geothermal heat pump system include the following:
1. Ground Loop - system of fluid-filled plastic pipes buried in the ground, or submersed
in a body of water, near the building
2. Heat Pump - device that removes heat from the fluid in the pipes, concentrates it, and
transfers it to the building as heat
3. Air Delivery System - conventional ductwork attached to the heat pump and used to
distribute heated or cooled air throughout the building
Biomass
• Biomass is organic material from plant and animal growth. It includes wood,
agricultural crops, energy crops, and other organic by products from a variety of
agricultural processes.
 • Biomass is sunlight stored in the form of organic compounds that are formed in
growing plant life through the process of photosynthesis, which takes energy from the
sun and converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
Types of Biomass Fuel
1. Solid Fuels - Common types of biomass fuels used in buildings include timber and
manufactured logs, wood pellets, and corn.
2. Liquid Fuels - Alternative liquid transportation fuels (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel) can be
produced from agricultural crops.
3. Gaseous Fuels - Methane gas is a combustible gas produced by the oxygen-free,
digestion of vegetable and/or animal wastes.

Types of Biomass Technologies

1. Direct Combustion - makes use of a furnace or boiler to convert biomass fuel into hot
air, hot water, steam, and electricity
2. Anaerobic Digestion - biochemical process in which groups of bacteria break down
complex organic wastes to produce biogas
3. Gasification - a thermochemical process that converts biomass into a combustible gas
4. Pyrolysis - very small, low-moisture particles of biomass fuel are rapidly heated,
resulting in liquid pyrolysis oil
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER
A photovoltaic (PV) cell is a power-generating device that produces direct current electricity
when it is exposed to light. PV cells are constructed of a semiconducting material, usually silicon, the
same material used to make computer chips.
PV Cell Conversion Efficiency
The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the proportion of solar radiation that the cell converts
to electrical energy. Because of the low power density of sunlight, high efficiency is very important in
making PV energy competitive with more traditional sources of energy (e.g., fossil fuels).
PV Cell Configurations

Cells are grouped together in a PV module that creates a power source capable of lighting a
small electric lamp. A PV module can be made in a variety of shapes.

PV System Components
1. Array of Solar Cells - converts sunlight into DC electricity
2. Inverter -changes DC electricity into AC electricity
3. Connection to Utility Grid -for additional power or a bank of batteries to store collected
electricity
Types of Inverters
 1. Static Inverter - A static, stand-alone, or battery-charging inverter is used with an
independent power system to draw power from battery storage.
2. Synchronous Inverter - A synchronous or utility- interactive inverter is used in systems
connected to a utility power line.
Battery Storage

In a PV system, energy may not be used at the time it is produced but may be required at night
or on cloudy days. A PV system with batteries operates by connecting the PV modules to a bank of
batteries. Batteries can store and deliver only DC power.
WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
A wind turbine, with its sleek aerodynamic blades and tall tower, collects kinetic energy from
the wind and converts it to electricity. Although various designs and configurations exist, these
turbines are generally grouped into two types: vertical-axis turbines and horizontal-axis turbines.
TYPES OF WIND MACHINE
1. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines- A horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) has a rotor with an
axis of rotation that is horizontal with respect to the ground and parallel to the wind stream.
An HAWT must be oriented with respect to wind direction.
2. A vertical-axis wind turbine(VAWT) has blades with an axis of rotation that is vertical with
respect to the ground and roughly perpendicular to the wind stream.
3. A VAWT does not need to be oriented into the wind direction. Because the shaft is vertical, the
transmission and generator can be mounted at ground level, allowing easier servicing and a
lighter weight, lower cost tower.
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
1. Stand-Alone Systems
Stand-alone off-grid systems produce power independently of the utility grid. In
remote locations, stand-alone systems can be more cost-effective than extending a
power line to the electricity grid.
2. Grid-Connected Systems
Grid-connected systems interface with the utility grid. They supply surplus power
back through the grid to the utility and obtain power from the utility grid when the
building system’s power supply is low.
THEORITICAL WIND POWER
• The power available in wind is related to energy in moving air. The kinetic energy
(KE) of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or weight). Wind is a moving air
mass and it therefore has kinetic energy. The
WIND POWER DENSITY
Theoretical wind power density (WPDtheoretical) is the unit power (W/m2) in
moving air at a specific speed (v), in mph or m/s. It can be computed by WPD theoretical =
1/2 ρv3. Based on an air temperature of 60°F (16°C) and density of dry air at mean sea level
(0.076 lb/ft3 and 1.224 kg/m3), the theoretical wind power density can be found by the
following simplified equations.
WIND TURBINE POWER
The power available in the wind is related to the speed of the wind and the
density of the air. The theoretical wind power density equation introduced above relates to
the power in a free-flowing stream of air at standard conditions (i.e., based on the density of
air at mean sea level and at a temperature of 60°F [16°C]).

HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS
Hydropower involves hydraulic systems that use the energy in flowing or
falling water to produce mechanical energy (motion), which can then be converted to
electricity. Although there are several ways to harness the moving water, most large
hydropower systems use storage reservoirs. Water from these reservoirs flow through a
pressurized pipeline called a penstock that delivers it to a waterwheel or turbine.
RUN-OF-THE-RIVER SYSTEMS
Run-of-the-river or diversion hydropower systems do not require large
storage reservoirs, but use a portion of a river’s water, which is diverted to a channel,
pipeline, or pressurized penstock.
1. Turbine - Turbines have hydraulically designed blades that are fixed to a shaft (much
like a waterwheel). They are designed so that when moving water strikes the surfaces
of the turbine blades, they spin a shaft.
2. Pelton Wheel - The Pelton wheel uses the concept of jet force to create energy. Water
is funneled into a pressurized pipeline with a narrow nozzle at one end. The water
sprays out of the nozzle in a jet, striking the double-cupped buckets attached to the
wheel.
3. TURGO IMPULSE WHEEL - The Turgo impulse wheel is an advanced version of the
Pelton wheel. It uses the same jet spray concept, but the Turgo jet, which is half the
size of the Pelton, is angled so that the spray hits three buckets at once.
4. JACK RABBIT - The Jack Rabbit, referred to by its trade name as the Aquair UW
Submersible Hydro Generator, is a drop-in-the-creek turbine that can generate power
from a stream with as little as 13 in of water and no head.
5. REACTION TURBINES - Reaction turbines are highly efficient and are generally used
in large-scale hydropower applications. They depend on pressure rather than velocity
to produce energy.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting systems SYSTEm (RWHS) are made of a catchment area,
conveyance devices (e.g., gutters, conductors, and downspouts), filters, storage tanks, and
distribution systems. Rainwater is collected in the catchment area, which is usually a rooftop,
patio, terrace, driveway, or other impermeable surface.
QUALITY OF HARVESTED WATER
Rainwater captured in a sanitized system is good for drinking. However,
infrequency of rainfall results in build-up of contaminants on the catchment area surface and
in the conveyance devices.
RAINWATER COLLECTED - The catchment area (A) is computed using the footprint of the
building plus the length of the overhangs.

VI. Light
Light is that form of electromagnetic radiation that allows the eye to see. In fundamental
theory, electromagnetic radiation is energy radiated in the form of a wave caused by an
electric field interacting with a magnetic field. It is the result of the acceleration of charged
particles. Contemporary theory suggests that electromagnetic radiation also behaves as a
group of particles called photons.
When a translucent or transparent body is illuminated, the illuminance striking the
surface will be reflected, absorbed, and transmitted. Therefore:
Reflectance (ρ) + Absorbtance (α) + Transmittance (τ) = 1.0
• Light is the electromagnetic radiation that makes it possible for the eye for sight
electromagnetic radiation is described in basic theory as an electric field and a
magnetic field interacted, causing energy to radiate as a wave.
Visible Light
➢ Visible light is that part of electromagnetic radiation spectrum capable of exciting the
retina and ultimately producing a visual sensation; it is the wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation to which the human eye is sensitive.
➢ Wavelengths of visible light range from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. Beyond this
range is darkness.
➢ Light striking an object will be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.
➢ A light source producing a blend of wavelengths that are evenly distributed across the
light spectrum is perceived by the human eye as white or normal light.
Monochromatic light contains light with a single wavelength. Such radiations area
available throughout a wide variety of wavelengths.
 Chromatic light in achromatic luminous surroundings has the effect of attracting
attention to the area of colored light.
THE COLOR OF LIGHT
COLOR PERCEPTION
Understanding and interpreting various visible light wavelengths is what is known as
color perception. Various wavelengths with varied magnitudes make up both artificial and
natural (daylight) light sources. Each of these wavelengths will be selectively absorbed by an
opaque object, which will reflect the remaining portions back to the observer.
In addition to innate or learned color perception, there are many other factors that affect
color vision:
1. Lighting - Light plays a HUGE role in color perception. It's actually the color of the light
that determines the color your brain will perceive.
2. Age - As we get older, our perception of color starts to fade. Luckily, color perception
is not just inborn, it's also a learned skill.
3. Poor Color Memory - Human color memory is horrible! Even looking at two colors
across the room from each other to see if they match is futile.
4. Retinal Fatigue - Our eyes get tired very easily. When we stare at an object for longer
than a few seconds, chemicals in our eyes start to deplete, and begin sending incorrect
information to our brains.
5. Background Effects - There is a phenomenon called simultaneous contrast in which
the background on which we are evaluating color strongly affects our eye's ability to
correctly perceive the color.
Color Quality
Color quality is a function of the spectral output of a light source, the spectral
absorbance/reflectance of an object, and the sensitivity of the eye's cone photoreceptors to
different wavelengths of light, which we perceive color.
The characteristics of a color quality are determined by three different elements:
• Hue - refers to the origin of the colors we can see. Primary and Secondary colors (Yellow,
Orange, Red, Violet, Blue, and Green) are considered hues
• Chroma - refers to the purity of a color. A hue with high chroma has no black, white, or gray
added to it.
• Value - is a measure of how light or dark a color is while its hue is held constant. The
lightness of an object depends on the reflectance of that object.

