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I' ORIGINAL ?AGE tg
,)F POOR QUALITY
I
,I rm.\L REPORT
T;'-l.EVISI(1~ SF:~DGAST FROM SPACE
SY$W1S - TECHNOLOGY - COSTS
by
C. ~IS CUCCIA
FORD A: ~ ROSPACE A}'''1) ClH1UNlc....6"TIONS CORPORATrcm
~STERN D5VELOPMENT IABORA TORIES DIVIS IO~
3939 FABL~N WAY
PALO ALTO, CALUORNLbo 9~303
For : August 2. 198C
JET fKUPULSrO~ LABORATORY Rev. July 1. ~981
ciI IPORl' I.1i P-'lSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CONT1ACT NO: 955641
48UO ()\K GRO'JJ DRIVE PROGRAM MONITOR:
PASADENA, CAL :.FORNIA 91109 HR. ARVYDAS VAISNYS
( N AS A - • 11 - 1 b IJ L If 7) .E L EVl S l ¥ lfi OALC A ~ 1 ~bC~ NB2 -J 04J l
SPAC e: S'i ~ TL" S ; E ~ HNCL0~i , ClJIS F1Dd!
h _ ~OLt , ... Au ' . 10j -v ( ' UL1 Ae lcs CAe ~ d o d
L Illlluuicd t i oll C [ fJ .) 77 i p h ( . lj /.~ AU 1 lJ UCl dS
~~C L 17B G3 / J L 2EbO~
FINAL REPORl
TELEVIS ION BR~DCAST FROM SPACE
SYSTEMS - TECHNOLOGY - COSTS
by
C. LOUIS CUCCIA
FORD AEROSPACE AND COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION
WESTERN DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES DIVISION
3939 FABL\~! WAY
PAW ALTO, CALIFORNIA 9~303
"Ti,is work was performed for the Jet Propulsion
La~oratory, California Institute of Technology
sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administra tion under Contract NAS7-100."
For: August 2, 1980
JET PROPULS ION LABORATORY Rev. July 1, 1981
CALIFO&~IA INSTITUTE CF TECHNOLOGY CONTRACT NO: 955641
4800 O\K GROVE DRIVE PROGRAM MONITOR:
PASADENA. CA LIFOR.~ IA 91109 MR. ARVYDAS VAISNYS
• f .~- ........ - - • --- _ ' ,.;<..--~--'_
"
.]
~
1
ABSTRACT
This report has been prepared to pres~nt the technology and cost aspects of
broadcast satellite systems. The device and technological basis for broadcast
satellite systems, both ~n SpaC9 and on earth, rely heavily on present experience
in both telecommunication and broadcast satellites which have been operated with
a variety of earth terminals during t ... ~ last decade. With such experience as a
resource, and the growing technologieE, of S!!l&ll a~tennas, low noise FE!' s,
receivers, and space type high power amplifiers, it is possible to now build opera-
tional systems; i.e., the West German TV-SAT system and the Crn1SAT direct broad-
II
I cast system and the second generation Japanese BSE (Broadcast Satellite for Ex-
periment Purposes).
This report will describe broadcast satellite systems. past. present,
and in the planning stage. It will then describe the technologies which are
uni~le to both high power broadcast satellites and small TV receive-only earth
terminals. It will then conclude with a cost assessment of both space and earth
segments, and appendices will present both a computer model for satellite cost
and the pertinent reported experience with the Japanese BSE.
.!G4 4jj
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 IN~~ODUCTION
2.0 FREQUENCY AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 TV Space Broadcasting Fre~~encies
2.3 WARC-77 and wARC-79 Requirements
2.4 Satellite EIRP and E&rth TermirAl G/T
2.S Protection Requirements for Sharing
2.~ Orbital Position Consideraeions
3.0 PRESENT tND PlANNED TV-BR~DCAST SYSTEMS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 U.S. Systems
3.2.1 ATS-6
3.2.2 COMSAT-Sears System
3.2.3 FCC Deregulation Results
3.3 canadian System3
3.3. 1 CTS (Hermes)
3.3.2 Anik-B
3.4 Japanese Systems
3.4.1 BSE
3.5 Indian Systt!m
3.5.1 INSAT
3.6 European Systems
3.6.1 ESA L-SAT
3.6.2 German TV-S..'\T
3.6.3 French TV-SAT
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•
3.6.4 NORDSAT
3.6.5 ITALSAT
3.7 USSR
3.8 Others
3.8.1 Peoples Republic of China
3.8.2 Australia
3.8.3 Arabsat
4.0 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIO~3 r; ::'.TELLITE BRQ.6.DQ\STING
4.1 Television Links of Broadcast Satellites
4.1.1 Useful Relationships in Satellite Link Carrying Television
4.1.2 Analog Systems/Link Budgets
4.1.3 Digital Systems/Link Budgets
4.2 FM Modulation for TV Broadcasting - Channel Considerations
4.2.1 Single carrier/Transponder
4.2.2 Two Carriers/Transponder
4.2.3 Vidip1ex Systems
4.2.4 Slow Scan TV
4.3 D5.gita1 Modulation for TV Broadcast
4.3.1 Digital Representation of Video
4.3.2 Digital Representation Of Voice
4.3.3 Proposed German Digital TV System
4.3.4 Digital TV Broadcast Proposals from Great Britain
4.4 Sound Interactive Satellite System
.5.0 TV BROI\DCAST SATELLITES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 TV Broadcast Satellite Parameters
5.2.1 Broadcast Satellites va Communications Satellites
5.2.2 Satellite Masa vs Primary Power
"- H& ae . E ~ L' rEt t **
5.3 Launch Vehicle Payload CApabilitie. in the Expendable Launch
Vehicle and the Shuttle Eras
5.4 Design A.pects of TV-Broadcast Satellites
5.4.1 Spinner and Body Stabilized 3-Axis Satellites
5.4.2 The Tran.ponders
5.4.3 Antenna and Pointing Errors
5.4.3.1 Satellite Stationkeeping
5.5 DeSign Aspects of Present TV Broadcast Satellites
5.5.1 Typical BSS and FSS Communications Satellite Mass and Power
Breakdowns
ii-
I 5.5.2 ATS-6 2.670 GHz Characteristics
5.5.3
5.5.4
CTS-HERMES (11/14 GHz)
BSE - Japan's Broadcast Satellites (11/14 GHz) for Experimental
Purposes
5.5.5 India's INSAT for TV Broadcast (2.54 GHz)
5.5.6 USSR's Statsionar-T
5.5.7 German - TV-SAT Design
5.6 TV Broadcast Satellite Technologies
5.6.1 Basic Weight Considerations - The use of Ultra-Lightweight
Materials
5.6.2 Technology of Spacecraft G/T and EIRP
5.6.3 Satellite Receiver Technology
5.6.4 Satellite Filter Technology
5.6.5 Satellite ~ower Amplifier Technology
5.6.5.1 Solid State Power Amplifiers for SATCOM Use
5.6.6 Spacecraft Antenna Technology
5.6.6.1 Antenna Patterns for Fixed Satellite Service and TV
Broadcast Satellite Service
5.6.6.1.1 Satellite Antenna Pattern Regulations for
TV Broadcast Satellites
5.6.6.1.2 Fixed Service Satellites and TV Broadcast
Satellites - Orbit and Spectrum Con.iderations
5.6.6.1.3 Antenna Sid.lobe Performance verlul
Satellite Spacing
5.6.6.1.4 Offset-FED Reflector Shaped-Beam Satellite
Antennas
5.6.6.1.5 Shaped-Reflector Shaped-Beam Antennas
5.6.6.1.6 World-Wide Antenna Experience
5.6.6.1.7 Driving the Offset Reflector Multiple Beam
Anten1l& - The Beam Formtng Network (BFN)
5.6.6.1.8 The Multiple Beam Footprints on Earth -
Introduction to Pointing Accuracy
6.0 TV FARTH TERMINALS
6. 1 The Sma 11 TV Earth Termina 1
6.1.1 Types of TV Ground Terminals for Broadcast Satellites
6.1.2 System Requirements for Received Picture Quality
6.1.3 General G/T Ve~sus Antenna Diameter Considerations in TV
Earth l'erminals
6.1.3.1 SiN, t~ Bandwidth and Protection Ratios
6.2 Present TJRO Earth Terminals
6.2.1 TVRO Earth Terminals for Domestic 4/6 GHz Sacellites
6.2.2 TVRO Earth Terminal at UHF - EKRAN USSR
6.2.3 TVRO Earth Terminals at S-Band
6.2.4 TVRO Earth Terminals at Ku-Band
6.2.5 Receive/Transmit Terminals at Ku-Band
6. 3 Techli~ logy of Sma 11 TVRO Earth Termina 1~
6.3.1 Antenna Technology
6.3.1.1 Antenna Technology at 4GHz
6.3.1.2 Antenna Technology at UHF
6.3.1.3 Antenna Technology at S-Band
6.3.1.4 Antenna Technology at 12 GHz
6.3.1.4.1 Small Prime Focus Parabolic Antenna
6.3.1.4.2 Offset Fed Parabolic Reflectors
-4-
6.3.1.4.3 Microstrip Antenna Arrays
6.3.1.4.4 Slotted Waveguide Antenna Arrays
6.3.2 Low Noise Amplifiers
6.3.3 TVRO Receiver Technology (Analog)
6.3.3.1 The TVRO Receiving System
6.3.3.1.1 The TV Tuner
6.3.3.1.2 VHF Tuner IC
6.3.3.1.3 Tuner Channel Control for TV Tuner VCO's
6.3.4 TVRO Microwave LNA/Dawn-Converters
6.3.4.1 l2-GHz Low Noise Converters in Japan
6.3.5 Integrated Circuits in the TVRO Receiver
6.3.5.1 Standard Color TV Receiver IC's
6.3.5.2 Present Integrated Circuits in TVRO Rec~~vers
6.3.5.3 Demodulating the Audio Subcarrier
6.3.5.4 Remodulation of Vlaeo and Audio
6.5 Appendix to Section 6 - Interactive TV Systems
7.0 SYSTEM COST CO~SIDERATIONS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic System Costs - An Introduction
7.3 Launch Vehicle Costs
7.3.1 Consideration: of Sh~ttie Launch Costs
7.4 Spacecraft Costs
7.4.1 Stmp1e Cost Model
7.4.2 The SAMSO Cost Model
7.4.3 The DCA Cost Model
7.4.4 The Canadian Astronautics Cost Mode1._
7.4.5 The Ford Aerospace and Communications Corp~ration (FACC)
Cost Estimation Model
-5-
L --
7.4.6 Sat~llit.. COlt Veraul VArioul Parameters
7.4 O. '. Satellite Coat VI. MIl .. Weight
7 .~•. ~. 2 Satellite COlt VI. Capacity
7.~.6.3 Satellite COlt VI. Antenna Complexity
7.4.6.4 Satellite Colt VI. Power-Amplifier Power
7.4.€.5 Satellite Cost VI. Pointing Accuracy
7.5 Earth Tt!rminal Costi
~.S.l lhe Cost Heritage of 4 GHz TVRO Systems
;.~" ust ConSiderations of G/T
/.:.3 Cv~Jiderations of Quantity Production
7.3.4 Aspects of MaIS Production of Antennas and Integrated Circuits
7.5.4.1 A Note on Integrated Ci.rcuit Manufacturing Costs
7.5.4.2 A Note on Antenna System Manufacturing Costs
7.5.4.3 A Note on Japanese FET Cost'
7.5.5 TVRO Cost Breakdowns
7.5.5.1 UHF TVRO Coata
7.5.5.~ 2.S4-GHz !VRO Terminal Costs
7.5.5.3 12-GHz !VRO Costl
7.5.5.4 TVRO Terminal Summary Cost Rangel
7.5.6 System Costs in Broadcast Satellite Service
APPENDIX A: Spacecraft Parameter and Cost Estimation ModeJ by S. J. Mel&chrtnos
and M. W. Baker. Jr.
APPENDIX B: Advancel in Multibeam Satellite Antenna Technology by E. W. Matthews,
W. G. Scott. and C. C. Han.
APPENDIX C: Inulsat-V Spacecraft Delign SUftID&ry by R. J. Rusch. J. 'r. Johnlon.
and Dr. W. Baar.
APPENnIX 0: Program of Medium-Scale Broadca.ting Satellite for Experimental
Purpoae by Tohru Ishida and Ken-Iehi TsukAmoto.
APPENDIX E: Satellite Television Receiver for 12 GHz Br~dcast Satellite
Model 790 (NEC).
APPENDIX F: Ground Terminals for Medium-Scale Broadcasting Satellite for
Experimental Purpose (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation)
-SA-
o l . •. ,W!iL
4 4A~
1. 0 INTRODUCTION
Television broadcasting from space is a maturing service with a rapidly
evolving technology. It has been extenaively tested in its two forms, community
service and direct-to-home service. As a result of The World Broadcasting
Satellite Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-77) held in Geneva in 1977 and
WARC-79, many international guidelines relative to freq'Jency, cov.~age, and
EIRP have been established which is resulting in considerable activity in various
countries for implementing this service.
Television ~istribution via satellite is now a very mature and co~on
technolo~J. It beca~ a significant international service of the Intelsat System
relaying TV images from one country to another following the successful video
trans~issions from Great Britain to Andover, Main via TELSIAR in the early 19?0's,
and the relay of the Japanese OlympiCS from Tokyo to Pt. Mugu via SYNCOM-l in
19r,4. Today, Video trans~ission on a worldwide basis is the bulwark of news and
sports events reporting and has become virtually commonplace in all of the 104
countrie. of the Intelsat System .
Television distribution satellite for domestic service is also commonplace.
It was first implemented by the USSR via the ORBItA System in the late 1960's
for distributing TV from Moscow to stations in Russia west of the Urals, and was
the principal objective of the canadian Anik satellite system and the U.S. WEStAR
satellite in the mid 1970' •. Today, television distribution by satellite is a
thriving business in the United States to service the vast cable TV networks
which reach almost 35% of U.S. TV viewers; this domestic TV distribution service
has alsr created new users of TV; i.e., the religious broadcasters; the Spanish
and Black networks, totutual and PBS TV and radio distribution, and "super-TV
stations" to na'.'D8 only a few.
-0-
- to- tt±~ * "--ElF-
-S7 _M
TV broadca.t from 'pMce lor community recep~ion and direct-to-u.er .ervlce
hal developed from .y.tem. distinctly .eparate from international and dome.tic
I telecommunlc6tion .y.tema. The u.e of NASA's ATS-6 broulht direct-to-u.er TV
.ervice at 2.5 GHz for educational .y.terna (Rocky MOuntain, Appalachia, etc.) in
both the U.S. and India in the 1970'.. The joint U.S.-Canada CTS (Hermes)
satell~te u.edthe ~ new 11/14 GHz fre~~enc1e. to provide direct-to-user ex-
perimental TV service to u.er. in both Canada and the U.S.; indeed the writer
recalls viewing a hocky ~.me originating in MOntreal while a gue.t .t the
Canadian Embassy in Lima, Peru in 1978. These 11/14 GHz frequencies were sllo
used ~y Japan for an experiment in direct-to-user TV broadca.ting using the
Japan BSE (Broadcalt S~tellite for Experimental Purpose.) which was built in the
U.S. by General Electric. In the Soviet Union, the EKRAN .y.tem wa. created in
1974 using the SIATSIONAR-T satellite operating at a 714 MHz dawn-link (6 GHz
up-link) to provide community recep:ion of TV (rebroadcast at 30 MHz) in Sib3rla.
The above activities have served to call attention - worldwide - to th.
use of commu~lcatlon satellites from television broadcasting for community and
direct-to-user services, and WARC-77 and WARC-79 provided the neces.ary fre~~ency
allocations and interference re~~irements which now are encouraging many other
countries to make commitments to direct TV broadcasting from .pace. The.e countrie.
~nclude India, Australia, France, Germany, The Scandinavian Countrie., Italy, PRC,
and as a "Phase 2", both canada with Anik's Band C, and Japan with plan. for an
.i
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ad\~nced commercial broadcsst satellite. In the United State., a partner.hip of
CaiSAT General and Sears Roebuck explored the feasibility of introducing direct-
to-u.er TV brcadcast from .pace into the U.S. mainland.
Thp. ar.tivity has provided the impetus for what i. a virtual technological
I explosion based on the use of giant aatellite. with high EIRP which can acce ••
I small inexpensive earth terminal •.
Thi. report i. intended to dOCUDl81tlt and identity thll technolosical ex-
pl0.ion in both .atellits de.ign and earth termina~ de.ign. It will introduce
present and planned r~ .pace broadca.ting Iy.t.~; provide an overview of
WARC-77 and WARC-79 requirementl which relate to EIRP, interference, and G/Ti
di.cu's critical .atellite t.chn~lo~l relative to generating EIRP up to 65 dbw
at 12 GHz from modern Ihaped-bea~ antenna. positioned with proper .atellite
pointing accuracy; discuss the techno 109)· of .mall TV broadca.t e.~th terminal.
from the standpoint of design for achieving low 11de lobe. and high G/T and
using modern integrated circuits. and provide a cost analysis of both the
aatellite and the earth terminal which will indicate the economics of satellite
television broadcasting networks with a large number (100.000. 1 million.
10 million) of raceivi~g terminals.
-8-
2.0 FREQUENCY AND SYSTEM REQUDlEMENTS
2.1 Introduction - Haritlse of WARC:1l.
Following WARC-77, televi.ion broadcl.ting from space and conservation of
both radio spectrum and geosynchronous orbit beclme world~ide concer~s which
recently led 154 naHant: to meet in Geneva, Switzerland during the final IIIOnthlS
of 1979 at WARC-79 to consider how to regulate and plan the f~'tun implem6ntation
of TV-broadcasting using TV-s.tellites on a global ba.is.
WARC-77 wa. convened in Geneva on January 10, 1977, under recommendation of
the Plenipotentiary Conference, Malaga, Torremolinos. of 1973 in response to
Re.olut:on No. SPA 2-2 of WARC-71 for .pace telecommunications. WARe-77 was held
to plan :Eor broadcu t sa te 11 ita .ervice in the frequency bands 11. 7-12.2 GHz for
Region. 2 and 3 and 11.7-12.5 GHz for Region 1. The objer.tives of this conference
were to:
o Establish the sharing criteri. for. the bands 11.7-12.2 GHz (in Regions 2
and 3) and 11.7-12.5 GHz (Region 1) between the broadc.sting s.tellite
service and the other services to which these bands are allocatei.
o Plan for the broadcasting satellite .ervice in these bands.
o EstabUsh procedures to govern the use of thase bands bj the broadcasting
.atellite service and by the other services to which these bands are
allocated.
o Conside~ the results of the work of the Gruup of Experto on the posaible
reflrrangement of the Radio Regulations and the Additional Radio Regula-
tion •.
The.e objectives resulted from a ~rowing awareness ~f the poten~ial of TV
broat:casting from .pace, and recognized tru-t the very nt.turt: ;,f .. tellite
nication. off~~ed a tool to bring government, education, and entertainment to
COIllllU-
I
i
area. heretofore not .ati.factor~ly reached by terre.trial .y.tem,.
-9-
I
I
WARC-7.' resulted in a priori planninl for Re,ionl 1 anel 3, by provicUng a
plan that divi~ed up the 11.7-12.5 GHz band into 40 TV cbanaal. and pruvided
special orbital positions .paced at 6 clegr.... Each .cimini.tration in th•• e
regions was at.igned one or more assignmant unitt, each conaiating of five TV
channel. and an asaociated fixed orbit location. Larger countries, .uch as PRC.
were assigned three units and the USSR six assignment units. Each channel It
each orbital rosition was assigned a speCial elliptical contour on earth centered
by a boresight specified in geographical coordinates, an ant.nna beamwidth,
orientation of the ellip.e, a polarization, and the .atellite EtRP. Figure 2
shows a typical assignment of petterns on earth from various orbital po.itiona
for a single selected channel, showing how this a-pri~ri planning also attempted
to solve the problem of interference. One advantage of this assignment, which
is unique to TV broadcast, is the ability to structure an ~rbita1 system usin~
similar or homogeneous satellites with EtRPs in the 62-to-67-d~ range. This
system was designed to use small earth terminals with & G/T of 6 dB/K and antenna
beamwidth of 2 degrees (around one meter in db.meter) to make possible very-law-
cost eArth se~nts operating with high-power, costly space ~3gments.
Region 2 (North and South America) WaS accorded only interim provisions
pending future establishment of a detailed plan for broadcast sat.llite. in the
11.7-12.2 GM: frequency band. This future plan was postpon.d to a regional WARC
to be held in 1982 with the .pecific objective of u.ing WARC-79 deciSion. to
foster a mutually acceptable plan to all countrie. concerned, designed to reduce
technical difficulties and incompatibilities with sy.tems of other regions.
The WARC-77 directive 'pecifically .aid. "tt .hould be laid down .. a matter of
principle that each administration In the Region should be guaranteed a minimum
number of channels (4) tor the operation of the broadca.tlnl-I&tellite .ervlce.
-10-
Above thie miftilll.lfll, tM .peeial charaeteri.tic. of the countrie. (Ib.e , time
zonel, lansuale difference., etc.) eball be taken into account.':
Ragion 2 had a problem of frequency allocationl at 11 GHz that wal not
present in Raliona 1 and 3. In Regionl 1 and 3, the present bandl, 10.95-11.2
GHz and 11.45-11.7 GHz, are lhared by fixed latellite (non-TV broadcast) with
terrestrial radio and mobile radio. TV broadcast is allocated separ~tely from
fixed satellitd lervice into the higher frequen~y bands of 11.7-12.5 GHz in Region 1
and 11. 7-12.2 GHz in Region 3. In Region 2, the present a.llocation fol. North II!Itd
South Ame~lca incrudes the.e fixed satellite bands, but ~~e 11.7-12.2 G~ band is
Ihared by broadcast tatellite. and fixed latellitel. The early sta~~s of .atel-
lite communicatiot~, when the.e allocations were made, and the understandable
myopia involved tn 10okift8 forward at that tilDe,led to this incredible example
of the danger of a-priori planning. It forced the United States and Canada to
leek higher-frequency bands to escape the crowded C-band up-down links. This
led to the development of Anik-B, Anik-C, and Satellite ausiness Systems (SBS)
for fixed satellite service in the 11.7-12.2 GHz band, which had be.n used by
the pioneering ers broadcast satellite. lmmediate concern arose for the problema
caused by inhomogeneous satellites (high and low EIRP) sharing for aame frequency
band and orbit space. WARC-77 compromised by separatirlg the orbital locationl
u.ed by broadcast .atellite. from an orbit lpace uled by fixed service satellite.
auch as Anik-B and SBS, i.e., broadcalt latellites were authorized for the
geo.tationary orbit from 7S'1J to 100'\J longitude (howe'~r) for lerviee to canada,
the United States, and Mexico, the ~pace wal reltricted to 75'\J and 95'\J) and
frOID l40'1J to 170'\J longitude (Fig. 3).
WA&C-79 then rftlponded to rec~ndat1on. by the United States to p~ovide
for a ltu-band TV broadcalt do-.ml1nk frequency band whic.h would e.cape potential
-11-
••
interference from the growing u.e of the 11.7-12.2 GRz band in fixed .atellite
services by ~11ocatin8 the fre~~ency band 12.2-12.7 GHz ~clu.lvely for broad-
cast satellite services with the provision of sharing the lower portion of this
band with fixed satellite services until a resolution could be made at SPACE
WARC to be held in 1983.
2.2 TV Space BroadcasUns Freguenc.!!.!.
Table 2-1 lists the principal TV space broadcasting fre~~encies n,nI assigned
by WARC-79 for Regions 1, 2, and 3.
The UHF band and S-band downlink frequencies are for community television
services; i.e., re!:eption from space and re1:roadcast locally. TheSE! freq'.lencies
are presently, or will be, in use in operati:mal systems. 'nle Soviet Statsionar-T
co~nity-service broadcast satellite uses a downlink of 714 M:iz, while the India
satellite INSAT will provide community service TV-broadcast in S-band.
As indicated by Table 2-1, the 12.2-12.7 GHz band is now the broadcast satel-
lite service downlink for Region 2 (North and South America, etc.) acd this
report will address this fre~~ency band in consideration of both broadcast satel-
lites and earth terminals in the succeeding sections.
Milli!:l2ter wav~ frequencies had also been allocated for broadcast sate llite
service and have been considered for digital systems in Europe, but are not a
consideration of this report.
2.3 WARC-77 and WARC-79 Re~~irements.
Table 2-2 lists the basic require~nts of both individual receptinn (direct
to user) and community reception provided by WAF-C-77 for Regions 1 and 3.
These requirements list not only the basic satellite, signal, and earth terminal
c~aracteristic bu~ also ~llocated certain channels of the 40 channels in the
11. 7-1:.5 G}!z: bar..d to each country complete with bea-n size and footprint, orbital
location and boresight angles. Figure 2-1 illustrates the typical layout of foot-
pr in t sat one channe 1.
-12~
.4
·-'Oc....
H
_ . . . • -...•",""'"'~.-..,.<"'"
_."""-",.... . _...........""'''.......A_OC_"...#''''!'f'!_S., .-.....,
_....
. 1
: J
~
j
TABLE 2-1
(A) StM4I\RY OF PRINCIPAL TV BRQ\DCASTING SATELLITE
DQl~LINK ~REQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FOR REGIONS 1 AND 3
Frequency Available Bandwidth
*620-790 MHz (UHF) 170 MHz
*2500-2690 MHz (S-Band) 190 MHz
11.7-12. 2 GHZ~ 500 MHz
(Ku-Band) Region 3
*12.5-12.75 GHz 250 MHz
11.7-12.5 GHz (Ku-Band) Region 1 800 MHz
40.5-42.5 GHz 2000 MHz
84-84 GHz 2000 MHz
(B) SID1MA~¥ OF PRINCIPAL TV BRMDChSnNG SATELLITE
D<lrnLINK FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS FO~ REGION 2
Freq:.lency Available Bandwidth
*620-790 MHz (UHF) 170 MHz
*2500-2690 Y.Hz (S-Band) 190 MHz
**12.1-12.3 GHz 200 MHz
12.2-12.7 GHz (Ku-Band) 500 MHz
40.5-42.5 GHz 2000 MHz
84-86 GHz 2000 MHz
* Community reception systems ~ly
** Lower part of band allocated at WARC-79 to be shared with fixed
.ate11ite service. To be resolved at Space WARC-1983.
-13-
J
TABLE 2-2
BROI\DCASTING SAIEUm PlAN BY WARC-77
FOR REG IClfS 1 6& 3 J
System Characteristics
Satellite Spacing 6 degre••
Frequency Band 11. 7 -12 • 5 GBz
Channel Spacing 19.18 MHz
Number of Channels 50
Polarization Circular (RR and LH)
Modulation FM
Signal Processing CCIR Pre-emphasis
Energy Dispersal 600 kHz, pk-pk
RF Channel Bandwidth* 28 MHz
C/N Objective 14 dB
C/I Objective (co-channel) 31 dB
PFD (Individual Reception) -103 d~/m2, edge of
coverage
2
PFD (Community Reception) -111 dTftl' /m
Prote;;tion Ratio between Two FM Signals 31 dB Co-Channp.l
15 dB Adjacent Channel
Satellite Characteristics
per Beam
EIRP from 60.8 to 68 dBW
M1n~ Required Transmit Beamwidth 0.6 0 elliptical or circular
Pointing Accuracy :!O.1o N-S and E-W
Station-keeping :!O.lo N-S and E-W
Earth Stations
G/T Individual Reception 6 dB/oK
G/T Community Reception 14. dB/oK
0
Antenna Beamwidth (individual) 2
Antenra Di&lNter (individ\·... l) about 1.0 meter
0
Antenna Baamwidth (community) 1
* 525 line in Region 2, 18 and 23 MHZ
-14-
-- .. ,~'";;";-.~;~"""t~.~.
. .· . .
J\l nl'\\r.~E
r'r'"
,$
OR\G\N QUAllTY.
f POOR
o ,
••• o. p"
'ot-
~15-
,
1
1
Ragion 2 wa. allotted the 12.2-12.7 GHz band at ~C-79 for broadea.t
sateUita •• rviea al di.cuued abow, but while the pnani guideline. of
1
Rogion. 1 and 3 can be .till con.idered a. ba •• lina to Region 2, QADy i • .ue.
relating to channell, orbital spacing, orbf.tal location, interference and
protection ratios are yet to be resolved and will no doubt be addre •• ed at
SPACE WARC-a3.
2.4 Satellite EIRP and Earth Terminal G/T Eor Broadcasting Satellite
Service in Region 2.
Table 2-3 lilts the present CCIR power flux den.ity limits for broadcast-
ing satellites, and Figure 2-2 shows how existing s.tellites up to 1975 approached
this limit using high Dower &mclifiers and high gain antennas in the satellites.
The critical EIR!> a!'ld G/T parameters to be ~lsed as guidelines in this
report are derived from these ltinitations and are listed as follc_s:
!m G/T
UHF 42 dal 0 dB/OK
S-band 54 dBW 0 dB/OK
....-band 63 dBW 8 dB/OK
While these guici~lines are arbitrary, they are in accordance with not only the
PFD limits, but at Ku-band, are consistent with the EIRP in dBW now permitted
in Regions 1 and 3.
2.5 Protection Require~nts for Sharing.
The broadca.t satellite service ha. been given lpecific Iharing criteria
by the CCIR with respect to protection requirement. relative to the carrier-to-
interference. r~tio arising from an interfering lignal. Table 2-4 lists the
protection requir~ents for Regions 1, 2 and 3 for broadcast altellite service
at 12 GHz from a variety of interfering aervices .s Itated in the WARC-77
"FmAL ACTS" published by The International TelecOlllllLlnication Union in Geneva,
-16-
TABtE 2-3
POWER FLUX DENSITY LIMITS FOR BllOADCASnNG SA'lELLI'I!S
[, PFD L1m1t1* (E • Elevation Anale)
Frequency Band
0
620-790 MHz -129 dBw/m2/2 MHz for E <20
-129 + 0.4 (E-20) dBw/m2 2 MHz for 20 c.E ~60
2500-2690 MHz -152 dBW/012 /4 kHz for E < 50
-152 + 3 (E-5) dBw/m2/4 kHz for 5C14, E <25 0
4
-137 dBw/m2 /4 kHz for E a 25
0
11. 7 -12. 2 GHz -125 dBw/m2 /4 kHz Circular Polarization**
-128 dBw/m2/4 kHz Linear Polarization**
22.5-23 GHz (Region 3) Subject to PFD Limite far the Protection
of Terre.trial Servi~e. iu thi. Band.
41-43 GHz None
84-86 GHz None
* May be exceeded on the territory of any country the admini.tration of which
baa .0 agreed.
** Into legioul 1 and 3 frexa .tationa in lelion 2.
-17-
t _-aN ttrtCY - "'H'~ H·'. mt 11 ~ ~4. ~ rtf
TABLE 2-4
1
1
Wanted 1
Service
Wanted
Signall
Interfering
Service
Interfering
Signall
Protection lequlre"ntft 2 ,3
Total Acceptable Sil1lle Entry ,
BSS TV/PM BSS, PSS, TV/FH. C/I • 30 dB CII - 35 dB
FS,BS
BS TV/VSB BSS TV/FH. CII • 50 dB Not App l1ab le
Note.: 1 - BSS • broadca.tinl~.at.llite .ervice
PSS • fixed-.atellite service
BS • bro~dca.ting .ervice
FS • fixed .ervice
TV • televi.ion
FM • frequency modulation
2 - These limit. include both up-link and down-link contributions.
They are expressed:
in dB for carrier-to-interference ratio
in pWOp for noi.e
in dBW/m2 /4 kHz for power flux density in a 4 kHz band
3 - For an.tetmae larger than 100 A (2. Sm) in the' fixed-.atellite .ervice,
the gain of the .ide-lobe. i. given by the equation 32-25 log 9.
where e is the angl. from the bore.ight (CCIR Recommendation 465).
The side-lobe gain i. independent of antenna diameter.
-18-
"-.-<---<---.-.~~.-~~'-~~.--- ..- - - - - - - - - - - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.lA'
1
Switzerland. A. indicated, e total acceptable CII of 30 db of protection from
an interferina .iana 1 11 required, which in tum will larlely ."acHy the
pattern .ateUite and earth terminal antenna pattern. for maxfJllam utUizatioo
of the orbital arc.
2.6 Orbital Po.ition Con.ideration•.
Opt~l orbital u.e by broadca.ting aatellite. i. a aubject far ~yond
the .cope of thll report. However, th. relaticr'\ hew-en orbital .pacin" .arth
terminal antenna diameter. fraquency. and db level of interferina lianal hal
been .tudied by J. McElroy (Fia. 2-2 ) and W. Morgan (Fia. 2-3) .hawing the
critical nature o~ orbital .pacing which will dominate the worldwide conlidera-
tion of the aeo.tationary orbit for years to come.
In the a-priori planning of both broadcast .atellite orbital utilization and
channel allocation provided by WARC- 17, an orbital .pacing for Ragion. land 3
o
of 6 was adopted. Thil 'pacing va. adopted u.ing the .pacecraft antenna pat-
tern criterion .hown in Figure 2-4 and earth terminall adhering to the 32-25
log 9 fOrullla. However, in Ragion 2. there i. an opportunity to develop more
technologically paced guideline. for orbital 'pacing ba.ed more on the uae of
aophiaticated multiple-beam antennaa, without the reatrictiot, of a-priori
planning.
o
Actually the 6 .pacing of broadca.t .atellite. adhering to the modeat
antenna lidelobe require_ntl of Figure 2-4 will provide illumination with
aisnificant flux denaity far beyond individual nati.anal bounari.. in molt ca.e. -
and the multiple-beam .pacacraft antenna - to be cU..cu..ed in thb report 11
the tachno1oIY which can aneviate a .evere potential political problem ba ..d on
the .o-called "Prior Conaent I. sua " and th* "Spillover IlIue".
Accordinl to Dr. !)elbert Smith, writing in Satellite COIIIIUDicationa for •
March, 1979. "nw illue of prior conaent aeeml to be the most difficult illue
-19-
. .-'.-»
'
. .
'~'~ - . "-':-" ,- - -. -,~. ~ ' ': ':'" .,.
I
~"
I . . ' ~ •
• 'I"'" - ,
. . . . ,,.... "'" ... ..... _" - . ." ' . . . . • ~ - ~ - ..' • , • n : ..
,. ;
,
1
.~
J,
.J i
~
1
to re.olve. MO.t nation. have agreed to or actively advocate a prior con.~nt
1
req".lirement. The United State. hal been the only major dillenter. The prac-
tical fact i. that .overeian .tate. will not accept a broadca.t, much le'l pay ,
for one, unle.s they can maintain .oma control over the progra~ content to
prevent "harmful effects". Uling this arau:uent, one can ••e that broadca.ter.
can expect higher .ale. to receiving Itatel by giving the buyer control through
a contract. This ia a type of limited prior con.ent which would be consistent
with U.S. con.titutional l~~ and broadcasting practice.
The technical is.ue of .pillover also falls under the prior consent is~e.
As the satellites become more s~phisticated it will be possible for the broad-
caster to maintain a good deal of control over the direction of the signal.
But, in certain areas of the world there may always be some inadvertent ir-
radiation from the satellite. For those br~adcast. not of a regional character,
this may cause some international political friction.
The burden to control this problem will probably fall with the broadcasting
rather than the receiving country. This ~7ould be consistent with regulations
concerning spillover as determindd by the ITU. Th~ Swedish-canadian approach,
is based on these regulations.
If prior consent is accepted as a ~ans to deal with spillover, it will
probably come into effect in a limited number of situations. Exemptions will
probably be provided in Situations where the elimination ~f the spillover is
technlcally impOSSible, a. defined by the rru Radio Regulation.. Other situa-
tions not requiring consent could be those where a broadcast is entirely domestic
in character and where the b~oadcast cannot be ea.ily received in the third state.
Con.ent would still b.., required where the spillover brcadcast was aimed at
a particular audience within the receiving stata. Some provi.ion promoting
international con.ultations a. a mean. to avoiding di.pute will probably also
receive ~pport for inclu~ion in a final document.
-20-
OR:C1N.~,t P;,(,C: IS
OF POOR QUALITY
- MAX CCI .. LIMIT AT 1: GHZ
31 MHZ BANDWIDTH
- MAX CCI" t.IMIT AT , GHZ
31 MHZ IANDWIDTH
VA1'W
LEGEND:
V - EXPERIMENTAL
o - COMMERCIAL
INT£L.SAT IV INTELSAT
0-----0 IVA
/ 0 ~ESTA"
A7
/ ANI I<
3
/V/ ATS5
~
ATS 1 ~ JJ INTELSAT III
/
20 /
/ 0 INTELSAT II
/
SYNCOM III V o INTELSAT I
la~-------------'~~--------------~~--------------~
1110 1885 1170 1171
Figure 2·2
Growdl m Cieoty'DChnmoua Commw:licatloll Satellite
a.dteted ~f1fI.r With Time.
·21·
1
Satellite Spacing ,vs Earth
Station Sidelobe Interference Levels 1
Inlll1.rlnct Glomltlj' altwn" SatlflUI Nltworka
~ ___ I""" • 1ft 0.,....
1
I
I
"~, !!
'{ lLo
!I '"v II
, I'
/~\
, \
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,,
1/"Y ,
G -G .• .lG,(II)
- - - W.nltd lilnat ,.lh.
- - - 'nwnering sign.t r.attl.
E!ftel of Increaste! Frtqutney 01'\ Earth SUllo" Earth Stllion Sld,lobi
S;dtlobt InttrfN.nct LIVlI, .nd PI! rmi",.bll Inttrlerlnct Llvltls-W. MorG.n
Sllelllte Sp.cin~-Or. John McElro) n' NASA
! I
I. , • i k.1• I
, i I
I :i~~~~'-~--~~'-'--,---------------
.
a
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I .• __
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---,.;:. . " , -
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I . K - - - - - - -__:-~~~3=;.~ i .~----,-----.---,~~--~~~~~--~
- . . . . . I~I . . . . 1 I
. .~ -
I
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.... I ........ J1c -.---~c--~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
,..,...
•
'I
;
-.
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. ~,,'"'!.~'o!"!!l,u~·
Fisurt 2-2A Fit'ure 2-3
OF PO::.~ QUALITY
.......
, ..
' ' Antenna patterns For TV Satellite.~:
Broadcas.t(ng-Acco'rdi"·g WARC-77-' to
1~1
I
I
.,,. I i J I '} ". I
2
I
I
!
; J111
I "':
"
~ ' .I It I I!" I:I I I . I::
~ I I I
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~~ ~ I i
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t
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iI I III I I ' I'
f I I
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I
I I i I
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t '. ,. 1: ~. ':11:
.......... 4n; .. (!. )
c..
