Basic of Networking

IPv4 Addressing
Topic
Topic Title Topic Objective

IPv4 Address Structure Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network
portion, the host portion, and the subnet mask.

IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and
multicast IPv4 addresses.

Types of IPv4 Addresses Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses.

Network Segmentation Explain how subnetting segments a network to enable better

communication.

Subnet an IPv4 Network Calculate IPv4 subnets for a /24 prefix.

IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask
● To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is compared to the IPv4
address bit for bit, from left to right.

● The actual process used to

identify the network and host
portions is called ANDing.
IPv4 Address Structure
The Prefix Length
● A prefix length is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address.

● The prefix length is the Subnet Mask 32-bit Address Prefix

number of bits set to 1 in the Length
subnet mask. 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8
255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16
● It is written in “slash notation”
255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24
therefore, count the number
of bits in the subnet mask and 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25
prepend it with a slash. 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27
255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28
255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29
255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30
IPv4 Address Structure
Determining the Network: Logical AND

● A logical AND Boolean operation is used in determining the network address.

● Logical AND is the comparison of two bits where only a 1 AND 1 produces a 1 and any other
combination results in a 0.
● 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0
● 1 = True and 0 = False

● To identify the network

address, the host IPv4
address is logically ANDed,
bit by bit, with the subnet
mask to identify the network
address.
IPv4 Address Structure
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses

● Within each network are three types of IP addresses:

● Network address
● Host addresses
● Broadcast address Network Portion Host Portion Host Bits

Subnet mask 255 255 255 0

255.255.255.0 or /24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Network address 192 168 10 0 All 0s

192.168.10.0 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000000

First address 192 168 10 1 All 0s and a 1

192.168.10.1 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000001

Last address 192 168 10 254 All 1s and a 0

192.168.10.254 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111110

Broadcast address 192 168 10 255 All 1s

192.168.10.255 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111111
Type of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses

● Private addresses are common blocks Network Address RFC 1918 Private Address Range
of addresses used by most and Prefix
organizations to assign IPv4
addresses to internal hosts.
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
● Private IPv4 addresses are not unique
172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
and can be used internally within any
network. 192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Type of IPv4 Addresses
Routing to the Internet

● Network Address Translation (NAT) translates private IPv4 addresses to public IPv4 addresses.

● NAT is typically enabled on the edge

router connecting to the internet.

● It translates the internal private address

to a public global IP address.
Type of IPv4 Addresses
Routing to the Internet

● Network Address Translation (NAT) translates private IPv4 addresses to public IPv4 addresses.

● NAT is typically enabled on the edge

router connecting to the internet.

● It translates the internal private address

to a public global IP address.
Type of IPv4 Addresses
Special Use IPv4 Addresses

Loopback addresses
● 127.0.0.0 /8 (127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254)
● Commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1
● Used on a host to test if TCP/IP is operational.

Link-Local addresses
● 169.254.0.0 /16 (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254)
● Commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses or
self-assigned addresses.
● Used by Windows DHCP clients to self-configure when no DHCP servers are
available.
 Type of IPv4 Addresses
Legacy Classful Addressing

RFC 790 (1981) allocated IPv4 addresses in

classes
● Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)
● Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16)
● Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24)
● Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0)
● Class E (240.0.0.0 – 255.0.0.0)

● Classful addressing wasted many IPv4

addresses.

Classful address allocation was replaced with

classless addressing which ignores the rules of
classes (A, B, C).
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Subnet on an Octet Boundary (Cont~)
● In the first table 10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted using /16 and in the second table, a /24 mask.

Subnet Address Host Range Broadcast Subnet Address Host Range Broadcast
(256 Possible (65,534 possible hosts per (65,536 Possible (254 possible hosts per subnet)
Subnets) subnet) Subnets)

10.0.0.0/24 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.0.254 10.0.0.255

10.0.0.0/16 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255
10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 - 10.0.1.254 10.0.1.255
10.1.0.0/16 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.255.254 10.1.255.255
10.0.2.0/24 10.0.2.1 - 10.0.2.254 10.0.2.255
10.2.0.0/16 10.2.0.1 - 10.2.255.254 10.2.255.255 … … …
10.3.0.0/16 10.3.0.1 - 10.3.255.254 10.3.255.255 10.0.255.0/24 10.0.255.1 - 10.0.255.254 10.0.255.255

10.4.0.0/16 10.4.0.1 - 10.4.255.254 10.4.255.255 10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.1 - 10.1.0.254 10.1.0.255

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.1 - 10.1.1.254 10.1.1.255
10.5.0.0/16 10.5.0.1 - 10.5.255.254 10.5.255.255
10.1.2.0/24 10.1.2.1 - 10.1.2.254 10.1.2.255
10.6.0.0/16 10.6.0.1 - 10.6.255.254 10.6.255.255
… … …
10.7.0.0/16 10.7.0.1 - 10.7.255.254 10.7.255.255
10.100.0.0/24 10.100.0.1 - 10.100.0.254 10.100.0.255
... ... ... ... ... ...
10.255.0.0/16 10.255.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 10.255.255.255 10.255.255.0/24 10.255.255.1 - 10.2255.255.254 10.255.255.255
Subnet an IPv4 Network
Assignment of IP Addresses
● The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and allocates blocks of IPv4 and IPv6
addresses to five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).

● RIRs are responsible for allocating

IP addresses to ISPs who provide
IPv4 address blocks to smaller ISPs
and organizations.
Thank You