Visual Acuity
 Visual acuity is the ability to distinguish fine details. It is the “keenness” of vision that
is necessary to perform tasks such as reading, writing, drafting, sewing, or surgery.
Technically, visual acuity is measured as the ability to identify black symbols (letters) on a
white background at a specific distance as the size of the symbols is varied.
Acuity of vision is also influenced by many external factors, such as black–white (or
color) contrast between an object and its background, size of the object being viewed, the
amount of light leaving the object in the direction of the viewer (luminance), time available
for seeing, and variations in the seeing capacity of the viewer (e.g., age, disability, and so
forth).
CHARACTERISTIC OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
➢ Lamps, Luminaires and Light Fixtures In the lighting industry, a lamp is a device that
generates light.Although frequently called a light bulb by the layperson, the term lamp
(rather than bulb) is used in the lighting industry to avoidconfusion when describing
a light source. Simply, a bulb is the glass portion of a lamp that encloses and protects
the working parts of the light source, whereas a lamp is a source of light
➢ Commercially, a number of lamps are offered. Lamps work incandescent and gaseous
discharge, which are two broad kinds. Low-pressure lamps and high- pressure or
high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps are two further subcategories of gas discharge
lamps.
➢ In buildings, a luminaire is a complete lighting unit, which consists of a lamp (or
lamps), lamp socket(s), any lenses, refractors, or louvers, any ballast (or ballasts), and
the housing. Luminaires include fluorescent troffers, downlights, spot or accent
lighting, task lighting, and outdoor area and flood lighting. A light fixture is the
luminaire less the lamp(s).
Light Output
▪ Luminous flux is the measure of the perceived power of light expressed in lumens
(lm). It is adjusted from the total power of radiant energy emitted by a light source to
correct for differences in sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light.
▪ Technically, a lumen is defined as the quantity of light given out through a steradian
by a source of one candela of intensity radiating equally in all directions. The steradian
(sr) is the SI unit of solid angular measure, where there are 4π or about 12.5664
steradians in a complete sphere—about 7.96% of the area of the sphere.
 VII. Architectural Lamps
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
1. Incandescent Lamps - Emit visible light as a result of heating; they incandesce. They
are the most familiar source of light and are known as a “light bulb” by the lay
consumer.
a. Tungsten-Halogen Lamps - Frequently called halogen lamps, are a smaller,
brighter, and more expensive version of the incandescent lamp. These lamps
contain high-pressure halogen gases such as iodine or bromine, which allow
the tungsten filaments to be operated at higher temperatures and higher
efficacies.
b. Gaseous Discharge Lamps - gaseous discharge is electricity passing through a
gas such that it causes the gas to arc. A gaseous discharge lamp produces
continuous light by passing electricity through a gas contained within the
lamp.
2. Fluorescent Lamps
a. is composed of a tubular glass bulb that is covered with thin phosphor coating
on its inside surface. The glass bulb is filled with a low-pressure gas containing
mercury vapour.
3. High-Intensity Discharge Lamps - Produce a very bright light by discharging an arc
when electrical current passes through a metal gas contained under high pressure in
a glass bulb. HID lamps include mercury vapour, metal halide, and high-pressure
sodium lamps.
4. Blended Lamps - Blended lamps combine the luminous efficiency of an HID lamp with
the good color rendering capability of an incandescent lamp. The most common
blended lamp has mercury vapor combined a with tungsten filament.
Distribution of Light
• One of the primary functions of a luminaire is to throw light only where it is needed.
Light can be directed downward for maximum use or directed to the ceilings and
upper walls and then reflected to all parts of a space.
Glare
• Glare is excessive brightness in the field of vision that causes discomfort or, in extreme
cases, produces a disability from a temporary loss of vision. It is a visual sensation
caused by luminance that is sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes
adapted.
Luminance
• Luminance is the amount of light leaving an object, thus relating to how bright an
object appears to the human eye. Also defined as a luminous intensity of a surface in
a given direction per unit of projected area of the surface.
 Illuminance
• Illuminance is the density of luminous flux striking a surface. It describes how bright
a surface may appear to the human eye depending upon the surface’s reflectance.

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING

1. AMBIENT LIGHTING - Sometimes also known as general lighting, provides
uniform illumination throughout the space. Is the most essential form of lighting,
because it fills the volume of a room or space with uniform light.
2. TASK OR LOCAL LIGHTING - Is the illumination provided for a specific visual
function, which is additional to and controlled separately from the ambient
lighting
3. ACCENT LIGHTING - s directional lighting used to emphasize a particular object
or area. It is used to call attention to or orchestrate interest by emphasizing a
particular architectural feature, piece of artwork, photograph or plant.
4. DECORATIVE LIGHTING - Is the light source that adds a quality of interest to the
space. It combines with other types of lighting to give an overall “feel” to a room
that serves little purpose other than to look attractive.
EMERGENCY AND SAFETY LIGHTING - Is a secondary lighting system that provides backup
illumination when the power supply to the normal lighting system is interrupted or fails,
such as in the case of a public utility power outage.
Emergency lighting is required in the critical care and emergency spaces found in Hospitals,
nursing homes, and police, fire protection, and crisis management areas. Stand-by lighting is
part of the Emergency Lighting System.
Types
Safety Lighting is the part of emergency lighting system that ensures safety of people
involved in a potentially hazardous process.
Escape Lighting provides illumination to ensure that an escape route can be effectively
identified and used in the case of failure of the normal lighting system.
Exit Lighting is part of the escape lighting system that includes illuminated signage used to
provide clear directions for an emergency exit of building occupants.
Pendent
• Is a luminaire that is hung with a cord, chain, or tube that enables it to suspend from
a ceiling or other support it broadcasts light over the entire space.
 • An Uplight is luminaire where a shielded light source directs its light to the ceiling,
where it is reflected to the space.