Rtfer.nc. pllttern. for co-pol.r .nd croll-pol3r
com;lonen!. for receiving .nlenn •• for Individu.1
rt:t~tion in Region 2
:
I ~II I I !: I
II I I , III
I I I ii:~1 I I II I I I i III'
! : :
·
i I~
!
6
I
I I I 1 : '
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ic ,I
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P.~ft .. tl'let ".tI.rns for co-pol., .nd cross-pot.,
~~-- ~ .....'~, f~- ~ ~,,:,,,.! •• ··~ .... !tflll!llt.·ti ... :, ,~ ..... .,.
~ __________.__~__________~·AU~·~_~~.____~_____ ~.~=__,~__~~__~__.m
·'Wi-,-
3.0 PRESENT AND PlANNED BROt\.DCA,ST SAtELLITE SYSTEMS
f 3.1 Introduction.
Broadcast satellite technology by 1980 was already entering its second
fl
generation of satellite. ATS-6 and CTS had both been retired after long years
of service for testing community service TV-broadcast and individual-user
TV-broadcast; the USSR Statsionar-T broadcast satellite was transmitting
operattonally into thousands of cOlllDlnity terminals in Siberia: Japan's Broad·
cast Satellite for Exper~nta1 *
Purposes (SSE) was in test, and Anik-B followed
•
CTS. In development were India's INSAT, and both France and Gertlllny had
authorized a start of construction of a TV-Sat for each country.
1~ble5 3-1 and 3-2 list the principal parameters of the broadcast satellites
which have achieved operational or experimental use in space at UHF, S-band, and
Ku-band. Note that the EIRP's are not to the range of 60-68 db used by WARC-77
to permit broadcasting into small 1-meter terminals at 12 GHz. Rather EIRP's
of 50-60 db were used which actually was a significant technical advance over
the 34-36 dbW typical of conventional fixed services satellites.
The next paragraph will discuss the salient parameters of those satellites
vhich provide a t~chnology base to high power broadcast satellites of the
f\lture where EIRP's of around 63 db will be commonplace. However, attention is
called to the canadian Anik-B experiment, which after the pioneering high power
CTS, is now testing bt'oadcast .. tellHe operation nsing EIRP's as low as 51 dbW
which is intended to simp1i~ .atellite design while retaining the feature of
small inexpensive earth terminals.
The next section will provide signal and modulation formats, link budgets,
and key operating charact~ristics s~rvice of the broadcast satallites listed in .~
this section as an introduction to the satellite and earth terminal design and
technology descriptions tc be described in Sections 5 and 6 ~espect~vely.
* SSE failed in Spring 1980. -24-
t nt _-'~;'; ,,4
- - ---
-........""'''''~ ........ 'ijij~-:"''"~'II''I:''lI''I' " .. ",..;, • •,+"",.,4 ...
~~
TABLE 3-1
TV BROADCAST SATELLITES WHICH HAVE ACHIEVED OPERATION IN SPACE
1
Japanese BSE 1
Satellite: ATS-6 CTS-Hermes Broadcast Satellite Stationar-T j
for Experimental
Purposes
j
USA Joint USA Japan - Satellite USSR .~
Country of Ori~in:
and Canada Built in USA l
Countries Used: USA, India USA, Canada Japan Siberia
Fre~uencie. Used for 860 MHz, 2.6 GHz 11 • 7 -12. 2 GHz 11. 7-12.2 GHz 716 MHz
Broadcast:
I
N Launch Vehicle: Titan IlI-C Thor-Delta 2194 Thor-Delta 2914
VI
• Number of TV Channelsl 2 TV Channels at Two 85 MHz Two TV Channels One
Transponders: 2.6 GHz or one TV transponders 50 MHz and 80 MHz
Channel at 860 MHz
EIRP: 52.5 dBw Either 60 dBw with 55 dBw 55 dBw
Channel 200 Watt TWT
Powe r Amplt.fier: Transistor Power Amp 200 Watt TWT 100 Watt TWT 200 Watt
80-100 Watt 20 Watt TWT Klystron
Satellite G/T: 7.8 dB/k o 8.2 dB/k 5 dB/k
_r elM ~i,~,.IItd....d"h .... ,.,." •.. lli." •• ,,...,-... ,,, ..... ~..odIu.....jj~j,,".""'J..."'.""",,,,,,,.Jjjj>..,,.... .. ,,,,,,",,j!I. . . *_V; '"I!d , . , . - .tij::!rt1'riu .....·. . .ht,.·d:+*':f!i"!etti,,;,..trlO!!!w;tH.'.... hW'tf#dIr '!kPkfSrilut Ji'htdriHw'ridtl1WQisc'he. . .WwM'::, :f'rtH*, mit"'W#& ,i."".,",,!!!. *'M", ". ftt,at<tibb'j I'ed!' mt 'tH"!",a.", dt'".r.,eer, , 'm
.,~~~~~r~~~~~~~~.~~~~·~~ __ ~~~~~'~~'~~~~ __ ~~~~~~~~~~.~<~·-·~.~·.'~*~.£-~SW~K~¥ •.• ... •.•2"."~
\~&~.~4~~~~~4
1
•
ORIGiNAl PAGE "
Of POOR QUALITY
TABU! 3-2
m Japan BS ANIK B ~ Statlionar T
Sill rv ice Fixed Broadcast Fixed Fixed TV and Fixed
Experimental Experimental Tel. R&diom.try
Frequencies Ku Ku C/Ku S C UHF
Launch Vehicle Thor-Delta Thor-Delta Thor- 3910 A-2
2914 2914 Delta Soyuz
3914
Prime Contractor CRC Canada Toshiba/ RCA Ford
GE
Stabilization 3-axis 3-a."Cis 3-ax1s 3-axis 3-ax1s
Mass (kg) 350 352 440 1,054 (into 1,250
transfer)
Priaary Power (W) 1,260 1,000 840 1,250 2,000
Coverage 1,850-km Japan Canada India Spot on Siberia
spot
Number of 2 2 12/6 2 12 2
Transponders
Transponder 85 50 36 36 36 40
Bandwidth (MHz) 80 72
Number of 2 1 1 4/1 1 1
Antenna Beams
Polarization linear linear linear linear linear
G/T (dB/k) 7.8 -8.2 -6/-1 -15.8
(Figure of Merit)
EIRP (dBw) 60 55 36 34 42 60
(Effective 47.5
Isotropic
Radiated Power)
Modulation fill video fill and lOM/flll fill fill
digital QPSK QPSK
SCPC
Multiple Accesa FDMA SCPC FDMA FDMA
TDHA
-26-
The broadcast .atellites to be described in this section did .are than
innovate ~~e use of down-links from geostationary orbit for TV-broadca.t; they
.tarted the development of new technologies which are needed to u.plement the
basic requirement of high satellite EIllP to make po.sible the uae of . . 11
, i
inexpensive earth terminals. These satellites helped pioneer 3-axis body-
stabilized technology, creating stationary platforms in .pace which could be
used in fixed service satellites.
3.2 U.S. Systems.
The United States has been the pioneer in the development of TV-broad-
casting satellites; NASA I s ATS-6 and the joint U. S. -canadian CTS (Hermes) were
the first to introduce this unique service to a variety of users in more than
ten cou•• .:ries and these satellites have done much to demonstrate to the world
the advantages of both community reception and individual user reception in
the areas ~f education, public service, disaster relief, direct broadcast into
the home, and many other services which have wide appeal to governments which
have rural areas and widely dispersed population area. which cannot be normall,.
reached by conventional terrestrial communication system..
The United States has a situation relative to TV-broadcasting from space
which is perhaps unique in the world. The existence of powerful TV network.
con~ected by terrestrial microwave radiO, and the enormous growth of a free-
enterprise cable TV system using domestic satellite transponder. at 4/6 GHz for
TV di.tribution has made TV-broadca.t to the home le •• than attractive to mo.t
populated areas.
Accordingly, while the technical interest in TV-broadcast satellite. was
high in the United St~te. during the 1970's, the actual ul4r and government
interest was relatively law and ~ '11 probably remain low until broadca.t .atel-.
lites with only a few channels can compete with low cost cable TV systems
-27-
- .... ,. ~--,- .
- - __',_ ••_._.._... u". ...-. ___ ..:.. _... ~.~,a".,w:-_Jdt .. .,f- ~.........'----~_
. ._
.--..... rt
>.h....;.'......-....
_ .... ...
• ......·""+'SW
&ri ....
·· .eIe.t.
.........._ _ _ _.. _ z r.,W'lioi'Y'-f¥_IIiii~iiIi''illlttilii
. '.lilli'lillli-'liIIi lllisrlll'fIISIIiIMlilllttlliiii""'.'_ _WIiIII'."..................
1_ _, , '
offering more than 24 channels.
3.2.1 ATS-6.
ATS-6, .hown in Figure 3-1, was the pioneering broadc&1t satellite pro-
viding TV down-links at 2.54 GHz and 860 MHZ. This satellite, launched in
May 1974 (Table 3-3), provided significant .... xperimental experience which "opened
the doors" to broadcast satellite development.
Table 3-4 lists the experiment details which were used to provide &
significant educational experiment in India at 860 MHZ (UHF) f~r one year, ~~d
transmission at 2.54 GHz (S-band) in the United States for many e~ucational
systems including a 150 terminal Rocky Mountain Education Experiment which
brough educational materiAls t,) schools in remote mountainous areas.
ATS-6 was among the first, with Russia's Statsionar-T, to use high trans-
mitter power in space (around 100 watts from powerful transistor amplifiers -
the Statsionar-T used a 200 watt Klystron). Another ianovation was the develop·
mant of a low cost 2.54 GHz low noise transistor amplifier and a direct frequen-
cy discriminator developed by Hewlett Packard and a lO-foot diameter reinforced
plastic ante~~ developed by Prodelin Company of Santa Clara, California.
These ~~~inals inaugurated the era of low cost terminals representing indivi-
dual total terminal costs of less than $5000.
3.2. 2 £'~l'...?~."",y..;;s.;:;t.;:;.;em;;;..-_ _
In 1979, COMSAT and SEARS ROEBUCK announced intention to provide a broad-
cast satellite to be designed by CCH)AT and mar!ceted by Sears. While the details
of this .atellite were not made public at'.d the partnership waa di8lo1ved, it ia
known that the .atellite design that was considered was for u.e at 12 GH% providing
four be~ into four time zones re.pectively in the United States and uaing
small l-meter TVRO terminals at each home on a aub.cription basis.
-28-
--A i ...j
... .,,.~.~'''''' ...... _........ _. . !II .., , "
.~: '!j
Of t'~v.\ '~~.!/;~:TY
":Iof~
AI\'!"ENN:'A .. 2
115, "'ETERS
IZII "EE'!'l
So ~~D ,3: co:£'''' \
ItEF1..ECTOR . :lIAY~R I>4I;.:.a;:-;,.::
~-~p :'N-EN~:'
SUPPOIIIT TltUSS
_ _ Plitt,t[ ro:~S rEEO
~I!J~~ :OIoW.JN,C:'TlO~ -..oou;.E
EA"TM VIEWING
I MODulE ~~~_~.
....L
Figure 3-1
-29-
OR!"· .. 'i.. r".. "'-~E 19
,\.::i...··",;r-,
OF POOR QUALITY
TABLE 3-3
ATS-6 SAIELLlTE CHARACTERISTICS
Shape. Size 30-ft. diameter parabolic reflector. 6.5-ft. diameter
hub section with coP?er-coated dacron mesh supported
by 48 aluminum rib ••
Earth-viewing module at antenna focus with experiment
.ections and .upported sub,ystems. 54 x 54 x 65 in.
2 solar arrays (deployed in space). each half a cylinder.
54-in. radiu•• 94 in. long.
Maximum height 27 ft. 6 in.
Maximum span 51 ft. 8 in.
Weight 2970 lbs.
Power Solar cells and NiCd batteries
645-W initial maximum
41S-W minimum after 5 yrs.
Stabilization 3-axis stabilized. 0.1 0 pointing accuracy
Pointing to any location on earth
Tracking of low altitude satellite over ±llo from
local vertical.
Design Life 2 yr.. (required)
5 yrs. (goal)
Orbit Synchronous equatorial; 940W longitude until June 1975.
350E longitude from July 1975 to July 1976, lCl50W
longitude thereafter.
Orbital History Laune ~d 30 May 19i4
Tital lIIC launch vehicle
In use (June 1976)
Developed By NASA
Fairchild
-30-
.j
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TABLE 3-4
ATS-6 TV Broadcast Exper~nt Detail.
Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SlJ.~)
Configuration 40-MHz bandwidth double conversion repeater
Transmitter 860 MHz (3750 MHz used occasionally to monitor signals
80-W output, Sl.O-dBw ERP peak
Receiver 5950 MHz
G/T: -17 dB/oK peak
Transmit: 30-ft. parabola, 33-dB peak gain,
2.8 0 beamwidth, circular polarization
Receive: Horn, 16.3-dB peak gain
13 0 x 20 0 field of view, linear polarization
(30-ft. parabola might be used for receiving
0
instead of horn, 48.4·dB peak gain, 0.4
bandwidth, +13.7 dB/~ G/T)
Health/Education Experiment
Configuration Forward Link: Two 30-to 40-MHz bandwidth repeaters for
2 FM-TV carriers with sound subcarriers
plus separate telephone carriers
Return Link: For telephone carrie~s
Transmitter 2470 and 2670 MHz (also C-band for monitoring)
15-W output, 53.0-dBw peak ERP
Receiver 5950 MHz
G/T: -17 dB/OK peak
0
Antenna Transmit: 30-ft. parabola, 41.S-dB peak gain, 1
beamw1dth, circular polarization
Receive: Horn, 16.3-dB peak gain
13 0 x 20 0 field of view, linear polarization
(30-ft. parabola might be u.ed for receiving
~n.tead of horn, 48.4-dB peak gain, 0.40
bandwidth, -13.7 dB/~ G/T)
-31-
PresPontly. COMSAT ha. formed a subsidiary to provide direct broadcast satellite
.ervice and has obtaine9 oermislion to proceed with satellite and earth
terminal de.ign. (See s.ction 3.8.4)
3.2.3 FCC Deregulation Result •.
In 1979, the FCC deregulated the u.e of the 4 GHz commercial .atellite
down-links making it now within the law to receive commercial TV-modulated
carriers provided by the transponders, WEStAR, SATCOM 1, 2, and COHS~R, for
commercial u.ers of TV signal distribution, without requiring a licen.e.
This deregulation now elUDinatel the need for expensive coordination
and filing by c01llllercial earth terminal users and has indeed made possible a
massive business directed t~ard private TVRO terminals.
As a result of the grawing use of C-band transponders for TV distribution,
commercial earth TVRO terminal quantities are soaring (3400 in April 1980 and
to exceed 10000 by 1983), and costs for 3, 4.5, and 7 meter terminal. using
8S oK FET LNA's are coming into the 5000-15000 dollar range for commercial network
quality reception; '1ith earth terminal sales to exceed 1.1 billion dollars by 1990*.
In addition to the growth in coumerc:ial 'I'VRO earth terminal produ~"iotl,
a home-experimenter activity also developed in the U.S. with home-made TVRO
terminals costing a. law as 1-2 thousand dollars using unique and interesting
new antenna techniques while making significant inroads into the development
of low cost receivers using integrated circuits and components derived from
modern color TV production lines and f:ommercial micrawave receivers.
3.3 Canadian Systema.
The canadian. were the fint in the free world to build a domestic
.atellite, and they have continued their innovation in broadcast .atellite
tech.lology by the development of CTS and ANIK-B.
*Microwaves. July 1979. Pg. 17
-32-
·_"·Ws-' - _ - p-
3.3.1 CTS (Hemes)
On April 20. 1971. the governments of the United Stat.s and Canada signed
a Memorandum of Understanding. They agread to undertake. on a joint ba.is. tha
development and launching of an experimental .atallit., designated the CTS.
Communications Technology Satellite. to extend communication. technology to
much higher power levels of transmission than had been previously used. This
would permit the use of .mall. low-cost, ground terminals that would make
communications services practical in areal not now served. Under this agree-
ment. canada designed and built the spacecraft at their Communications Research
Center (CRC). NASA p~ovided spacecraft test facilities at the Lewis Research
Center and the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and also a high efficiency
200-watt traveling-wave-tube amplifier and power supply that operated in the
12- to 14-GHz band. A NASA Thor-Delta model 2914 launch vehicle placed the
satellite in geostationary orbit. A consortium of European nations. through
the European Space Research Organization (ESRO), al.o participated in asso~ia
tion with the canadian Government. U.S. and canadian experimenter. shared
equally in the time allocation during the late llite , f. expected 2-year lite.
The objective of the CTS progrm is to advance the technology of ooth
spacecraft-mounted and related ground-baled components and sYltem. applicable
to high-radiated-RF-power latellite.. In order to achieve this objective,
the spacecraft was designed to demonstrate new technology applications and
conduct experiments on compoMntl and systems that will be applicable to future
commercial communications satellites. The prolram also included communications
I experiments with uler agenc~el.
United St& tel and canada.
univer.ittel, and indu.trial groups in the
I
I
-33-
Specific objectiva. included demon.tration. of: i
1•
o A l2-GBz travalina-wave tube ('lWT) with about 50 ~rc.nt efficiency 1
l
and with a nominal RF output power of 200 vattl and the allocated
power proces.or re~Jired to convert the .olar array power into an
acceptable form to operate the twT.
o The operation of an \:.nfurlable solsr-cell array delivering ovar 1 1c5l
of useful power to the lpacecraft.
o A three-axil .tabilization lY.tem to maintain antenna bore.ight point-
j
ing accuracy to ZO.lo in pitch and roll and ~lo in yaw on a .pacecraft
with large flexible appendage •.
o Color televilion tranlmi.llon at 12 GHz from a .atellite to .mall,
low-cost ground terminal ••
o Uplink television tranlmil.ion at 14 GHz from .mall terminall.
a Audio broadcast to ver.1 amall ground terminals.
a TWo-way voice communic.tion, wide band data tran.mis.ion, and data
relay.
Figure 3-2 .howl the 3-axis bodY-ltabilized CTS while Table 3-5 li.tl it.
pertinent technical details. It wal a lignificant contribution to latellite
by providing high radiated power (~60 dbw) at 12 GHz uling a special 200 watt
twT built by Litton Indu.trie. in the United State.. CTS pioneered the u.e of
the 12 GHz d::M'l-l1nk for broadcast .. tellite. and gave impetul to the develop-
ment of 811\&11 l-meter and 2-meter T"ntO earth terminals for u.e in not only
canada and the United State. but allo in Japan where the Japane.e N.t.SI». and
Radio Re •• arch Laboratories were po~nting toward the Japan SSE.
3.3.2 Anilc-B. (Figure 3-3),
•
Anik-B, built by RCA with both C-band and 11/14 GHz tran.ponder. i. a
3-axil body-.tabilized .atellite u.ing for 12 GHz 20 watt TWT. which, ~Iin~
-34-
._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ff_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t._._... :.1 ...
.. .. t :.~.f':£",,:: IS
(r·~:, -~
OF POUi1 QUALITy'
UTENDIILE SOLAR AI .... Y
ARRAY ElEVATION &
TENSIONING MECHANISM
SHF BEACON ANTENNA
TT & C BUT ANTENNA
SAFE & AIM DEVICE
TELEMETRY ANTENNA
EARTH SENSORS ~UN SENSOI
SHF ANTENNAS---'"'I' """'r-~--- COMMAND ANTENNA
~
. IEACTION CONTROL THRUSTERS
-"0//
TRANSFER OIIIT SOLAR CELLS
"'-U':ENDIILE SOLAII AIRA Y
FIGURE 3- 2. CTS pilch ~
-35-
TABLE 3-5
~S tECHNICAL DETAIL~
Satellite Body 72-in. diameter, 74 in. high with 2 .oler array.
50 in. wide, 20 ft. 4 in. long; total .atellite .pan
52 ft. 9 in.
738 lb ••
Solar cell. and NiCd batterie., 1260 W initially,
918-W mintmum after 2 yr •.
3-axi •• tabilization, !p.l o about pitch (north-.outh) and
roll (velocity vector) axe., tl.lo about yaw (radial) axil
Configuration Two 8S-MHz banet..-' ith aingle convertion repeatort
Tranlmitter 11.843 to 11.928, and 12.038 to 12.123 GHz
Normal confiauration 20-W TWT on low band and 200-W TWT
on high band, alternately both band •• hare the 20-W TWT
(at reduced capability)
Receiver 14.010 to 14.095 and 14.205 to 14.290 GHz
2 preamp11fieI chaina (lon, 1 standby)
Nohe figure: 68.S dB with tunnel diode preampl1fiftr
1a4 dB with parametric amplifier
Antenna. Two 28-in. diameter .ntennas, 36.2-dB gain on axis tor
transmit and receive, 2.5 0 beamwidth, Iteerable over t7.2So,
linear polarization
Deaign Ufe 2 yr..
Orbit S~lchronou. equatorial, 1160W longitude, !p.2~-W station-
kewping
Orbital H1.tory Launched 19 January 1976
Delta 2914 launch veh1cle
In u.e (June 1976)
Developed By Canadian Department of Communicationa
-36-
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- 37 -
,ligh gain antennas, provided EIRP's in the 46.S dbw to 49.5 dbw range (peak
-.-
of 51 dbW'). This experu.ntal .atalUte was dalianad to operate with fifty
1.2-meter TVRO terminal. and fifty 1.8-meter TVRO tarminal••
The object:!'.V!!I' of Anik-B wera to ta.t the usefulDas. of lower EIRP
satellites i" silliall TVRO terminala and to d.mon.tnf"a~ -valuate and gain
experience wit~ both direct-to-home and small community reception using a low
broadcast power flux density level.
Initial tests with An:l.k-B have .hewn that with a l.2-meter antenna TVRO
a margin above static threshold of 3.7 db was measured while the 1.8-meter
antenna TVRO terminal provided a margin of 7.2 db above static threshold. The
1~2-mater TVRO antenna terminal operated just above the thre.hold where noise
appears in the color bars, while no noise appeard in the color bars provided
by the 1. 8-meter antenna TVRO terminals.
3.4 Japanes~ System..
3.4.1 m:.
The Japanese Madiu:n-.cale Broadcasting Satellite for Experimental
Purpose (aSE) wal launched in February 1978 from En, U.S.A. J using a Delta
o
2914 launch vehicle, and located at 110 E in a .ynchronou. orbit. The BSE is
a three-axis stabilized spacecraft having sun-oriented loLir array for high
power generation and 14 GHz/12 GHz direct conversion ad'lion transponders
C'~tI&ble of two chatma18 color TV relay broadasting. <kl the orbit, various
experiments of TV brocdcaltina. K-band radio wave propagation and spacecraft
control were conducted. »SI failed in Spring 1980.
FiiUre 3-4 shows the BSE; Fisure 3-5 .how. the axten.!'.a BSE exp!r1ment
sJstem which included 1, 1.6, and 2.5 meter TVRO ante~.. Some of the
J
-38-
NORTH
TRANSPONDER
PANEL
SOLAR ARRAY DRIV
ANALOG SUN SENSOR
+X~ .320m SECONDARY PROPULSION
PROPELLANT TANK
TT&C ~ATTITUDE CONTROL
S-BAND ANTENNA----..~~~:==f==1~ ~-- THRUS?ERS
~-x
BATTERY
+Z / ~'l.~
EARTH ~.
COMM K·BAND ANTENNA /
SOUTH
HOUSEKEEPING PANEL
+y SOUTH
Op.\G1NAl PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
\ Ii·
!\ i
•i
U : '--~~--- Tal. raca1a1~e - - - ·...1""--------.:
Till.
!)at a
:lata
I ------------~~~T-.. .Il. Da,a
I
Tal.
Tal..
Fau ule
OIeU
J \
Tel.
'auiJU,le
UL
1St ~.l.
I
N111(
UtOfUce
I
t •. Data
'ro~- lIq. recawl All •• ~·Jc ••
\
Tokyo
Figure 3-5. The Total SSE Experiment System
-40-
dno. p.
technologies developed in Japan for use with the l-meter TVRO terminals will
be discussed in Section 6.
Tables 3-6 through 3-9 describe in detail the technical parameters of the
3-axis body-stabilized satellite which used 100 watt !WT manufactured by Hughes
in the United States and a 36 db gain antenna to provide an EIRP of 56 dbW
(59 dbW peak). (~EC now manuractures a 100-watt space TWT).
3.5 Indian System.
3.5.1 ~.
India is having INSAT-LA built by Ford Aerospace and Communications
Corporation according to the description in Table 3-10. India has decided to
continue uSing the 2.55 GHz dawn-link frequencies with 42 dbw EIRP (using
40 watt transistor amplifiers and a 25 db gain antenna) to furnish community
reception in the same fashion provided in the 1970's by ATS-6.
This broadcast satellite concept combined with data and telephone
channels and a radiometer is a novel and innovative approach to multiple-
purpose satellite utilization. (See Figure 3-6).
The Indian Govenunent is yet to take investment decisions concerning the
radio and television gro,n.d-segment for the INSAT-I system. As far as the direct
TV broadcasting service is concerned, the INSAT-I System has the capability to
provide 2 direct broadcast channels over the entire country. For reception ~f
INSAT-I direct TV broadcast signals with a reception quality Similar to that
for the ATS-6 Satellite Inltructional Television Experiment (SITE) of 1975-76,
o
Direct Reception SPots (DRS) with Figure-of-Merit (G/T) of 8.2 dB/ K are required
which can be achieved with a 12' diameter law-COlt chicken-mesh antenna and
a receiver noise fi~re of or better than 4.5 dB. In some of the north-eastern
I areas, DRSs of better lensitivity will be required; this could be accomplished
I by having a larger antenna or a better receiver or a lui table combination of
1 -41-
t" . 6 rt ....
TABlE 3-6
JAPANESE BROADCAST SATELLITE FOR EXPERU£NTAL PURPOSES (BSE)
1. Communications Subsystem Functional Requirements
Provide 2 lOO-Watt Ku-Band TV Channels
150 MHz Bandwidth
180 MHz Bandwidth
Antenna Beam to be Shaped to Provide at Least +37 dB Gain
Over Japanese Main Island
Not to Exceed +28 dB Level on China, Korea or Russia
Provide Service to Outlying Islands
Okinawa
- Ogasawara
2. Communications SIS Performance Summ&!y
Parameter Design Performance
Receive
• Peak G/T
Bandwidth
Transmit/Receive Diplexer 500 MHz
- Communications 250 MHz
Noise Figure 8 dB Maximum
7. 1 dB Nominal
Frequency Stability (Long Tenn) ± 1 PPM/Day
(Parts per Million, PPM) + 10 PPM/3 Years
Transmit
Peak EIRP +59 dBw, Minimum
100 Watt TWIA Drive Level Control Controllable from Ground
B.atweell -20 dBw and -35 dBw
Spurious Outputs >50 dB Below Carrier
3. Power Capability
Prelaunch: Up to 6 hours on battery power
Transfer Oro;!. t: 147. excesa power from array
Daylight On-Orbit Load Power
BOL Auturanal Equinox 951 watts
BOL Summar Solstice 866 watts
3·Year A.utumnal Equinox 823 watt.
3-Year Summer Solstice 767 watts
9.87. Ma'rgin Minimum
Eclipse Orl,-Orbit Load Power
100 waUl at 60t DOD
687. "!argin
·-- _. -,~ ~~~ •. ~-.--.-~--.~- ..~~~~ .. \..,...• \4.).....*.w.,....-= ..~~_.,..,. 'ilk,. ¥. '". h 4 .. ··Ai; .¥._~
5,
-,
TABlE 3-7
JAPANESE BROADCAST SATELLITE SYSTEM PAlW£'l'ERS
Satellite Location 1100 East Longitude
Experimental Coverage Japanese Territory
Frequency Bands 14.25 - 14.43 GHz uplink
11.95 - 12.13 GHz downlink
Number of TV Channels 2 •
Picture Quality SIN - 45 dB (T_\sO Grade 1)
Power Flux Density Japan mainland (-108 dBw/m2)
Remote territory (-117 dBw/m2)
System Life 3 years
Booster Thor-Delta 2914
Command and Control ~-Band and K-Band frCXil Control
Stations in Japan
I -43-
:- ......·...·........--7l1li;_$~~"'!!"~<-.>!iri!!O¥'
'-"i€¥ iiiW#-~~.~~- ... . ..........""_"''''I!.
,.,.,.;:-- ~~"'_::wJiM!'Y""'. ...·!ll!i1!'!!laIlllAIIl,II".,
"~i!l!"_·""'(_41'!1!.t4"""1I!!!44
TABLE 3-S
BROADCASTING SAIELLI1I SSE tECHNICAL DETAILS
Satellite Re~tangular body,~ 4 ft. square; overall depth (body
and antenna) 10 ft. overall .pan 29 ft. 4 in.
770 lbs.
Solar cells and NiCd batteries, 970 W at beginning
of life. 7S0-W minimum after 3 yr ••
3-axis stabilization, ±p.2° pointing accuracy (3~)
Configura tion 2 single conversion channels, 50- or SO-MHz bandwidth
Capacity 2 color TV channels
Transmitter 11.95 to 12.00 and 12.05 to 12.13 GHz
3 transmitters (2 on, 1 standby)
100-W output per channel
ERP per channel: 55-dBw minimum for primary area
46-dBw minimum for fringe areas
Receiver 14.25 to 14.30 and 14.35 to 14.43 GHz
2 receivers (lon, 1 standby)
~ 8.5 dB noise figure
Antennas Single parabolic reflector, 3.4 x 5.2 ft. 1.4 0 x 20
beamwidth ~at -4 dB), 40.3-dB peak transmit gain
3 feed. are used together to shape the beam (807. of
the power goes theough the main feed)
Design Life 3 yr..
Orbit Synchronous equatorial, 1100£ longitude, ±p.lo E-W
and N-S stationkeeping
Orbital History Launch .cheduled for first quarter 1978
Delta 2914 launch vehicle
Developed By National Space Development Agency of Japan
General Electric
Tokyo Shibaura
TABIB 3-9
BSE SYSTEM KEY PA1W£'mllS
Satellite Location 11C.~ Longitude
Experimental Coverage Japane.e Territory
Carrier Frequency
TT&C
C01IID&nd/Ranging 2110.8 MHz (1 MHz BW)
14.0125 GHz (1 MHz BW)
Telemetry/Ranging 2286.5 MHz (1 MHz BW)
11.7125 GHz (1 MHz BW)
Television
Up-Link 14.250 - 14.300 GHz
(25 MHz BW/TV Channel)
14.350 - 14.430 GHz
(25 MHz BW/TV Channel)
Down-Link 11.950 - 12.000 GHz
(25 MHz BW/TV Channel)
12.050 - 12.130 GHz
(25 MHz BW/TV Channel)
Channel Capacity 2 - Color TV Channels
Received Quality
SIN • 45 dB at 1 dB Rain Loss
TV-Video
(USO Grade 1)
TV-Sound SIN • 50 dB
Pawer Flux Den.ity
Japan Mainland. -108 dBw/ri
Remote Territory -117 dBw/m2
K-Band Antenna P01.ntiD& Accuracy :t 0.2 0 (3 cr)
On-Orbit Statio~-keeping Accuracy ± 0.1 0 (N/S and E/W. 3 years)
i Initial Solar Array Ganerated Power 970 wattl at worst cal.
0.725
Reliability
3 yean
1 System De.ign Life
Delta 2914
Launch Vehicle
675.8 Kg
[ Launch Capability
[
TABLE 3-10
The INSAT-I Satellite
The INSAT-IA satellite will be located at 74o E longitude and'INSAT-IB
0
at 94 E longitude. Each of the INSAT-I satellites, being built by the
Ford Aerospace & Communication. Corporation (FACC) of USA to Indian
specifications and requ~t~ents under s contract from the Deparem.nt
of Space (DOS), is designed to provide the following capabilities over
individual 7 year ~n-orbit life:
o Two 36 MHZ wide direct TV broadcast transponders in 5855-5935
MHZ (larth-to-aatelllte)/2555-2635 MHz (satellite-to-earth)
with 42 d~ (min) EOL EIRP each. National coverage. Utiliza-
tion for direct TV broadcasting to augmented low-cost commu-
nity TV sets in rural areas, TV program distribution, radio
program distribution, and disaster warning.
o TWelve 36 MHZ wide transponders operating in 5935-6~25 MHZ
(earth-to-satellite)/3710-4200 MHz (satellite-to-earth) frequen-
cy bands with 32 dOW (min).
o A data channel (200 kHz bandwidth) operating in 402.75 Z 0.1 MHZ
(earth-to-.atellite) 14038. 1 ± 0.1 ME% (satellite-to-earth) bands
for relay of data from unattended data collection/transmission
platforms.
o A Very High aesulution Radiometer (VHRR) instrument with a
Visible (0.55-0.75 Ilm) and an Infra-Red (l0.5-l2.5 Ilm) channel
with resolutions of 2.75 kms and 11 kms respectively and with
.':ull .arth coverage.
-46-
_ _~"4"..,."",,,,"_r...,., ¥ ,..,~""1,...._""'
.. ..... > - "~--~~~
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• ." --~ .p&~~~~--~-~--4~~~~4~-mg~~
. .~.. .. . .... . . - - . - . ..
.. ."1 .
.. .~;~_~~,~.~_.~_4~:~
.~ . ~a.'~_~_~_=~*~_*'''''''~11
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.
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IN SA T.. I SP.ACECRA T
-~--- SaURtAlL
C IANOAHTI
fMllllfl"
Figure 3-6
-47-
~
. --=~ -.;,- -" ~
b¥S;:;t",§P¥-
both. The Indian Space Re.earch OraanizaUon (ISRO) of the Department of Space
have the S-band (2.S GHz) DRS technology required for the INSAT-I .y.tem and
have offered the .ame to Indian Indu.try a. a part of their technololY tran.-
fer pro,ram. A number of industrie, in India are currently di.cu •• inl S-band
DRS technology tran.fer from ISRO.
The high-power S-band (2.5 GHz) tran.ponder. on board INSAt-I aatellite.
can provide. stmultaneous17 with direct TV broadcast •• national radio program
channel and di.alter warning channel in injected carrier mode of working. A
lOW-COlt S-band receive system coloeated with radio transmitters. having a
12' diameter chicken-mesh antenna and a 3 dB Noise Figure (NF) low-noi.e ampli-
fier (LNA). will be able to receive hiah-quality/fidelity 15 KHz audio Signals
for radio n"c:working.
Figure 3-7 .hows the INSAT-I system concept illustrating the variety of
.~rth terminals to be u.ed to receive all of the various down-links and to
provide all up-link.. Note that thele terminals range from small terminals for
direct TV broadcasting, to larae telephone earth stations, to emerging commu-
nieation terminals to terminals servina at least 100 data collection platform.,
deployed all ever India and the .urrounding oc..n.
3.6 European Systems.
In many aspects, Europe ean be considered to be the principal beneficiary
of the ATS-6 broad~!.t expertment, which gave ris. to both national and European
efforts, .omettme. cooperative •• ometi~. competitive, in the development of
large broadea.t .atellite.. The.e development. have been made in conjunction
with the development of the ARIANE Launch Vehicle, for ~ich a larae European-
sp~nlored boradeast aatelUte we. to be the first p~inclpal payload.
The .. telUte de~lopmant activity in Europe is very complex; it 11
performed at European Space Agency (OTS, EeS, H-SAT, L-SAT. etc.) a •• result
-48-
~ .~~"*'"'"' _4,
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or .. ' _~ I
j
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.
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•
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.."I
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il • ,
\~.
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Figure 3-7
-49-
-.---- '~~-"::-=
of a cooperative arrange.nt of el.ven E1.4ropean countri•• , and it i. perfor.d
bi-nationally: (SYHPHONIE - France and FRG) , and nationally: Italy (SIRIO),
France (TELCOO, Great Britain (SKYNET) , and FaG (Federal Rcapubl1c of Gemany)
(HELIOS and .oon TV-SAT).
In 1971, the FGR* commi •• ioned Siemen., SEL and MBB to prepare a f ... ibilf.ty
study of a t.levi.ion broadca.t .at.llit.. Thi. study, completed in 1973,
described a .atellit. which had many new unique feature.; i ••.• a 3-axi. body-
.tabil1zed platform, with 0.1 o po1.nting accuracy, an EIllP of 67 dBW into the
FRG qnd 64.S dBl into neighb~ring German • pea king ar.a., u.ing a 40.8 dB peak
gain antenna and. 500 watt TWT. Four channel. were planned in a .. tel lite
de.igned to be launched on Atlas Centaur, and to .erva small home TV receiver.
with 4 dB/K for G/T and using cOlllllllnity r.c.iw.rs with 7 dB/K G/T. Tbi. study
va. particularly memorable in that it produced FRG-.pon.ored TWT d.~!ppment
at the 750 watt level At SIEMENS, at 1.5 KW and SOO watt at VALVA, and at 450
watts at AEG - Telefunken. It was also the first to recognize the applicability
of the low nobe FET (then not fully developed for 12 GHz u.e) for the anw.r
to the sen.itivity of a TVRO ground terminal having diamsters from 0.41 met.r.
to 1 mater for a rang. of rec.iver noise figur.s from 4.5 dB to 8.5 dB.
FollOWing the FGR study, interest in broadca.t .atellites by the FRG wa.
transferre(~ to ESA of which FRG was a key member and con.idet1ltiofl was rude of
& broadcast satellite known as H-SAT by ESA, a. a payload for ARlAN! and a ••
developmental companion to the high1, .ucce •• ful 11/14 GKz Orbital Telt Satellite
(OTS) launched in 1978. and in the fOTthcoming European Communication Satellite
(ECS) •
*Commi.sioned by Gesellschaft Fur Weltraumfor.chung, Contract PV11/l-V14/72-QH-
01-00.
-50-
Thele joint effort. produced con.ide~able national technololical .kill.
directed towerd 3-axi. body-.tabilization ,t MBB/T!LDIX, hiah power tub4 develop-
IIIIInt at both AEG-Telefunkan in the FRG and Thomson-CSF in France. The .. efloret
produced a technological fall-out whl,,:h, in addlt10n to the technololical .kill.
produced by the Franko-German S'YMPHONrB aGe! Italy'. SIal 0 , and participation in
tntehat'. IV, IV-A, •..d V, hal procuded a broadca.t NteUita competence and
experience Jf con.iderable magnitude.
3.6.1 ~ L-SAT.
The ESA H-SAT or ARIANE H:F.AVY SATELLITE .. it w.. dc.cri~d by R. L. Hemdon
at the A~ 7th Communication Satellite Sy.tam. Confer.nce in San Diego, OIlif.,
April 1978, wa. duigned to match the launch capability (1700 Ka) of ARrAN! 1.
Thi. latellite wa. under de.ign with the objective. of providinl a TV-broadea.t
paylcad with two channels in the 11/14 GHz band and a 20/30 GHz cOtmlUnication
payload which included a 2 x 2 port .witch matrix to te.t SS-TDMl. Thi •• atel-
lite design never got beyond the fea.ibility and preliminary de.isn pha.e _
although it led to the de.ian and r&&lization of 450 watt TWT at AEG-Telefunken
and ISO watt TWT at Thom.on-CSF, and explored in depth the technology of main-
taining bea~ pointing accuracy of 0.05 0 for at lealt 12 houri _ day continuoully.
The growing expertila in TV-Satellite duip and technology at MBl' in FRG,
spurred by Dr. D. Koelle, and tne interelt by FIG in providing TV-broadcalt
.ervicu to the German • pea kina nation. of Europe cau.. d FRG to withdraw itl
.upp~,t in H-SAT, to concentrate on the development of the Ge~n TV-SAT :0
be ducribed in Section 3.6.2. With the impetu. of fir.t German~ and tMn
French inter•• t in buitding large TV-broadcaet .. telli~ •• , !SA then returned
to broaJcast .. tellite aI', roa with the L-SAT, a largfl 3-axil body-.tabllized
latellite now .ized to the 11ft-off weight of ARIANE-3 of 2300 Ka and including
-51-
the following payloads now under consideration:
~ two channel 12 GHz television direct broadcast payload with one
chan..,.l providing preoperational servic•• for one European country and
the other steerable to support experiments and demonstration in time
sharing mode over the whole European region.
a payload for pilot European specialized or business services in the
12.5-12.75 GHz downlink band for operation with small terminals
located at private or local premises.
a payload for experiments and demonstration in the 20/30 GHz band as
relevant to its future utilizatio':, ;;~t: specialized services such as
videoconferencing, and sup?orting ~cientific and technical objecti\~s
of t:elevance to a range of other future applications.
a payload to support experimental measurements of propagation effects
in the 20/30 GHz bands.
t·SAT would serve as a test vehicle for U.K., Italy, Netherlands, Belgium,
Switzerland, Denmark, Spain, Austria and canada; in other words, the countries
in Europe not ser.red by German and French I'1&tional broadcast satellites.
3.6.2 German TV-SAT (FRG).
The FR~ Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT) has become a staunch
advocate of high power lV-broadcast satellites as fitting addition to the present
German nationwide TV-broadcasthg system with two TV programs and one regional
program. Since no additional frequencies were available for :onventional ter-
restrial broadcasting, the TV broadcasting satellite had the feature of pro-
viding an additional five channels to serve both direct-to-home interests and
io serve the extensive German cable Tv' systt,m.
FollOWing the feasibility study of a TV broadcast satellite for Germany
described in 3.6, the MBFT in 1979 directed MBB, supported by AEG-Telefunken,
-52-
-.-"'- '--·-"~-·-.-.n~c, -~,- -~-".----."- - -"--~-'---- -1F""-~'" _;;A#:zg;:::;;:::;~
r---
~
l,
Dornier, ERNO, and SEL to build a aatellite with a target launch date of a
pre-operational satellite on Ariana 3 in early 1983 and an operational .atal-
lite in 1985. This satellite wa~ spacified as bei:lg compatible with both
ARIANE and STS/SSUS-A (TV-SAT AJ).
This broadcast satellite shown in Figure 3-8 bas five TV channels in the
11.7-12.5 GHz bald with an ;:rRP of 65.5W using 260 watt '1WTA and high gain
(40 dB) antennas with 0.72 x 1. t:~ degree beanuidths from a satellite position I
at 19o West ~.l).
• Tables 3-11 and 3-12 de~c~~be the pertinent details of TV-SAT. The up-
links are not described since they are anticipated as being in the 18.5 to 14.1
GHz range ?8ndi~g finalization of allocations by WARC-79.
The technological innovations of this satellite are substantial and very
significant; th~y include:
Travelling wave tubes of 200 to 450 watts
Power repeater chains
CFC-antenna dishes as large as 2m in diameter
Feed system of the transmitting antenna
Ultra-liihtweight solar generator
Double-gimbaled momentum wheel
•
High-precision infrared earth sensor
1 Digital reprogrammable attitude and orbit measurement and control system
Digital THJTC system
I
, RF-unsor
Liquid apogee thrust system
Bearing and power transmission assembly for high p~er
,
-53-
-i--QAJp _,4-- - Q4-- - t;¥ " ~A4C 4-
. \9
OR\G\NI-\\.
Of POOR
PQ~~~\T't
I
/
,/ -
/
,./
,.,...,.-/ -
.' T_
.
I I
\ I
\ \ I
I
1110 - -
II i
---!....----~ ,-'-1r
I I
~ :1
I 'I
'f.I
-4 1
•
I
'~
I'~ I
~'
- \
~
\ \
•
..L _ _ _ _ _
TABLE 3-11
MAIN SYSTEM REQUlREl£NtS OF GERMAN TV -SAT
COIIIDunication 5 Channell for Gennany
3 Operated Simultaneoully
Orbit POlition, Nominal
0
Station Keeping Longitude ± 0, 1
Latitude ± 0, 10
Antenna Pointing Direction
(Rx and Tx)
Antenna Beam Pointing Accuracy Any Direction ± 0,1 0
Antenna Ellipse Orientation Accuracy
Antenna Beamwidth Transmit 1,620 x 0,72 0 elliptic
Receive 1,05 0 x 0,47 0 elliptic
DC Power EOL 2533 watts
Lifetime Design 7 years
Operation 5 years
Communication Frequency Bands Uplink 18,3 .1. 18,7 GHz
Downlink 11,7.1. 12,1 GHz
Polarization Uplink RHC
Downlink tHe
ElRP Channel N02 65,5 dBw
6 65,6 dBw
10 65,6 dBw
14 65,7 dBw
18 65,7 dBw
Crosl Polar Component Relative Angle Relative Gain
x • 0 1 00 GrB (dB)
o~ X ~0,33 -40 \l+log/x-ll)
0,33 ~ x {;1,67 -33
lJ67~x -40 (l+10g/x-ll)
.. Tranafer Orbit MaIS 1600 Kg
-55-
- ~ - - - -, ~ ~ I -.- '. -.- - - -
• ' '. • t
\
, - - ' -' -' , - - - (j - - , -- - .-' --
~-"'='~~~';--_~~-<~-~~- •• ....
-~ -'~~_~.o-:-<. '-~--rl!""--"'" "'" -~~?IJ!!£g~_p¥4¥ ,- ~r ""~"""-"=oP'Tc~_i"'_"""'~
,t
r"
TABLE 3-12
lV.. SAT A3 SYSTEM CMBACIERISTICS
1. !,ay10ad
3 + 2 (spare) Channels with 260 W TWTA s.
Separate Transmit and Receive Antennas
Total Mall 167.3 kg
Power Requirement 2238 Watt
Reliability (5 years) 0.930
2. Spacecraft
Power BoM/EoM 5 y 3400/2850 W
System Reliability (5 y) 0.837
Bus Reliability (10 y) 0.800
Payload Module Mass 280.0 kg
Service Module Mass 300.0 kg
Propulsion Module Mass 210.0 kg
Propellant for Transfer, Apoge. Maneuver and
Acquisition ARIANE: 693 kg, SHUTTLE : 825.0 kg
Propellants for Attitude and Orbit Control 95 (max. 150) kg
Mercury for Ion Thrusters 10.0 kg
Total Mass after Separation fram
ARIANE 1712.0 kg
SHUTTLE + SSUS-A 1880.0 kg
Total Length with Extended Arrays 19.25 m
3. Subsystems
Antenna System with Two Deployable CFC Dishes and
Central Tower 56.7 kg
Repeate= with 5 TWTA's of 260 W 110.7 kg
Power Subsystem (50 V bus) 59.5 kg
ULP Solar Array 93.5 kg
Array Drive Aas.mbly (BAPTA) 14.4 kg
Data System (IT&C, Data Handling) 24.9 kg
Attitude/Orbit Measurement & Control 48.5 kg
Unified Propulsion System 91. 5 kg
RITA-l Electrical Thruster Package (2) 3::.6 kg
Structure (Excl. Adapter) llt4.7 kg
Thermal Control Hardware 63.5 kg
Bu. a.mes., Pyrotechnics 26.4 kg
Balance Mass, Miscellaneous 5.0 (A) to 30 (S) kg
TABLE 3-12
TV -SAT A3 SYStEM CHARACtERISTICS (Continued)
4. Electrical
Antenna Gain 40.6 dB
EIRP 62.5 dBw
Received Power Flux Density (Edge Coverage) 104 dBw/m2
5. The Legal and Administrative Basis for TVBS in Europe had been
created by the WARC-77 in Geneva, allocating 5 channels to each country
in Europe and defining the antenna beams and main parameters. For
Germany th~se parameters are aa follow.:
TV Ch&nnels 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 (11.7-12.5 GHz-Band)
Polarization Left-Hand
EIRP 65.5 dBw (260 W TWtA Output)
Antenna Beam 0.72 x 162 deg.
Satellite Position 19 0 West (+ 0.1)
-57-
Figure 3-9 indicates the antenna coverage to be served by the German
TV-SAT and shows the various -103 d!w/~ contours as view.d from orbital
o 0
position 19 west for beam pointing errors from 0 to 0.1 .
3.6.3 French TV-SAT.
In 1979, France started the process of building a domestic communication
satellite TELECOM, with transponders in C-band and X-band. This satellite is
being built by ~TRA with Thomson-CSF responsible for the transponderl.
After the announcement of the start of the r~rman TV-SAT France also,
in October 1979, indicated that it intended to build a French broadcalting
satellite to serve French intereltl. The .arly details and system alpects of
this satellite were announced by J. Arnaud, Telediffusion de France, and
C. Derieux and A. Pouzet of CNES at the 1980 AIAA 8th Communication Satellite
Systems Conference in Orlando, Florida, in April 1980.
The satellite design is a 12 GHz 3-axis body-stabilized satellite which
is very close to that of the German TV-SAT and indeed, one could expect close
cooperation and therefore similarity in building both satellites. Its structure
is that shawn in Figure 3-10 and its footprint coverage, following the WARC-77
allocations. In its initial design phase, it is designeo as a 3-channel satel-
lite (1900 Kg) to be launched on AR~E 1, or a 5-channel satellite (2300 Kg)
to be launched on ARIANE 3.
Early design considerations indicatp. the use of the WARC-77 approved EIRP's
in the 64 dBW range; however, it will use special 230 watt TW!A developed by
Thomson-CSF, with groups of two TW!A combined by a T-Circuit to produce a
power output of 350 watt. per channel. It will carry 10 ~!A including .pare ••
The French broadca.ting .. ate llita will l'.se the up-link frequency of 17.3-
18.1 GHz, will be pointed wit:h an accuracy of .:to. OS o , and will operate into small
I-meter TVRO antennas as specified by WARC-77.
-58-
_.;.l!'~ # ,.·c .¥.Ql!Utt.. ''II
~
on -"- 1"'1!I'IW
ORIGINAL ~ ; t:j~: j;..)
OF POOR QUALITY
View from
Orbital Position
1rfJ West
-0
'.
~--~~~~~~---~~
EIRP 0
max
= 65.5 dBW '\
-103dBW/m
2
\~
Antenn. Coverage Are. for the FRG .s D.fin.d by WARe 1977
. '. .. .- ' j ' '. -. . --.:- -. . . '., -
..
" ... ~. "- = ~ • .:.~ -. f - ~
T D F-1
I
---~----,-
!...
..
I
1--
-
.- 1
,',i'lil •
.'
;11
~II.
I . ;1 11;
, II ~ ,
~;II'
•
010
i ,,:':
I• , l$ii\!
~~i
I :\"
- -i --1
I
"~
, ';:'\1 I
... ..
'"
.
III
-
•:
...
Figure 3-10. French TV-SAT --- --- 1&.40
60
_ _ ~ --.- -r, ~ - ~.. - • I -
,~ .
• - ' !,c" -~ -. ~. • - ' ,_ L" '" J ~- ... = -- - _ ' , '= ... Sq. _ _
GERMAN SATELLITE
I
I
FRENCH SATELLI1E
Preoperational Operatfona' Preoplrat1onal
Operational II
5 TV channe's
3 TV channels 5 TV channels 3 TV channels
iI
Capacity •••..•
End of life
-S.,2 KW
power of 50- 5,8 KW 3.2 KW (including
largenerator 3,9 KW EPS needs)
fRENCH COVERAGE
Flgu!'e 3-11. Coverage of French TV-SAT
3.6.4 NORDSAT Resional Satcom and Broadca.t System.
The Nordic countrie., Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, have
at pre.ent a total of .even TV program. and ten radio progra~. However, nona
of the five countries has more than two national program. and except for very
limited spillover, there i. at pr..ent 110 acce .. by one Nordic country to the
programs of the neighboring Nordic countriel. There are mainly three technical
maanl to expand the national broadcalting distribution to a Nordic coverase a.
described by L. Anderlon of the Swedish Space Corporation at the AIAA 7th
Satellite Systems Conference in San Diego 1n April 1978.
o A cable system would be theoretieally fea'ible. The obstacle i. the
cost and the time to reach an acceptable coverage which is considered
to be 981.. The cost for a 6-channel cable .y.tem in Sweden has been
calculated by the Telecommunication Admini.tration to an inveltment of
3500 M US dollars. The time needed to reach a 981. coverage 11 utimated
to be 30 years, as a vast land area is thinly populated.
o Another possibility could be the establilhment of new networks of
ground-transmitters. However, a ~eriou. constraint il that the WARe
frequency regulationl limit the number of TV cbannell to 4, which is
insufficient for a total ~xchange of even the prelent Nordic prosrams.
o The third pol.ibili~ il to u.e direct broadcasting SAtellites. The
Swedish Space C~rporation's F.. sibility Study shaw. that. DRS system
is the .upP.~ior solution for making available all Nordic TV and radio
prcgraml to all Nordic houleholds. Some of the advantages are:
_ AUDO.t 1001. coverage from tbe start of the new .ervice.
On], 4 to 5 years needed to implement the direct broadcastins
service .fter project go-ahead.
·61-
Low co.t com~red to oth.r .olution. to provide the .ame .ervice.
An inve.tmlnt of 160 M US dollar. will giv. an 8-chann.l DBS
.y.t.m with Nordic coverag••
A feature of NORDSAT which 11 r.flected in mo.t regional .;·'tell' which
actually cannot employ INTELSAT l .... d chann.l., i. the U'I of high .atellite
EIRP which re.ult. in the practical use of 10-met.r r.flector rec.ivar. leading
to very low co.t receiving Mtations for TV, as compar.d to the ne.d for at lea.t
4.5 meter diamet.r antenna. for use with INTELSAT-IVA or INTELSAT-V channel ••
NORDSAT .y.tem .ummary is given in Table 2l.
A view of the ultimate d.cision with regard to NORDSAT wa. given by
Jan Nyhetm of the Norwegian NRK in April 1978 Sat411ite Communication., when he
commented 'vhen will it be po •• ible to have an operational Nordic .atellite
broadca.ting .y.tem? There are no authoritative timetable. avail~ble. If a
Nordic Council "yes" 11 given in 1980, wh.n more information will be available,
th,is still "only" amounts to a recQlllD8ndation directed to the national gowraments.
If the Nordic gov.rnment. agree, the different problems outlined might be
attached and .olved during the early 1980'.. The broadca.ting equipment in the
space .egment may then be .pecified. Allowing a few years for systems te.ting,
it would not be until the late 1980's for a •• tellite sy.tem to become opera-
tiona 1, and it may easily be de layed beyond tha t. Thus. I be aeve tha t ,
NORDSAT sylten will not be operational before circa 1990". The political tm-
plications of thi. regional .y.tem will eventually govern the future of NORDSAT
over the technological questions involved.
The characteristic. of NORDSAT a. conceived in 1979, are listed in Table
3-13. It will use 450 watt TWtA in each of four TV broadca.t channell at 12 G~
and a 200 watt TW!A in a channel for Iceland. It. initial design concept follow.
-62-
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
TABLE 3-13
NOBDSAT SYSTEM SUMMAltY
• COMMtlNlCAnON §£R1ZIgS STARTING IN ].983
_ PREOPERATIONAL PHASE: 4 NOBDIC CHAI.'rnELS, 1 lCEL&'WIC CHANNEL
_ OPERAnONAl. PEASE: 8 NOBDIC CHANNELS, 2 ICELANDIC CH,AN!;ELS
_ DIRECT BRa.u>CASTlNG TO DENMARK, FINLAND, ::O&AY, S"WZDEN .um ICE!.AND
- SEMI-DIRECT allOADCASTING TO GREEN1.A.'m
- tELEPHONY AND DAtA TlANSMlSSION
• m.TM!ER OF SA'IELLITE§.
1 SATELLITE IN nlE PREOPEP.A'!'IONAL PHASE SUCCESSIVELY F.XPA.."iDiNG TO 3 IN T'rlE
OPERAUONAL PHA..~ WITH 2 OPERATIONAL Alii> 1 SPARE IN ORBIT.
• SAIELLI'I'E
ON-SUTlON MASS 950 kg
- COMMm.'lCATIONS FAi1.OAD
NCRDIC COVERAGE 4 CHANNELS
450 W!C}iAm~.I..
ICE:w\..T'iDIC COVERACE 1 .CHANN1:L, 200 W
!!LIPRONY TR..\NSPONCERS 20 W!TRANSPONDER
AN'IEtt"NA POI~-nNG ~o. 05°
- PLATFCRl1
ATT!TUDE CONTROL
E!.!CTRICAL POWER
THREE AXIS sunILlZATIOU
5.4 kW SOLAR ARRAY 1
!
IF.ElUI.AL CONTROL VAlUABLE CONDUCTANCE .,
HEAl: PIPE IW>IATORS, 8m"
• TR.\NSMIT!'lNG S!ATIO~IS
ONE MAIN STAnON PER CO:,.rNTR.Y FOR DENMARK, FINLAND, NORWAY, SWEDEN AND lCE~'ID
• I~'DI\rrDUAL RECEIVERS
1
EmC'IIVE GIT
A..';'ItNN;. DIH£1'ER
--
,. 6 d!/K
. . 0.9 m
1
i
I
1
-63-
r
that of tha German TV-SAT and ESA'. L-SAT a~d it will no doubt conform clo.ely
f
I
to European de.ign concept. and u.e European technology where p~ •• ibl~.
fI 3.6.5 lTAtSAT.
Following the .ucce •• fuJ experimental u.e of SIRO (uplink 18 GHz. downlink
11 GHz), Italy ha. now started con'l.ruction of • unique .aullite uling the
11
20/30 GHz frequenc1e. for televia10n dhtribution. It i. pre~ently conceived 1
i
•• producing up to 17 .pot beam. into principal It.lian area!. and while not a
broadcasting .. tellite in the WARC-77 .en.e, it. role a. a TV-di.tribution
.atellite will inaugurate the use of the.e frequencie. in Europe for TV-u.e and
no doubt influence many future de.ign. including the pre.ent de.ign con.idera-
tion of L-SAT ",hieh will include a 20/30 GHz payload. 1
I'.I:ALSAT will u.e 20 watt 18 GRz 'lWTA _de by Hughea EDD of Torrance, 1
California, who Altde the 10 watt NT mode for SIRIO and the 4 watt 18 GRz 'fl'I'A
1
mode for Japan CS. ]
i
3.7 ~. 1
The fir.t practic.~ ~tiliz.tion of Earth artificial .atellite. for broad- ]
1
ca.ting television progr~ to lV transmitting earth .tations started in the 1
USSR in 1967 when a T'! distribution .ystem con.i.ting of ''Molnya-l'' communica-
~
tion .ate11it.. and 20 TV receiving .tation. of "Orbita" type wa. introduced. 1
1
The .y.tem extended the TV coverage of the population by 20 million peop~e. l,
During the year. that followed "Orbita" and then "Orbita-2" .tation. were
continued to be rapidly con.tructed in the most remote region. of lhe country.
Pre.ently "Orbitl _2" .tations are not only located in big cities '.lch al
Novoa1birlk, Khab.uovsk, Vladivo.t"k but u.ed in relatively 1111&11 location. a.
UTaY. Kirensk, etc. Altogether more than 70 stativn. were ~ilt _nd brought
in to su-vice.
-64-
However, the construction of "Orbita" stationa is economically justified
~
j
only in locations with high density of population. The further development of ;
television broadcasting networks in regions with law population density cannot,
therefore, be based on the construction of new stations of this type.
A demand aro~e to simplify and to reduce the cost of receiving atations
I
j
.~
in order that they could be available for the use in remote locations BUch as
Siberia. It was obvious too, that the power radiated by the space itation
should be increased. 'lbe demand ·~as satisfied by developing "Ekran" satellite
system for television broadcasting.
The "Ekran" satellite shown in Figure 3-12 and t.311ed Statsionar-T was
launched in the ~eostationary orbit at 99° E on October Z6, 1976. Its service
area, Figure 3-13, is more than 9 million square kilometers (ab~t 401. of the
whole ; "!rritory of ':"e USSR) and it includes some regions of Siberia, the
n
Extreme North a~<, partly, of the Far East (see Figure 3-14). When the "Ekran
satellite was launched, 60 receiving stations were established in its service
area and by the end of 1980 their number will exceed one thousa~.d.
As shown, the STATSIONAR-T is a large 3-axis stabilized satellite using
a giant phased array of 96 helical spiral antennas as the antenna system.
The satellite transmitter o~~ates at the central frequency of 714 MHz
and uses a Klystron which has the power of 200 Watts at the antenna input.
Antenna gain is 33.5 dB.
The receiving system parameter:- have to provide for the reception of a
given quality at th~ edge of the serlice area when the field strength is
29 J).V/m and the wte1litf! antelU'Ui. gain to the edge of the service area is
26 lIB. The power fl'..x de':lsity on the earth's BUrface at the Edge of the se-:-vice
area is -116.5 dBW/m .
2 •
I HOMI'I:
"n _ 'AlI ..TMI • YCnOIMIX
IHYT'Mo&nACTHWX .. ClnltCKMX CfTIA
•
A"OMA TM'IICKMA KOPPIKTO'
TI KAHAnOi
a
AMCKYCCMI:
YHHCIIMKJ.",HI KOMMYTA",HO
.E~, ,_ 9 JUIN 1978 [~EM~CHqHbIA
fTEII";",,~.-.~ "~~HO·TUHM"ECKHIl
CTAHL4"A - WAr K MHTlrPA
~ dt~ ~~ti"" U'"FJI
•
TACT ATY'HItIA TEnICDOHHItIA
AnnAPAT
. 0.flPOBOAHOH " PAAHOCBR3K,
nJl~B"llEH"IO, PAIlHOBElllAHHtO
HA Mon·CTPYKTnAX
TP)'llMWUECSI (,ObHo..oro COK'H~ ['''I''IlH'b 3.\ bblnO.1HEHHt "
nll'f Iiblno.11t(HItF n.' '\HA 1\1';''' ro.1~' H \( 1(."""80 .!lor.1I8.\nTECb H ..\It-
n.1{ Win nVOIl3111I:.lIITL'Io,1II( TI~ TV),n·, ;"4'4·UTlthHOCTU nl'OU3bOD,(l·
11\ " I\~"f( T~' 1'.\I.Olhl!
:.., ~lp"J~.o. "''' knee; " , _u un r •••
''< ..
-
'" ~......
.
• ~ -
';-'/
-
. . .
-
_
,
-
T ,,'
'
~
' ," " -,. - , - . - - ~. . - , - '
~" I. . . '- .
\' ~'- f'I\G£ \5
OR\G . . R Q'J~Ul'{
Of pOO
2!J' 300 ~. ~. r JJ- .. r 101r lID' 120- ISo- .cJI I5r 1'0- 17tJI 1811' f7U'
Figure 3-13. STATSIONAR- T Coverage
.'
- 67-
There are two types of receivers: the first and the second class. The
first class receivers are designed to broadcast programa to local TV centers
located in relatively big locations while the second class receivers are
connected to low power TV repeater stations or to cable distribution networks
in small locations.
The basic parameters of the "Ekran" system are listed in Table 3-14.
~I Signals are transmitted to the Statsionar-T transponder from a transmit-
r ting earth station near Moscow. Video and sound signals are fed to the .station
r •
by the radio-relay link from the all-Union TV center in Ostankino. The station
,
I
i
is equipped by a 5 kW transmitter operating at 6200 MHz and by a transmitting
parabolic antenna of 12 m in diameter.
I A first class recei~ing installation with an input par~tric amplifier
is used for reference. The parametric amplifier is uncooled, of a regenerative
type with the noise temperature of about 80 K. The signal level at the IF
amplifier output serves as a criterion of the transmitting antenna pointing
accuracy.
The standard first class receiving installation, hawever, contains two
identical FM receivers, one of which is operating and the other is back-up,
the power to each being supplied from a separate 12.6 V rectifier. A low-noise
transistorized amplifier with the noise temperature of 450 K and the gain oE
18 dB is at the input of each receiver. The output of the transistor amplifier
is then frequency converted ~ a 70 MHz IF amplifier. Following the frequency
detector a video signal is amplified to the 1 V standard in a video amplifier
while the 6.S MBz subcarrier signal is demodulated in a separate unit which
produces a sound signal at its output.
The first class installation uses an 18 Yagi element antenna array shnwn
in Figure 3-14. and is designed to be connected with a local TV center or a high
-68-
~ - ~ . - ~ ~- ~.- -. - - " '.' - ,
--- {$;r
~.
• ~.., •
-
- _ ' - • • "-
"
~ c
.
~ --"
.
. . ."7 _,_ ~ ~_
TABLE 3-14
EKRAN "S'rATSIONAR-T" BROADCASTING SA'lELLlTE SYSTEM
A. Earth-to-Space Characteristics
Frequency Range 6200 MHz
Bandwidth 24.103 kHz
Transmitting Antenna Gain 55 dB
Maximum Transudtted Power 5 kw
Receiving Antenna Gain 19 dB
Noiae Temperature of Receiving Space Station 3000~
Location of Earth Terminal Gus - Khrustalnys
B. Space Station: Statsionar T
Launch Date Oct. 26, 1976
Geostationary Orbit Location Coordinates 99~ O~
Initial Orbital and Space Station Data:
Altitude of Apogee 35,600 km
Altitude of Perigee 35,600 km
Inclination 0.3 0
Period 23 h 56 m
Frequency Range 714 MHz
Bandwidth 24 MHz
Klystron Power 200 Watts
Transmitting Antenna Gain on Satellite:
Maximum 33.5 dB 2
To the Edge of the Service Area 29 mV, -116.5 dBW/m
C. Receiving Earth Terminal Characteristics - Space-to-Earth Terminus
Receiving Earth Station Gain:
The 1st Class Station 3C dB
The 2nd Class Station 23 dB
Receiving Antenna Angular Width:
The 1st Class Station 4.5 0 x 2.5 0
The 2nd Class Station 90 x 90
Receivin~ Station Feeder Loases 1 dB
Receiv~ag Station Equivalent Noise Temperature 800 K
Output Receiver Power:
The 1st Class -106 dBw
The 2nd Clasa -113 dBw
Noiae Power at Receiver Input:
The ht Cla .. 20.8 dB
The 2nd Class 13.8 dB
Video Signal to Weighted Noiae Strength
Ratio at Receiver Output:
The ht Class 55 dB
The 2nd Cla.. 48 dB
Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the Sound
Channel at Receiver Output:
The lit Class 56 uB
The 2nd Class 49 dB
-69-
(
'_I ' .. I r ~
') I,
I
- .
,
J
'';' - ~ . :: ~~~' : '-~7
.
'. 4. ~ we _ .;...
. J ... ,..~ ....
~ ~~~
~ . ~ ..~ .
FIGL~ 3 - 14. EKRA~ An tenna
- 70 -
power repeater which has video and sound modulators and accordingly the receiver
has two outputs - for a video and a sound signal.
The second class receiver antenna is a COF~A8ed array made of four'
Yagi antennas used for the first class receiver.
3.8 Others.
Other c"'.lntries of the world are certain to join the superpowers of
space to p~ovide direct broadcasting from space according to the planning set
forth by WARC-7i. Because of the growing need for domestic telephony channels
•
a logical conclusior would be for a country to acquire a satellite having both
TV-channel at Ku-band or S-band, and telephony channels at C-band or at lower
Ku-band. However, the principle of apriori-planning adopted at WARC-77 makes it
unlikely that any country with pre-assigned orbital slots at Ku-band for TV
broadcast, will be able to get an assignment to the same slot in C-band due to
the present orbital crowding at the 3.7-4.2 GHz frequencies. Also, the enormous
dc power needed to power the 'N channel power a:nplifiers may limit the C-band
capability (if possible) unless an Intelsa~-V bus is used.
The interest in TV-broadcast from space continues to rise worldwide and
following paragraphs will summarize recent disclosures by Peoples Republic of
China (PRC), Australia. the Arab countries, and Comsat General (USA).
3.8.1 ~.
The Chinese Communications Satellite System will consist of two satellites
o~ orbit, and a spare on the ground plus. pilot number of two kinds of ground
A brief summary ~f the satellite specifications, a. told to an
station •.
AtAA delegation in December 1979, is as follows:
o the satellites will be princtpally used .~ Ku·band for broadcast purposes
with two channels of color TV using FM. These channels may be used
sequentially to cover two different time zones;
-71-
4Z . g #¥k.;;:; 4:4'+*- £. __ = 12£
o three TV voice channels will be used (again, sequentially used for
I two different time zones);
o there may be a two-beam usage requirement for the TV services;
o PRC ~ill require more than 3,000 sUnplex telephone voice circuits
at C-band (probably 6,000 circuits);
o PRC will use twenty to thirty 10-meter reflector earth terminals for
telephone circuits, and more than 2,000 1.S-meter reflector TV,
receive only, earth terminals;
o the launch will be required 30-36 months ARO; Shuttle/Delta compatible;
o the satellite life requirement is 5-7 years;
o the growth potential is a critical criterion.
CHlSAT/CAST* will procure and operate the satellites. Ground stations may
be procured and operated by users, the PIT and the Broadcast Bureau.
The PIT is studying the leasing possibility of Intelsat Indian Ocean
channels as an interim measure.
In parallel, the Chinese are building an indigenous experimental satellite
for launch in 1981 on "The Long March-III Launch Vehicle". This satellite will
be used to develop ground networks for their operational system. Long March-III
is their present launch vehicl~ (analogous to U.S. Titan-II) which is two-stage
UDMH/Nitrogen Tetroxide. There i~ a third stage, LH2/LOX, currently under
development. With thh third stage, Long March-III may have greater capability
than Ariane and will be ope~ational in 1981.
The PRe presently is using a 3-meter antenna at the earth station in
Nlnjing to pick up broadcast from the Japanese Broadcast satellite; and now
*CHISA\ i. the Chinese Communication S-tellite Corporation, and CAST is the
Chinese Academy of Space Technolon.
I
.,
-72
I
. ~. ~ ., ~:' ~ -- - -- ~ ~ - . '.
,
- - ..:.". ......... ~
.
• L - . , . _ \ . . . _. , . . . f .. 4- _ __-
-
have a L 8-meter antenna under development f~ .. d:>'.ct broadcaat applications.
3.8.2 Au~tralia.
Australia has issued a Tender in 1981 to various broadcast .atellite maDU-
facturers for a satellite to provide telephony and alao broadcaat television
to both metropolitan areas and the vast range, de.ert, and out-back areas of
Australia and New Guinea. Prior to issuing this Tender, Australia sought
guidance from Canada, and will use the lower-power Ku-band broadcasting
satellite approach (EIRP < 50 dbw) stmilar to that used with ANIK-B. This
satellite will provide not only fixed satellite services on a continental
average beam with an EIRP of 36 dbw, but also will use five spot beams which
can be switched between fixed satellite service and homestead and community
broadcast satellite ~ervice (HACBSS), the latter with an EIRP of 47 dbw (using
30 watt TlIT' s) •
3.8.3 Arabsat.
Arabsat will provide the Arab countries with community service TV-Broadcast
services using a transponder with 3D EIRP of 42 dbw at 2.56 GHz. This service
is in addition to 24 channels of fixed satellite service at C-band.
3.8.4 Satellite Television Corporation (Comsat)
Comsat General·s subsidiary, Satell~.te 1~!.evlsicn L~.~·."',-J!.·. ~'.:'''' It
to the FCC for permission to pl~7~ f~~r bro~acast satellit!s into orbi~. T~as~
will operate at J Sfl' ~;:,",,,":, ". me fo:- each time zone. Each sai;ellite will provide
3 channels ;;~.th 1:.1:.".:' i ... the range 55.3-57.9 dbw, will use a 185 watt TWT in
each ch?nnel, and will use an uplink at 17.3-18 GHz. The ground terminals will
use antennas less than l-meter in diameter and cost less than $300 each.
,
--1
l
1
-73-
--,.4 _
4.0 SYSTEM CONSmmTIONS IN SATELLITE BllOl\DCASTING
4.1 Television Links of Broadcast Satellites.
By the time television satellite broadcasting was first considered and
then given system guidelines by study group 10/11 B of the CCIR, television
broadcasting on a terrestrial basis was already a mature art. Three different
television systems are now in use; NTSC in the U.S., Canada, and Japan; PAL
in ~ost of Europe other than France, and SECAM which is used in France and in
the USSR.
Accordingly, television ~ec~ive usa~e a~d ~nufacture is N~rldwide, and
television standard~ and channel re~~irementr have been in use for many years.
Terrestrial satellite broadcasting uses vestigial side·band nodulation
for the video portion ~f the signal and either n1 (NTSC) or AM (SECAM) for the
audio portion depending ~n the syste~ used. The U.S. and ca~da and Japan
use 525-line syste~s (Region 2) while 625-line systems are used in Region 1
and ~ost of Region 3.
In television oroadcasting by satellites, as indeed in terrestrial radio
relay syste~, video is transmitted using FM, with the Audio, also ~n FM,
usually transmitted on a separate carrier. In some systems the audio is digi-
tized Lnto P01 and includ~d in the fly-back period of the video signal. The
use of n1 as a modulation techni~~e, of course, provides a carrier with relative-
ly constant am?litude which can pass through a non-linear a~plifier such as a
traveling wave tube with ~inimu~ or ~o distortion incurred due to AM-to-PM
co~version.
The key system parameters of a broadcast satellite system required for
operating at a CCIR specified ~~lity include the follawin~:
-74-
___
--""!-~-~"""-'!';'I"!'·~~""'::W""~"'40_"':!""""' _X¥
."""'--"""''''='''~~24l'1'g"'~"""Xg"'l!lM"'.""'**,W"", ..~ III!I~I!I!!.U:I!I!!II
• • ,,_
'='l
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
o Channel bandwidth
o Down-link budgets based on satellite !lRP, power flux denstty,
and earth terminal GIT
o Carrier-to-noi.e ratio (CIN) in the radio frequency bandwidth
o Ratio of peak-Co-peak luminance amplitude to weighted RMS noise
(SIN) or signal-to-noise ratio (SNRj
o S~bjective viewer preferences
Typical service characteristics are listed in Table 4-1 - which includes
the threshold CNR or bit error rate for each.
The system SiN or SNR is related to C/N as indicated in Figure 4-1 and
a threshold is established which is related to system link margin. Figure 4-1
illustrates typical curves for FM modulation deviations of 6 MHZ and 12 ~
and static and dyna~ic threshold. The static threshold is a convenient one
to use since it is easily measured. It is defined as the 1 dB departure from
linearity in the absence of video ~odulation. In the presence of video ~odu-
lation, an additional flat noise component is added that raises the threshold
to a dynL~ic value more appropriate to the actual situation. the difference
be~en ~he tw~ is above 1.5 dB in C/N ~ .
The curves given on Figure 4-1 als~ reflect the fact that above threshold
the noise has nainly a triangular spectral denSity, while well below threshold
it is flat. This results in a variation in improvement due to low pass filter-
ing, de-e~phasis, and noise weighting at and below threshold. The im?rove~nt
decreases from a theoretical value of 13.3 dB above threshold, to 8.5 dB at
threshold, and 3 dB well below threshold.
Figure 4-1 is plotted using CIN rather than c/~ (carrier-to-noise ratio)
"
sinc~ this '!lore easily allows a n'.1:nber of conclusions to be reached regarding
the tradeoff between EIRP and ;/T, na~ely:
-75-
~ .-- _ I - - - - - - ~" -" .= - - ~
.
r - - . . -
~ ' . .
• ~ ~
- - - ....
1- ..
- ~ - -
.....
~ _. - . ..... -
_. . . . _. --- '~""'I
'1'AB~ 4- I
Service Characteristics
----- - Protection Threshold SNR dfi(l)
Mode Bandwidth CNR or
Baseband Equivalent
MHz dB
FM(2) 22 12 40.2
TV Teleconferencing 4.2 MHz/15 KHz
QPSK(3) 9 9.1 BER .. 10- 4
TV Teleconferencing 6 toibps
(Comrresaed TV)
QPSK .077 9.1 HER '" 10- 4
Audio/Fax Teleconfere 128 Kbps
4 OC
QPSK(3) .922 9.1 BER '"' 10- "T1::;C
...,
I
HultipIe~d Oata/Voic 763 Kbps
-0(:)
0'
I (2) 12 40.2 0:'-;
4.2 MlIz/I5 KHz FM 22 0"
TV Broadcast ;xJ~
FM(2) 32 12 50.6 .0-0
~ Distribution 4.2 MHz/I5 KHz Cl>
l>O
FMI-'B(2) .24 7 46 r r.1
Radio Distribution 15 Kllz
-4 ~u;
QPSK(3) 9 9.1 B~R ... 10
TV Distribution (comp 6 Hbps
FH(2) 0.1 7 40
R&d 10 Broadca s t b KHz
QPSK or 0.02 7 43
Land Mobile To 11 qua 1 tty
3.1 KHz FM(4)
-- (4) Emphasis 6.
(2) Emphasis. (3) Rate 1/2 convolutional code.
(1) Test tone to noise ratio. COIIIPend ing .
....... ...," ......LlhIHIIl """",,,,","iW.<d.....ilillIJ"" '''GIII .... blter!±! .""1111 .... '$.·_**."*'*'1'1''3 e"!',jnt,b *1 1'" "w',........ ,.!W:...... "~llIoIi.JlIIrr.llIIrlIIIdI.JIl ....." .."'H'... "M .'"'. IWwMi¥'IIIj,.,IIIi""'""'wt!'ip'Hittc'ti"kdW'""'" tt/IHW' !n" ri$"'::!Nht'#"';
OR!~!::/,!.. PACE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
l
I
!
Curva5 ot s~ VI. c/~o !or !M.
Figure 4- t
- 77-
a) The level at which 1M threshold occurs d.cr••••• with d.cre.sin~
deviation.
b)
For a giv.n r.quired SNR J a minUDum C/N (and,
v 0
h~nc.J EIRP .nd/or
G/T) i8 achieved ~ith operation ne.r thr.shol~.
c) For oper.tion at a given margin above threshold .t • prescribed SNRv '
the~e is a spacific video deviation and C/No that will allow opt~
tradeoff between EIRP and G/T.