• A Downlight is a luminaire that is usually attached to or recessed in the ceiling and

emits a concentrated light downward.
High Bay Luminaires
• are used in high-ceiling areas, 20ft or higher that require uniform illumination.
• They are typically used for general illumination in offices, Retail spaces, and loading
dock areas.
Spotlight
• is a luminaire that is designed to emit an intense, concentrated beam of light with
usually no more than a 20° divergence (spread) from where it is directed.
Track Lighting
• is a directional lighting installation where luminaires are attached to and are
moveable along a metal track
Diffused lighting
• -is a lighting installation in which the light on the working plane or on an object is not
incident pre dominantly from a particular direction.
Cornice Lighting
• -is a lighting installation where the light source is shielded by a panel that is parallel
to the wall and attached to the ceiling; it distributes light over the wall.
Reflector Lamps
1. Elliptical Reflector (ER)-is an incandescent lamp with an elliptically shaped
reflector. This shape produces a focal point directly in front of the lamp that
reduces light absorption in some types of luminaries. It is particularly effective at
increasing efficiency of baffled down lights.
2. Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR)- which may use an incandescent filament, a
halogen filament tube, or HID arc tube, is a precision pressed-glass reflector lamp,
is a precision pressured-glass reflector lamp. PAR lamps rely on both the internal
reflector and prism in the lens for the control of the light beam.
Remote-Source Lighting Installations
Remote-Source Lighting (RSL) is an advance lighting technology that transports light from a
single source over a distance to one or more light outlets or emits light evenly along the way.
Fiber optic RLS system- consist of a light source; a set of reflections, fibers, and lenses to feed
the light to the fiber optic cables; and a fixture to distribute the light at the point of
illumination.

Light pipe RSL system feature a hollow tube with a reflective inner surface that directs light
through the tube. The most common linings are prismatic films and mirrored surfaces.

VIII. PRINCIPLES OF LIGHTING DESIGN

Proper design of a lighting installation requires use of two calculation procedures:
1. Proper design of a lighting installation requires use of two calculation procedures:
2. Computing average illuminance levels.
Computations for Illuminance from a Single Point Source
• The intensity of light traveling away from a source decrease as it gets farther from the
source; that is, a constant beam of light is spread over a larger area as the plane being
illuminated is held farther away from the light.
• The inverse square law states that the illuminance (E) at a point on a plane
perpendicular to the line joining the point and a source is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between the source and the plane (d), where the intensity
of the source is expressed in luminous intensity (I): E = I/d2
Task Lighting
• Light to help users to achieve specific goals or tasks. It focuses on the area where the
task will be performed. They are usually used to aid a user in poorly lit areas.
• Task lighting can help greatly improve a kitchen experience, especially with the
use of under-cabinet lights. Also, it should be note that effective task lighting is glare-
free and can prevent eyestrain.
Ambient Lighting
• Ambient lighting provides overall illumination for a room and is intended to create a
uniform light level throughout a space, independent of any special lighting that may
be needed in targeted areas of a room.
Symbols Used in Lighting and Electrical System Design
In electrical design, the symbol E is commonly used for voltage, and the symbol I for
amperage. In lighting design, E is used as a symbol for illuminance and I is the symbol for
luminous intensity. The reader is cautioned that the lighting and electrical design professions
use common symbols with different meanings.
Average Illuminance Levels at the Work Plane
• Target Illumination is actually the average illuminance at a reference work plane.
• The work plane is an area, usually horizontally positioned, at which work is
performed and on which the illuminance is specified and measured.
CALCULATING AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE LEVELS
The zonal cavity method is the currently accepted method for calculating average
illuminance levels for indoor areas unless the light distribution is extremely asymmetric.
FOUR BASIC STEPS IN ANY CALCULATION OF ILLUMINANCE LEVEL:
1. Determine cavity rat io (CR)
2. Determine effective cavity reflectance
3. Select coefficient of utilization
4. 04 Compute average illuminance level