The picture signal-to-weighted conl'inuous noise ratio of 56.8 dB (p-p/R..'1S)
i8 allocated for a single satellite lin~, of which a noifle allocation of 57.0 dB
(p-plm-ts) was :nade for the up-link, £atellite and down-path, thum.l noises
and an additional 70.0 dB (p-p/~~) is for interference from other communication.
syste~ 3nd basic n~isa of earth st.tion eq~ipment.
The picture signal-to-weight.d continuous rand~~ noi.e r.tio =an be ex-
pressed '.>y the following e<['Jation. for respective audio trar,s~i.Ssion sche:nel.
In the singleech&nnel-per-carrier system, a separate RF carrier is u$ed
for aach a·Jdio :han:1.el a:1.d carried throu~h a II inbl~ tra':1s?,:mder separated from
the vi.de~ transponder. Therefore, the full transr;onder bando..,idth ca':1 be allo"
cated for the transminion of a TV video RF carri2r.
S/~l
v
= C/~:v • 10
When the FM audio lubcarrier is added to the video signal carrier, the
baseba.,rl frecrJency ra~ge becomes ·Ntder, which :nakes the freq'Jency d,-:!.at ion of
the TV picture signal s~ller with a certain satellite tranaponder ban&Nidth,
or the satellite bandwidth wider with a certain pictuce C['J&litv .
-78-
I a. C/Nv - carrier-to-noise ratio (dB)
b. SiNv • picture signal-to-weighted continuous random noise ratio
(uB p-p/RMS)
c. B • satellita transponder ~andwidth (MHz)
d. - maximum fre~~ency of vide~ signal (MHZ)
fcv
e. fs ~ audio subcarrier freq~ency (M:iz)
f . .dFsp- P _ frequency deviation of RF carrier produced by subcarrier
(Mhz, p-p).
_ weig~cing factor for pre-emphasized TV picture signal-
to-continuous random FM (triangular) noise ratio (12.8 dB).
The CCLR st~~ for a 525 line color TV system is defined in terms of
the peak-to-peak blanking-to-white signal and the rms noise:
SNR ~ Peak-to-peak blanking-to-white signal =- 56 dB (1)
rms noise
This signal is 9 dB higher than the rms test tone of same peak-to-peak ex-
curs ion; thus
SNR, ruts signal/rms nois2 : 56-9 ,. 47 d~ (2)
The rec~:ver generally uses a weighting network; typical improvement due
to the weighting fil:ers is 10.2 dB, 19ading to
SNR, unweighted, rms signal/rms noise = 56-9-10.2 ,. 36.8 ~B (3)
SO!!letimt:S FM pre-emphasis is used . with an improvement of 2.5 to 4 dB; a
typical vaiue is 2.8 dE (for a combined inprovement of 13.0 dB due to weighting
and pre-emphasis'. Tr.en
SNR, exel. i'l1provemen~s of pr~-emph. 6<
wghtg., for rms signal/rms un1se
1,. 56-9-J.3 - 34.0 dB (4)
The SNR from (3) or (4) is used in the FM equation (output of FM detector):
...
SNR - 3.m'. (m+l).CNR : FM ~provelt!?nt + CNR in dB (5)
-79-
where m • modulation index, from B • 2b (l+m)
B • RF bandwidth
b • baseband (video) bandwidth • 4 MHz
Example: An FM system with 8-40 MHz, b-4 MHz has a modulation index of
40/8 - 1 • 5-1 • 4. The FM impro~ment is 3x16x5 • 24C, i.e., 23.8 dB.
Using (4) with desired SNR of 34 dB, the required CNP is 34-23.8 • 10.2 dB.
(The CNR threshold is approximately 8 to 10 dB).
4.1.1 Useful Relationships in Satellite Link carrying Television
Tables 4-2 through 4-11 1is~ many of the link parameters and relationships,
and specifications for power flux density and signal to noise ratio which are
in use loday.
4.1.2 Analog Syste~nk Budgets.
Analog TV systems transmit the video a'ld audio on aT} FM Carrier. In
this paragraph, several important link budgets of existing or planned high
p.m. broadcast satellites are l~sted; Tables 4-12, 4-13, 4-14 and 4-15 list
the NORDSAT, CTS and BSE, and link budgets showing how a SIN or eIN is cal-
culate1 given the satellite EIRP, ground terminal GIT for EIRP's in the
60 dbw rang~.
Table 4-:6 is the link budget for Anik B ~vhich uses an EIRP of SO dbw
to achieve,wi~h the earth termina: described in Table 4-17, the reception
characteristics ._ ted in Tables 4-18 and 4-19. Figure 4-2 shows the threshold
foe the ANIK B system for a 1.2 meter antenna to be at least 3.7db belo~ the
S~· ~2db point.
Table 4-20 illustrates thp. link margin for a sound broadcast for in-
dh"idl.:al reception (receive G/T • 4db)... Note that an SIN of 56 db (unweightec.)
is ;,chieved as a result vf a satellite EIRP of 47 dbw in a channel bandwidth vf
170 Kr, (2 x 150 + 2 x 15 KC).
-80-
c~:(:,~?:" ::1: :'~ iJ
OF p' . '~ ;'. _' i '.:..1 rv
TABLE 4- 2
¥ARC-77 Bandwidth and Guard Bands Guidelines
Necessarv Bandwidth
.!5 Line System: 27 MHz
525 Line System in Region 3: 27 MHz
525 Line System ~ in Region 2: 18 and 23 MHz
Guard Bands
Assuming maximum be~-center EIRP • 67 dBW in Regions 1, 3, and
63 dBW for Region 2; filter roll-off - 2 dB/M:iz.
Guard Band at the
Guard Band at the Lower Edge Upper Edge of the
Regions of the Band (11.7 GHz) Band (12.2/12.5 G~~)
1 14 MHz 11 MHz
2 12 M.'iz 9 :fiiz
3 14 M:iz 11 M;{z
-81-
. tz +..i
p~GE \S
QUAL\TY
(Doc. 10-11/1104-E)
TABLE 4-3
Frequency (MHz)
"'um~r of
sound channels
I
I 700
I 2600
I
12000
Equl"Ollcnt rel:tanllular band~idth of One I~~ 1~~ ~-30
rel:Cl\er (') I
Four ~26 20-26 27-3.5
R.ldio-(requen.:y channel IO'idth or satellite One 18-:4 18-24 24-34
Iransmlller \ l) I
I
I I
Four
I 23-29
I 23-29 30-10
I
1'1 n-.c foll"""nl cilu3110n ~ln ~ used 10 determine tile appr""lma" 'ideo peak-!o-~ak de'!l!'.:"n I.\hi~h IS lpplicable:
B .. I I (D_ - :.r.>
.. here: 8 : equi\.llenl fel:tlngular ~3nd~idlh (\tHz)
I l)
j)~
r.
: video J:OC3k-to-peak devi3tion (\1Hzl
: top bascblnd frequenCl' in.:lldin" hi.:hest sound sulk:arrier I \1 Hz),
E"Ull to the radio-frequency .:hannel Sp3~'"Il.
1
"
-82-
~
1
.~...J~~
]
CO:
OF t ~
'I.bs.BLE 4-4
I
I Number of
Frequency (MHz)
sound channels
700(1)
I 2600
I 12000
Equivalenl rectanaular bandwidth of One 20-!2 20-22 27 (4)
la:ci"er I')
--
Four 24-26 24-26
lYdia-frequency .:hannel "'idth of '>o1tellite One 2.:!-~ 12-25 25-30 (i)
transminer (')
Four 25-21 25-28
('I The fOllowina equation ;;an be used to determine the approll.imate video peak-la-peak deviation .... hi;;h is applicable'
B -. 1·1 (D_ - 2f.)
where: B equl"alenl rcctal'au1ar bandwll1th 1!lrtHzl
D_: peak-ta-peak deviation al vIdeo-frequencies (MHz)
f. top baseband frequency includiill hilliest sound iub-canier (:'.1Hz).
(I) The channel ~pacin. may differ from the .;hannel band"'ldth, depc:ndi,ll on tile value chosen for the ad).ICeDI-;;haonel
prOtClCtlon ratio.
~) These determinations are lentative and require further study.
differenllal phase lnd I"
(") C,rrnponds to .t frequency de .. lallon of 13 !lrtHz V, and distortion introduced by tht ,a.~\·er equal to 10' for the
~ for the ·dlfferential !pm. "'Ith a rilter havanl a sha/'l! .;ut olf 16 poles) . .Ina "'Ith a sound >u>-
camer produ''"1 a deviation of =28 'fHz of the carner.
(') Estimated IImllS for the .:hannel >~can .. with the parameters IIIven in (") above anc:' with an ad)acent-;;hannei .,rotcclion
rwtio of - 6 .lB.
'tABLE 4-5
Relationship between Satellite EIRP and
Earth-Station Figure of Merit G/T
C/N • EIRP - 1 - A + QII - ! or
EIRp· £11 +1 - Qll dB
where,
£/1 = carrier-to-noise temperature ratio of the space-to-earth
path, in dBQ[/~);
K .. 10 log Boltzmann's constant in dBQ[/,! • Hz);
1 .. free space path loss on the space-to-earth path, in dB;
= 20 log 4rr!l A (where! is the distance and A is wayelength
measured in the sa~e u.~it);
QI1 .. gain-to-noise tem~rae~re ratio of the earth receiving
station in dB; (! expressed in !);
A = 10 log ~ (~ in Hz).
T~e req~ired satellite EIRP can be converted into re~~ired satellite
tra~smitter output power, Ps if the satellite a~tenna gain, GT is kn~~:
.. EIRP - G dB
...!
The half-p~wer bea~idth 9 can be determined once satellite anten~a
0
gain is s?ecified:
<= V27 OOO/G 223 )../rr ]
r
where G is the ante~~ gain ~xpressed as a ratio and D is t~a diameter of the
T
anten:la expressed in the S&:ne units as A, the wavelength. An antenna aperture
efficiency of 55% has been assu~d.
-84-
TABLE 4-6
Formulae Governing System Performance in a
Fre~~ency-Modulation System
SiN • C/N K
w
where,
i/B - ratio of peak-to-peak luminance a~plitu~e to weighted
IU-fS noise (dB);
fiB - pre-detection carrier-to-noise ratio in the radio-£re~uence
bandwidth (dB);
- 3(D If)2 • <E./2f) (power ratio which eq'~ls 1:..2B,
..2.:..2 . . . : ! . . . . : ! . -u
when expressed in dB);
D = peak-to-peak deviation by video signal (including
-2:.2
synchronization pulses);
f & highest video fre~lency; (e.g., 4.2 ~ in the case of
...:!.
System m
b - radio-frequency bandwidth (usually taken as D + 2£ );
..L.E
...:!.
- combined de-emphasis and weighting improve:nent factor in
freq'.lency modulation sys tems (dB),
-85-
TABLE 4·7
The Relation between the EIRP of a Gevotationary Satellite
and the Power Flux-Density at the Surface of the Earth
The EIRP (dSW) minus the spreading loss in dB (m2 ) is equal t) the
power flux-density (dB0N/m2»j atmospheric loss not included.
For the point on the Earth at latitude ~o and relative longitude
(sub·satellite point - 0°) A 0 and with cos ~ - cos A cos ~, we obtain
the following relationship:
Angle 4 (degrees) Spreading loss, dB (m
2)
o (sub·satellite point) 162.1
80 163.4
For an angle of elevation €, with tan € • (c~s ~ -0. l5l3)/sin ~, we
obtain the following relationship:
Angle € (degre~ Spreading loss, dB (m2 )
o 163.4
90 162.1
The power flux-density re~~ired for satisfactory television reception
in a broadcasting-satellite ~ystem depends on the desired d~-link
carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N, dB), the receiver figure of merit (G/T, d~),
the freq'~ency (!. GSZ) and the receiver JancrNidth (~, MHz) in the follow-
ing way:
PFD. (fiB) - (Q/!) T 20 log! + 10 log] - 147.1
2
where PFD is the power f1ux·density in dB (W/m ).
-86-
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _......._ • .. . A _ .. ~ ~."~.J1.....
From: Doc. lO-11/1114-E
TABLE 4-8
Characteristics of Representative Receiving
Systems and Resulting Power Flux-Densities
Ind:'vidual Cc:==:~::: ~:t
7::~e o~ r~certi?n
.
I
A a c D A
I 8 I C 0
I •
I
... : ~ 9.::;'~: :: ~:: :de~~e~!~ ., 7::
, ,
2.4 1.5 2.0 1.9 1.0 ~.
1.0 1.0
I. A:::e~~!1. :!:s=. (~ • 0.15 1.2 (0.9) (1. 0) I
I
1.8 2.4 I
I
(1.8 1 ( 1.8)
I ._, '.. A ,I ,
. '--,
I-
' ... A(l)·
::::.~: e !"a~:=:- ;~:: 6.~ 3.1 fJt (5.Q) (6.~' ~ ~.c: !
I \-.1' \ '
,I ~/r :'3 \ 4 12
I 6 6 I 110 2C ! 14 I 14
..
.. ':e!"'? __
I
,
:/:: ~~J:';:'!,,~:' (:is) 14 14
I 14
I 14 I 14 I 11. ,I 110 14
( .- -)
I : :-e~_e:. .::.· ::a::.:. ..... I
I
12 12 12 12 1:;
I 12 I 12 12
!
u..,:-:;: ) , I
IS I I ;r.
,
:: a:. :: -.' : .:. : ~. 18 Z7 'Z7 18/2' I
I 27 I lSI':"
I
:: ) (-:l2/
f
.. - C-··· ~)
' -lJl./'
-"... _. Ii -1 :.l
I, :"=:. ::.-
I -10, -109 1-10, -l(3)i-:i2
I -:- -111 )
(1) Com;:luted by assuming the sa.::.e losses and conditLons as in the exa:nple in
Annex I of Rep~rt (473-2), except that a~ a~tenna efficiency of 557. was used.
(2) Ir. these cases the losses assu~d in the exa~ple were reduced ;y 1 dB.
(3) Includes an allowance of 0.5 dB for retrans~i~sion of up-link noise.
A: readily achievable
B: achievable at additional cost
C: adJP~ed jy WARe-BS for Regions and 3
D: ad'pted by WARC·BS for Region 2
·87·
•• - r' M -nnW effl='. --.. sa . -- -tt·~· - . XMeC -- -' t -- m' c-- 'M Y' _1IiiIIiii_ _
Ofl:::::~~. '._ ~~ .. '~',.:~~ ~3
OF PQ(Y1 Q:~ri'JTY
'tABLE 4-9
Video (Picture) Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The networ~ requirements prepared by ABC, CBS and NBC ~ive the per-
formance objective for TV picture to weighted continuous random noise
ratio of 56.0 dB (p-p/RMS) on a studio-to-studio basis. A picture signal
to noise ratio of 56.8 dB is typically allocated for a single earth
station-satellite-earth stacion link, based on the following allocation
for the various segments of the television link.
Noise allocation of 'Tideo signal:
Transmit Terrestrial Link
66.7 (dB)
Studio-to-Studio Sate llite Link
56.0 (dS) 56.8 (dB)
Receive Terrestrial Link
66.7 (dB)
-88-
.-" - ¥ _4. -_. $4-~.JQ; __ $4-· ._,. - z:::-:;,~. _ .. &5Q94WtJL _ .. ~W i. 4*- a.t
TABLE 4-10
Audio Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The network require:ne\\t for maximum aud~o signal (+9 dBm) to
psophometrically weighted noise ratio is 65.0 dB (~~/RMS) which
is equivalent to a noise level of -56.0 dBmOps. (The expression
dBmOps is used to indicate noise levels in a program circuit which
are psophometrically weighted and measured in decibels relativ.. to
1 ~~ at a ~oint of zero relative level in the circuit,. The
maximum audio signal-to-noise ratio of 66.0 dB is ~llocated for a
single satellite link as listed below:
~oise allocation of a~dio signal:
Transmit Terrestrial Link
74.9 (dB)
Studio-to-Studio Sa te 11 ite Link
65.0 (dB) 66.0 (dB)
Receive Terrestrial Lin~
74.9 (dB)
-89-
tABLE 4-U
Subjective Picture Quality of 525·Line System/NTSC
System M: USA and Canada*
Picture Quality Grade a. Radio·Frequency Signal-to·Noi ••
Reported by Viewer. Ratie for the Palcenta,e of Viewera
Indicated (dB) ( )
507. 757.
1.5 half-way between excellent 39.5 42.5
and fine
2 fine 35.2 38.2
•
3 passable 30.0 33.0
4 marginal 25.6 28.6
5 inferior 20.4 23.4
(1) Radio-freq~ency ~~ signal durinl sync. peaks, no weighting,
over 6 MHz bandwidth, ~~plitude·modulation vestigial-sideband.
E~~ivalent rectangular ba~dw1dth in transmission:
fre~~ency-mod~latior.: 18 MHz
~pJitude-modulation, vestigial-sldeband: 4 ~{z
Ratio of luminance signal to weighted RMS noise value is 43 dB*
(rated "excellent" \'y 507. of the viewers).
* Ap?roxUnately 46 dB for System M (Japan).
* See Section 6 for TASO Grade definition
-90-
TABIZ 4-12
NORD SAT DOWN-LINK POWER BUDGETS
TWT Power Output (BOL) +26.55 dBw
TWT Power Output (BOL) 450 w
Peak Antenna Gain· -42.3 dB
Waveguide and Isolator Lo •• e. +0.35 dB
Multiplex.r Los.e. +0.7 dB
TW'I' OutP'.1t Circuit Lo .... +0.3 dB
Peak ElRP (EOL) +67.0 dBw
Ageing +0.5 dB
Receive Carrier -146.1 dBw
Atmospheric Lo.. (997.)
Space Loss
Pointing L088
+3.4 dB
+206.2 dB
+0.5 dB
I
Relative Antenna G~in at the +3.0 dB 1
Edge of Coverase )
+14.0 dB
I
CIN
Reeeiy'. Bandwidth (27 MHz) +74.3 dB/Hz
Boltzmann', Constant -228.6 dBw/Hzk
U~-Link Noise Contribution
Recei:Je CIT
+0.2 dB
-6.0 dB/K !j
* The down-link budg6t for the EAs~-Nordic beam is given for the
"worst" poin&: in the coverage are'" which is southeastern Finland.
.j
J~
- 9~-
1
__________==~·~.~.~*~·_..w_·~__* ________~AA__.M____._.~__..____t~d_·_________3~· ____ ~'_e_____M~Q~·._.. __t~ .4.·.
•
ORIGtNAl PAGE II
OF POOR QUALITY,
TABLE 4-13
Sample Uplink Calculation 'or Sample Downllhk Calculation 'or
Lewl' Ground Station Lewi, Ground St.tlan
[Uplink frequency, 142 GHz,] [Downlink frequency. 12.1 GHZ.J
Spacecraft r.celver Spacecraft Aeceiver
noi •• t.mperatur •• not •• temp.ratur.
Characterl.tlc K Characterl.tlc I(
1315 2315 1315 2315
Terminal Spacecr.ft:
Transmitter power 11 25C.:l W1. 30,97 30,)7 Output tube power (200 Wl, 23,C,', 23,Q1
dBW dBW
Feed los!', dB -2,00 -2,00 Feed Ion. dB -O,CO -0,00
Antenna gain 14.8e ~ I ~ 6,0 ttl, 54.53 54,53 Antenna gain (0. i() m by 36,28 36.28
0,31· half-power oeamNldth 0.70 m (2,3 It by 2,3 ttl
(HPBW) 2.52 by 2.521 • PBWI. dB
Ettectlve IsotropIc Ra!"lated 83,50 83,50 Effe"tlve Isot~oplc Radiated 59,29 59,29
Pow .. ~ (EIRP), dew Power (EIRP), dBW
Antenna \."o'"',"g error -0,26 -0.26 Antenna pOlntino error -0.22 - 0,22
(O,OS"\. oB (0.38"). dB
Mar~ln dB -~,OO -3.00 Margin, dB -3,Oe -3.00
Propagation 1055 123 07~ statute -20;"22 -20722 Propag.tlon loss (4:3 074 -205.81 -205,81
miles: latitude. 41.4" r"atlve statute miles: latitude, 41.4':
longitude. 351·), dB relative longitude. 3:iYl. dB
Atmospheric '055 10,100'. :l.itage -2.23 -2,23 Atmospheric lels (0100 0 • outage: _1 52 -152
C:IR Rainfall Rtg'on 21 ::lB CCIR Rainfall Region 2), dB
POlanlltlon lOS!. dB -025 -0,25 Polarization los:!!. dB -0,25 -0,25
Spacecraft: Terminal:
Feed 1055. dB ·-0.00 -0,00 F,ed ioss, dB -100 -100
Antenna gain \0,70 m oy 0,10 m 37.68 3768 Antennl gain (488 m 53, ~2 53.12
12,3 tt t)y 2.3 ttl: 2,15 (1 e,Q ttl: 0,30· HPBWI
:ly 215 HPBWI Ant~nna pOinting error -0' a -0,18
An'enna "Olnllng error -0.31 -,0,31 (0,05'), dB
\0,38°) 'B Receive<: carner power. 08'11 -99,5a -99.58
l=Ieceived camer power ::l9W
NOise power ddnSI!)" 03""" HZ
-32,03
-197'.41
-92,03
-194,:fb
No'se pow~r d.nSlty
(T-800 Kl, dBWHz
-199.5:- -1~~57
1
;)
a,.ndwldth, d~ (HZ) 1270 MHz) -123,10 -120,(14 BandA-ldth, dB (HZ) (270 MHz; 7431 74.3~ I
Camer·power recelver-~Olse Termlnel receiver nOise -12526 --12523
ratiO, dB 31 l12 :!856 p~~wer, dBW
UplinK .1015. conttlbutlon
,C,N, 31.02: 28,6 dB), dB
Termlna' nat nOise ;low.r, dBW
0.95
124 i 4
180
1~3,45
i
.~
Terminal Cltner-power receiver-
nOIS. ratio. db
24 :"6 23.87
i
FM Improvement (M-200), oB
NOise 'w1\rltlghllng factor
{CCIRI. dB
Preemphasls ''''''provement dB
21 5a
1020
2 ':'0
21 58
10 20
2 40
!,
~
5'9:'111 nOise rallO, dB 58 ~1 5805 j
T ."plcal Lank Budgets for . ~--------
'!'ne CornmunlcatlOnt 1
Tech1'lolovv S,teliite (eTS)
-92-
>~{~:'f:,--::'.]"r~,;:s;,-~_··::.~.-!'\¥ 7~n-· "T"\ -.,~.~~,:;r;-' ." ---7.-..,- - '.;;J;;U%#,~ «-.. .:_,-"'-.'7--::: ·-·'~"'~~~;~'7;;;__~.~~"¥. -"4-",*_lf'iid' - '-#'~W-,,- i'- - ~~,4Niiu,-'k4'-¥¥1"""'''"-.~W'...
' 'i0f4.lX'' !!.,I!!i!ilOll!!jgg;!i!!! "''"*'''_gJ-IIII!Z,i!l !l tJ!l!l;:.1lI,
......1''I''k""'_IO!'!.!!'lO-*"'A",,_? __;
1
~
TABLE 4-14
DOWN-LINK LINK SJDGET (TV CHANNEL) OF JAPANESE BROADCAST SATELLITE (BSE) at 12 GF.z
Service Area Mainland Remote Islands
Antenna diameter of ground receiver 1.6 me 4.5 m0
Satellite
Transmitting power (dBw/ch) 20.0 20.0
Feeder loss -1.7 -1. 7
Antenna gain 37.0 28.0
Propagation 10SR
Free space attenuation (dB) -205.8 -205.4
Atmospheric attenuation (dB) -1.0 -1. 0
(997. of any month)
Ground receiver
Antenna gain (dB) 43.5 52.5
Received carrier power (dBw) -11)8.0 -107.6
System noise power (dBw/25 MHz) -126.4 -126.4
Noise increase by up-link -0.1 -0.1
Down-link CIN 18.3 18.7
SIN improvement factor by FM (dB) 18.3 18.3
Picture weighting factor (dB) 10.2 10.2
Signal to noise ratio 46.8 47.2
-93-
TABLE 4-15
Lin!- Budset for Japan BSE
Up· Link (Kashima to BSE)
TX power (dBW/ch) 20.0
IX feeder loss (dE) -3.S
TX antenna gain (oB) 62.0
Free s pace loss (dB) -207.2
RX antenna gain (dB) 39.5
RX feeder loss (dB) -0.5
Noise power (dBW/25 MHZ) -122.6
CiN 32.9
D.:Mn-Link
Service Area Mainland Remo te--Xl!.
An tenna 0 f RX 1. 6 :n6 4. 5 ;n~
IX power (dmi/ch) 20.0 20.0
IX feeder loss (dB) -1.7 -1.7
IX antenna gain (dB) 37.0 23.0
Free space loss (dB) -205.8 -205.4
~X anten~ gain (dB) 43.5 52.5
Received Carrier (dBW) -109.7 -109.4
Noise power (dBW/25 M~) -126.4 -125.4
C/N 19.4 19.8
Total ;:'/N* (de) 19.2 19.6
r:1reshold C/N (dB) 9.0 9.0
Ra tnattenuation (dBi -7.0 -7.0
(99.997. of any montr.)
Link r.largin (dB) 3.2 3.6
*The transmission parameters pertinent to the color IV ~roaJcasting by BSE
are as follows:
System NTSC Standard (525 lines, 30 frames/sec)
Sound subcarrier
FrecrJency 4.5 MHz
Modulation FM, Freq. deviation .±25 KHz (O-p)
Modulation FM, Freq. deviation 12 MHz (pep)
Sound/video ratio 1/6
E.nphas is CCIR Ree. 405-1
-94-
~~ .~.--, -j $ -t3- -9 ,'~ -,"'..-q-.,. ..'.....
. '.....__t""'
'o:!-- -""J!!!II_",._j_.,""',,""';""_"'1',,_""1'.," __U_'""A'I4"!,
1"1"""';,
.......
-' O!III.,,"L~.,,"'-'""·-"'" 1
·',!!P,·,,'II"'4"-,·'IIU.,_1lII
1
TABLE 4-16
iU.IK-B LINK BUDGET
Uplink C/N
-83.56 (Measured at Ottawa)
SFD* (dBw/m2)
+ 2.2 (From Pre-Launch Data)
Spacecraft C/T (dB/K)
A 2/4 (dB) -44.54
+228.6 (Boltzmann's Constant)
K (dBw/Hz/K)
-72.60 (Measured Noise Bandwidth
B (dB-Hz) of 18.2 MHz)
C/N u (dB) 30.09
Downlink C/N
50.12 (Measured at Ottawa)
EIRP (dBw)
-205.8 (At Ottdwa)
Path Loss (..:B)
K (dBw/Hz/K) +228.6
B (dB-Hz) -72.60
Gain of Receiving Antenna (dB) +40.iO
-27.6J. (Measured noise figure of
System Temper.ature (dB-K)
4.5 dB plus 50 K for
13.32 antenna noise and
Total C/N (dB) miscellaneous loss)
* Saturating flux density
-95-
TABU: 4-17
ANIK-B EA.kTH TERMINALS (11.7-12.2 CHz)
Antenna Size 102m 1.8m
System CIT 13.0 dB/K 16.5 dB/K
2 2
Receive Flux Density -113.5 dBw/m -117.0 dBw/m
Vil1eo SNR* Z4l) dB :!40 dB
Tuning Range 11. 7-12. 2 CH% 11.7-12.2 CHz
Video Bandwidth 4.2 MHz 4.2 MHz
Peak Video Deviation 6 MHz 6 MHz
Audio Subcarrier Frequency 5.14 MHz 5.14 MHz
Peak Subcarrier Deviation 1 HHz 1 MlU
of Main Ca~r1er
Peak Deviation of Subcarrier 60 kHz 60 kHz
Peak Energy Dispersal 200 kHz 200 kHz
Deviation
* At a C/N 2 dB above static threshold.
-96-
'tABLE 4-18
1
I
?nro~.A.~C! or LOw"!1t-?OW"'Ell SAI!LI.IIq
El'.l\ .~ 50 ~
Af 6 l5:
V'
• !mtM4a 18 ~
MAlGIN 'l"O MAlGili
sana: .~.-..~ ~ C/!fo SNL, snnc ~saOLD TO lIC'l'OIE
.....
...,,~
s!Z! (!'!) G/T. (C!) (c1J-K:) (dB)
(c1J) LOSS (c1J)
!:ci1vidual l.2 13.0 85.5 42.0 3.7 7.7
Recap ciol1
Srull
Comz:w1i r:; l.S 16.5 a9.0 4.5.5 7.2 1l.2
or Sc:!1ool
-97-
···~·-.·~?r __~~_~_P._• .,.....
........."!!'3DD'.!"lI,"'!'I"I....'.-"',""'"~.OP=c. ·=--~~~'--",",,!!.-'4."'""!!!!J!!1.....!!O!!!..:c~!J_
..... II'._
.•.
1
~
j
J
1
l
j
tABLE 4-19
l!!Eormance of Lower-Power Satellite
cWIn pown
(4J R.EU!IVE 'I'O
S':AtIC tDl:Saot,;))
No c!tt..holcl =1sa
+2 ~..holel =ue just starts to appear 011 color bus:
aae ,el1ually aaticubla 0'11 pictur .. ur;.l't tho.e bav-
i=& wiele ele~..& :1011 C=llOl1aDca.
+1.5 Dy11am:Lc :hr..holcl; cr..hold :cue jut atar:s to
appear 0'11 pic:u: ...
o Siam.::1l:aAt c:..hol.cl tlOue 011 color bars; tlOcicubla
0'11 pic:ur ...
-2 Larla amount of thr..holel 'QI)ua 0'11 colo~ bars;
s:1;=.:Lfica'l1t 0'11 pictu=u.
-4 Lara. &lIIOunt of tlOu. 0'11 all p1ctur.. ; at loma point
balov Cia Qa p1ctu:. will be lost.
\..--.--..!;..I!!---~...-.-,----..,.
. l--~----- ·
J
I I
I
i
,
ID • •
I
• to
e, ....
tl
-----_._------ - .----
Figure 4-2
-98-
TABLE 4-20
Exa~plel of SYltem P.ra~terl for Monophonic Sound Broadca.tinl
for Individual Reception(l)
ParL-neter Example
1. System
Frequency of carrier (MHZ) 12000
Type of modulation P'M
~requency deviation (kHz) :t75
Audio-fre~Jency bandwidth (kHz) 15
Total radio-frequency bandwidth re~~ired (kHz) 180
Carrier-to-noise ratio before demodulation (for 997- 19
of the tUna in the least favorable month) (edge of
beam) (dB)
Corresp~nding audio-frequency signal-to-unweighted noise 55
ratio (edge of beam) (dB)
Audio-frequency signal-to-weighted noise ratio (dB) 47
2. Reeeivin3 Inltallation
Figure of merit, G/T. of receiver (dB) 4
Req'Jired flux (edge of bea~ (997. of time in :nost -117.5
unfavorable month) (dB(W/m»
Free-space attenuation between is.:>tropie s·)urces 205.1
35 786 km apart \dB)
Additional free-space attenuation for an angle of O.S
0
elevatior: of 40 (d13)
Total atmospheric attenuation for 997. of the time in 1.5
the ~st u~fav.:>rable month (dB)
Up-path noise (provi.ional value) (dB) 0.5
Re~Jired EIRP from satellite at ed~. of beam (dBlJ) 47
3. Satellite Trans~itter
Antenna bea~idth at -3 dB points (degrees) 1.4
Antenna gain at ed~e of .ervice area relative to an 38
is.)tr.:>pic ,oluree (dB)
Loss in feeders. filters. joint •• etc. (dB) 1
Req".1ired '.itellite trans~ttter power: (dBJ) 10
(W) 10
(1) Thes~ exa~ples ~ill probably not ~ valii for .,und broadcastina alone,
~~less the receiving anten~a snd the pre-a~ptifier or fre~Jency-chan~er
ver* als) used for television.
-99-
4.1.3 Digital Systems/Link Budgets.
In digital video communication using a broadcast satellite (Table 4-1).
bit error rate (BER) il the criterion of system performance rather than
cIN to achieve a ~ IN of say 48 db.
Bit error rat. is a criterion which differs for various uae.. BER
-4
of 10 for example may give a most acceptable (viewer) television picture,
-6 -8
while 10 is required for voice. and 10 for computer data.
Note from
5
Figure 4-3, that for quadriphase modulation in a system requiring a 10-
BER, a signal to noise power ratio of 9.6 db is required. Note a charac-
teristic of digital communications; i.e., when sign&l to noise power ratio
decreases slightly, a major increase in BER is experienced. Table 4-21
lists the characteristics of several modern modulation techniques using
various level phase-shift keyed carriers shown in Figure 4-4; the re-
spPoctive BER's are shown in Figure 4-5.
The figure of merit of the "efficiency" of bandwidth utilization t'e-
fers to th. number of bits per uuit of bandwidth for a particular modula·
tion technique. Bits/Hertz is now becoming a familiar pa~t of the communi-
cation system lexicon and has, obviously, considerable economic connotations
to a user who wish •• to purchase or lease a portion or all of a channel band-
width. Biphase (BPSK) modulation (QPSK), and its derivatives staggered QPSK
(SQPSK) are now standard in the world today. Other derivatives include 80-PSK,
16~-PSK, FFSK and multilevel amplitude modulation. 2 bits/Hertz will be
used for SQPSK in Intelsat-V and 3 bits/Hertz is now virtually standard
with 8~-PSK for terrestrial radio at 11 GHz. More advanced workers in this
art, such as Dr. K. Miyauchi of Japan NTT ECL Laboratories, Joel Smith at
NASA's JPL Laboratories and G. Welti at Comaat Laboratories are experiment-
ing with more advanced combined multi-dimensionally coded amplitude and
phase shift modulation which has already achieved a bandwidth efficiency of
-100-
______ .~ __ ____a__________
~ ~_~_~_··_·· ____ ~ __ ~ _____ ·n_·_~_·~w __ ....
~
()i. .' .f
Graph 0'
Probability 0'
error Rates 'or
Selected Binary Coding Systems
t
~ONCO"'IAINT 's.
COHEfIIINT'$II i
~
~
I
'0" k---- --------'...-_'t-'~_'t------~
: DIH(~(NTIAll y
• COH(III(NT PSI(
'0·' E"-----------------\-\----\-\---
'0·' =-------___
-
'O~ ~g-------------------- ______ ~~--~--
10·
·8 ·6 .• ·1 10 12 ,. '6
SIGNAl·TO·NOISE PCwE~ IUT/O. ,dBI
~HflllfNCES MODERN CO ... Mi.JN'CU,ON PAINCIPlES
STE'N ... NO JONES
8U~!AU OF SU"O ... AOS TICMNICAl
Non '61 MAlAe .. 'ttl
Fi.gure :'-3
,". (. '.:. :!
~.J
TABLE 4-21
CHARACn:RISTICS OF K)Dl::RN l'DDULAnON I!CHNIQUES
MODULATION lECHNlQU! BANDWIDTH OF MAIN LOBE REQUIRED E/N
J.:t BEl - 10-
g
BIPHAS! ~ z B8. 10.6 em
QPSX 1 z BR 10.6 dB
• Ba
IJ' 0.75 12.7 dB
QPU 0.75 SR 14.1 dB
IG PHASE 0.' Bl 18.2 dB
- 02-
.L.,
~,,
(-1, 1) (1, 1)
x
(-1) (1)
(-1, -1) (1, -1)
2 PSK ".PSK 8.PSK
18.PSK 16-APSK
Figure 4-4
Bit Error Allte Performance of Various
Modulation Systems
10-'
10-'
10-·~~~~--+-~~~--~~-1
10-'· 10 12
- : 03-
4 bits/Hertz, can be p.xtended to as much as 8 bits/Hertz and beyond. Taole
4-22 lists some of the achievements in use as reported 1n ~he literature of
satellite communications.
The theoretical capacity of some of these modulation techniqu~s, with
I -7
various levels have been charted for bits/Hertz versus ~,No for 10 BER
by W. \\\.lod of Raytheon. According to Wood, at 3 b/Fz., 8-pha'3e and 2-level
4-phase schemes are ider.tical but at highe: efficien;ies a departure in
I
favor of combined AM a,nd PM hybrid techniques becomes apparent. At exactly
j
3 b/Hz, performance must be measured in terl1lS of imr-lementation complexity
and overall system gain in that hybrid AM/PM t~chniques require linear
transmission systems with microwave rumplifier ~ackoff to achieve the re-
quired amplitude linearity.
In order to encourage the use of bandwidlh-eiiicient modulation, th~
Federal Communications Cotlllllission wisely issued Docket 19311 ill 1974, which
specified a ml,1iIDutn channel capacity of 1152 -:hannels in a 30 MHz band in
the 6 GHz terrestrial radio band. This requi~es a data configuration us-
ing two T3 carriers or 89.472 Mb/s or, which with bit stuffing and framin~
information brings the operating data rate to 90 Mb/s. This requires a
bits/Hz of 3 and is now being met in the U.S. by Rayt~eon and Collins, and
otl ers, us ing 8-phase PSK.
Table 4-23 provides an FM link and digital link using an EIRP of 55dbw
illustrating beth the relative characteristics for a TV signal represented
by a 20 ~~ps data stream.
Fig~re ':'-6 compares satellite transmission power at bar.dwidth for ?M
and <iuadriphase stowir.g that for data rate!; up to 50 Mbps for the particular
s.'stC::1 i 1 Llst:-clted, the digital svste:n req,-"ires less satellite pO"'f'.r.
-:0':'-
~ ..., ......."""".,..,._:--' "'-' .... _. ...----.~ .. -- ..---r.'-.,.,..""!"::;;;;"'-"'~"""""'".=
....--.'
~1
.
TABLE 4-22 , . ,.
1
Leval Typa
BlJfDWIDTIi EFFle,;lF.HCY
Hodulatlo~'
1ODULATION lIClmlQUE
-,
Bitl/Sec/Hz Wtwre U.ed
I
!
,
~
I
2 2' P~ (ul1Pa H) o.~o
1
C.anada Thin Route
Norway
j
Hariaat TTY
-- j
4 QPSIt
QPSIt.
. 0.94
1. ~ 2
SSS
~PA.DE (INlE!.SA'r) j
~;>Slt 1.~3 11..LSAT
I
4 SQPSIt 1.30 hli 5y.t . . 't3
tranamll.ion via
11 Ckz radio
SQPSI 2.00 Int.hat V ..