➢ Area (A) - is the area of the space to be illuminated

➢ The illuminance (E) - is the desired target illuminance or, in the case of an existing
installation, the illumination at the work plane.
➢ Lumen Output (LM) - is generally based on the number of lumens initially output by
each lamp.
➢ The light loss factor (LLf) - is the product of all considered factors that the contribute
to a lighting installation's reduced light output over a period of time.
➢ The number of lamps in luminaire (n) - is the lamps found in the specified or existing
luminaire. The coefficient of utilization (CU) - is the ratio of the amount of light
(lumens) illuminating the work plane to the output of the lamp(s) in a fixure.
Luminaire Spacing
• Incandescent and HID luminaires generally cast light evenly in all directions, which
permits uniform spacing in even rows and columns, although even rows and offset
columns may be used.
• A large spacing between luminaires can result in inconsistent (spotty) illumination,
particularly at small mounting heights.
• Additionally, some light fixtures throw light better laterally than others.
Spacing Criterion
• The spacing criterion (CS) ratio is an approximate maximum spacing-to-mounting
height ratio required to ensure uniform illumination on the work plane.
• It takes into account the direct component of illumination only and ignores the
indirect component of light, which can contribute significantly to the uniformity.
POWER DENSITY
• Unit power density (UPD) of a lighting installation is the power consumed for
illumination (W) divided by the area (ft2 or m2) served by the lighting installation.
• It is frequently used as a measure of installed building lighting efficiency; a lower UPD
indicates a higher efficiency.
PD = ( Vo × Io ) / (A)
POWER ALLOWANCE
Energy standards such as ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 provide a power allowance (W/ft2 or
W/m2) that limits the unit power density for lighting installations in various space and
function types.
According to the standard, power allowances are adjusted for the type and
characteristics of lighting controls (e.g., occupancy sensors versus manual switching) and the
use of daylighting in a complex computation method.
REDUCING THE COOLING LOAD
The power allowance standard encourages more efficient lighting and lowers waste
heat to lower a building's cooling load. All of the energy consumed by lighting is converted
directly as heat into the space.
In new construction, an energy-efficient lighting design can result in significant
savings in the installation and operation costs of cooling systems.

IX. Architectural Lighting Design

Architectural lighting design is both a science and an art, and there is no single correct
lighting solution for all situations. A good designer studies and evaluates existing lighting
installations and blends knowledge gained from these observations with use of scientific
principles. The creative side of lighting design helps make the space aesthetically interesting
and psychologically comfortable.
The main goals in designing an aesthetically pleasing architectural lighting system are to:
• Provide a sufficient quantity of light to meet the seeing needs of the occupants that is
not excessive
• Provide the appropriate quality (color rendition) of light
• Provide a balance and variety to add interest to the space being illuminated
Ambient lighting can come from several sources. Fluorescent, halogen, and incandescent
recessed lights in the ceiling cast light downward and outward.
 • Good local/task lighting makes work easier on the eyes, prevents headaches and
improves concentration. Halogen and high-intensity desk lamps,
• Low-voltage halogen spotlights, especially track lighting, are excellent applications of
accent lighting. Picture lights focus attention on wall paintings of interest, up-lights,
or cans of light shining upward illuminate plants and sculptures.
• Decorative lighting aesthetically adds interest to the space by blending with other
types of lighting to give an overall “feel” to a space. Track, halogen, and strip lights can
all be used in a decorative manner.
• Low-voltage halogen spotlights, especially track lighting, are excellent applications of
accent lighting.
• Decorative lighting aesthetically adds interest to the space by blending with other
types of lighting to give an overall “feel” to a space.
Design considerations associated with lighting installations in common spaces.
Entrances. The entrance or foyer is the transitional space from public to private and exterior
to interior. It offers the first impression of a home or building.
Offices/Studies. Reading and writing require quality lighting that limits eye fatigue caused
from glare. Soft indirect lighting is enough illumination and should be properly located so as
not to cause patterns on the screen.
Restrooms/Bathrooms. The best light washes the face from all directions, softening shadows.
There should be sufficient light to see detail for grooming but not so much to cause glare and
discomfort.
Dining Spaces. Ambient lighting should make the food, the table setting and the people look
attractive. A chandelier or a center-pendent luminaire works well if not too obtrusive.
Kitchen Spaces. Inappropriate lighting can make rich materials look dark and cause glare off
shiny counters.

EXIT ILLUMINATION AND MARKING

Exit illumination is not required in individual dwelling units, guest rooms, and
sleeping rooms. Required exit illumination should be so arranged that the failure of any
single lighting unit will not leave any area in darkness.
Each exit sign must be distinctive in color and must offer contrast with decorations,
interior finish, or other signs in the space.
Exit signage should safely mark exits or direct occupants to an exit where the route is
not directly apparent. Exit signage should be clearly marked or direct occupants to an exit
where the route is not directly apparent.
 Directional exit signs guide occupants to an exit where the route is not directly
apparent. A sign reading “EXIT” or a similar phrase, with an arrow indicating the direction,
must be located at locations where the route to the nearest exit is not apparent.
LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROLS
A variety of switches and controls are used to manage operation of lighting
installations. A switch is an electrical device that opens an electrical circuit, thereby shutting
the lights off or closing the circuit to energize the lighting installation.
COMMON TYPES OF SWITCHES USED IN LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS
1. Single-pole, single throw (SPST) switches
2. Three-way switches (S3) and four-way switches (S4)
3. Automatic switches
4. Dimmer switches
5. Keyed switches
6. Door switches
7. Time clocks
8. Electronic timers
9. Photocell controls
10. Occupancy sensors
Daylighting Principle
• Daylighting is the efficient and effective use of direct, diffuse, or reflected sunlight to
provide full or supplemental illumination for building interiors during hours of
sunlight. Sunlight has excellent color rendition and brilliance. It diminishes the need
for artificial light in buildings and thus saves lighting costs.
• Daylighting generally improves occupant comfort by providing a more pleasant,
naturally lit indoor environment.
Daylight
• Direct light travels in a straight-line path from the sun and tends to be more intense
than diffuse and reflected sunlight.
• Reflected light hits a surface, such a sidewalk or a car, and reflects off it in a different
direction.
• Diffuse light is light that has been reflected or refracted by clouds, glazing, or other
objects.
Glazings
➢ The overall or whole-window U factor of a window or skylight depends on the type of
glazing, frame materials and size, glazing coatings, and type of gas between the panes.
The overall U factor should be used because energy-efficient glazings can be
compromised with poor frame designs.
 ➢ The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the fraction of solar heat that is transmitted
through the glazing and becomes heat. This includes both directly transmitted and
absorbed solar radiation.
➢ Visible transmittance (VT) is the percentage of visible light (light in the 380 to 720
nm range) that is transmitted through the glazing.
➢ The light-to-solar gain ratio (LSG) is the ratio between SHGC and VT of a single
glazing.
Types of Glazing
Glass
➢ Advantages of glass include long life, high light transmission, hardness, and stiffness.
➢ The main disadvantage of glass is brittleness and the safety hazard that falling broken
glass creates.
Plastics
➢ They are much lighter in weight and are resistant to shattering, so they pose less of a
safety hazard. The plastics commonly used for glazing are acrylics and
polycarbonates.
➢ The main causes of deterioration of plastics are UV light, heat, and oxidation. The
service life of plastic glazing can be extended greatly with additives such as UV
inhibitors.
Daylighting Strategies
Daylighting systems must be designed to provide illumination in areas where it is
most needed (e.g., northern spaces, internal spaces, and ground levels of tall buildings) and
to do so without adversely affecting occupant comfort (e.g., limiting glare and excessively
spotty lighting).
Windows
The main functions of windows are to bring in daylight and fresh air (if windows are
operable) and introduce a view of the outdoors. Windows located in walls of a building are
the most common method of introducing daylight into the interior building.
Fenestration is a design term that describes window size, arrangement, and glazing
type (the glass and coatings used in the window).
• A clerestory window system is a fenestration arrangement in an upper story wall that
extends above one roof surface; it introduces daylight into the ceiling area of the
space.
• An atrium is an interior courtyard covered with glazing. Rooms and spaces adjoining
the atrium receive daylight entering through the glazed roof.
 • A skylight is a transparent panel located in a roof opening that allows direct and
diffuse
• sunlight into the building.
• A roof monitor is a type of skylight system that is a raised, typically triangular shaped,
extension of a roof and that has at least one glazed surface.
• Direct sunlight through skylights is not suitable for illumination because it is too
intense and it forms localized bright spots.
• Skylights are effective for many industrialized and maintenance operations.
Warehousing can be a favourable application.
• Skylights can also be effective for retailing because sunlight has excellent color
rendition and brilliance.
• Skylights must be located where the sun can shine on them directly. When clouds pass
in front of the sun, they cause abrupt changes in illumination level that reduce
illumination from daylight by a factor of five to ten.
Reflective Light Shelves
A light shelf is a passive (nonmechanical) architectural element or mechanism that
allows sunlight to enter deep into a building. They can be a separate element or mechanism
or can be an integral part of the building structure.
They may be located on the interior or exterior of the building envelope. Exterior light
shelves may also function as overhangs that shade the window from the high summer sun.

Light Pipes
A light pipe is a small skylight with an integral reflective enclosure. The pipe may be
rigid or flexible.

Fabric Roof Membranes

Translucent fabric roof membranes can be used to introduce daylight through the roof
itself. On clear days, these roof membranes virtually eliminate the need for indoor artificial
lighting.
Fabric Structure Categories
1. Air-supported structure
2. Tension structure
 X. Building Communication Systems
A collection of communication equipment and devices that are interconnected so they can
communicate in order to share data, hardware, and software or perform an electronic
function. And also a collection of nodes and links to enable telecommunication.
Consider for a moment all the different communications that take place in an organization.
Some communications are face-to-face, but others use some type of technology. Think of
email, phone calls, text messaging, chats, viewing pages on the Internet, and downloading
files. All of these communications make use of a telecommunications system.