-
4 "~'I. 2.20 CTS Canada
Expar1meat (11/14 CHz
through 85 HH% aW)
6 QPU 2.25 H1cr~wava A.acelat.a
I 7 Zero-Hamory Myqulat 4.00
11 CHz tarr •• trial
radio
Lenkurt ayst. . for
-
CJrre1aUve Codinl: tranamlttlng 6.312
Modulating a PCH-FH Hb/d T2 over 3 MHz
Syat_ ;;.rreltrla! radio
chanDa 1
8 S. PSI. 1. 81 ~,1A thru Int,~l:'t 1'1
by Fujitsu t·-:t,.
8' PSIt 3.0 Co11~na t~I.~.trla1
rad:.o for 11 GHz
16 16' PSX 4.00 C~at I.abl/Japan
NTT/t:CL
16 APS~1 4.00 Japan NTT/ECL 4
32 it-bit QASI.2 4.00 JPL for Space I.ab 3
49 RexalOft&l type 111nal 4.00 Japan HT'l' fEel 4
fo~t ualn& lupar- (uperimantal)
t.poaed .adulat1on
J - '-
1 Combinad Amplitude and P~a Shift tay 1na
2 Q~dr.tur. ~.l:ude Shift X.y1n&
:1 J. Sca1:h AJ.M p"per 76 -230
4 I. ~.uc~~, r!LE Trana Comm, reb. 1976
-105-
~---""'-~--.--.---.~-~""",--"",.*",--.",,,,,,,!--.-- 5· _ _-~,.aj'·'"_W""·_ _ _
"··IiIIi'_ _"'IiIIi"iII4.' .•
.---..
TABLE 4-21
12 GHz link With Minimum Perfonnance (G/T = 14 db/K) Community Reception Station
f
r
l
I
"
L FM LINK DIGITAL LINK 'I
I
t'
I
EtRP 55.0 dBW EIRP 55.0 dBW
I' Space loss -205.0 dB Space loss -205.0 dB
IJ 44.0 dB Receiving Antenna Gain 44.0 dB
I Rece 1v 11''9 Antenna Ga i n 1
j
r (10 Beamwtdth) ,j
(
I -; ~
Received Signal level -106.0 dBW Received Stgnal level -106.0 dBW -r
"
c ~
I
No (T o
z 1000 K) -198.6 dB~/Hz No -198.6 dBW/Hz (")
i
....... ;~..
. j
, 0 51s I '
'"
I
92.6 dB t/ No 92.6 dB cc: "": "
C/ No
II,!
).;. ( '
r- \.,
Band~ldth (18 MHz) 72.b dB Data Rate (20 Mbps) 73.0 dB :.; .~
-<.(1)
elN 20.0 dB ElNo 19. dB
...
J CI N Requ 1red 14.0 dB EI No Required 9.4 dB
I (42 dB post-detect ton SNR)
Margin 6.0 d8 Margin
(
Pe = 10-5 • QPSK)
9.6 dB
Ij
I,
~
I I
A..c ~
• "...oI,,,,,, ... ••.l!.'k"'tL"""""""!...'..l,,J .• '!IL·"'''''<Ii.., __ ,-~,'';.'",,I&"~~'.~iill.~,'''''d'~.......,~~dk"" 2'8' (2.'100#"" Vf' ,r .c,;"teM9tl"
I,
I ,
I '
_"" ~""'''' .• Ic:.
;:., ...... ' ,,,,,h.'
~
I
~'~'L'~____- '____~
~ 'WV~'
8.
II
SonowlOth 9 -
3_.S~"'! ;~ .• 7111'-' f. p l2GMt '!r·"JcI. S~ .. ll'~ .... ·~ft., II,
~. ,·ISn,' •. ~l •• ' ·~.lQ~.r
Comparison of satelli:e transmission power and
bandwidch for ~ and ~ phase shif: ~eying transmission
Figure 4-6
-107-
..
'.
Table 4-24 lists the link margins of various digital systems as provided
by Dr. Phillips of the European Broadcasting Union, :llustratir,g the relative
power required for a given C/N and bandwidth,
4.2 PM ~odulat:ion for TV Broadcasting Channel Ccnsiderations
4:2.1 Si~gle Carr~er Per Tran~ponder.
The satellite transponder is an integral part of the overall link which
delivers the TI' signal from the transmitting scation to the demodulator of the
receiver earth te~inal. Accordingly, transmission channel requirements have
been developed by the CCIR, as stated in Table 4-25, to assure using the proper
I channel para~ter3 relative to bandwidth, noise, ga~~ flatness, and group
distortion which provide tor minimum distortion of the video content of the PM
d~lay
Carrier. As noted in Table 4-25 t,,~ gain flatness is ID:1intained with:'n +0.5 rlB
and the grou~ envelope delay - specified at ~j nanoseconds ~t band edges,
assured that all principal video harmonic components up to 4.5 MHz arrive at the
proper interval in time to assure defining an edge or a change in detail -
without this detail information being delayed to a later n~ e~~~~~diu6 Lnterval.
Figure 4-7 shows typical amplitude and group delay channel response characteris-
tics as specified by INTEljAT in Document 36 28-72E which provides the freauency
and time response tolerances which should be :net ~, the transponder channel on
TVRO ~eceiver system to minimize distortions due to gain flatness at RF and IF.
In a television systen; in which only one FM signal is transmitted through
the 36 MHz wide transponder, the FM signa4 is assured a reasonably s}~etric
channel relative to both gain/a~pJitude and group delay and in most cases the
transponcier is ~perated at or very near saturation .
-108-
."'If>"~-~ ;,r< :-,. ••
~'.~.~"-~-,t-, ..
~'~-"'f'""'!'!"'~~~"""~""~--'""---··~~'~-""'".,,,,·.,-_.",,_~_ "'_'11!"-"',..- .
- "'-~"~ -,
""'''''''!!'1!l'''lI'!'''''!!II!I._
~
.
TABLE 4-24
Approximate prop89ation margin. and receiver characterl.tlCI
II Propagltio'l •
Frequency 12 GtU 23 GHz U OHz IS OHI
.\l.,J<rJt< r.tl;"l ( , IT':n I1r\ I,l!, III km J8 16 \ ;
L·~ J.: c 'oO cJ t,'r () , "n, JB 01 0' 1 , 4,.1
•
:'Ii ... "::'I:iIL : ~IT' :n 11 .r·C.
n
- , 1>"". .. 'li"m pJth)
n \ \ ~~ , .l,'..! ,,\ Ju.. f \.1r'\I'-:' ~: : ~)o dcUf!,>n dB 0 :0 ! 0 \ I)
..
I ','
- I~I:\
,~ \ :,,'~'t: :-1:_::- J: :1)" t:lt\ .l::l'n K ~ll l'tl Illll lbJ
.. t.·: .,)
'\.
- ~
J!I bet I' , I";. [tme dB 0 IS
b) Receiver .... *-
[) ,'. J . .:. ": ::r m 0<) 0.:- ,) , II ,
l,., • ..:. \:~ d8 ,~
4~ H 41-
,
~.., ~
! It
: ,. I' .~
J:-:J
Jt \ JB
Jf'
.
Jq:.<t't"'I
1m') ~
,
I
- (, , -- Q ,
I I
14
00
'(,
" -- JB (, 8 10 I:
L T JB K ~, 0 '1 <)
:-, I :'-IH, dB ( \\') 1;11 1 ;6 1'4 , ~1
"-
R.::' :" ~ :.; '_ If t .: r 'r J ~1\;':1 I..h_:1,)d ,.,JIC, 1nJ C , dB - :1 11 0 :\
'7' \ ~ ~':'I"" J:~;,~;';':':L:i t.\ .... I:Ned ft'\f 0 \ r-;- rlml: "~f(: \'~{lln~J b\' :.-,!:,l,"t\lJt:·:-: trpm :::.: :\ f~ j..:.t.1":, . . :--; I~ C { l R
R. , ...... '.I'~ 'I[~' In :ht l'K, Fr.1J),1"' .and :\~d~t'dJ.nJs Thl' ... :::.:~..:.u:\, ... ~:,~,,, f'r .'-. hlf;·I·~i!'~G.: .', ~.!!~ . . h .are
I. j • '~l.'" ~h\l''''. ~I\,n !r. TJt.I~ XII.\ \~r' D!'Jtt Re-pt,rt:1 '·4
.** 625 Line Sys tern
-10Q-
TABLE 4-25
Satellite Television Performance Require~ntsa
Transmission Parameter Performance Requirement
. G· b :to.5 dB
I nsertJ.on aJ.n
Insertion Gain Variations
Short Term (1 second)b :to.2 dB
Long Term (1 hour)b +1. 0 dB
Noise b ~
. Random (weighted) ,~ 56 dB
Impulsive b 25 dB
Periodic, Below 1 kHzd,e 50 dB
Periodic, 1 kHz to 1.2 MHze 55 dB
Attenuation Frequencyf +0.5 dB
Envelope Delayb :t63 ns
b 1.2 dB
Differential Gain
Differ~ntial Phase b 3 degrees
Linear Distortion
Field Timeb,d +1 percent
Line Time b +1 percent
Short Time e +1 percent
1uminance-Chrominance Inequalities
Gaine 0.5 dB
Delaye +50 ns
Synchronizing Signal
Nonlinearityb -10 percent
Distortionb +5 percent
a.
b.
These require~ents are for a CCIR-type satellite hypothetical reference
circuit (SHRC).
Based on CCIR Recommendation 421-2.
I
c. Present provisional CCrR recommended value for the SHRC given in
Rec~endation 354-1. 1
1
d. Measured after clamping. Clamping is used in satellite links to
attenuate the .. nergy-dispersal waveform upon reception.
e. Based on CCU. Recommendation 451-1.
f. Based on CCIR Recocmendation 42l-2 and Report 407-1.
-ll0-
. t--< '1#0 atr *M - :- es.,-ttMwtfffl' ntz-tr
....--; ..... _¥.*,,", J' "",,,...,,,, AP saz:::::: . ,J'Q¥E
__ - - - - --H-- - - - -
I
o I
I C''''I")UP DELAY
I
I
I
I
I
"--fl
Id ic Ib
AMPLITUDE
RESPONSE
i
,
I + ~ ____________ M--------------.
r4________________ B________'________ ~t
~-4~---------------C----------------~--~
~~------~--------__------D __--------------~~------~~
A
~O"(S (11 FICUQES ARE SYIr.... (T"ICAL. AEL. ... TIVE TO CfNTErlil FREOuE""C'"
,2' FICUAES ARE NOT CRAW,,", TO SCAI.E
~J' A ... LITUOE SCALE IS llNEAA IN dl
,"I JRECU(NC\ SCALE !S liNEAR IN UHI
Transmit Equipment
Group Delay Characteristics
Transmit E~uipment CARRIER SIZE A H g h
Gain 'Frequency Characteristics (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (ns) (liS) (ns)
CARRtER SIZE
(MMZ) (MHz)
A B
(MHz)
C
(MHz)
D
(MHz)
•
(dB)
b
(dB)
c:
(dB)
d
(dBI 125 O.g , 13 16 16 20
2,5 18 21 16 16 20
09 ' ,3 '50 40 07 , 5 30 25 5,0 36 41 12 12 20
'25
,a 27! 1.0 0, , 5 25 2S 6,2 12 12 20
25 225 7,5 5,4
4!>C 5.25 13.0 05 20 30 25
50 36
10.0 7.2 83 9 9 18
"5 54 .75 71S 170 04 25 40 25
50 2S 15,0 10.8 12.4 6 6 15
1C 0 72 iOO '025 'iO 03 2S
2S 175 126 142 E 0 15
'5 C ,oa ,350 15.50 250 03 25 55
," 5 ,28 1575 '100 7.S 03 B as 2S 200 14.4 166 4 5 15
,.4 '100 2050 280 03 B n 2S
16.0 207 3 5 15
200 25.0
Z250:. 257! 3010 03 25 10 2S
250 '.0 36,0 28.8 33 , 3 5 1"
JeO as 3600 4525 800 oe 25 10 ~ 2S
FIGl.'RE 4-7. Trans!1l.t Amplitude and Group Delay Requirements.
<11-
In symmetric· channel single carrier per transponder· channel operation
which conforms to the mask of Figure 4·7, and the specifications listed,
the receiver becomes the principal place where the quality of the receiver
signal must be maximized.
Although an FM system is used and in most conventional receivers there is
some form of amplitude limiting,severe amplitude non·flatness can cause AM and
FM conversion to occur in the limiters which lead to intermodulation of the
video signa 1 .
Phase linearity is commonly discussed in terms of group delay which is
defined as the derivative of the phase freq~ency response. The group delay
limits of the receiver should meet the requirements of the mask of Figure 4·7.
Non-linear phase results f~'om conventional filtering and must be equalized to
provide a group delay charactt::~ ~""ic which falls within the mask of Figure 4-7
to yield satisfactory performance. Group delay distortions cause the following
degradations of the demodulated signal:
o Baseband gain/frequency variations
o Harmonic distortion which produces luminance/chrominance crosstalk
o Baseband intermodulation which causes Ilnwanted frequency products to
occur in the video signal
o Differential phase distortions
Demc.dulator linearity is a mea3ure of the accuracy of the transfer function
of the demodulator evolts/MHz of deviation) over its deviation range. For
good performance this accuracy (linearity) should be within one percent on any
portion of the deviation range. Demodulator non-linearity causes harmonic
distortion and excessive differential gain of the demodulated signal.
-112-
~ !i-- - ,z.e
Once the signal is demodulated it must have several operations performed
on it before it is a usable signal suitable for distribution. The basic signal
processing operations as specified by FACC's Edward Chapman are:
oDe-emphasis
o Removel of the subcarrier from the video signal
o Energy dispersal removal from the video signal
o Restoration of DC level to the video signal
o Selection and del1odulation of the audio subcarrier
o De-emphasis and filtering of the demodulated audio signal
In FM syste~s triangulation of the noise spectrum occurs during the de-
modulation process. This causes the noise spectrum to increase in level with
an increase in modulating freq~ency. This results in a decreasing signal-to-
noise ratio at increasing baseband frequency. To overcome this effect, a de-
emphasizing network is utilized in the rec~iver and a matching pre-emphasizing
network in the transmitter. Pre-emphasis shapes the frequency response of the
video signal and causes the highest freq'.lency c(,rrlponent 0: the video signal to
be 13.2 dB (voltage ratio of 4.6)higher than the lowest freq'Jenc.y component.
The weighted SiN improvement of a pre-emphasized video signal over a flat
video signal is ap?rox~mately 2.5 dB for 525 :ine transmission.
Another factor of pre-emphasis used in video transmission is the improve-
ment in color information by the reduction in distortion of the chruminance
signal by the luminance signal. By reducing the relative level of the luminance
signal to the chrominance signal the amount of chrominance-to-lQ~in~nce distortion
caused by non-linearities in the system is reduced.
Removal of the subcarrier from the video is required to elimina~e the possi-
bi.iity of subcarrier t·,) chrominance interm0dulatic'n which could produce s?urious
-113-
products that fail within the video passband. Althoug~ the frequency of the
subcarrier is high enough that it would probably not cause degradation of the
picture it is best to remove the 5ubcarrier as ~Jickly as possible after demodu-
lation to aV0id potential intermodulation problems.
All video sigr.als transmitted through a satellite are required to have an
energy dispersal waveform. This waveform is simply a triangular waveform
(whose inflection points are synchronized with the vertical blanking interval)
s1J:nrned in with the video signal prior to modulation. The enet'gy dispersal
...·a'Jeform causes the carrier to be modulated typically 1.0 ~ peak-to-~ak with
video and 2.0 K-!z peak-to-peak when video is removed. The deviE'.tion caused by
the dispersal waveform insures that the radiated power from the satellite at
anyone RF fre~Jency is less than a certain maximum allowable level to minimize
the orobability of interference with terrestrial microwave systems and, in some
cases, adjacent satellites, and to reduce intermodulation in half transponder
vide0 transmission. After the vide0 signal is demodulated the triangular wave-
form must be removed and t~i5 is commonly done by clamping the video signal to
the sync tips. In addition to rem0ving the triangular waveform, clamping also
provides DC restoration of t~e video signal.
The vide::> associated audio is transmitted on a subcarrier which is summed
in with the video signal. The subcarrier must be filtered from the video signal
lind demodulated to produce the audio signal. Since this is also FM modu:ation,
the audLo signal must be de-emphasized to correct .~or pre-emphasis (pre-emphasized
modulation provides an unweighted SiN improvement of approxin~tely 12 dB over flat
modulation for the 75 u sec pre-emphasis network and ~~ kHz audio format used in
~.s. domestic video trans~is5ion).
-114-
4.2.2 Two Carriers Per Transponder
It is an attractive economic feature in satellite usage to transmit two
FM TV (video + sound) signals side by side through a single satellite trans-
ponder _ using a lower FM deviation for both FM signals. Consider a system
~hich places two FM TV carriers side by side and each occupying a 17 MHz band-
width in a 36 MHz standard transponder channel.
In order to maintain pic':ure. qua; l.ty ~:;)r both carriers, it is necessary
to reduce the drive to the satellite TW!A by both carriers (see Figure 4-8) where-
by the two carriers together provide a TWTA output approximately 5 dB below
saturation. This reduces intermudulation distortion productivity both of the
amplified carriers, but it does not reduce the EIRP for each carrier.
Another aspect of two carriers 1Jer transponder is the need to equalize
each half of the transponder channel to essentially provide symmetrical g~oup
delay for each FM carrier. and to limit the group delay at the edge of each
17 MHz band to less than 30 nanoseconds (see Figure 4-7) which then prevents
delaying high frequency picture information into the next picture element.
4.2.3 Vidiplex Systems
Utilizing a newly-developed satellite television transmissiofi technique,
Vidiplex, four channels of television programming we~e sent from Los Angeles,
california, to Juneau, Alaska, through a single transponder on the Sat~om satel-
lite. According to RCA, who managed the demonstration, this had never been
done anywhere in the world for public viewing. *
Vidiplex, a trademark of Thomson-CSF, is an adaptation and extension of
the STRAP technique (for sUnultaneous transmission and reception of alternating
pictures'. Vidiplex, a technique developed by CBS Labs and manufactured by
• Thamson-CSF, produces a technical pairing of two television signals which can
then be transmitted within the sa::lE! spectrum of as' ~le television channel.
* Satellite Communications, April 1979.
.'
-llS-
.
"',
.
,':'.' ' . -, .""
'" "
'
' '
..... <I
.. _. ,__ .__ • c__ ""~~_. ____ •• _ . '••. ,_, t-,
. .
. ' , .___ . . . . .
'
• "
¥w
,
'"
OF
- 1 . .....I
i
~
~----t
i .... ~-- __ ':";-~"'_'-_--!'"
~' Carrier "8" .\lone
,I
CD / :r~ .
..... '\
'tI
i
I c I
.- 'r--. . C,.rrlltr "A" Con.tant 1
f- _. - 0
I
- --r-' .
I ~ 1 /;
I " I :)/'", !
~ ~ I I
. ---_1'- rt--
'" I ",.
I .'~ '/,: 1
r-- -
I .:
~ l~ -J4-
'.-+-
Carrler ",," • Carrier "8" \
"~-+-- __
~
i
i, . . .z ~
t, .... /;',,1
/~~C 1,- ~I
I ... I "
I, !!~ I u~ ......
I
•• - .... 4 -----j
!
...
~ ~ carrier "8" constant i
...a. '" I '"
, I
o~ I
"
II
~ .-~, -+-----+----""""t----t
\ ;. _-~~.j
Input Level Below Si n 9 1e
Carrier Saturation (dB)
Carrier """ or "8"
t
I' I
. .'I - I I
"'~f"-
L -______
2.3. L ' ;
________
~i
I
Two Input/Output Chara=tp.ri1tics
Figure 4-8
-116-
For an earlier two-signal-one transponder experiment, RCA developed an
alternate line delay, a device that takes every other line frjm the rictuTe
transmission, shifting, those lines slightly to prevent colors fr~" bl~eding
together, because of the corresponding intermodulation in the transmission
system.
For the Juneau demonstration, RCA Alascom combined cwo Vidiplex units to
establi::.h what was actU4 lly a dual-Vidiplex system. Four television signals
wpre grouped into pairs, with each pair run through a frame synchronizer, then
into two Vidiplex eucoders. Each encoder signal ,,;,::!s fed to a satel1.ite uplink,
and th~ t\o:o paired ignals were transmitted on one transponder. Through re-
duced bandwidth techniques, RCA places two carr:'ers in the sa",~ bandwidth
normally occupie~ by only one.
I
At the receiving end, cwo reduced ban&Jidth satellite receivers, each
equipped with a Thomson-CJF noise reducer, fed thp two Vidiplex decoders. The
outputs, flawing through the alternate line delay device, were th:.:n fed :"nto
the standard VHF mcdulators to a local CATV syste~. Video and audio we=e
b::ought together at ~.he cable carrier.
4.2.4 SI0W Scan TV.
A variety of slaw scan TV picture transmission systems have been dev~loped
over the last two decades; hm.'ever, the present trend is to use convp.ntional
ccrv cameras, monitors, and other system components in conjunction with "scan
c0nversion" devices which reduce the bandwidth of a CCTV ca:nera output from a
n~inal five :negaHertz to approximately one kiloHertz for transmission over
v·:>ice grade circuits. T!1is is a compression ratio of 5000 to 1, and is general-
ly achieved by a) stretching out the signal in time from 30 pictures per second
to perhaps 1 picture in 100 seconds, and b) sacrificing some resolution ;n the
final image.
Time is che ~ssential factor in slaw ~can TV communications, and the amount
of time re~~ired to trans~it a single picture is primarily determined by twe
factors: ban&Jidth of t~e communications link, and resolution of the reproduced
i~ge. The dial-up phone network provides a basic limita~ion to bandwidth, and,
although the useful freq~ency range of a dial-up circuit may be approximately
30~ to 2500 Hertz, it is usually necessary to transmit a DC compJnent in the
slo~ scan TV signa~. This is usually accomplished by amplitude or frequency
modulation 0f ar audio tone, with the result that tr.e effectiv~ bandwidth of the
transmitted data is only on the order of one kilOHertz, or about 20G) picture
elements per second. Under these conditions, a fe~ ap~roximations are as follows:
128 x picture ele::lCnt~ 8 seconds
256 x 255 picture elements 32 seconds
256 x 512 picture e 1e:nents 6':' seconds
512 x 512 picture elements 128 seconds
512 x 102':' picture e l~ments '" :56 sec.onds
In general, 128 x 128 pictures are too coarse to be useful except in very
1i::J~ted Situations, 25'J '{ 256 is acceptable in ::lIlny instances, while 256 x 512
,'r h~gher res):utio~ pl,:vides excellent imagery. Key c()~sideratLms are vie~er
-1 ~8-
- @2Q2
distance fr~m the TV screen and type of graphic material to be reproduced.
In general. the guidelines of conventional TV production n~y be followed when
256 x 512 resolution is available, while lower resolution will require corres-
pondingly tighter ca~ra shots.
IT' some instances, wider band communications circuits :nay be available
and scan converters with a faster picture trans~ission time used. ~or example,
an AM broadcast circuit (100 to 5000 Hertz) would halve the time rf'!q'..lired for
a given resolutic...1, w1lile an FM C{Uality circuit (30 to 15,000 H.ert7.) can be used
to reduce image transmission time by a factor of eight, with room enough left
over for simultan~ous voice channel. At present, two mid-Western schools are
using the sub~'carrier channeLs of their FM stations for distribution of slow
scan TV progr~~ing. and United Press InternAtional will use satellite trans-
mission of 8 kiloHertz slow scan TV pictures to cable companies.
Note: Narrow band video systems are manufactured by C:::- :orado Video, L"1c.
Box 928, Boulder, Colorado 80306
- 1 : 9-
TV CAMERA
I -
OR
VnEO
OTHER
MONITOR
VIDEO
SOURCE
~ i
I _..
t
PHONE LINE
OR
VIDEO
COMPRESSOR - OTHER TRANSMISSION
CHANNEL
VIDEO
EXPANDER
TYPICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Figure 4-9A
1
1
.'
-120
j. -. ~ ~ - . ~ • . . . . " ' . • , ~.. .:-... '" '- ~
o.
r'- ~, ~
.
. . . . . ....
. ~ ~ '-
. ._ - _._ ~. "I,. ~ ,. • . I,'" •
,
g;;L
1!
r '-'" _.' ...
!
1
video Ironsceiver 280
J
1
I
general 1,,
1
,
The Model 280 IS designed to provide narrow band video communications over standard vOice grade
telephone circuits. Three basIc hmctior.s are provided:
1. A "frame freezp." capability which captures a single image that may be assessed for Quality
before tranS'l,ission
2. Conversion of the frozen picture to a "slow SCd!''' television signal suitable for transmission
over audio channels
Reception Of slow scan TV Signals and reconversion to a still Image on a normal TV mOnitor.
In the uansmlsSlon mode, the 280 accepts a conventional CCTV input signal which ,s digitized on cOIn
mar,rj and fed to a solid state digital memory. The output of the memory IS then displayed on a TV
monitor which indicates the exact quality of the image to be transmlttc'd. Once a transmit command IS
given, the memory is read out slowly frum lett to rIght, with a white curcor on the TV monitor screen
snowing the c1egree of picture completion. Twc sending speeds are available: 35 seconds for a Single
field pictule With 256 x 256 memory elements, and 74 seccnds for a full fr()me picture With 256 x 512
elements, dot Ir1terlaced.
In the receiving mode, the 280 ~ccepts properly formdtted slow scan TV input signals and reconstructs
a ~onvantional TV stili picture, using the same memory which prOVided frame freele for transml:~;on.
Image retention IS indefinite u.,less deliberately erased or power ~o the 280 ·s lo<t.
Features of the Model 280 Ir1clude:
Completely solid state deSign
Operation Ir1 moving enVironments
Remote control
Plug.in Circuit cards for simplified malr1tenance
lieal time monltoflng of AiD operation
"Gen.lock" to other Video sources for systems operation
Optional ope~atlon at 625 line. 220 VAC, 50 Hertz
• • •
•... •
ncrRE 4- QE. -121-
·_~ ___ ._~.'_""""" __ ~~-J"""'----"'."'~U"'~_,_"''''--'''''''''''_'''''''''·~ __ ~_ _''''''_~,,"'''·_,~._._ _ _ _....._,~.-",.
..._ .....·_M_·_··_~ ____ ~ .......
!'if rllOo.·...._ _ _ _ _ _ _
... tt...""
..........._ ..__~tiIIiiiiB W t '-1'd w·-
4.3 Digital Modulation for TV Broadcast.
4.3.1 Digital Representation of Video.
In order to provide a digital ~epresentation of an NTSC video signal
(4.2 MHz video bandwidth) it is possible to sample at the Nyquist rate of
8.4 megasamples, and then use lO-bit words for each sample, thereby result-
ing in a ?eM bit stream of 84 Mbps. However, this requires a carrier spec-
trum bandwidth of 84 MHz if quadriphase modulation is used, and it is a major
effort in Japan, Europe, and th~ USA to reduce the bit rate to one suitable
for transmission through a 36 MHz channel for NTSC color. or a 6 MHz char.nel
for, example, video conferencing.
Many techniques have been developed to reduce video data rates; see
Figure 4-10.
In these techniques, the use of differential PCM techniques (Figure 4-11),
has been successful to reduce the data rate to as low as 22 Mbps (NEe). The
us~ of Hadamard Transform techniques can reduce this data rate to as low as
6.3 Mbps (T2 carrier) and special DCPC and frame storage has been used to reduce
the digital representation of a black and white or color TV video signal to
as low as 1.5 Mbps (Tl carrier). These latter rates are used for video
conference.
4.3.2 Dig~tal Representation of Voice.
Not only will the amount of data to be transmitted increase with each
succeeding fear, but also how the data is used will change, bringing about
new methods of doing business, new methods for education, practice of
medicine, etc. Hence, the satellite communications community must not only
meet new needs demanded each year and contipue the development of technology
for both space and ground installatio •• 5 now on a world-w1.de ha.sis, but also"
-122-
_ _ _- - - - - .
-_~,.,..-,-+.-.~ - - - - - - . ------- -- ...........--------.-~.- ... ----~-----------~--...~-~.~.~............~=
-7:"-~_:;w
I
i
,
:j
Trar.s mltte~
! 1
I
..;
"""
~,
\,.,. I
c.. :it:
( -.,;.-
~
-I ......
1 x
-g-
N
C
~cae~ ~ Oe I.IJU
I
I
I
~"'-e- i
C I
!
I
I
L
.~------------------~.~
I I XQ
?reolctor
I Preolcto;,
B40ck diagra: :or DP~ coding a=c decoding
Figure, 4-10
-123-
.;."
-- -----.
Fl['ure 4-11
ACHIEVED aiT RATES FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION
WITH VARYING PICTURE QUALITY
PICTUR~
"QUAL I TV"
Uetwork
Teleconference
z
I
Stilt
.
'
.. 800 bps 2 5 10 20 "-'
50 100 ."j\
N
.j:."
I BIT RATE (Hbps)
~ua'ity levels ere discussed In section 3.1.3.
-)
All systems shown are 525 line, system ". ;.;
! -
..r·,
)
Code: () PCH. 6 Hbps. color, full resolution. =i-
-<(I)
ill DPeH. "3 "bps. color, ~atfleld, 1971J.
£I) OpeH, 29 Hb~s, color, reduced ~ertlcal resolution, [Goldln~. 1912].
U HadaMard Transfon.. 11 ~fs. black and white. reduced
[George ~nd Hoff.an, 1911J.
,
0 Hadamard/Slant Transfon.. 16 "bps, color [Ohlra. 1911].
~ Hadamard/Slant Transfon.. ~ "bps. color. [Ohlra. 1911J.
0 opeH, 1.5 Hbps. black and white. reduced teMporal and
spat 'al resolution [Haskell, 1911].
LJ OPCH, 4800-1.5 "bps. color. full resolution, fr~e storage
required. transmittal rate Matches channel bandwidth.
" ........., • ...: •. ,,!h:.lIl.n..... ,....wl!. •.L,... ..JL': ...... l._""..r,.~".~_.~ . "~,~.,_"'~!h·""t "'+riII.!bt.llill!!lu!L~
. ""'. ~
develop communication technology designed to provide optimum use of the
radio spectrum; i.e., maximize the amount of information transmitted through
an available bandwidth.
Total bits per unit Baseband bits per Bits per Hertz
of bandwidth for a • second representati'"e x degree of modula-
3.1 kHz voice of voice in 3.1 kHz tion technique
BW used to represent
digitized voice
In the transmission of the human voice, a voice channel requiring only
1000 bits per se~ond from a vocoder (as compared to the Spade standard of 64 Kbps)
in a modulation system using two bits per Hertz will require ~n1y 2 kHz of radio
frequency bandwidth for the vocoder transmission, as compared to 128 kHz of. band-
width for the Spade system using the same modulation system. This comparison
must of course be measured against useful voice quality for each system.
Tables 4-26 and 4-27 list the various techniques which are used to digitize
the human voice or audio signal. Note that, depending on the quality required
of the system, the digitized human voice can be represented at bit rates from
a few hundred bits to 64 Kbps.
4.3.3 Proposed German Digital TV-System
Experimenters in the Federal Republic of Germany have been very active in
j
testing or designing digital TV through a satellite system. Figure 4-12 shows
J the experDmental system tried via the Symphonie satellite.
I
Figures 4-13 and 4-14 show a digital TV system being designed for use with
a digital TV satellite (such as IV-SAT).
Note that the luminance and the color-difference signals are digitized
directly and then multiplexed into a single digital bit stream which is then
passed through a data reduction system, £ ch.nnel coder, and then transmitted
-125-
r- . _._-- '" . . , au: ••=.~_"
TABLE 4- 26
TYPICAL DIGITAL RBPRESENTATION or VOICE, j
I BASEBAND NUMBER OF BITSISECOND I
TYPE IHI'ORHA.TI(II l
I
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES REQUIRED TO REPRESENT INFORMATION
Syntheeized-Voice Codinl Linear Predictive Coding 400-1200 b/e
for 3.1 kHz Voice IW
Channe I Vocoder Ueing FFT 2400-4800 b/_
Cepetru. Homomorphic Filter9d 2400-4800 b/e
Vocoder
Formant Vocodera 600-1200 b/_ . I
.
......
'"",_. Voice Excited Vocoder 7200-9600 b/_
7200 b/_
()
-i ~
I
I
N Adaptive Predictive Codinl -c
c;r-.
lHIUal Voice Codina c.
I
Forward Error Control PCH* 10,000 b/_ c:
(High to Hadiwa QuaUt{ .,.-r.: •
Voice) Adartive Delta Modulation 8000-16,000 b/_ .0 ":,
Non-Adaptive Delta Hodulation 10,Ooo-l2,ooo b/_
. I
c>
~....
tit
DPCH (Differential PCM) 30,000-40,000 b/.
I
~ ,,-
-< (,..)
fCH 54,000-64,000 b/_
Hilh Quell ~:I Sound PCM Sampl1na llata l5 kHz 450,000 b/.
0-15,000 ft& Il-Bit Accuracy/Sample
'---
.• _.c~~.~lliIIMIoI.i:!III.l''''''''''''''~': . ,JI,.'
TABLE 4-27
ACHIEVED BIT RATES FOR DIGITAL VOICE
VOICE (Representative Examples)
... "flUALlTV"
EXCELLENT r- e o
• ~
GOOD to- j
j
fAIR
~n xx
.~
,
, I
.....
N
---J POOR ~
I
D PCM, 64 Kbps. (PRECISION MONOLITHICS, SIGNETICS) ...:
B PCM WITH SPEECH INTERPOI.ATlON, 32 KbpI. (SIT SIEMANS UTAL vt.
SAT (FRANCE" NEC (JAPANU p
REFERENCE·
COMSAT lABS
A f;VSD, 32 Kbps. tHARRIS, MOTOROLA, PHILLIPS 'NETHERLANDS)
TRT tFRANCE))
Dr. J. Ce.penell.
ACVSD WITH SPEECft INTERPOLATION, 16 Khps. (COMSAT EXPERIMENTAl)
o LINEAR PREDICTIVE CODER, 2.4 OR 4.8 Kbps. !TIME AND SPACE PROCESSING,
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION SCIENCES, GTE SVLVANIA,lTlt
X CHANNEl VOCOOER, 2.4 OR 4.8 Kbps. (ESYSTEMS, PHilLIPS tr~ETItERlANOS),
~RICSSON
• 11,.
.. ASA HO I:C,. . . . . . " . ISWEDEN), MARCONI IUKII
.....jlll_.""'.. _.ll...:....,~,....:..., ... _;L... .Jt"-.,c~,_".'" .......... _JIoo.~.~\.ftt ·waPi. wM·A.·....... bs t fur "1#'. ri _
\, : .
..... c .. ,
..:.:
"
,I.'
lh,illl n' qlrmlr lna_NiM .,"'-.
410 • a..I.,.w-4itil.1 0\1 KI .s-uhi,lner
(OtI'rnrr "C _ ~1IC.'·,.nr"
01" • 4ililal·I .. loaM c",,.lor
nt.'enrr S, . " lIdtroeiMcioa •• il
OP • OFC" jIrOCftSioC ,io - ~.IIIO' (~PSK)
.oil 0\1 • dftlKl4 ..IIIO' (4-PS~)
PIS - ,.nalkl....nal E.ct _ "" .. 1111_
ntOtenrr r _ I.. IIli..an ,i...t
SIP • srrill-,.,.Uri R - ) B-1 - ctIromi .. on
ntO'"tfr 1Il01t,
'I - _hi,tr," .0;. s. - _l1li sicolls
EC - ""If C'OtTfttiea
Nrr
ED -""" IMtftter
Blockdi.gr~ 0: the Ge~an experi~ental digital
television-syste= tried via ~EONIE
'FIGURE 4-12
-128-
".";;: '-4 4 &Q ...;
.4E;L'@'l~"""--"""--"-~"'.""'+lf4""-""'_ ........
_.....
- '!!II.""¥O~~""-'''''t'!!l ___
__!I!!!~...Q_'''~!JII'l;;.I!:II,
i
- .: . .-. '(
-,
i-
'J
Proposed block diagram of a digital color TV camera
FIGURE 4-13
Trans-
.-
I-
i - 5.
S2~~ ____ ~
ISuarr-t
____ ~
mitt!'"
Digital
Satfllltf
~:;ltQt Sourte Cno~e!
':ISPloy Df::Jorr f- Dr~rr
i-'
Comple:.ly digital TV-Sat Svst~
Figure 4-14
-129-
_~~~",-",,'"'--.l...-4_~'-'_·_'~~""""_ _ _~~_"""''''''''_'''''''''''_· _ - _ _ _ ' . .lM
..._ _ _ _........ ......
_ __________ -lllittlliiit
. .__ L...WIii-
.... ·.--IiliI....
--
to the satellite. The received digitally modulated carrier is th~n demodulated.
decoded. and then demultiplexed and applied to the TV color reproducer.
This system differs from the standard system which provides digitizing
the analog video signal after it is produced by combining the luminance and
a color subcarrier (3.58 Mbp~) formed with ~o color-difference signals.
Table 4-28 provides a comparison cf the carrier power required for an
analog FM-TV signal) a digital TV signal in a standard transponder. and a digital
TV signal in a regenerative transponder on board the satellite. Note the
drastic reduction in all power levels required of the digital systems.
4.3.4 Digital TV Broadcast Proposals from Great Britain.
The 1977 WARC-BS (Geneva) Plan provides in most cases for each country in
I.T.U. Region I to operate in five channels, each with a usable bandwidth of
27 MHz. The channel spacing is 19.18 MEZ and, in general, the channels for a
given country h4ve center £re~lencies spaced at about 77 MEZ. The basis of the
plan is the use of FM television signals with about l3-Mliz peak-to-peak de;viatioLl.
For any new television system it would be unattracti~ to employ more than one
RF channel for the sa~ picture. Also. if any new transmission system is used,
each signal would not only have co be confin~d to the 27-MHz channel. but would
also have to conform to the power limits and protection ratios prescribed in the
rlan in order to protect othe~ television services using the standard FM signals.
If, as seems deSirable, a new high-definition standard employs digital
transmission, and uses separate luminance and chrominancc signals (to avoid
cross-color and other band-sharing problems of NTSC. PAL and SECAM). G. Phillips
and R. Harvey have addre~qed the problem that the extent to which the picture
quality cculd be improved is quite limited if it is to be cor.fined to one 27-MHz
channel. Tn illustrate the diffic~lty, the following r~presents a possible
system, but this may we~l be based on over-optimistic assumptions regarding inter-
-130-
TABLE 4- 28
Comparison of the Transmitter Power fer. the Satellite 1
and Earth Stations for the 3 Systems and Summarization
of the General A89~~ption i
1
Digital TV
with Analog
Complete Digit~l
TV with Regener. ~
i
Analog FM-T\' Transponder Transponder ,
1
TV- Rece i ver (1) 13 dB 8 dB 8 dB
C/N
Satellite (2) 356 W 94 W 47 W
p
Transm
Earth Station(3) 740 W 195 W 47 W
(1) (S/N)weighted • 50 dB
G/T • 7 DBI/K
Diameter 1M
BER a 10- 4 Uncoded
BER 10- 8 Coded
(2) G
Transm
• 40 DBI
F
Down - 12 GHz
G/T "i DBI/K
(3) Diameter • 1M
FUp 19 GHz
G - 42 DBI
-1J1-
ference and the economics of the required antenna and decoder for the receiver.