Components of a Telecommunication System

In its most fundamental form, a telecommunication system includes a transmitter to take
information and convert it to a signal, a transmission medium to carry the signal, and a
receiver to take the signal and convert it back into usable information.
Six basic components to a telecommunications network
1. Input and output devices are also referred to as “terminals”.
2. Telecommunication channels, which transmit and receive data.
3. Telecommunication processors, which provide a number of control and support
functions.
4. Control software, which is responsible for controlling the functionality and activities
of the network.
5. Messages represent the actual data that is being transmitted.
6. Protocols specify how each type of telecommunication system handles the messages.
Historical Perspective
• Methods of communicating over long distances have evolved over many millennia.
Although carrier pigeons were used to convey messages from about 700 BCE.
• The first long-distance communication systems were based on signals of sound and
light.
• Signal fires alerted the British of the arrival of the Spanish Armada in 1588 C.E.
• The Chinese used rockets as signals to warn of an imminent attack on the Great Wall.
• Until almost 1800, traditional long-distance communication was by horse-mounted
dispatch riders.
• In 1793 Frenchman Claude Chappe developed an optical telegraph (semaphore)
system of stations built on rooftops or towers that were visible from a great distance.
• Communications by sending electrical signals over wires came only after the
demonstration of electromagnetism by Danish physicist Christian Oersted in 1820
and electrical flow by Michael Faraday and others before him.
 • In 1830, American Joseph Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal by
sending electricity through a long set of wires to produce electromagnetism that was
used to ring a bell.
• In 1831, Samuel Morse patented the first functional electrical communication system:
the electric telegraph.
• The first message sent by electric telegraph was “What hath God wrought,” from
Supreme Court Room in the U.S.> Capitol to the railway depot at Baltimore on May
24, 1844.
• On March 10, 1876, in Boston, Alexander Graham Bell invented the electrical speech
machine that transmitted voice over wires and became known as the telephone.
• In 1895, Italian inventor Gugliemo Marconi demonstrated the first radio transmission
that was received out of a line of sight on the grounds of his family estate in Italy.
• In 1865, Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli invented the pan telegraph for transmitting
pictures, the first commercial fax system.
• On May 19, 1924, the first transmission of pictures over telephone wires was publicly
demonstrated
• On January 23, 1926, John Logie Baird of Scotland gave the first public demonstration
of a mechanical television with images of living human faces, not just outlines or
silhouettes.
• New engineering and scientific discoveries continued during the last half of the
twentieth century.
• Today’s telecommunications industry includes simple voice telephone calls, fax
transmission, video conferencing, cable TV, access to the Internet, high-speed data
communications, satellite communications, and surfing the World Wide Web.
FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Telecommunication - it is the transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing,
images, sounds, or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic
systems.
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM – uses electricity, light (visible and infrared), or radio waves
to transmit signals that carry voice and data transmissions. Telecommunications systems
maybe analog or digital.
• By industry definition, telecommunication is the transmission,
emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, or information of any
nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems.
• A telecommunication system uses, electricity, light
(visible and infrared), or radio waves to transmit signals that carry voice and data
transmissions.
• Telecommunication systems function when a transmitter converts sound waves or
data into signals, which travel along wires or through the air before reaching their
destination.
 • When a receiver intercepts the signals, they convert back into useful data or sound
waves that become distinguishable by the human ear and recognized by the brain.
• A transceiver is a telecommunications device that functions as a transmitter and
receiver.

Analog Transmission – in an electronic network is the conversion of useful sound or data into
electrical impulses.
➢ Digital Transmission in an electronic network involves the transmission of a signal
that varies in voltage to represent one of two separate states.
➢ In an optical network, digital signaling can involve either pulsating light or a variation
in the intensity of the light signals.
➢ Digital transmission over radio systems can be accomplished by varying the
amplitude of the wave. Digital transmission technology offers a rapid method of voice
and non-voice transmission. (Microwave, Cellular, or Satellite).
➢ In telecommunication systems, BANDWIDTH is the range between that highest and
lowest frequencies of transmission, measured in hertz (Hz), cycles per second.
Bandwidth varies with the type and method of transmission.
➢ It is a measure of information capacity.
Telecommunication Networks
o Telecommunications Network is a collection of communication equipment and
devices that are interconnected so they can communicate in order to share data,
hardware, and software or perform an electronic function.
o The networks include a series of connecting points called nodes (telephone receiver
or computer) that are interconnected with cables(wiring).
o Networks can also be interconnected with other networks and contain sub-networks.
o In the design and layout of communication networks, the term topology describes the
configuration of a network, including its nodes, connecting cables and equipment.
o The basic network topologies used in building telecommunication systems are bus
topology, ring topology, and star topology.