Lines per picture 819
Aspect ratio 4 by 3 (pre.ent value)
Picture frequency 30 Hz (interlace with 60 fields/s)
Luminance bandwidth 8 MHz
10 MHz total video
Chrominance bandwidth '2 MHz
Coding 4 bits/sample (e.g., DPCM)
Bit rate at Nyquist limit 80 ~it/s
The suggested transmi89ion system is a l6-level signal at 20-MHz clock-rate
basad on a 4 by 4 matrix of ampliMlde/phase modulation, hut this w~uld be subject
3
to an error rate of 1 in 10 at a carrier-to-noise ratio (CiN) of 19 dB. Error
correction would be needed and the bit-rate for the error-correcting code could
correspond to the saving available during the line and field blanking periods.
To ensure that the proposed condition CIN - 19 dB corresponds to l~ of the worst
month, the receiver G/T would have to be 5 dB better than that assumed in the
Geneva Plan.
4.4 Sound Interactive Satellite Svst~m
Table 4-29 is a table from CeIR Document 10-11/11041E illustrating
a candidate sound interactive link operating with a 12 GHz broadcast
satellite. In this system, an FM bandwidth of 50 KHz is used and a satellite
EIRP is u~ed with an earth te~nal G/T of 16db to provided an audio fre-
qucncy signal-to-weighted noise ratio or 41.9 db.
-132-
,2
(.
.: \3
~" '.I-IV
{JF t'
!ABLE 4-29
rxa~ple of System Para~ters for Sound Interactive
Satellite Connec~ions according t Doc lO-11/1104/E
Paran.e ters._ _ _ __ Example
1. System
Frequency of carri~r (MHz) 12000
Type of modulation FM
Frequency deviation (pre-emph3sis 75 s) (kHz) j:25
Audio-frequency bandwidth (kHz) 5
Total rRdio-frequency bandwidth required (kHz) 60
Carrier .. to-noise ratio before demodulation (for 997. of the time 19
in the least favorable mon~) (edge of beam) (dB)
Corresponding audio-=requ'.ncy signal-to-unwei e ted noise ratio 51.2
including de-emphasis (edgE:. of bearn) (dB)
Audio-frequency 8ignal-to-weight~~ noise ratio (dB)(l) 41.9
2. Receiving Installation
Figure-of-merit, G/T, of receiver (dB)(2) 16
Required flux ~edge of beam) (997. of time in most unfavorable -134.3
moJn th) (dB (W 1m) )
Free-space attenuation betw~e~ isotropic sources 35.786 km 205.1
apert (dB)
Additional free-space attenuation for an angle of elevdtion of 0.5
40 0 (dB)
Total atmospheric attenuation for 99% of the time in the rr~st 1.0
unfav0rable month (dB)(3)
U?-path noise (provisional value) (dB) 0.5
Requirp.d EIRP from satellite at edg~ of beam (dBW) 29.3
3. Satellite Trans.nitter
Antenna be~~idth at -3 dB points (degrees) 1.4
Antenna gain at edge of service area re lative to au isotropiC 38
source (dB)
Loss in feederd, filters, joints, etc. (dB) 1
Rc.quired satellite transmittel' power (dBW)
For 6 carriers aharing tr8nsponde~ vith video carTier 0.1
For 50 carriers sl~ring linear transponder 9.3
(1) Ass~ing weighting filter of Pcc.(468-3).
(2) In accordance ...-tth the definition if 1 the example sh;)WTl in the Annex to
Draft ~eport (473-2).
(3) Examples valid for a~ a~gle of el(:'.~tion of about 40° and Rosman, N.C. dimatic
conditions.
-" » __ ... -- •••.•. _ •••• - - - • • • - • -.- --- - - - - - ,
". .,., ... ............ ..... -
, ...
... ~.. ..,
,
~"-.- ~.
.- ••••••.,."".J . . . "':"".... -r-."-"~-. ~
..... en it t = t~
:1: •• rl~~
MW. t " t ) at . ' . . rtr Jht e _
NEe
Nl~·EC·6/3 Digital Televis~cn Terminal
(For Video Conference Use)
The NETEC-6:3 is a low bit rate in- SpecificatioDs
terframe encodertdecvder which VideO 5;''''/ Encoding
converts standard NTSC color or Standard NTSC color or monochron,~ televiSion signall
Video input/output
monochrome television signals into 6 1 Vp-p at 75 ohms. unbalanced
Mbps bit stream with audio signal -------------------------------
TransmiSSion bit rate 5,1/3.1 Mbps
--~--------.---------~-------
and control data. Signal to nOise ratio 45 dB unweighted
Operation at 3 Mbps is also possible.
Audio Sig"./ Encoding
BandWidth 50 to 5000 Hz
Features
Sound i~put/output Maximum ~ 12 dBm at 600 ohms. balanced
• Economical video transmission
for long haul teleconferencing Signal to lotal dlS1ortlon ratiO
--------------------------------------------
35
Greater tha;, dB
• Digital interframe coding 6:lO(W) x 740(0) x 1515(H) in mm
DimenSions
236(W) x 291(0) x 5~(H) in inches
• 1/15 or 1;30 transmission bit rate ~----------------------
compression Vid.o Cod« Products
• Transmission over parallel 4(2) Tl Application Bit Aata
lines (6.3 or 3,1 Mbps) NETEC-22H Broadealt TV 22 to 30 Mbps
• Monochrome, NTSC color televi-
"Ion signal
• Audio and conteol data
HO-DPCM BroadeDst TV
lTV
45 Mbps
32 Mbps 1
NETEC-S'3 Confarence TV 3106 Mbps
1,
1
i
t
1
-133.-\-
. " . ' . .. ; . ...1 ,
. ,' .
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-
...
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k ¥ sa Ott edt :t', axt • 'm ,.. tl?S ' , _ t • $ er
NEe
,
;
"
i
1
,;
1
Optical Analog Transmission Equipment
For simple video transmission or
FDM transmission. the analog fiber
optic system is recommended. The
Features
• Immunity from noise interface
• No cress talk
- -
hybrid tran')mission system. which • Compact design and low power
can transmit any bit rate below the consumption
specific speed. is suitable for data • Low cost
transmission or video ana~og • Analog baseband signal interface
transmission in pulsed form such as with terminal equipment.
PFM-IM.
Major Parameters
Direct 1M PFM-IM
Remarks
TransmiSSion System I TransmisSion System
I
Signal Video signal with audio signal
Electncal Video signal 1 Vp·p (75r. unbalanced)
Base band
1'0 Interlace . AudiO signal a dBm (soon balanced)
------------------
Light Source LED LO
Photosensor APD APD ~;
TranSmls~lon
.------------------------------------
6.1km 9.8km :. When 5 r Nrms ·O.P
Range 01 Video Signal
is 54dB
• Optical fiber of
3.5 dB, km IS used
• Ovmall system margin
of S,N IS 3 dB
In optIcal level
.' S ~. of !ludlO signal
It 45 as or more
Power Transmitter d VA Tran ..mltter 18 VA
Cons~mptlon
Receive' SVA : ReceIver 18 V A ·1
• !
.It
i
'\
"
::::: ;_::.i
... • • • • • T • • ~ " - • -, • , • "
• f' .' ---... , . • • • I
• • • ,'" ~ - "\. ' ... • <I • •
•. - - .... ~-~".. j~ .. -~--~~~-" '*'-.~-.- ...... ..!"'""' ..... ~..... "'......... :.,."<;~- ............ &'-."''''''"~.-., ~
FUJITSU VIDEO DIGITAL
FUJITSU TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
LIMITED "FEDIS-SERIES"
FEDIS-SERIES REALIZES AN ECONOMICAL VIDEO TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL NETWORK
. ' _.: i:J
-..:, I';'" --,II: QCAUTY
FEATURES
• High band compression ratio (FEDIS 1.5 - 45)
• Employment of LSI AID, DIA and Memories, etc permits compact si.:e and assures high reliability
• Voice or data channef in eluded (option)
• OPTICAL FIBER LINK interface available (option)
FEDIS·SERIES
Model I I/O Signal Encoding Transmission '.ipelld I Applications
FEOIS·1.S I, 1 MHz/4MHz TV 1.SM2/s (OS·ll
T "econference
FEQIS-6.3 Interframe coding 6.3M2/. (OS·21
I --------------
~
FEOIS·20 I 2OM2/s
FEOIS·32 I 4MHz
32Mb/s
i Color Video Intraframe Coding lTV
FEDIS-45 I
I
I (OPCMI
45 Mb/s (OS·31
CATV
FEOIS·l00 I[ PCM 75 -1ooMb/s
---.... ,
(6,3Mb/sl
-----'1\,,-------1
.....
---.
---
~_~_I
- - ~ Qptial Fibl!l' cabl,
Coaxial.::able
..
~--'I
--
...------
FEDIS~,3 FEDIS.J2
(FEClIS: F'Jj;t;u ETfieoent Digital Image System)
Basic Configuration of FEDIS SERIES
(Transmitting side)
C'" "
FED IS-loS. -6.3, -20
CONTROL
VIDEO r'-._-' INTERFRAME LIlliE
IN COD IN;:; INTERFACE DATA OUT
VOICE
VOICE 0---- CODER - - - - - - - - -____ ...J
IN (OPTION)
FEDIS-32. -45
CONTROL
r---------l
I
VIDEO INTRAFRAME
IN Lr---, CODING DATA OUT
(OPCM)
I
I
VOICE - -___________ .JI
CODER
FEDIS-1OO
I----!+T~~",EACE·II-- - 0 DATA OUT
.....-----, +
____ .....II
vOice 0--- VOICE
IN CODeR
Technical Note:
1. Buffer ~mory, variable length word coder, error correcting coder. multi~lexer and line interface including optical
fiber cable interface are included in "LINE INTERFACE".
2. Voice coder permits broadcasting svund Quality.
1I111I1111111111111111111111illll:IIIII;llllllllillllllllll11I111
FUJITSU
111'l l li l!IIl!!!I!II!IIIJ'II/I'IIIIII'lll'j"lllllllllllllIII/II!/l
IllIIlllIlillllliilllllllilllllll1 III
-133D-
Fujitsu Limited. 6-1. Marunouch, 2-cnom •• Ch,yodl-ku. TOkyO 100. Jape" TII,phone: 03-216-3211. Ttlu: ma33
• *-4
,!
6.3Mb/ s COLOR VIDEO
FUJITSU TRANSMISSION CODEC 1
LIMITED FOR TELECONFERENCE
-,
,. '. .;'" ~ ,.,
, , ,., .• t ...-'
Fujitsu has developed a color video signal CODEC for tel.
conferences, using a highly efficient band compression tech·
nology. This CODEC attains 1/15 band compression, en·
.
•
--~
• •
abling I 4 M~z color video signal to be placed on the PCM
~ stage multiplex level (6.3 Mb/s) instel.'d of 100 Mb/s .
;'Jew dot interlace technology and D PCM c:xUng are used
to realize the bInd compression.
Features of the equipment
o By use of dot interlace·, 1/4 band compression is at·
tained.
it The codec transmits 1/4 of the whole picture eI.
menu' information in one field period and a full
picture is reproduced with 8 framll memory in the
receiving side.
o Chrominance signal and luminance signal are split by the
digital filter following the high speed CODEC.
o TCM is used to multiplex the split sig"als.
';) D PCM to the TCMed signal is used to attain 1/2 blmd
compression.
o To improve the response performance of a reproduced
picture to movement, the moving area is re!lroduced
using the latest frame dot interlaced.
(This equipment was developed under the guidance ,;~
NTTPC.)
, ' . .~ - . '" ~
• .. ' . : • • y
_ -.~ ....- - - - '- _ . . . . . . ..-~~........,..".~ ~'-""'~ .... - ..... ~".~~~ ....... " • ".'-"'. "'~..-""~~""'.!;"",~ .. ''>"", ~ .... ~~-~~-- ".
Block Diagrm of 6.3 Mb/s Color Video Codec
Block Diagram (,f 6.3 Mbit/s Color Video Codec
8 Bits/PEL Sampled PCM signal 4 BitslPEL
8 BitslPEL DPCM signal
Color
I TCM DPCM LINE
CODER CODER INTERFACE
14.3 Mliz Digital line 6.3 Mbits/S
Sync. PULSE
signals GENERATOR 1/4 dot interlaced sempling (TRANSMITTING SIDE)
MOVEMENT ADP.
NTSC
FILTER AND
CC~ER
NOISE REDUCER
Video signal
(RI:CEIVING SlOE)
Main System Parameters
Input signal NTSC color video signal (4.2 MHz band)
263·line non interlaced
Sampling frequency 14.3 MHz
AID, 0/ A converter Linear coding, 8 bit/sample
Color signal processing TCM (Time Compression Multiplexing)
Band compression 1/4 dot interlace, DPCM, 1/15 band compression
Frame memory 957 kbit
Transmission speed 6.312 Mb/s (OS2 level)
Power dissipation 350 W/SYS
-133F-
FUlltsu LImIted 6-', Mar'JnOUcn, 2-cho"'~ eh'yada-oJ, TOkyo '00 Japan Te1epno,"e 03,2'632~ 1, Te'ex J2~833
Mlln ProduCU ' Sw.tc~·"9 System . Carr"r &0 RadIO Systems' CcnlPut.r Systerns - Data Communlcat'ons System,
- s.m'COnductOrs- Elect"onlt Components
STEREO SOUND PROGRAM
FllJ ITSU TRANSMISSION
LIMITED EQUIPMENT
I.
OF P(.L ,.
- Fujitsu stereo sound program transmission equipment is used
to construct a high performance stento sound program circuit
in I digital transmission system. This ~uipment provides a
15 kHz stereo program circuit of CCITT J.21 grade. To
multiplex the two hi9.h performance stereo channels on the
limited bit rate PCM first stage multiplex level (1.544 Mb/s',
advanced technologies are used in the equipment.
Sophiscated CODEC
13 bit linear coding with a 7-segment digital compander
realizes -57 dBmOps noise performance using only 11
bits, leaving one bit for error-correction.
Low noise technique
To obtain trammission quality effectively equal to a 10-8
error rate on a "'r~ error rate line, a convolutional error-
correcting code is applied to the upper 3 bits. Besides this,
critical noise produced by excess error rate or burst error,
is suppressed by dropping analog output to "no signal
levitl" over these periods.
Flexible adaptability to network plan
At PCM level, the self-contained functions of branching
control and drop/insert control permit a flexible program
signal distribution plan in the network.
(This equipment was devefoped under the guidance of
NTTPC.)
Stereo Soutld Program Transmission Equipml!nt
I
Block diagram of sound program transmission equipment ... -' \, .. - ;
. - - - - - - T C H block----- ,-j
IN/OUT block
[Rl
[AI ster.o CH AP.R '\ 1.544 Mb/s
ILl AMI sign.1
COMbl,OCk ------ - -~ 1.544 MHz
MON CLK & CONT . clock
IRI~::- ----:-~-:±::-j. IN/F'' ' '
IAh"'''~~I~ DEC H.;]1 REARR ~ 1.544Mb"
[RI _ _
---J]'
--t,-------·---- J-
_
L:= __._. ____ AMI slgn.1
IBI stereo CH
ILl -------4.
~ ____•______ L.
Main system parameten
Chann.1 capacity 2 stereo CH/'.544 Mb/s
Input sign.1 band 0.04-15 kHz/Soon b.lance
Sampling frequency 32 kHz
Encoding ,3-bitlsample linear encoding + OlD comp.nding
--~~~~------------------~~~~_7~~
Complnding law 7 SiIJT'.nt (13-bit - l' -bitl
Over 10id +12 d8mO
Error correcting I Convolutional code
Word confi~HltiOf'____ , 1-bit data + 1 check bit
Countermeasure 'or burst error R.plecement to silent signal
I
~--~--------~~~~~~~~---------
Line code 1.544 Mbls AM I
Standard circuit confi~rltion 3 iinks
Mounting 2 s.. reo CH/standlrd rICk (2750 mml
Power -48 V DC
-133H-
FUJitsu Limited. 6,~ 'w11~.JnC ... C"'1 2",:~cf"'e.:· ~,;~c ..... ;:;'k,.; i,)C, Jac:.a'" -"t'O""O'l(t Cj·21t3 3:;' ;e I!). J::::a:':3
M.itt ProcIUf:U . S.... 'lCh,"i Synems . C''',er .. AKI.Q Sylltm\ . Computer System, . Oltl COr"l",,·,n,c,·,on\ S,.sttms . S.m,conOuctoh
5.0 TV BRClA.DCAST SATELLITES
5.1 Introduction
This section will discuss the status and technology of TV broadcast
satellites to serve requirements specified by BS-~ARC-77 and WARC-79 at UHF,
S-ba,d (2.54 GHz) and the ~ew frequencies of 12.2-12.7 GHz in region 11.
These satellites will be primarily directed toward high EIRP designs, e.g.,
in the 60-65 dbw range at 12 GHz in order to make possible the low cost small
ear~h terminals to be discussed in the next section. However, the discussion
will also include lower EIRP TV broadcast satellite in the 50-55 dbw EIRP range
as presently in use in Canada via ANIK-B a~d ~NIK-C, and as is presently being
planned for use in Australia.
This section wi l i first revieN salient features of existing TV broadcast
sat~llites design and technologj of broadcast satellites which can fulfill the
following req~irements:
o Have payload weight cc~~atible with Delt"l and Atlas Centaur class
launch vehicles until 1986 (first available dates for new payloads on
~he Shuttle) and then for Space Shuttle and STS launch.
o Provide the requi~ed number of TV channels and contoured antenna beams
with the required EIRP while us;~g optimum charactelictic and structures
for the bus, TWTA, multiple beam antenna, and attitude control and point-
ing accuracy.
o MRximum communication channel capacity commensurate with maximum payload
we igh:'.
o Antenna side lobe characteristics for closest orbital spacing and ~inimum
iaterfe"ence between 1"7 broadcast sate 1] ites.
-134-
.•'-'
.-~.-~--~""*"".",.-.,."",,,,,,,,,,,, -*_.---
1
5.2 TV Broadcast Satellite Design Parameters
Table 5-1 lists the critical design parameters of a TV broadcast satellite
which will influence the ability to provide required EIRP and contoured antenna-
beam oatterns on earth. The costs associated with the principal parameters in-
volved - weight and dc power ~ill be dincussed in Section 7.
T~e initial criterion of a broadcast satellite is the specification of
the EIRP into a given area or footprint, and the number of channels required at
that EIRP.
The next step is then to determine the antenna gain, number of feeds, and the
number, efficiency, and size of prywer amplifiers required. This will ~~gin to
define critical mass and dc power requirem~nts which the overall satellitf! must
meet. These requiremt'nts, added to the requirements of the remainder of the
transponder (exclusive of p~er amplifiers already considered) define the basic
payload mass and pv~..er requirements (inc luding antenna).
The ps.yload mas!, and de power req1.lirements can then be used to define a
satellit,. bus ~'hich has a structural size, mass, and ability to provide dc ?OW~!"
from a solar array or batteries. This will lead to a basic dry mass and Size,
of a structure to which must be added the mass and weight of hydrazine fuel for
attitude control, the apogee kick motor and fuel, and the thrust systems for
achieving the transfer orbit. This will lead to a satellite system size and
weight.
The satellite system si.ze !ll.1st be compatib:e with the room inside of the
fairing of a launch vehicle, and must be consistent with the ability of t~e
vehic~e to launch its weight.
The pacing critical par~meters are:
Satellite total EIRP Satellite mass (in orbit)
Satellite DC pr" Launc~ vehicle capability - size and weight
. 135-
• .." ~ - ... •• .. ~ - - •• - ~ - ~ ~ -. J ' -.. ,f T ' ~ - - .. - . "~.",'
, , > ,'" .( • };. - ,
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,
r _
. ' '.
" '"
' I
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I
--
.- -- --.--.--~
TABLE 5- 1
Basic Satellite Design Parameters
Parameter Satellite Experience Cons ideration
In-Orbit Mass Includes satellite mass plus
weight of fuel required to
sustain attitude control over
lifetime, plus weight of dry
AKM
Launch Vehic Ie Weight of satellite pluR all
Payload Mass thrust mechanisms required to
transfer satellite into orbit
Satellite Size Spinner vs 3-axis Constrained by launch vehicle
stabilized fairing for expendablE'. launch
vehicle. On Shuttle - by the
cradle and bay length-cust
consideration
-----------------+--------------------------.-----+------------------------------------------------
!
DC Power Related to in-orbit ! Constrained by the satellite
mass (Fig.5- i) size - the the size of solar
cell array in body stabilized
system, by the external surface
in a spin stabilized system
RF Power Related to de power Constrained by efficiency of
for satellite ~us - power amplifier, number of
Broadcast satellite channels and EIRP required, and
'!WT in the 40-500 w... tt by ~ower required of satellite
range bus, receivers, attitude control
and TI6.C system
Antenna Antenna mass related Provides with power amplifier,
to overall on-orbit the satellite ElRP. Will be a
satellite dry mass large systp.m in 60 dbw EIRP sat.
Payload includin~ ~ payload mass to in- ?rovides basic satellite repeater
Antennas orbit satellite dry functivn
mass criti(.;al
Sate 1li te Needed to assute oper- Served by the antenna gain
Sensitivity (G/T) ability of up-link. and low noise amplifiers in
Determines earth the transponder
ter:nina 1 EIRP
-D6
TABLE 5- 1 (Continued)
Basic Satellite Design Barameters
Parameter Satellite Experinece Consider. tion
At titude Contro 1 Determines the ability Provided by attitude control
and PointiTlg of satellite to maintain system, including spinner
Accuracy a footprint on earth to action (spinner) or momentum
a +0. 1 deg~ee accuracy wheels; requires fuel and
sensors to maintain attitude
control over satellite life tUne
DC Bus Critical to end-of- Determined by solar cells and
lif~ specification bus system efficiency during
sun exposure; by batteries in
eclipse .
.'
-137
. - ..
; -
- -
" ,
-
. ..- -, - -, . . .
,. II'
•
•
.
~
. ' Ii
.
,_
. '. • .,.... .',1 ~ 4 '" ~
5.2.1 Broadcast Satellites vs Communication Satellites
Broadcast satellite design is very different from communication satellite
design. The difference is in the wlmber of channels and the per channel EIRP
required and serviced. In the C~!AR and SATCOM satellites, for e~=?le, 24
communication channels are provided, with each channel using a TW!A at around the
5-watt level, an~ producing EIRP's in the 30-dbw range.
The broadcast satellite will have much fewer channels; TV-SAT (Germany),
for example, will provide only 4-5 channels, each using a high power TW!A
in the 300-400 watt power output range, and a high gain antenna providing a
narrow contoured beam, where possible, to i.lluminate a speci.fic area. In the case
of the TV-SAT, no TV broadcast is provided during eclipse.
Table 5-2 lists several of the TV-broadcast satellite characteristics related
to antenna beamwidth and RF/DC power now under consideration for s~vera1 European
countries.
Figure 5-1 plots the change i.n l:IRP and dc power for broadcast and conrnercia 1
satellites showing that eon~ercial communication satellites, while increasing
in de power, have remained in the ~f)-35 d}..4 range while increasing the number
of channe Is.
5.2.1 Satellite Mass VB Primary p~!!
Figure 5-2 relates the sp..cellite in-orbit mass to primary de pow;!r of var1.ous
present day sate~lites l':lJowing how a unique relationship exists between the .. e
tw~ parameters over wide ranges of power and maSF. ~ote that at the 1000 kg
level (th~ prese·tt day limitation of the Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle) around
1000-14000 watts are the limit of dc power provided by the solar array.
In the case of Intelsat-V, the sa~el1ite is designe~ to ?rovide an initial
de power of 1400 watts from the solar array, ~:th the provisions of the power
being reduced to 1000 wa,tts after a .. even year life.
-138-
•
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,
_ ... '- ~~. . /, ' ..-..-.; ~ . -....
TABLE 5-2
TYPICAL TV-B~OADCAST CHARACTERISTICS - EUROPE
TWTA Power Per Channel
CountlY Antenna Beamwidth RF Output DC-Power
0 0 230 W 600 W
Germany 1.6 x 0.7
C; :' \
France 2.5 0 x 1.00 350 W 920W ., i ~ ~
-;, . ~
r·
United Kingdom 1. SO x 0.7 0 250 W 650 W
......
W l T·
-.0 0
I
Italy 2.5 x 1.0° 350 W 920W
;:, , I
Jugoslavia 1. 7
0
x 0.7
0 250 W 650 W =< ~~~
Nc,:tr. Countries
0 450 W 1180 W
East-Rt:gion 2.0° x 1. 0
We'it-Region 2.2 0 x 0.09 0 250 W 650 W
/
/
........ UbS' nt b '1 'tnt*tbW"'f","¥"ttenr f
t
''t,tt7'fe
t
U"t!"". ,.,1 "18.'
60
50 Intelsat
-
NASA,
, V
EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC
40 -~
RADIATED j)QWER,
dBW '-'COMM ERCIAL
(per channel) 30
AT5-1
/' INTELSAT III
20 • ffl NTELSA T 1\
~ELSATI
10 SY,~COM
1000
100
POWER, WATTS
\..-_----.....,..J
SYNCOM
~96_~0"""""""1"~~"""""""1·9·7·0.........a""19~7·5"""""--"19~f
YEARS
Figure 5-1
-140-
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......
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lOQO r - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. t~"""""..,....--.....,.-----------r"--
, I I I
INTELS~ T"i •
INSJ.T·
~ooo
lOa COM$T~Fl • FL~TcnM
100 IIIITELSAT::: IJ. • •
:. 700 INTELSAT m· O!.:s
~ m
VI 600 IJ.NIK C
'"<: 500
CSCSJT •
MAROT'S. • •.sas
::E ~C:'·.l.NII( a
s~rCOM
'!~RISAT.
'1ATO m .~PAIII ss
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:;00 'Q.~PA1
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J.NII( X.
SI(Y"IIET·2B . •
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~~'----------------~--~----~------------~~~~
.~ ::.:l lOU -lOO SOO , 000 :00;: ;000 oiOC,O S~~::;
S;'7=~:..:7= ON ORal'i \1';'SS ~5 :lQIM~RY :lCl:V::~
Figure 5-2
-141-
" ." ' . " ,- ~ ~ '. ., ~ -,. ,- ." . ,-
. , " ) ,
. . . . ... .
~ . . " • ~ - ~ . . ~ . - •
_. . j I
The mass ranges of Figure 5-1 make an excellent introduction to the next
section which will discuss the launch mass capabilities of available launch
vehicles.
-142-
5.3 Launch Vehicle Payload Capabilities in the Expendable Launch Vehicle
and the Shuttle Eras.
The spac~ shuttle and its capability of providing low cost launches into
low earth orbits (less than 160 miles and requiring an additional launch stage)
initially led to almost a discontinuance or early phase-out of the Atlas-Centaur
and Delta class launch vehicles, which were the backbone of satf::llite launches
in the 1960-1970 period.
With the slippage of the Space Shuttle and the successful development of
both Europe's ARIANE sponsored by ESA and Japan's N-Rocket, the Atlas-Centaur
and Delta class rockets are not only being made continuously available with up-
grades in load capability, but the Atlas-Centaur upgrade must be considered as
a very real answer to the growing eccnomic competitive threat of the ARIANE
rocket which is now assured many European payloads and which will carry some
Intelsat-V's. The Atlas Centaur development, Circa April 1980, is shown in
:
Figure 5-3. The Ariane developments are shown in Figure 5-4.
In the early 1970's, the Delta 2914 and the Atlas-Centaur handled the satel-
lite payloads having geosynchronous weights of 800 lbs and 2100 lbs respectively
as shown in Table 5-3.. The Delta 3910 (sponsr,red by RCA for use with SATCOM)
and the Delta 3914, were also developed in the 1970's and, with the ARIANE and
the STS system also in the deve lopment stage:, broadcast sate llitE' spacecuft
system design was limited to payloads in the 800-2100 pound c:i.ass (300-900 kg)
by this launch vehicle availability. Table 5- 4 Lllustrates the on-orbit
mass in Kg and the primary power in watts of most of the satellites built and
launched or designed for launch during the er& of the 1970's showing the upper
mass level of on~ kilogram s".d the dc power level of 1 KW o~ these satellites.
Figure 5-5 shows the -'aunch vehicle history and availability during the
ne~t six years as set forth by C. L. Cuccia and R. J. Rusch at the AIAA 8th
-143-
Communication Satellite Systems Conference in April 1980, showing the Atlas-
Centaur and Delta 3910, the Delta 3920 which will be available in 1982. and
the upgraded Atlag-Centaur whose load capability is be~ng increased to almost
5000 pounds.
Any new user ~r designer of a space communication system which requires a
launch, simply cannot achieve a reservation on a STS launch until 1986 and
must rely on the Delta 3910, Delta 3920, Atlas-Centaur, and the ARIANE vehicles
to provide that launch .
•
'ow ....IiQLil"'i.... .....** "W+r;JU,* *( Me;; ,4 #. 'fWD ... .:.~:--~.. _ .... "'1=. 7". :.r:!..~"_ :w: Ai.
Figure 5-3
GROWTH ATLAS/CENTAUn PERFOHNlANCE AND COST ~~~~~~Q~~~'J1!c;~
C!J"".i, D,v,siol.
(GEOSYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER- 27 DEG INCLINATION) Apr 80
\
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:1
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AC-60 AC-61 STflETctlED STRAP-ON SOLIDS (4t SOLIDS (4,
(CUnnENTI (BASELINE, ATLAS (00'" SOLIDS (4) FAIIUNG (12') FAIRING (12', ,;
'I
STRETCU (e!)", ,1
PERFORMANCE (LB,
ROM COST (SM,
NIR
L\REC.
4,500
0
0
4.800
2
o
5.200
3
to.l
5
5,900
15
+1.5
5,800
25
t2.5
6,200 t
28
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FIGURE 5-3
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1C1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
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F=======';;;;;;;"""";;
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loiS
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AlU.HE' ARIANE 2: • , .150 kg AIitlANE ~
~ 700 '" ARIANE 3: • 2.:50 kg ~ 2. 700 II~:
In tl~'" in trw\1'." In r.."t."
\..
Figure 5-4
AR' ~~E IMgROVEMCNTS
-146-
TABLE 5- 3
Launch Vehicle Payloads - 1976
Synchronous Synchronous
Transfer Orbit Equatorial Orbit
Payload (Lb) Payload (Lb)*
Launch Vehicle
550 260
N-Vehicle (Japan)
1550 800
Delta 2914
2000 930
Delta 3914
3300 1830
Ariane (ESA)*
4150 2100
At las-Centaur
* Not tested until 1979
** Assumes AKl1
-147-
-0 .•----~""""'"'04_!;;;o!!!l_""' ................ - -........_____......__....
P .0. .. ':' .. (111
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STS
STS/SSUS-A
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e __________----~----------------------·---------------------------
1170 1172 "7. "71
YEAPS
"71 '110 ...
FIGURE 5-5
-148-
~.4 Design Aspects of TV-Broadcast Satellites
Table 5-4 lists the various technologies whicr. must be addressed in design-
ing a satellite. They include system oriented technologies, pacing technologies
which cnntribute to the satellite system capacity and constraining technologies
which determine the size, weight, and mass of the satellite system which is
placed into orbit. The pacing technologies are used to produce the capacity
requirements of the ovelall system once the constraining technologies have
determined the size and weight which can be orbited.
A:l satellite development during the 1970's has been in the direction of
increasing and maximizi.ng capacity. INTELSAT-V, for example, represents an in-
c~ease in c~pacity of more than 12 times over INTELSAT-III (at the start of the
decade) with an increase in in-orbit mass of around 7 times.
The key pacing technologies, therefore, are those related to the satellite
structure and to the RF system which encampasses the satellite antennas, the
power amplifiers, the low noise receivers and lightweight filters.
Table 5-5 lists important broadcast satellite technology areas which, in
effect, reflect these pacing tec~nologies as identified by Dr. Van Trees
( Table 5~5), at the ATAA 6th CO!mIUnication Satellite Systems Conference in
Montreal, Canada, in April 1976. These technology areas highlight a number of
areas where key new tech~ology developments are recommended to take pIa e during
the next three decades. In general, Dr. Van Trees' predictions identify satcam
technological developments in the following areas.
o Satcom antennas for improved utilization of the radio spectrum by the
use of dual polarization and high isolatiun spot or contoured multiple
beams.
-149-
'L"..~LE 5- 4
Broadcast Satellite Technologies
System Oriented TechnoloAies
.
Means to effectively reduce cost per channel by more efficient utiliza-
tion of available ?ower and frequency spectrum.
Development of new modulation (~nd multiple access techniques.
Exploitation of higher frequency bands.
Development of more efficient communications hardware.
Reduction in spacecraft weight through improved structures, energy con-
version, storage systems, prime propulsion, and on-board propulsion .
.Pacing Technologies
Satellite Antenn3s Including techniques for multiple beam operation,
be~ shaping, side lobe contrul and polarization
purity.
Power Amplifiers Providing means to deve lop efficient lightweight
power amplifiers of both TWT and solid state
types at 2, 11, and rom waves allocated to BSS.
Attitude Control Systems For both spinner and three-axis satellites for
precision antenna pointing.
Thermal Contro] Development of materials for thermal ~ontrol.
UTw Noise Receivers Including the use of parametric amplifiers and
FET input amplifiers.
Lightwei.ght Filters For minUmwn guard bands and mln~ group delay
distortion with sharp attenuation at band edges.
Batteries For lightweight energy storage on-board the
sa te Uite.
High Reli ~ility Parts Includ{ng all screening and ability to ~uild
small lots of devices for very long life.
Spacecraft DC Power Derived from solar cells or nuclear isotope
power systems.
On-board Digital Systems lncluding all on-board control and data manage-
ment.
Constraining Technologies
Boosters Including rocket type launch vehicles ~nd space
shuttle.
St.:uctures Including new materials.
Propulsion Systems Ar~gee kick motors and nuclear and ion propUL-
sion systems.
-150-
TABLE 5··5
IMPORTANT COMMUNICATION SAtELLITE TECHNOLOGY ARr.AS
ACCORDING TO DR. H. VAN TREES
Technology Description
a. High Isolation Hemispheric Hemispheric coverage antennas with
Coverage Antennas 30 to 33 dB pattern and polarization
isolation.
b. Dual Polarization at For reuse of the 11/14 GHz frequency
14/11 GHz band.
c. 30/20 GHz Iec~~ology Extensive a~tenna and propagation
R&D must be performed.
d. Multifeed 3 0 Beamwidth Further develop~nt of 3 0 beam
6/4 GHz Antenna antennas is necessary.
e. High Resolution Steerable Antennas with co~.stituen~ beams of
6/4 GHz Antenna the order of 1 0 or less are required.
f. 120 Mbps TDl-1A For the proposed 72 MHz channelization.
g. Forward Error Correction For interference-limited environments
(FEC) using digit31 communications.
h. DSI To increase the bandwidth efficiencies
of some digital systems.
1. Linearized Transponders For use of more efficient modulation
sch~es.
j. Advanced Modulation To provide highly efficient use ot
bandwidth.
k. Intersatellite Link To provide full connectivity between
(1SL) smaller capacity satellites, using either
optical or microwave links.
-151-
o Linear power amplification, new modulation and data handling techniques
to r~duce in-channel system degradation and adjacent channel interference
noW encountered tn digital conmunications, and to provide for improved
~lilizat.ion of the radio spectrum.
These technologies - as they relate specifically to high EIRP satellites -
will be ~iscussed at length in paragraph 5.7. However, the following paragraphs
will highlight how these technologies relate specifics.1ty to a cClmparison of
communication and bcoadcast satellites.
5.4.1 §pir~er and Body Stabilized 3-Axis Satellites
Spinners and 3-axis satellites are both candidate broadcast satellites for
1000 kilogram in-orbit mass.
Figure 5-6shows the cross-section of ~he spinner CS satellite built by FORD
Aerospace. Figure 5-~' shows the cross-section of I:he giant Hughes UASAT which
was described at the A~ Eight Communication Satellite Conf~rence in Orlando,
Florida, in 1980. Figure 5-8 shows the Anik-C with its additional solar cell
"Skirt" now used by Hughes to int;rease solar cell power. As shown, the spinner
uses the shell as both part of the ~ody stabilization proCf'.u, and as a surface
for solar cells. Inside is a tray with the payload and bU5 system. The antenna
is despun at one end of the spinner cy1in·~~r configuration. liote in general,
the enormous space inside of the cylindrica 1 structure which serves to house the
AKM or perigee motor and which is not used to house paylo4d.
One of the major problem of the spinner satellite is the transfer of payload
heat to space (thermal).
Figur'es 5-9 and 5-~O show reli:~ctively the Intelsat-V and Ger:nan TV-SAT
structures which are 3-axis stabilized, using momentum wheels and sensors/
hydrazine thrusters (which are also used on spinners). The inter'or of the box
struct"..lre which is !n.Jdular ,-~ beth types of satellites is used tIJ house the
-152-
c·
c.
HICII CIIIN
HOIHj·nHllCTOR
'tU S'UN
C OM'.IUNIClIlIOPj
ANTlNNA
'-...
Figure 5-6. C(, Sa:e 1 lite Cr oBs-section
, , , .".':'.
'.~~:.:~ t:~ . •
. ~: " :~ ... . -! ,'f
! .. , .
~~II .......... "I
..il
~
OII.\IE1tR OIAMfTH<
,1 1
2 6 em IBS In,I "I !') 2 6 em 1l\5 '0 ,1 "i,l
I
HEIGHT DEPlC ~EQ ,"
,:' ',I
HE IGHT STOWEJ It,ll
,m 111 1 ,n I 0 6,S7 m u241 ,r..! 0,
1
'I I ' , r
; : 0 Kg II 364 Ihl
'iill
-1 1 1:1" .'
1,1."
T W ~
Figure 5-8. ANIK-C Structure showing Solar Ce : l Skirt
SSt c ' , "4 . . . . . . e*_em nbC r"WE' # ..'5 ' 7., 2 ' ~''£. 6' - s ' Sb
.
LEASAT C':;.:::. 'sect io n
- 154 -
8GH,
Ci~O'A~
COVE~AGe
ANTENN"
11 GH, aEACON
TRANSMIT
ANTINNA
141' I GH,
WUT SPOT
BEAM
ANTENNA
4GH,
"(MlllONE
T'IIANSMIT
ANTENNA
/~
:.::.::.
SCiH, . '-.
HIMI/ZONE ""-""' .
.......:.:-.
RECEive
ANTENNA
INTELSAT V Anten~a Configuration
WIST THERMAL ILMKIT
WIlT THRUlTII' CLUITIR
calonATIONAR¥
1.......0...
1
Figure 5-9a. Intelsat-V Stn:c:ture
-155-
' ... ., .' \
... - .. , . .
. . . . . . . . . ,,- ..
,,,, .
' .......:... - .
- ~ -
. , .
,.- ~ ~ , -, ~ . . . '~~ ~ - .
• • ," _ '. \ ~ • .-0 .' "',! ... " . " ~,.., . . .'. • _, •
CD FRANCE
HAWKER SIDDELEY
(2) GERMANY
COM DEV '1'14 GHa POT CD ITALY
8EAM REFLECTOR
TU.EFUNKEN
SOLAR CELLS
MICROWAVE
FIL TERS FAIlRICATION ® "."AN
(i) ~ <D UK
(2) tJ) CANADA
SELEIIIA c:xD
I(!)oo
TL"'.C~""O
AHTlNNAI
~CD
T~_U
AnlTUDI. O"IIIT
CQNT"Ol lAAT ...
_IL$ SlNSOIII
. -' ... -
.. ~.,
o• ..--
~
. - ... -.
-
I NTE LSAT V Atlantic Ocean CO\lerages
7igur"e 5.9b.
-156-
, 4) ,Ht. ._44WP)A€#;a<9':'-" - ~-'f'¥±EfI"¥S;
WO ..I· , .",. .4 # 4II!It
-S-8and 59- .......
\
\
--J, J - - - - - .
I !
~ l·
,:1: _ _ _ _ __
i
ii
~
y~--~ , II~
I ~r-
':
i-· .'
-
~~~.--- =~ i !.
d
/, r-
I'
-~- ... 1----- ~L
I :
---1
!
f I
I
RX
\ ./ Yo
\ '..c _..... --",; - ~,
.
I
--t1 I 'i
.a
,
-y
N
§
N
~
\
\
..
"
',', 1t\.
·';~~.:~-o", __ , _
/
'=-
.t ......_
.....
/ \
\
\
TX/
, -15'7-
satellite transponder and bus eleetronics. One side of the satellite box is
used as a platform to support an antenna complex. The solar cells are made into
arrays which are unfurled from the satellite box.
The spinner thprmal, de spun-antenna , and solar cell area optimization are
virtually non-existent on a 3-axis body stabilized system which must in turn
cope with thermal problems of a compact box full of electronic equipment but
which roust include all body stabilization elements which do not have the benefits
of a large cylindrical spinning mass to contribute to the stabilization process.
Both satellite types are now in use and merits relative to specific require-
ments must be made before judgements can be made as to the relative suitability
of one or the other structural system.
5.4.2 The Transponders
Figures 5-11 and 5-12, show respectively the transponders of the Japan BSE
and Intelsat-V illustrating the different circuit configurations between the
fairly simple (four-channel) configuration of a broadcast satellite and a complex
multiple channel (24-30 channels for Intelsat-V) satellite used for commercial
satellite c~~nications. Actually the difference is equalized by the use of
very high power TWTA (40-750 watts) as compared to the low power (4.5-20 watts)
typical of a communi~ation satellite. From the transponder standpoint the
differen,-es between spinner and body stabilized satellites are more properly
described in terms of related thermal problems rather than basic electrical
circuit probl~ms.
- ~ 5::-
,~) ()
- .. - ~
.,
COMi~~t:.NO ... , '-~
TELEMETRY A CH
TDA a----
....
'"'l
'r:!
A CH j
STD BY
~ \H ,;c:>: c H-T-V'-Tt--lS
~
\J1
<.D
~)
I
rrl
>-'J
'"1
B CH
PI
::l
(j)
"0
--"'''''~]TDA
o
::l
0-
(1)
'"1
14GHz '2GHz ( 100\,{ )
CONFIGURATlON OF 14;'2 GHz CO~~i\~UNICATIONS
TRANSPO~JDER
-
PAGE ,$
OR\G\NARL QvAU1 'l
Of paa
.'
_oj\
.".,..
."'1_
....--,'
...... ,rOtH
-"-
~
.... f..oe.\. ,'-~ ...... 0 ,,.
JH ' ..... f n.T ...... '
.. ttll ,~, """"0 ..
Communications SubsYstem Simplified
BlocK Diagram
Figure 5-12. Inte1sat-V Transponder
-160-
I
5.4.3 Antennas and Pointing Error 1
A major design requirement of a broadcast satellite is providing a foot-
print on earth from an EIRP of around 60-65 dbw, in a specified contour or
region, and maintaining the satellite pointing accuracy to the point where the
footprint does not significantly move due to pointing motion (error) of the
sate lUte.
This requires large high gain antennas tu provide such high EIRP operating
with high power TW~ or solid state devices. For example, if a 400 watt TWIA
(26 dbw) is used, an antenna gain of at least 40 dB is required (assuming 1-2 db
filter and connector losses between the tube and the antenna feed, and any feed
network losses experienced). This will require an antenna at least 4 to 5 feet
in diameter which is the size of the Intelsat-V 4-GHz reflector. This is a very
large antenna for a communication satellite and requires a spacecraft at least
as big as the Intelsat bus to carry it - and other antennas.
Figure 5-13 shows area coverage defined by WARe-77 for the FRG and includes
the shift in pattern with respect to beam pointing errors as large as 0.1°.
For many communication satellites, such charge or shift is not that serious.
Table 5-6 lists the beam pointing ac~racies of several existing satellites
showing that many of these satellites are specified to a much more tolerant
beam pointing accuracy. However, ~dcause TV broadcast of one country can shift
~cross the borders of a nei.ghboring country and violate its sovereign ri.ghts,
present beam pointing accuracies are now specified at i~.l degree - all axes, and
this point will be described in mure detail in Paragraph 5.6. The following
paragraph will provide some of the WARe histcry involved.
5.4.3.1 Satellite Stationkeeping (Doc. USSG IWP 4/1-12 - Verbatim)
The degree t9 which satellite stationkeeping is maintained determines how
far a satellite is p~rmitted to drift from its uominal orbital position. This
-161-
View from
Orbital Position
1rfJ West
'0
FOR 0.0 0
0.05 0
0.1 0
BEAM POINTING
ERROR
EIRP 0
max
=
- 103 dBW/m 2
~.. ,,\
\ . \ \
Ana"", Covefage Are. for the FRG IS Defined by WARC 1977
Figure 5-13
"
' ... -
- \~O
.1JiMW . ~~"-*-.,..-;g:-~.~~~"~......._"...
" ;""c~4'-" _4....~-
....... ·-_w"~»~e_...
_,",;,...
" __
..... --"!II",...,..,......
, ...
" """""$1IIl!I%1!",111!!1411!"". .
,_
TABLE 5-6
Antenna Pointing Accuracy Summary
COMSTAR + 0.26° N-S Axis Spinner
0
+ 0.20 E-W Axis
0
Inte1sat IV ! 0.35 Each Axis Spinner
0
Inte'-sat IVA ! 0.25 N-S Axis Spinner
+ O. 20~ E-W Axis
Inte Isa t V ~ 0.15 Roll 3-Axis
+ 0.14 Pitch
+ 0.4L Roll
0
ANIK-A + 0.1 All Axes Spinner
0
SATCOM + 0.2 All Axes 3-Axis
0
Japan CS ! 0.3 (30' ) Spinner
0
Japan BSE ! 0.2 (3 a ) 3-Axis
0
ZSA OTS-II + 0.17 Pitch & Roll 3-Axis
0
:t 0.5 Yaw (3 a)
0
Symphonie + 0.5 All Axes 3-Axis
"~~.~.'- ____ ~'~4q~_~_--~ _____
~.------~~---_~ ___ 'W¥.>"¥P~~~~-~-~~.~~--~~~'~'~·~R~.--~--·_~ ....
~.~~t~_~_. .--~.~~-~·,~---~,·~;~W •.~.•
~.~4~4~_~;~.~.~.-~W4~_~&& _ •.•,
•._.
.. _.
,
1 ·1
~
1
has the effect of introducing an uncertainty into the orbital seoaration
I
between satellites in adjacent systems, which will influence the amou'".t of mutual
interference produced by these systems.
Until WAlC 79, eatellite s~~tionkeeping tolerances were specified in the
rru Radio R~gulations in paragraphs 470VC, 470VD, and 470VE. Under these pro-
visions !latelUtes were required to have the capabilitJ' of maintaining their
longitude to within ~l degree, and to try to operationally maintain position to
~.5 degrees. These limitations did not have to be followed if no unacceptable
interference was caused to any·other satellite network whose satellite complied
with the limits. The Radio Regulat~ons set no standards for latitude station-
keeping. The Final Acts of WARC 79 reduced the longitudinal tolerance to +1
degree, with the exception that the ~l degree requirement remains in force fer
those systems notified ~O the IFRB prior to the date of entry into force of the
Final Acts, January 1982. No latitude tolerance was Unposed at WARe 79.
The benefits of tighter stationkeeping tolerances must be weighted against
those technical considerations which are involved in meeting them. Station-
keeping is maintained by means of orbital correction maneuvers; tighter tolerances
require that these maneuvers be performed more frequently. Although tighter
tolerances require no extra fuel, they do have operational implications. More
frequent corrections will require more careful mo'nitoring of satellite position
ar.d a higher workloan for satellite control personnel. In addition, more com-
p'J ter processing time will be required to compute correction parameters. This
can :ead to increased expense and perhaps the need for more cornp Ie:: computer
installations, particularly if a system has several 6atellites which muSL be
controlled concurrently.
For satellite systems implemented in the near term, longitude stationkeeping
within ~. 1 degree poses no problems. Several existing systems, including CanAda's
-164-
.. ~ ~ - ' . ~ - ~.. . .
(' . - I
".... ".~~ ..'. . -!
~
- ,,-'
\
. - ~. - '.
ANlK series, Western Union's Westar series, and Indonesia's Palapa set-ies, are
currently operating within the n~w longitude tolerance of !O. 1 degree; this
standard is thus clearly operationally feasible. It is, hawever, unclear that
further tightening of the standard beyo.ld this point would yield sufficient
additional interference protection to justify the added operational expense and
complexity. For example, if two adjacent satellites have a nominal separation
of 5 degrees and each has a to13rance of !O. 1 degree, the increase in interference
is less than 0.5 dB with both satellites at their worst case locations (4.8
degree separation) assuming that the ground station antenna sidelobee follcw
CCIR Ree. 465.1 (32-25 log Q). Furth~r, the imposition of restrictions on
latitude stationkeeping produces essentially no further interference protection,
but w~uld affect satellite control operations.
5.5 Design Aspects of Present TV Broadcast Satellites
As design considerations are direct~d toward new TV broadcast satellites
compatible with present expendable launch vehicles and the future use of the
Space Transportation System, it is of interest to review pertinent design
aspects of many satellit~a presently developed or in dp',elop:nent, which furnish
not only considerable design experience and guidance b~t which also provide
technological developments which apply in all areas of satellite design.
The primary aspect of TV broadcast satellite design must center around the
satellite mass and available de power, and be concerned with achieving the
highest possible percent of mass for the c~nications payload (Figure 5-14),
and then using the maxinJ.lm amount of available de power to develop ElRP it, one or
more antenna beams. Note in Figure 5·14 that the 3-axis satellite - with increas·
ing dry mass for the spacecraft - provides a higher payload percentage of the
dry in.orbit mass than the spinners - and particularly than the giant spinners
which must inc lude the perigee motor in its mass.
-:65·
ORt3\NT\l PACE !S
OF POOR QUAU. Y
03AXIS
o SPINNER
v:,
U)
~
~ ,®
>
a:: AIS
(
C
~
0
*
0
~ STS
0 ONLY
...J
> SPINNERS
~
)
~ 20
LEASESAT
.I
.;
15~------~------~--~----~----
500 Kg 1000 Kg 1500 Kg
EOl SPACECRAFT DRY MASS
Figure 5-14
-166-
·~
This paragraph will then explore the mass rati0s for existing and io-
development sate1lites to establish the present percentage total mass ratios fo~
the antennas, transponders, attitude control systems (ACS) for both spinner and
3-a~is stabilized satellites, and for both broadcast satellites and communica-
tion (FSS) satellites.
5.5.1 Typical BSS and FSS communication Satellite Mass and Power B~eakdowns
Table 5-7 lists the in-orbit weights and primary power for many existfng
brcadcast and communications satellites. Note that these satellites are all
under lOCO Kg il. mass and tha t the ,)1: imar"j power ranges from 300 IoTa t ts :or
AmK-A to almost 1000 watts for Ir.telsat-V. The ll-GHz satellites have EIRP's
f.:-om 30 to 60 dbw and the antenna gains and 'NT powers used to develop these
EIR?' s are listed in Table 5-8.
Tables 5-9 through 5-13 list pertinent subsystem weights and powers* for j
both 3-axi5 (Satcom and Intelsat-V) and spinners (ultelsat-IVA, SL5, C5-2, and
11
C~'rAR) showing the following general mass/power ratios now typical of commu-
nication satellites which distributl' televi~;ion (SATCOM I is entirely devoted
~
~
to television distribution, primarily for ~TV and networks). Note that no
exact correlation can be made for mass r~tios.
1
1
The ratio ~f antent~ mass to total dry mass vari~~ from 3.3% to 9,2~, except
for SBS which is almost 25%.
The transponder mass ratio varies from 18 to 25 percent of the tot.'ll ,l~-:, ··lSl>
and is more orderly in its variation.
Structure percentage on Intelsat-IVA and In::elsat-V arp- ..re.rj clos\:: in
percentage, while strJcture weight percentag~ in SBS and CS-2 a~e ~~ll but
~easonably in the ~ame range.
* The author expresses with thankS, guidance from an FAce ~~morandum due to
Mrs. C. ¥~jors of FACe.
-167-
• .- ~ ~~-- _ c. ..;'0 •. " . . . -, - . < ,. - • , ' . .
' . " ' .. _ . . ' "..• : ._ ,. ~ , '. 4 . • _., " ,I
- - -- . ..
TABLE 5-7
Typical Communication Satellites
Bandwidth Per Weight in Primary
:;ate lli te Sate11!.te (MHz) Orbit (Kg) Frequency PO\o."e r (Wa t ts) Emp Range
Inte lsa t·· IV 432 700 4/6 570 30-35 dJJ.l
Inte 1sa t- IVA 432 79J 4/6 600 30-35 dllo1
T~esc~:t:' 432 330 4/6 330 30-35 d3-l
RCA Satcom 864 461 4/6 30-35 dIll
Comstar 864 750 4/6 610 30-35 dllo1
P2.1apa 432 300 4/6 307 30-35 dEW
Anik-A 432 297 4/6 320 30-35 dBW
Symphonie 320 230 4/6 780
CTS 170 350 lL'14 918 60 dBW
SIRIO 150 188 11/18 30-35 dBW
Japan CS 170 317 11/14 530 :;6 dBW
Intelsat-V 1600 1000 4/6, 11/14 967 30-:5 dIJN'
-16c-
~
~
'.... .. . " . ~ ~
,.
.1.-
. . ,
.'
"
r'" ., . '. _". ;
,
.1 A Ailii4i4W 14;g AII'·,W;:;44,4 HAl;;;: 111«4 lAW....
TABLE 5-3
PRESENT SATELLITE ANTPmAS AT 11 Gliz FOR FiXED Al'ji} BROADCAST SATELLITE SERVICES
Satellite Dear -.ipt ion Gain Beamwi~t:h Driving TWT Power
(;TS Two parabolic reflectors Tx 36.9 dB Beamwidth of 2.S o 200 watts, 20 watts
1
___________w_i...:.t...:.h~a_D_j_n_!g~le fee d each Rx 37.9 dB Eo -3 dB l)oints
Japan Broadcast Ce,l te r [ed re flec tor Tx 37 dB Beamwidth 1. 3° x 100 watts 1,
Satellite - BSE 3.4 x 5.2 feed with 2.3° to -4.0 dB
three feed horns potnts, not to
exce~d 28 dB in
Korea, Russie
f
i Six antennas including
Orbit! ng Test Eurobeam A Eurobeam A 20 watts
I two redundant receive
Sa tl! !llte - OTS
dibhes giving full
Rx 25 dB Rx 7.5° x 4.25° 1
l ~~ropean coverage ann
Tx 33.3 dB Tx ~ 2.5 0 Circular ;j
l driving two .pot beam Eurobeam B
i ;--"
a
'L
I
antennas fl)r Eurobeam A.
Eurobeam B is a narrow
band channel Ilsing
antennas with elliptical
Rx, Tx ~ 5° x 1.5° 1
\
J
.____________-=b:.:e:.:am=w:.;i::..:cl::..:t::..:h:.:. .:. ._______ .___________________________
East Beam Rx, Tx 33 dB Shaped Beam 10 watts j
980 :TIm diameter
contoured surface
INTELSAT V
West Be3m Rx, Tx 36 dB Spot Beam 10 watts
1200 IIIn diameter
parabolic dish
SIRIO Reflector 30 x 300 Tx 20 dB f).So azimuthal 10 watts
mm to give el~iptical Rx 20.1 dB 4.6° vertical plane
spot
H' :k B F()ur spot beams Tx = 37.12 dB 1.So/beam LO watts
covering Canada Rx = 33.5 dB
(edge)
SBS 72 inches diameter Tx 33 dB peak Covers U.S. 23 watt9
Rx 30 dB edge with 8 horn array
Orbital Load Summary (watts)
Sub _ _
Equtl~.
$ola," S ..nl'lfht Ec:hPM
CommUnlCltlons 788S 7SS.S 7!! ~
j
Telemetrv. commartd ~"d rInging 43.5 43.5 43.5
I
Attitude control tlnchJ"llng S":llir
IrrlV drivel
PropulllOf'l ' •• cludlng I',ctro-
U'lerml' thruste,)
Electr>caJ power subsv"tltm
52.4
100
O.S
4' 2
0.8
10.0
41.2
O.S
10.0
I1
10.0
1
H.rneu lOIS 10.0 9.0
I
Then'nl' conrrol 67.5 1095 35.5
TOtll bus no 1 &: no. 21o.d 973.0 loo3.S 9:.'9.5 I
BatV!,fY cnar~ Oth vorl 2S.7 97.5 -
ToUrd arrav load 10017 1101.3 -
System power margin 108.3 83.4 -
, ~ irrlV "T'l-'gln 1110 llS.5 -
Solar arrly cap8Ctty 12210 1303.2 -
TABLE 5-9. Int21sat-V Power
TABLE 5-10 I NTE LSA T V Mass Summary
S.. blynwm
Centaur ..lunch STS LMineh
Structure 139.4 139.4
..... d.tpt.r 18.9 189
fI·ooulslon 35.S 35.6
E iectrlcai OOltWf '357 135.7
CommiJnlcltlOtl transponder 183.4 183.4
C"",munIUtlonll"tlnn. 57.6 57.6
TI!I,merrv, com. nand, 25.7 25.7
and '''91''9
A.nttucH CWtwrmlf"ltlon 74.2 74.2
."d C0I'"I1rO:
Tnermal ccntToI Z8.7 28.7
E.lectrlcal Int-vratJOM
.!2..i ~
To,,, 740.7 740.7
===a =
Margin (4.6'11.1 ..llJ.. (6.6"1 ...!U.
T ota' spa.,."'Kraft 774.5 789.9
~motor 924.1 9241
Proou,~on fuel 170.7 183 0
L....H,~,., tntal
1- -~~; .J
~
-------"
I
.'
"
" ,
Table 5-11
Domestic Satellites for TeJevlsion Distribution
Mass and Power Dist~r~ib~u~t~i~o~n~_________
1j
Satellite
Ci!:lTacterlstfc8
COMSTAR
24 Channel Spinner
SA'}'COH
24 Channel 3-axis Stabllize, J I
~
Total Deg Ha8s/Power 670/610 _. f!'j5/463
Subsystem
-- ,.tass (kg) ~ Dry sic
_._.
Hass (kg) ~ Dry Sic
,~
Antenna 4)1 9.2 51.6 6.8
fra!lspooder 139.4 20.9 176 20.7
I
,
~.
"'-J
~
POWl"r 125.6 18.8 181.6, 21.2 )
•
At t1 tud" Con t 1:01 45.2 6.8 55 6.5
Solar Array 70.1 .. r.
Therma 1 28 4.2 21.7 2.5
-
PO>IeL' (lflltta) ~ Tota 1 Power (watts) ~ Tota 1
Conmnnfcatio'n 495 86 429 92
TT&C
A tt itude
17 .5
24
3
4
10
14
2.3
3.7 I
t -- - - - - - - - - -
k. -"'-'"'",,,----
TABLE 5-12
S1' ACEClmFT SBS CS-ll
KG % KG '7.
AN' rEN~ 116.1 24.91- 10.1 3.3%
TItANSl'ONDEI( 66.1 21 .67-
TOTAl. PA YUlAD 116.1 24.',;1- 76.2 24.91
ST IWCTliRE 45.7 9.87. 39.5 12.91-
rr bC 26.8 5,17. 26.3 8.6'1.
REACT ION CONTROl. l3.? 2.87. 9.6 3. Ii.
PO WI::I( 163.8 J5.l"%. 12.8 2J.81-
A"l" r lTUDE CONTROL 23.6 5.17. 19.3 6.37..
'I'll EHtiA!. 20.0 4.34 16.1 5.31..
I::L ECTRlCAL INTEG. 23.6 5.17. 14.0 4.6%
IiA LANCI:: WEIGlrr 5.1, 1.27. 4.5 1.5t
AKI1 (ORr) 29.0 I 6.210 27.3 8.1)7.
TOTAL nus 351. 1 7~. 17. 122 ').4 75. l"l
. ,i
DI( \ SPACECRAFT 467.2 100.0t 305.6 100.0'.
-172-
_~_._,.~~""~. __ ~~~ __ ~~_._~_ __
.-......;Wa.·~~,~,_·hft ~. ___
. ".·
....•...
:1 _ _ _ _ _ _,_v_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,.-=_oIIiI..:-',2';
...•...*O'-........... .-; ,,,,ilIIII__
t",.. .
r t4. - "."-''''''......,~=~=,~.,,.. ,~----,.",''........
'.i.~~ii'ei'~.'"IlIPQS!lIII!IIII,W.IIII,I<.~,'-,' ~1"'1l!"'.,.,.... ....... ·,~ .,.,r,....".,,""-;OO~, ...... ,~It· ",'••,.....,.'"'''''' . ...1111"'1...1"#l1li.......,';"+'.
1•••...,,~••''*...11,11••: •.••III.I,4••liO. .'II!."'. . "",!I,!II,,':!I;:;~ ,
l1li,;• •1111114. . . .
,• •
~ ~
!
....
r
!
Table 5-13
S i'''t:E(:ItAFl' f~__
IKI'EI,:;A:r~IVA
r~ tJl:ORY
I ICC
lrn't:tSA'l'- V
17. OF IUty
I
l
i· Atrl'lmHA 1.2.1 6,51- 66.1 8.11
!
,'R"NSI'uHUF.R 121.1 18.51 161.6 20.81
~ .-.I
•
" , n'M:
·renAI.
STUIIC 11'"E
C~ttIlHICA1'IUHS
ItI':Af:"I'IO" COfffROI•
161.1
151.9
2/t .4
15.1
25. U7.
21.61
1.11
2.11-
214.5
170.4
25.8
11.9
29. IX
21.11.
1.21.
4.01
,C", "I
I 1
,I
~ -.j
W
I
,. 1
l'tUlI-:It 129.1 19.87. 1/.1.9 11.81- ~
1
,\'."... '111 nF. CON'IlU)I. 46.6 7. It 70.2 8.17.
!
. 11It:lltll\l • 4. n. 21.8 ),41 ...~..
"j
I
i
I JO.4 .:.. JI'
EI.t:C'I'H I CAl. I Nl'£eRA'rIOH 2it .6 ).81 40.5 5.0'1
i
MI,AN(:": WE WII'f 6.2 1.01- 2.2 O. Jt
-
AIeH (ItltY) 56.8 8.17. 61.1 1.61
TerrAL OU9 481.1 15.0t 514.4 70.91
DRY SI'ACECRAFT 65).1 100.01- 801.1 100.01.
':i
I
J
,
!,
Attitude control equipment is in the 6-8% mass percentage of in-orbit total
mass but does not include the fuel mass (170 Kg for Intelsat-V) which is
required for stationkeeping.
The attitude determination and control subsystems of body stabilized
satellites are distinctly heavier than those of corresponding spin-stabilized
satellites. The diffel~nce may be largely accounted for ~j the difference
between th_ body-stabilized satellites' heavy momeutum wneels plus their asso-
ciated electronics and the lighter Despin Motor Assembly of the spinner.
~le would expect that body-stabilized satellites would use more propellant
for attitude control than would comparable spinning satellites. This proves to
be the case; as an example, Intelsat-V uses 9.7% J£ its on-orbit fuel for
attitude control where Intelsat-IVA uses only 1.4/0. The total amount of on-
orbit propellant needed, however, appears not to be a function of the method
of stabilization s~ce a small fraction is used for attitude control. In plotting
the relationship between the satellites' lifetimes and the propellant needed as
a fraction of the mass to be stationkept, the spinners show no obvious advantage.
-174-
5.5.2 ATS-6 2.670 GHz Characteristics (Table 5-14)
The ATS-6 experimental satellite was launched into geostationary orbit
0
on May 30,' 1974, and positioned at 94 W longitude. The spacecrH :t was used in
a wide variety of applications and scientific experiments includ:' ,g conmunica-
tions experiments at frequencies from 40 ~ to 30 GHz.
A major ATS-6 mission activity during the first year of operations was
the Health, Education, and Telecommunications Experiment (HET). Sponsored joint-
ly by NASA, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, the Veteran~ Ad-
mj.nistration and the Federation of Rocky Mountain States, HET featured daily
broadcasts of ~~ality color television in wideband FM format to small receiving
systems located at schools, hospitals, and other institutions in Alaska, the
Rocky Mountain States, and Appalachia.
The ATS-6 cC'f>figuration used for the HET experintent is shown in Figure 5- 15.
The TV-FK Sig~ls from earth stations were received at C-band on the Ea~th
Coverage Horn (ECH). The signals are then amplified, down-converted to IF
where they are further amplified, filtered and limited. The signals are then
converted to the 2.560 or 2.670 GHz band for final high power amplification and
fed to the 9.1 meter paraboloid eqtellite antenna from it3 prime focus.
The HET system parameter summary is given in Table 5-16. Note the 3 dB
beam contour of 0.90. This was innovative and set the stage for later narrow-
beam satellite designs for TV broadca~t.
It is not po~sible to delineate meaningful mass/power subsystem ratios for
ATS-6 due to the multiple ~Jnction nature of the spacecraft. It is significant,
however, that ATS-6 pioneered in precision attitude con'-~l using signals provided
from earth stations.
-175-
j~um~ QUALITY
""LN""'"
--"
&IftllUUL.AT.aN . . . .
<0 '"
....uL.lio"'l~-- mm"'I!PSi:
. . .1 . . . . " &I~IA"'"
au.cz &A~ cwnl CJIIIftI
.....,.-t...c:II"""--%r."~... _ ......
aa.a& u,PftII ..,.,:1 CIGftW
a. ~
-
.:ftAne
lID AND LDW . ..:1 DAft.
aJP. . . . . . AT1ICIII un
""""' ...............
f'II'rC_""IlJ"...c..w.~
TABLE 5-14. Thermal Control Sub/iy&tern F.'emeD1a
___
TABLE 5-15
-'-.. --
CIOIIOU-':.'''''' ~III ....1l..,. . . aroal&UCl CDIlPUA..::I
- -
_CIT ~Q"'.
~ ..... a... ,JOV) _,~J
....J!I!IIL.... ~ ~ rov
... !lIE rJ!tI
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n.' at .• \I
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tall1 .... _r -a.
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,
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... Y.,.1.. -L. .... - L'
--- ----... ...-,.... -,.........
....It ...
_ _ m.
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"',..0.",. «1'0\-';
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...
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-176-
t -7-GEW_-'4£,-_*-4
c'-·'·~.!. P!,~!: fS"
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•,
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-177-
(Doc. USSG 8C/826 (Rev. 1))
tfCLI~
"'''EH~.
AT50-6 fOi
II' , 3
I
-/
flA" .....
SIMPLIFIED B~OCK DIAGRAM
OF THE ATS-6 HET SYSTEM
Fig-.Jre 5-15B
-: 78-
I
___. __ ........ . . . -......-.-_ • .Di ~----...~~~~:~=~.;":.
Mbt- ___.... ~"';'·d.", ~"';-Ii I·
:;:;.:=::;;;.;:;a;.;;;.;;;:;;:;;,;,;;;;;;;:;;;c==-;,;;;;,;;;;o::;;;;;,··---;,;;:-;;;,;- _ ....___ J
.....'_ _ _'
·¥.. -
- .-{
(Doc, USSG BC/826 (Rev. 1))
TABLE 5-16
ATS-G HET SYSTEM PARAMETER SUMMARY
Recth'l" c.tft tal" ItaCt'''' 1ta~ltar Ita,tltar T,.aMaU Tren,'" Ita!leUar ldII COOItour
FreqUl1lQ !tt, 0) AII,sa1lfta T,,, "n~'dtll Centar MtlM&(ZI £1." dIV. of 1Ie"-'oot
!tt, (' .1 'requeftCJ ~talt prll1l"
'.11
~Itar ATS-i Hard 1' __ 40 zsn,z An-' JO' ·U.Z fD.I O
OIa_l 1 5950 [uUl ltl", 0... 1 ,..neetor, _'Uler
U50 Co ... ,.a1! eOft"," 1OIl, 54lftd lie.
U50 Horn 1 110 speet,.,. b....
KPf'V
'"..."'011 11 01" liz
.
01._,
Ita.,.. tar
Z (s_1 (,_, (I_I JO 2670 (I-I .5'.0 (sa.. ,
.!tller
lie ••
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IIOTU. (1) S,T,etad bl c_nd
tZI [tUllr tJllllnt' CI,. dr' ... tHhtr bt . . ; bot/! (~lIIlIth C." d,l ... "tIIlr bt . . sl~Ttlll.ausl,; ,IIIM.1 powr
C&lIlIOt bt d!ytdtcl !lttlfttll tilt two bt... ; .ll functions ulKtld by c_nd. 1H Flqu,.. f(ll" tlP'ul
51 and 5 'footjlrl"U'. The ~1 IIId $2 ,1_,.u (\"tau 5-",.<:1 be ... "l IIId II~ rtlPtCtht T,.
Z
- 179-
_____-.~ _ _ ......_ _~. _____•_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _iIJr:O_
~ ...
~--
4·
5.5.3 CTS-HERMES (11/14 GHz)
The characteriltics of tbe CTS-Herme~ are too well kno~ to be repeated here.
Figure 5-1~ and Tables 5-17 through 19 list key system and mass properties.
CTS must be regarded as the satellite which not only pioneered the 11/14
GHz frequencies wi~h 60 dbw EIRP, but was the first satellite to commit its pay-
load to large high power TWT at a power levp.l never before achieved in space.
CTS had two LITTO~ 200-watt TWTA with high efficiency (501. by using 10
depressed collectors) and two 20 watt Thomson-CSF TWIA. It was virtually a flying
TW!A laboratory and certainly did much to establish the credibility of high power
satellites as the answer to low ~ost TVRO earth terminals. CTS is now followed
by ANIK-B and Al~IK-C and CANA~- is providing ;nost of the TV-broadcast operations
technology at the outset of the 1980's; with the demise of BSE and the retirement
of CIS, these two cana~ian satellites are the only TV broadcsst (direct-to-user)
systems in Teration in the world today outside of USSR.
5.5.4 BSE - Jacan's Broadcast Satellite (11/14 GHz) for Experimental Pu~poses
Jdpan's Broadcast Satellite for Experimental Purposes (BSE) pi~n~ered the
dir ~t-to-user broadcast satellite concept in Region 3 and sp.rked earth terminal
developments discussed in Sect';'.::-. 6 and Section 7. BSE is no longer in operation
but its brief history of :Jperation (see Tables 5-20 through 5-22).
According tc Tahle 5-21, the antenna anc c'Jmmunicatioil system (transponder)
account for 2~~ and l8% of the lJztellite mass ..-espectively, whl.le the comm..mications
~ystem uses almost 907. of t.he spacecraft dc bus pcwer.
The 10 .. percentage of antenna mass ratio is typical of a single beam broad-
cast .yst~~ USing essentially a ~imple 3-horn offset fed antenna ~ystem (Figur~
5-17) to place a large c0ntcured footprint. Thus the mass is p~imarily directed
~-J'o1ard providing a high lew 1 of RF po....er.
-180-
'"
,."W ..... , 1(11., •• ",IA"
. . . . . ,""' •• OC ..,. 1I1"'0-I~,
""'\ \
.'(HIIOtIf". \
,., I '."I.I.(D .... ,. •• as
h•) ;'110' 0\1'''''' ,.,,, 1St .. , ' I
\... .0 . . . . . (CNI~'"
II \ PI. &UC"• •
II
,, ,/
" • C , .. 't ...... -- ./
( . . . . U_'Ott (-0. , ..... )
, .., "'COlt ""M.. --
(I'(""~ .C'O. -
1:1\. . . . . . . . a.
: .
. :~3-11Q2;;::.8. _ __
r
12038 '121Z3~___ T
ll~
Figure 5-16. crs S pacec ra·t
...
- 181-
j
~ 1
I·
TABLE 5-17. UPLINK PARAMETERS t'
[;
Mpplicilnt: CIS Frequency:
Elevation:
1~ GHz
~So
II
Type of Service: Analog Voice/TV
.
~.
t
Earth Station:
26.0 dBW
l
i
! .
I
Transmit power (~OO Watts) 2.0 dB I
Feed line losses 24.0 dmoJ
••f
.'
Carrier power at feed J
I
Transmit antenna: ~8.4- dB !
Gain
Aperture size
B.O
5l~ 0 %
ft. t,l .
Overall efficiency 0:6 0
I
f·
Beam size ;
!
72. ~ dBW
EI RP per carrier "t 0.5 dB
E1 RP stability
Losses:
2C6.4- dB
Path loss at subsatellite point 0.3 dB
Path loss correction for elevation angle dB
0.1 I
Atmospheric attenuation I.
Receive antenna: 0.1 d~
I
,'.
Off-axis loss 0.2 dB I
Pointing loss O.C dB
Polarization 105S
207.3 dB
Net losses
R~in attenuation, highest averag1e value for:
~.3 dB ) ..
0.01% of any year
( SpacecNft:
Receive antenna: 37.7 dB
On-3xis gain 2.33 ft.
Aperture size 5~.0 %
uverall efficiency ,.
-97.2 dDW
Signal to CTS Receiver*
-120.2 dDW
Receiver Noise (23lSoK, 30 MHz)
23.0 dD
Ci3rrier-to-~:.:;lze Ratio (clear weather)
12.0 dB
Thresholdr,eq,drcmcnt I·.
11.0 dn
,j
Signal Margin •
* The transponder gain to saturate the 200W !Wi (23 dB) is
23 dn + 97.2 dB c 120.2 dB. \
I
..
-182-
TABLE 5-18 DOWNLINK PARAMETERS
Frequency: 12 GHz
Applicant: CTS 45 0
Elevation:
Anulog Voice/TV
Type of Service:
,I
I
Svstem Parameters r·i
Spacecraft:
23.0 dB\'l
I
Transmitter power at saturation i
dB I
Multiple carrier output bac~off l
FeE':i line losses 2.0 dB i.'
Carrier power at antenna feed 21.0 dB\v I
Transmit antenna: l:
On-axis gain 36.2 dB !r
Aperture size 2.33 ft. I'
Overall efficiency 54.0 %
BeClm Size 2.5 0
57.3 dBW
EIRP per carrier
Losses:
Path loss at subsatellite point 205.1 dB
Path loss correction for elevation angle 0.4 dB ,
Atmospheric attenuation 0.3 dB ,.
!
Receive antennu:
Off-axis loss 3.0 dB
Pointing loss 0.6 dB
Polarization loss 0.0 dB
Net losses in clear weather 209.4 dB
Ra~n attenLation, highest average value for:
12.0 dB
0.1% ci any year
Earth Station:
Receive antenna: 47.1 dB
On-axis gain
Aperture size Cdia.) 8.0 ft.
Overall efficiency 54.0 0 %
0.7
Beam size
-106.0 dDW
Signal power to receiver
(EIRP _ Losses + Receiver antenna gain)
-183-
OF POC;;{ (.;.:~LfrY
TABLE 5-19. Mass Power Budget of CTS.
Syst::m Weight
q Ibm
Telemetry, Tracking, and Command System 14.6 32.2
Super- High- Frequency Communication. 67.2 147.9
Power Conditioning ~1. 5 <&7.3
Batteries 1<&.9 33.7
Body Solar Array 3.2 7.1
Flexible Solar Array Blankets l3.8 30.3 1,
Flexible Solar Array Structure including Slip <&6.3 101.8
•~
Rings and Deployment and Aeceleratioo 1
Mechanism j
.<
Wiring Harness and Electrical Integration 15.5 3<&.0 ·1
~
Attitnde CorJtl'Ol System 24.7 5<&.3 j
Basic Structure 55.1 121.2 l
'j
Thermal Control 12.7 2B.O l
Reaction Control System. {RCS) Hardware
RCS Fuel
18.0
25.1
39.5
55.2
I
~
Balance Weights 3.2 7. 1
Apogee Motor and Fuel 341.0 750.2
Weight 676.8 1488.9 Operational mode
Spacerraft Usab Ie Weight in Synchronous Orbit 347. 1 763.6 Spinning Synchronous Synchronous
phase sunlight eclipse
Lift-off MArgin .7.6 .16.7
Power, W
-
Transmitter Experiment Pac~e 1.2 585.2 6.7
SHF Antennas, peak ----- 12.9 -.---
Transponder ---.- 9B.0 -----
SHF Beacon ----- 18.0 --- ... -
Telemetry, Tracking, and Command transmitter 12.7 12. 7 12. 7
Encoder and Transfer-Orbit Electronics 1.7 1.3 1.3
Receivers 5.0 5.0 5.0
Decoder .7 .7 .7
Solar Array Mechanical Assembly -- ... -- B.B 3.4
Solar Array Technology Experiment ----- 5.0 5.0
Power Control Unlt a 3.1 7. 7 5.0
Essential HousekEeping Convertera 26.1 2B.2 27.6
Main Housekeeping Converter a 4.6 8.5 5.6
Moment1.!Jll Wheel Cooverter a ... ---- 6.3 4.8
ExperiMents Power Convertera ..... - .. - 18. 1 -----
Power S'Vitchtng Unit .2 .3 .3
Batteries at C/20b c 1O. 4 ~1.9 -----
Electrical Integration Assembly 4.9 4.9 4.9
Spacecraft Wiring Harnt'4sa I
.7 1.5 1.2
Nonspinning Earth Sensor As~!mbly ----- 2.5 2.5
Spinning Earth Sensor Aasembly 2.2 I ----- - ----
Sun Sensor Assembly .5 .5 .5
Three-Axis Rate Gyro .... --_ ... 13.4 --_ .....