Bus Topology – connects each workstation (node) to a single cable trunk. All signals are
broadcast to all workstations.
Star topology – all workstations are connected to a central unit called a hub. Home runs are
cables that extend from the hub to the terminal without splicing or other connections.
Ring Topology – connects workstation equipment and devices in a point-to-point serial
manner in an unbroken circular configuration.
TYPES OF NETWORK
LAN – LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
MAN – METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
WAN – WIDE AREA NETWORKS
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
▪ Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from
the sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.
The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the
form of bits through LAN(Local Area Network).
▪ Cable- is the most common medium through which voice and data usually move from
one network device to another.
▪ Connectors- are the devices that connect cable to the network device. (e.g. computer,
printer , entertainment center, and so forth). Connectors may come with the
equipment purchased or it may be necessary to purchase them individually.
Types of transmission media
▪ Copper wiring- has been the principal telecommunications transmission medium. It
consist of one or more pairs of solid copper wires.
Twisted pair cable- consist of pairs of copper wires that are twisted to certain
specifications. Each pair is twisted with a specific number of twist to eliminate
interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices.
Types of twisted cable
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring– consists of multiple pairs of twisted insulated copper
conductors bound in a single sheath.
Shielded twisted pair (STP) wiring – suitable for environments with electrical interference.
Coaxial cable
▪ It has two conductors: an inner solid wire surrounded by an outer braided metal
sheath.
▪ The conductors both run concentrically along the same axis; thus the name coaxial
(COAX).
Types of Coaxial Cable
1. Dual shielded Coaxial Cable- Have two outer conductors, or shields, enclosing the
dielectric. Dual shielding is needed for strength and abrasion resistance. Offers a
decrease in attenuation and the possibility of unwanted external jacket.
 2. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture
away from the center conductor.
3. Thin coaxial cable Is also referred to as “thinnet ”. Thinnet is about ¼ inch(8mm) in
diameter and is very flexible.
4. Twin axial cable. Is composed of two insulated single conductor cables or hook-up
wires twisted together, having a common shield and protective jacket.
5. Triaxial cable. Is a type coax cable with an additional outer copper braid insulated
from signal carrying conductors. It has a core conductor and two concentric
conductive shields.
Optical fibers
• Optical fibers are long, thin strands of very pure silicon glass or plastic about a
diameter of a human hair.
• A single optical fiber consists of three elements: core, cladding, and buffer coating.
• Core – thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels.
• Cladding – the outer material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the
core.
• Buffer Coating –a plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture.
Types of Optical Fiber
1. Single-mode fibers - are used to transmit one signal per fiber, used in telephones
and cable TV
2. Multimode fibers - are used to transmit many signals per fiber, used in computer
networks, local area network.
Wiring and Cabling Standards
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/TIA/EIA-5681991 Commercial Building
Telecommunications Wiring Standard.
Additional standards documents covering pathways and spaces, administration, cables, and
connecting hardware were subsequently released. Revised standard is referred to as
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard.
EIA-5681991 Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard.
This standard specifies minimum requirements for telecommunications cabling within a
commercial building, up to and including the telecommunications outlet/connector, and
between buildings in a campus environment. It specifies component requirements, cabling
distances, telecommunications outlet/connector configurations, and a recommended
topology.
Building telecommunications cabling specified by this standard is intended to support a wide
range of different commercial building sites and applications (e.g., voice, data, text, video,
and image). Typically, this includes sites with a geographical extent up to 3,000 m
(approximately 10,000 ft), up to 1,000,000 m2 (approximately 10,000,000 ft2) of office
space, and with a population of up to 50,000 individual users.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING AND PATHWAYS

-is the medium through which voice and data move from one telecommunication device to
another
Cabling-carries electrical or optical signals to and from devices and equipment in a
telecommunication system
Telecommunications cabling and pathways
Backbone- is a generic term used to describe a main pathway or cabling media that
interconnects a number of telecommunication devices
Drop cables-may be attached from the backbone to connect individual workstations
Structured Cabling Systems
• Is the cabling, devices, and equipment that integrate the voice, data, video, and
electronic management systems of a building
• Design and installation of structures cabling systems adheres to national and
international standards.
Interbuilding backbone
Is the cabling and pathways outside of the building including the cables carrying local
exchange carrier (LEC) services.
Building entrance facilities
Is an entrance to the building for both public and private network service cables. It
includes the cables, connecting hardware, protection devices, and other equipment needed
to connect the inter-building backbone cabling to the backbone cabling in the building.
Telecommunications Equipment Room
It is a centralized space for housing telecommunications equipment
Telecommunication Closet
• Is a dedicated room on each floor in a building that houses intermediate voice and
data telecommunications equipment and related cable connections.
• It should be located in a space that is central to the work areas it serves.
Backbone Pathway
• Within a building telecommunication system, the backbone pathway connects the
entrance facilities/equipment room to the telecommunications closets for cabling
that interconnects equipment and devices in these spaces
Horizontal pathways
• It connects the backbone cabling entering the telecommunications closet with the
terminal equipment in the work area.
Work Area
• Is the space containing workstations equipment and components
• The workstation components include equipment and devices and terminal patch
cables that connect work area equipment to the network.

ADVANCED WIRING SYSTEMS FOR HOMES

IT ALLOWS A HOMEOWNER TO INTEGRATE THE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF THE
FOLLOWING SUBSYSTEMS:
• Communication subsystem
• Entertainment subsystem
• Home office subsystem
• Environmental control/energy management sub system
• Security/property protection subsystem
WIRING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
An advanced home wiring system is typically consists of three main components:
• Service Center
• Universal Multiuse Outlets
• High-performance Cabling