Attitude Control Electronics Assembly 1. 1 5. 5 5. 5
Momentum Wheel Assembly ----- 5.4 5.4
Heaterst! 19.4 105 5 -----
Reaction Control System 13.0 lB. 5 11.90
- -184-
f
,
4.;,.".·..• ,"'S4'" 'I(\iC•• 'WlPill·+4V"'ijA;¥\\iiIl4\\1i1141f AI.>'.'''''''''' ....,....._,._.....". ""'.....
':;;;;"'''i''',~j+ji i ..ii<4W;;W::;;:;e, ''"00·_"... ....... .." "1~' .•. ...,..D.......,.. _ ~......,.... ......."".... ,.•• , '.", ".""'. ,<" ..",..... ""...............',... -.'""'"*"" i,
1
SATELLITE B~AM
I· ~ > ,/ '\ , I
/'"
-z
....... S!
· 0 tlI:I
&i
EL +Z/ VI
I
N
DEGREES .
0
g;I
til
I
t-'
t>:I
()O
VI
I - I
I / V ~ \i
,
.. 9
o I
MINAMI
.......... I I ~,. ... ,.. ",
II I
+y
DAlTO J LJ. LAUNCH
-21 \ .......: tWO
:r;::::> ~
+= -==+ 7' I J VEH ICLE
--.. .
NASA THOR
2~1 IIHII DELTA 2914
dB
-3
-2 -I 0 2 It
AZ DEGREES
TABLE 5-21
BSE Spacecraft Weight and Power Summary
Weight Ave. Power
(Kg) <Watts)
Structure/Mechanical 76.2
Thermal Control 21.6 29.5
73.4 11.3
Electrical Power
Attitude Control 26.6 22.4
Secondary Propulsion 47.7
Apogee Kick Motor 341.0
Tracking Telemetry & command 11.6 29.5
Antenna 7.0
Conmunication 62.7 626.4
Ballast 2.2
570.0 719.1
Total
Dry In-Orbit 352
-186-
r , --;' . '
-~~ ~ ~
TABLE 5-22
85 LINK BUDGET
UP LIN'K :FROM CENTRAL DOWN LINK UP LIN~~
EARTHS1ATION 12GHz 14GHz-.--J
DOWN LINK: TOINDIVIDUAL ~-------'----
RECEIVER SATE L LITE EARTH STATION
TRANSMIT POWER 20.0 dBW ---
2 1.6 dUW
LOSS 1.5dG 2.8 de
~.r JTENNA GA IN 37.0 dB 6 1.0 dO
EIRP ON AXIS 55.5 dOW 79.A dfJW
PATH LOSS 2 0 5.t> d
5l4TELLITE FUNTING ERROR 0·5 dB
E. S. POINTING ERROR 0.4 dB
E. S. TRACKING ERROR
ATMOSF+1ERIC LOSS 1.0 dR
f~AIN LOSS ___Q~Q(lLL
T TAL LOSS 201.~dB
EARTH STJ\TION SATELLITE
I--AN-T-E-NN-A--G-A-IN------~ 43.5d8 4 1.5 dU
NOI SE TEMPERATURE 2 8.2 dB K 3 1.6 dBI<
GI T
CIT
I(
- 1
I 5.3 dG/K
3 6. 7 dr3Wn<
- 2 2 8.6dUW/K-Hz
-I i 9. 7dElV~7K
- 22 o. 6 dBW/K-h
9.9 dO/I(
I~
B (23MHz)
C/ N
73.6dOHz
I 8.3 d B
73.6d8Hz
35.3JO
,I
J
~ATELLITE I.M. 3 u. 7 dO 1
SYSTEM CI N I tL' dB
TH RESHOl~D MARG IN 8.1 d8
RAIN LOSS I • 0 dB I O. 0 dB
NOISE INCREASE 0.4 dB O.OdS
C/N 16.9 dB 25.3dB
SYSTEM C/N 16.208 --
THRESHOLD MJ\RGIN 6.Ld8 .I
FM IMPROVEMENT 1f3.3dB
WEIGHllNG with CCIR EMPH 12.f""'dB
RECEIVE TV 51 N 47, B I
-187-
I
I
I
K.~_
.. _I
~:~~:
..
,1"1
:~-
, ........... .._Ie. I. . .........
,..- .,..t....
Figure 5-17. BSE AntenrA SYltem
-188-
5.5.5 India's IN5AT for TV Broadcast (2.54 GHz)
India's INSAT is a multiple function satellite, providing not only TV
broadcast at 2.6 GHz, but also telephony and TV at C-band, data collection at UHF
and radiometer cloud photography. (Figure 5-18).
Table 5-23 lists mass and percentage of dry mass ratio for various INSAT
subsystems. Note that!ll antennas require only 3.5% of the total dry mass
while the transponder for all functions (Figure 5-19) uses 15% of the dry mass.
An interesting aspect of INSAT design is the high ACS and reaction control
system to account for the unusual unbalanced configuration which accounts for
radiometer radiation from one spacecraft face.
5.5.6 USSR's STATSIONAR-T
Figure 5-20 shows the basic STATSIONAR-T spacecraft whic~l illustrates the
array of 96 helical antennas used to beam TV into Siberia at 715 MHZ. (See Figure
5-21) .
Little has been published relative to the design of this satellite, but
it is known that the satellite weighs almost 2000 Kg, its solar cells furnish
around 1.5 KW, and it uses a single transponder to drive a 200 ~att Klystron
bolted to the structure to provide RF drive to the antenna.
Becauee of the limited channel capability of this spacecraft, antenna
and transponder mass ratios are not applicable as a comparison to other spacecraft .
.
!
-189-
- a:p;tg; __ ¥_
.. Q~
~ . •. I
C;\..f-,-tl L
I "
S;YSTEM OVERVIEW
~~4l
INSAT-I
~ L'.
"~
!
I
L~l
,tI
,
~ LtJ
C
METEOROLOGICAL
STATION
~
~l ~
~ :~'~
~.
, - ~,)~ r
MAlTI4
,\.... ,1. I
FIXED SATELLITi
SERVICE 1C0fMII1 r<:' '<J CONTROL
FACI.LITY
FIXID "'ULLITt \\:
~ '
~"
SlRVICI ICOMMI ~....;
-37 STATIONS
RECEIVE
ONLY lAOAOCAIT TV
URMINAL US'R STATION
"100,CIOD
FIGURE 5-18
-190-
c· . ,. "'"
I
t
1
i
•
TABLE 5-23
j
!! 1'(11 :EC HAt',!, INSA1'
KG 1. 1,
-~
i\lHFNNA 17.5 3.5l.
mAN:> 1't1NUEIt 75.5 15.01.
·mTAI. l'AYl.lh\U 130.2 25.91.
STlWCnlltl~ 85.0 16.91.
TI't.C 22.S it .51
Itb\CT ION CIINTlb II. 60.2 12.0t
l'OIJEI( !l2.0 18.n
AI"!' 1T1I1l!:: CliNT '~Ol. 6!.t,7 12.9t
TlU::W·IAI. 27.1 5.4't
EI.EC'J'IU ~1. JN'I'EG. 2'1.3 4.2t
IIAJ.AN(;I:: "''':JGlrl' 0.0 O.OX
AKtI (lII(Y) 8lprop.
TOTAl. litiS 372.8 74.lt
IlI(Y S l'ACI':CItAFT 503.0 lOO.O·X,
·191-
SATELLITE SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM
I~------1
~~It" fINO" ItllOt u'l(HI
... 110. . . . . . . I" ....... ' ' "
--- T'" MOAOC".'
"'hull
.... "'ICI~
l
I I
I
L ___ _
0 .. ' " ~LL."""
,.()4iI!M
'L .. IDCPt
WEST
I
I
......... "....
11"'''''''0 __
: IL ____________________ _
'OAUCI
L~~':.!~~ ___________ , _____________________________ _ _.J_____~::~~J
•:
::.::..,-------,
.., I
"",.
tlu . . , • .,
"tIklM
.... flLLI"
C:===~~ 'h..... ' ...
I"'"
' - _ _ _J)
-....
...... , C'C*TaOl ...._ .
To.,.rfulU
L ___ _ I
___ .J
TO AOCS
FIGURE 5-19
.J
-192-
£
f •
• r
I
Figure 5-20
STATSIONAR-T
-193-
fi -rttr fi'pt -
is
tf
",'I~' -;"'~1" F'I-.;2: fS
__
OF POuR QUALiTY
- '£.7
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I ,
•i r - - - -
•
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-t----
L' -1- ----- +-----~
--1i -- ---.-+---+---'"
~ -:---+~~-~ ----;---
I
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+- ---+-
b
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li
'.£ -'
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~I-~--~L-:r--~---~f--=!~':--~~~~---~--o~:
-194-
- ....
~ ....
5.5.7 Germa.l TV-SAT Design (Figure 5-22)
The mos. important part of the German TV-SAT program is the satellite.
It has to use new technologies never flown before in commercial communication
satellites, e.g., output amplifiers of some hundreds of Watts, ultra-lightweight
solar generators or ion thrusters.
The preoperational TV-SAT is limited to an overall launch weight of 1100
kg., the layout of the structure, however, will allow launch weights up to 2000
kg. The thermal control of the three modules is decoupled to the most possible
extent. This means that other payloads with lower or higher heat generation
will not influence the design of the service and propulsion modUles. The main
spacecraft data are summarized in Table 5-24. Weight and power margins are
not extremely high but f0r the moment ~ery comforta~le.
The German authorities began in 1971 financing the developme~t of hardware
components for a direct broadcasting satellite. Some ryf the key items included:
Traveling wave tubes of 200 to 450 watts
Total repeater chains
eFC-antenna dishes as large as 2m in diameter
Feed system of the transm~tting antenna
Ultra-lightweight solar generator
Double-gimhaled momentum wheel
High-precision infrared Earth sensor
Digital reprograr~ble attitude and orbit measurement and control system
Digital TMVTC sy.~em
RF-sensor
Liquid apogee thrust system
Bearing and power transmission assembly for high power
-195-
Table 5-24 lists the TV-SAT-A3 mass breakdown. Note that the antenna .as. is
6-71. of the dry mass but that the repeater (transponder) mas. i. only 14 percent
,
of the dry mass. Thus TV-SAT has traded transponder mas. for more sophi.ticated
antenna mass to provide for the narrow beam required to illuminate the FRG
(See Figure 5-13) and to provide mass margins for the structure providing the
excepti0nally high de power l~vel of 2.5 KW.
-196-
SATELLITE A3
Carbon Flbrt Feeder Tower
Communication
Module
Transponder
ULP
Solar
Service Module
Propulsion Mod;Jle
EXplos,on V,.w of German TV SAT 5. pt
Figure 5-22
1979
-19i-
V'c:,:::
~
ORIGINAL PAGE IS c:' ..
A~'t~Il!l6. OF POOR QUALITY -' t, , I kg
; epeS."-:'e:- :'lC,7 kg
--
; ';1 , c:
, kg
F::'Wer S·... ·r;sys-:-:I:
Sola::- Ar!"ay 93,5 kg
,
Drive .A.ssemt:..y 14,4 kg
D&.t a Sys:'elt ,4,9 kg
AMeS 48,5 kg
CPS 91,5 kg
RITA ~2,6 kg
Structure 144,7 kg
Therma:'. Control 63,1 kg
B1.l.s Harness, EK, Pyr~ 26,4 kg
Ealance !v!iscellaneous 20,0 kg
786,; kg -
Total Nominal Dry Mass
Propellant Mass 5 year3 822,7 kg
~es1.l.1~ac~ ~::-ansfer Orti~ gass 1609,2 kg
Maximal T::-ansfer Orbit ~ass 1711,7 kg •
(with special TV-SAT Adapter) ---
Margin 10::::.5 kg • 11.5~
PO\i;:R
Eaxim ...lt :-eq ... ired, EOL 2533 w
Installed, EOL 2C49 w
Margin 316 w • 12,4~
OTHERS
Spacecraft Reliability (5 y~ars) 0,837
Payland Reliability (5 years) 0,924
Bu~ Reliability 0.906(5 years)
Total length with extended arrays 19.25 m
MOln Soactcroft iV-SAr-A3 Data
Table 5-24
( Version ARIANE \
-198-
,F~~+""1'"":-~i~-;·-:-·'~·7~···---..::·~~·~-~-·-n7~-~~-·-~'-.-t 'k,";:JPNi!!!S"''':G'''*'''''. ~-~~-~:-:,;·-.~~;:c-~~_-;~~-~,t-t,.~" .. *4''itilOf!! *!!J~A4!M IF'""'"#"'" ...!I!';P_".,.!fliIiII!IIttlI""'
~D~.:"": ...~~'14I4'Fir"""'I!""l ..""',!'!'11_'*!,,!,4if4i""""".\'..!IJI!¢!!iI!.L!!'III.mt.)!lIIS"'
., •. ,
-~
l
1
j
5.6 TV Broadcast Satellite technolosies
This se~tion will dlSCUSS the principal TV broadcast aatellite technologies
which wilt make possible the optimum design of the candidate satellite diaculled
in Paragraph 5.7.
5.6.1 Basic Weight Considerations - The Use of Ultra-lightweight Materials.
Spacecraft and satellites have evolved from the typically heavy aluminum
structures first uaed on SKYNET I and NATO II to wide-spread use of reinforced
plastic composite materials on the satellites of today. Figure 5-23 shows the
r technical progression up to ~~ELSAT V and future projections.
!
(
The next generation after the all metal designs used a substantial amount
of fiberglass reinforced plastics fer secondary structures and bonded honey-
comb sandwich panels (solar arrays, ~ntennas, and equipment platforms).
The structural advantage of using graphite composite materials is shown
in Figure 5-24. Graphite materials can be selected that have specific strengths
much higher than any metAl and one graphit~ composite has a specific stiffness
like berylium. Be8ides their structural advantages, graphite composites have
a low thermal coe£ficlent of expansion (Table 5-25), making them ideal for
dimensionally stable spacecraft component requirements. Because of thiS, gra-
phite composite materials were first used in antenna structures.
The Voyager spacecraft antenna is a 12-ft (3.66 m) diameter graphite
sandwich reflector and is the largest graphite antenna built and weighs slightly
over 100 Ibs (45.4 kg). The Japanese ECS satellite was the first to use gra-
phite and Kevlar (R) materials in primary str~cture. There i~ extensive use
of graphite on rNTELSAT V (Figure 5-25) including solar array structure,
antenna module truss, antenna reflectors and feeds, wa~-~guide, and multiplexer.
For future satellite the~ will be even more extensive use of graphite.
•
The primary spacecraft structure will be graphite or a combination of graphtte
-199-
TECHNICAL EVOLUTION
SKYNET I
NATO II
OF SATELLITE MATERIALS
,
Aluminum structures
,
SMS Fiberglass and honeycomb
sandwich structures
VIKING
,
NATO III Graphite composite
VOYAGER antennas
CS, ETS II, ECS
ECS Graphite compoSite and
,
Kevlar composite
primary structures
INTELSAT V
Future
,
Extensive use of graphite
in structures and RF components
Low cost graphite materials
Lower cost composite manufacturing
Graphite and graphite/berrylium
Primary structures
FIGURE 5-23
-200-
I
STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF GRAPHITE
EPOXY COMPOSITES COMPARED TO METALS
3
GRAPHITE/EPOXY (T -300)
IC
Z
l:
t; 2
zw
a:
~APHITE/EPOXY
~
I
U)
!
g
TNINUM
IHM-S)
BERYLLIUM
ALUMINUM
o~--~----~----~--~----~----~--~----~
7 8
o
SPECIFIC TENSILE MODULUS (IN. II 108)
NOTE: FOR LAMINATES UPPER END
OF BAR IS UNIDIRECrtONAL &
LOWER END IS QUASI ISOTROPIC
FIGURE 5-24
-201-
Table 5-25
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF GRAPHITE EPOXY
COMPOSITES COMPARED TO METALS
Material
System
E
(MSI)
FTU
(KSI)
..
In.lln.l1: X 10'"
P
(Ib/ln?)
Graphite 42.5 079.8 00.60 0.060
Epoxy 14.9 028.1 00.05
Beryllium 42.0 044.0 C.40 0.066
Aluminum 10.5 60.0 13.0 0.100
Titanium 16.0 160.0 04·.8 0.160
Steel 29.0 270.0 06.30 0.283
Invar 20.5 065.0 00.70 0.291
-202-
Ofi;~:~l;,\L Pf\GE (S
01- 11;~_J~ Q~;:--\dTY
GRAPHITE COMPOSITE USAGE ON INTELSAT V
r GRAPHITE ANTENNA REFLECTORS
___ ; ; - METALLIZED G/E
GRAPHITE I\NTErojNA HORNS-.... - - ,-" (FEED)
.... '"
----...-...
_ _ GRAPHITE BRACKETS
",.
HONEYCOMB PANELS ___ -___--5.-.,..;,.,,;'- ;: - ...
(G/E-ALUMINUM CORE) :.:.__---;-;.~ G/E STRUCTURE (TUBULAR)
," I
METALLIZED G/E - - -.; - - .. " I
(WAVEGUIDES) I
r GRAPHITE SOLAR
~
I
ATTACHMENTS -=-:.. ---
. - -' ___ " I ARRAY STRUCTURES
AND FITTINGS
. ~,(C ~.~j;1 I~
~~'-.J__I_-_--~J060-'~ J
\ , l
1
METALLiZED G/E- j
(MUL TIPLEXERS
AND FILTERS) 1,
FIClJRE 5-25
-203-
·r~"- ..-_.""._
. . . ., . -. _-"'
. . ._,....,;;. . .
--~''', ...,...-~~--~ ......---.. . . -'--..' ' "- . .-""'.--..---""--...-......". . . .
",..-~~- .--.~-
-'""",,,P!'II!-_SIll!!_lJIIIaaIll!!J!!!IIJ-''''''.........,IIOI
....-,.,.,-,-. ..
- ..........
_ ...
j .......... -P_!!!O_'¥"__¥!I!II'I'!!.!!!!'!i[\l!!24"A£I'!~!I!'!I'._.j
.!O!!_""'.¥"'l"',..IO!!!!_
"." ..
I ~
H
i'
!
and berylium. Lower cost graphite fibers will be used. A significant em-
phalis will be placed on the lowering of manufacturing costs, particularly by
using faster curing resin systems and automated manufacturing equipment.
5.6.2 The Technology of Spacecraft G/T and EIRP
Since the .arliest day. of satellite communicationa, the spaceborn~ active-
repeat"r has provided the basic functions of, (1) receiving an up-link signal
arriving at one antenna in one frequency band, (2) converti~g this signal to
a second frequency. usually in the dawn-link frequency band, and (3) providing
significant amplifier gain to produce from the dawn-link antenna sufficient
effective radiated power to various earth terminals to make possible the de-
modulation of one or more channels of information of specified qua~ity from
the receivers in these terminals.
In the 1960's and early 1970's, the 4/6 and 7/8 GHz frequencies were in
primary use, and the single frequency conversion transponder of Figure 26a
was used until the advent of ers which was the first to use the 11/14 GHz
frequencies. As the frequencies above 10 GHz became of interest for satellite
communications, the dual conversion transponder, shown in Figure ='-26b became
widely used; although ers provided single conversion from 14 to 11 GHz, satellites
such as Intelsat-V and J4pan CS converted from their Ku-band and K-band fre-
quencies to C-band as an intermediate frequency and the European OTS satellite
converted from 14 GHz to around 800 MHz and then back to 11 GHz.
Figure 5-26c ilhtstrates an on-board regenerative repeater in which the in-
coming digital modulated carrier is demodulated, regenerated, and remodulated to
reduce up-link noise and intersymbol interference contributions to the digital
link. Fig'_'res 5-26d and 5-26e show, respectively, a multiple-beam transponder
system using either RF matrix switching route T~ modulated carrier bursts, or
-204-
.
~
_
-
... _ ~
.
__
~
• __
,
",._~
\
...
. -
~--.. ... _ " ' _
... -
~-.-.
-
-
_
,-.,.
J __
--
,
--. -,
.
-=-_~=, . ._~"" . . . ~ __... _~_",,",",,, __ ...~_ ..... _
,
.
.
I
-.
,
.
~
• ,·,.= __ ..._ _ _ t ..>.O-\.....
..
'
~ '.
,'~
~
'",.. . ...
• SINGLI CONVIltSION
t 7
~ t
t'
tir.
:,
fI
~ {
t:
'I
tl
r!
l:
t: C
r
•
~
"'v~~"\.1 ......
• ICllvl ","1'1"'""$
:>~--~~r-------------1·lec:~":"~O~1.1
I ... rllIX SWlrCHID III"ATIII '011 Sl-TOIIII. USING ..... IoUID IIIIATIIIX
.......
WI. '" ....
. .T._.
'MI ..... "", ..
C::'IO()~O}----<,
:»----~~~------------------------~~.~~~----~ r.,. 1 F~~. Sp,~~,.
::&AApon~.n
It
Figure 5-26. Various T:~es of Transpondecs
-205-
$ t ~
r "7 n sf
baseband matrix ~itchinl and signal proc••• ing to route TDHA bursts of ba.e-
band data to remodulators for transmission ~o proper down-link.
Table 5-26 list. the principal ccmponant. which have bean u •• d tv b,:ild
sate llite transponders and includes the basic lWitch an.1i mo~",lators which 1n the
1958-1978 era have been used for demod-mod and matrix switching functions. The
candidate components of the 1978-1988 era have also been listed and .haw how the
FET is a viable candidate for each of th...·e device functions.
The TV broadcaat .atellite will use a transponder of the types shown in
Figures 5-26a and 5-26b as long .:s FM carriera are used. When the era of 1'V
broadcast by digitally modulate: carriers using burst transmission arrives. then
transponders using on-board regeneration and matrix SWitches for routing can be
used.
In the desigr. of the satellite system several parameterJ must ~ accounted
for in determining satellite .ensitivity (CiT) or satellite radiated power
(EIRP).· They are listed in Table 5-27.
Figures 5-27 and 5-28 shaw ~o types of broadcast satellite transponders
including the antenna. Figure 5-28 highlights the high TW!A power level (250
and 450 watts) characteristic of this complex transpond~r system designed to
serve as a baseline to FRG designs. The emphasis on the high power amplifiers
and high gain antennas to provide high EI~ in the 60-65 dbw range is what
distinguishes this type of repeater system from a communication satellite system.
There are five critical technology areas for broadcast satellites to meet
the sensitivity and EIRP reC{\lirments in addition to providhg stability of
apacecraft motion. They are ~~, antenna •• fllters, attitude control, and de power
(batteries and solar cell arrays). These technologies will be discussed in the
following paragraphs.
-206-
_---,-- _ _ .=s.. ,
":(';;: 15
0i- 1',,;'.,,\ QUALITY
(
TABLE 5-26
~'vlC'f 1960 - 1970 1978 - 1988
TDA J
Par...,.
PET .-p.
lUau
Jo •• ph.on Tuaa.liDi
1
Rec.1v.r Gaia TWT
Tr.~1atorl
FET .-pI
I
Ole ill.torl "'-'lCipH.rI FET 0lc1l1ator
lUx.rI Schottky D10de FEI Hixor
IttX Tr~1atorl Dual Gat. FET
PIN D10ck PIN Diode
Limit.u TDA FE 'I Li.:Utar
PIN Diode
TllrA FET P~r Ac;l
POW! r Amp. Imp. t t Amp lVIA
Imp.tt Acr
SW1tcbe. PIN D10clt FE'T (Si~1. l. D\O.I1 Gat.)
Schottky Dioclt PIN D10cla
PSK ~lo<Iulatol!'. Schottky Diode Schottky Dlode
PET(StDil. l. ~l Gat.)
-- - .
1
.1
-207-
-- 1'~"",,-.~:o:-,.._~~-~?,,"~~'~~~~~~ ........._ _..... ....
~=~~ ~ ~ _""~ ....""'¥......q ....
.",.~~~"'''~''-~.".,-~ ~_ ....""~1!!1!14¥
~_""'A_!!'!I!_ ~4Z""'~. . . .~.II!!!
....... __!;:!~MI!!I_.,.~
•.
TA'lL! 5-27
Parameter of Satellite GIT and EIRP
Satellite CiT Key Parameten
o Antenna gain (receive) (G)
o Antenna n~ise (e~rth temperature) T(~)
A
o Feed and filtar loss in noi'se temperature
o
be tween L.~ and antenna (TI.. )
o INA receiver noise temperature and gain - TR
G(db)
GIT •
for small value. of feed and filter 10' •.
Satellite EIRP o Transmit Antenna gain (G)
o Output channel filter and feed 10 •• (L)
o Power amplifier (Y.£tput power bvaJ. Po (not
nece.sarily I'C .aturation)
EIRP • r: ~ Po - L
-208-
.i
'.. ",,':::': ...~.L f::'~C2 IS'
Of POO~1 QJ.~LlTY
TWTA
TnAC
REC. COUP.
S
E
P.
Blockdiagram of a direct broadcasting satellite payload
Figure 5-27 .
•
Figure 5-28. Satellite payload of a muiLi-national direct broadcasting
satellite payload
-209-
. ,,- ~ .- .. . . '.. " ," . --, : .. .,. ,..',...
.
. ' , "
. '
_ '" ~. • . - 41
" , '
't Ii,.. ",~. ... I "./' .",_'
'
,
..
•
5.6.3 Satellite Rec,!.~r Techni)losy
Four type~ .~ low noise receiver front ends are in use in communication
satellites today: (Table 5-28).
o Tunnel diode amplifiers
o Mixer - low-no Lie post amplifier complexes
o Parametric amplifiers
J
~
o FET amplifiers
The tunnel diode amplifier with its 4-6 dB noise figure in the 6 and 16 GHz
frequency ranges is widely used in Intelsat satellites and in Symphonie, and
,
.1
,
has provE" to be stable low noise amplifier. Table 5-28 lists many of the 1.
amplifier characteristic~ now achieved in principal communication bands.
Mixer technology is providing mixers with conversion losses in the 3.5-6 dB
range at frequencies from 2 to 60 GHz. Such a mixer operating into a post low
noise amplifier having a noise figure of, say, 5 dB will provide an overall
noise figure of 9-11 dB. The mixer - post amplifier combination was used at
30 GHz for the Japan CS to provide a 10.5 dB noise figure based on a 6 dB mixer
operating into a wide band 3-5 GHz FET amplifier with a 4.5 dB noise figure.
This ~., de~igned in 1974 when tunnel diode amplifier technology at this frequency
was detarm.i.ned not tC' have ~ufficient reliability and 30 GRz paramps haJ not been
qualified for space.
For a long t~ the par&t!k!tric amplifier was looked upon as a "Peck's bad
boy" whose need to bl! constantly twet!.ked during the days of using klystron pumps
mitigated against its consideration as a space device. However, the use of the
stable long-life Gunn oscillator pump and the advent of computer aided design
gave rise to a paramp which can now be reliably operated in spacecraft. Table
5-29 lists the principa 1 space sateoH par.amps which have been deve loped in Japan,
Europe and U. S. A 14-GHz parsnip in crs has amassed more than 10,000 hours of
-210-
.•
'?X,.Weldliilt-
:-=',
=~
,.J
TABLE 5-28
NOlSE ptRFOR.'1A.~CE OF CANDlDATE SPACECRAF! :.sA
- NOISE 1l:~RATUl\ES ('1t) I
FACTORS ( dB)
TYPE
A..'lPLlFIER 6
FREQUENCY (GIIz)
8 14.25 1~ 1
0 o
UNCOOl.ED
0
50 K 75~- 75 K 250 K-
p~ 75'1t 100~ 2000( 400 0 K
3.7 4.0 6.0 i! 0
TDA
FET 1.5 2.5 3 0 6.0
MllU (Coti- 3.5 4.Q 4.5 5.0
VERSION LOSS
.'
-211-
~i~,('i!'it'L PAGE IS
)r POOR QUALITY
TABLE 5-29
l'uguI!)SV ~ Lo.:ut '" ~O~'I 'S~D.r~t~r!
:""Il ;';SA 3S":<: ~ASA, !'OttSS
3.5-... :5 CHz A"
-'" USA .00-1.50;)!{ ~ASA for Usa Aboard
SP~~I Sbut C'~.
,,-
.~
rll.~~l~~ciQna I~&ly ZSO~l< Used 1."\ C'IS
A:l USA LJO~ ~ASA
:11c:rOCM,. Us.\. 2500:< !{ASA
L.'iR !.:SA 75~l< ~A.iA. 'l'I)ItSS
30 ;;\l.z l'''J~~IU L£b. J~pan 4.5 <1B ~ EXiler~I"CAl
:"'111. USA 3 • .5 i18Nf !:xilar:.c:encd
J6 GH.z All Us.\. 3.3 ,jB ~
A:I. USA ~.O dB Sf
-212-
ccntinuous operation without 10s8 of noise temperature or undergoing any band-
width gain changt!. A l4-GHz paramp will be used in TDRSS, and Fujitsu in Japan
has developed a 30 GHz satcom paramp which is a candidate front end low noise
amplifier for future Japan satcams to have input frequencies at the band.
Perhaps the ~ost useful development for low noise iront ends of communication
i
satellites is the FET amplifier which does not require the pump power of a paramp
1
and gives a noise figure almost a8 low as that of an uncooled paramp, particularly
j
if it can be cooled to some temperature from lOOoK to -40°C. At rreeent. noise j
figures of around 2 dB at 4 GHz, and * dH at 14 GHz and 6 dB at 18 GHz are J
1
being obtained with half-micron gate FET's and noise figures as low as 1-1.5 dB 1
1
have been achievelby cooling these FET amplifiers to temperatures as law as lOOoK.
Figure 5-29 provides a graph of noise figure versus frequency for various manu-
facturers.
Low noise art.plifiers of both the FET and paramp \1ariety are used for earth
terminal showing again the wide variety of amplifier~ presented to the world
marketplace by Japanese, U.S., and European manufacturerR, illustrating that
law noise amplifiers, whether in space or on the ground, is truly a worldwide
technolo~ with Japan emerging as the prinCipal device manufacturer. (Table 5-30).
* at 12 GHz
-213-
". • '" - - ~ .. , T - , ~ • ' . , - ~ " . ' • "',. ~ "'.~.' ,. ,
" '. " . . en •~ • l ,
. , . " ,- • • !'I ~
. . . . ~. ,,~'"
-~, ... • . I ....~._- .' . . . . . .", ...__ . . . . . . . _~_., ,~, :,,-,_~ _,.
4
,.....
CD
~ 3 ------~--~~~~~~~~~-
I
Aetech~
.-c AI ha~
,.....E Varian [J
I I
, 0
LJ..
Z 2 _ _ _+-_-+-_-+-~-4NEC I ,~ MELeO
I I ' (chip)
MGF-1402 HP.o. Rayth _11'1,,'( J NEe
I ~
MGF'-1412 _ NECx _ I
It:- OMaco
,~'
l
(packaged)
1
I Ft'-l"MGF-1403
1
~ ......5~E~CO AI pril) I (1'8°
--:!$I;:--C:I I(parka~e~) 1
o~----~------~~~~~------~
1 2 4 6 8 10 20
f (GHz)
FIGURE 5-29,". Comparison of Performance (Low Noise. GaAs FET) (Mitsubishi)
Mitsubishi
Jon " 1930
·2!~-
~------------ .-.~--~.~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
t "' -" .... -a--41'--"'~ --", OM ; - • u "4MOi, W
- P.i!I¥-4?CkYfI( #if "....IIf¥!'iM1t¥ ;'4a.s;&~
Nippon Electric 1980
I-~------- __ ,.,O'
•
,
\
\
\
\
\
\
,, -x:.
, \
,
\
-C3
>-
U
.')\,
)
Z
1&1
~
...,
o
\
,,) a:
II.
U
III
.,
"\ 1
')
..,\
'";,\
!I) )
Z
:
.~
,..
.,
."1
o
(8P) 3Hn!ll.:t 3S~ON
FIGURE 5-29B. ~C Low Noise FE! Performance.
-214A-
. -. ,
r"'R'It'.'Pf\J
\J \.1 •• '({\'- pr~=
j,. . . '- IS
OF POOr.: QUALITY
TABLE 5-30
NOISE PERFORMANCE OF CANDIDATE SPACECRAFT LNA AT 14.25 GHz
Noise Temperatura. (oK)/
Type Amplifier Factors (dB)
75 0 K (INR)
Uncoo1ed Paramp 200 0 K
FET 3. a dR
TDA 6.0 dB
Mixer (Conversion Loss) 3.5-5.0 dB
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS OF SPACECRAFT PARAMP TECHNOLOGY AT 14.25 GHz
Source and Location
of Development Noise Temperature !!!!£
0
LNR - USA 75 K NASA, TDRSS
AlL - USA l30 0 K NASA
GTE Telecommunications - Italy 250 0 K Used in CTS
Micromega - USA 250 0 K NASA
--------------------------------------------------------------_ .. _----------
STATUS OF FET AMPLIFIER TECHNOL<X;Y AT 14.25 GHz
Source ,2nd Location Noise Figure
Comsat/Watkina Johnson - USA 3.5 dB
SPAR .. Canada (Ol'S) 4.8 dB
AVANrEK 3.0 dB
NEe 3.0 dB
-215-
, . , " . -' ' '. . .~ ."
, (, . ..- . .- ., ..
i30
. -. "' .... "
5.6.4 Satellite Filter Technology
Filter multiplexers are required to channelize the available total frequency
bands used by the traniponder. The major tradeoff in filt.r design in a
mm-wave satcom is one of channel bandwidth versus guardband bandwidth which
det~rmines the filter 1088 and therefore the reduction in amplifier power
presented to the antenna. Table 5-31 lists the channel bandwidths and guard-
bands of principal aatcoms now in use. Note the stringent guard-band require-
men~s - around 4 MHz guardband between 40 MHz channels - for the Intelsat and
U.S. domestic satcoms, as compared to the large guardbands typical of European
and Japanese satellites. This represents a major gap in technological filter
compe~ence between the U.S. technology on the European and Japanese technologies
with the U.S. presently enjoying a significant lead.
Several developments for 4 GHz and 11 GHz input/output for the multiplexers
took place in the 1973-1975 period which greatly tmpacted on spacecraft filter
design and manufacture, i.e.: (Table 5-32).
o The develo~nt of the dual-mode ellyptic filter by Atia and Williams
at Comsat Laboratories, which provided channel characteristics in small
lightweight filters using only a few cavities to replace the large
Tschbychev waveguide filters using as many as 14 sections.
o The development of filters ucing graphite epoxy material by O'Donovan
and Kalianteris of the then RCA Limited in Canada (now C~DEV), for
the 24-chann~1 SATCOM which greatly reduced filter weight for the
Tschebchev filters and made possible meeting the weight limitat~on. of the
RCA .atcoms.
o The development of linear phase filters by GEC-Marconi for OTS based
on design by Dr. David Rhodes of Leeds University (UK) and MDL (USA).
-216-
r '" _."'W'" _ .. - 'OIl' "_'M" - .. N.".... ,"i2_""'U '" · -" ,0 "~'_'O ¥"
.: 1
. .1
,
.~
~
:!
TABlE 5-31
TYPICAL t:XAf-I"'.t: nt' CHANNEL 8ANUWlUTit
HlnlmwR GU8l'd Hund
Ulicllblu Channel in Terlllli ul ()/()
~~ Frequency !lund {(;II~) DllIlllw j "l hli {t-III:£ L ClulllUe l 11W Q,}
1
USCS-l
NATO-3
J/8
1/8
1, 50, 100
17/50/85
20-30
20-30
o . "~'
I !
IN'l";LSA'~ ~ " 4/6 36 10
.,., 'oJ
. ,
c
IN'Il:I.SA'l' IVA 4/6 36 10 () .
,.' ..... .,
.,
.c.
.
'·1 Ufn: I.SA T V 4/6, 11/14 34,36,4L,12,ll,241 8.3 to 11 '-.1
)
, I i
ANJK 4/6 J4 11 J
."~ ~i l
~
WC!OJtar 4/6 36 10 j
RCA St'tcom* 4/6 36 11
l
Japan CS 20/30 200 50-60 J
A'fT Comatar* 4/6 40 11.6
O'fS (ESA 1l/14 5, 40. l20 100
1
"
1
SYlllphunlc 4/6 80 32
CTS 11/14 85
* Dual lInear I'0lttrlzatlon
... ',_ .. ..."." ... ,~, • .L.' , ........ ,~,, 'j........t...l.l~'" _ _ ' ' " ' " ' ' _ .~,""":........"d'''' ..L.L~...:...........I"",""....\t'.J......,..w....!l.\o_''''''''''~I",..,~'~t
___ ,,!C,,"ltl: ~....",,-........... ..a,:I!rlrtW <., -. 1t!'"&'\'f'il!trl.r'WQ,'''· j ,D#, tWI;" • • • t" l' e·e#hir'tt:ilr"";$ "7C""
TABLE 5·32
ADVANCES IN FILTER TECHNOLOGY ART
1960-1974 Tschebychev Filter, for Channelization
Intelsat IV ap4cs gave most significant requirements
12 Channels
• 40 MHz BW each in 500 MHz range
• Useful channel bandwidth - 36 MHz
• 4 MHz channel separation
Equalizers required
Filters and equalizers, heavy and large size
1974 - On Development of New Types of Filters - New Materials
New filter type: uual-Mode Elliptic
• Reduction in required filter sections
• Excellent adj~cent channel isolation
• Used in Intelsclt IV-A
Linear Phase
• Reduce. equalizaticn requirements
• Used in Japan CS at C-band
Lightweight filter mAterials
• Aluminum
• Graphite epoxy
Development of contiguous b4nd dual-mode filter mUltiplexerg
·218-
o The development of dual mode ellypt1c filter. for 11 GHz by O'Donovan
and Kalianteri. of COMDEV in Canada f07: ers and Anik F4.
o The development of 4 GHz dual-mode contiguoul band filterl in graphite.
epoxy by J. Bowes of Ford Aeros~ce and Dr. S. Cohn, Consultant, for
use in Intelsat-V.
o Tha development of a 7-channel directional multiplexe~ at 18 GHz by
J. Bowes of Ford Aerospace for Japan in using cylindrical TElll mode
coupled cavities.
Table 5-33 Ilsts the state-of-art of filters and multiplexers in communica-
*
tion satellites at 4 and 11 GHz due to Dr. C. Kudsia of COMDEV Canada; these
authors also provided the material 3election tradeoffs listed in Table 5-34, and
described the ANIK-'C Ku-band filter roltiplexer shown in Figurt! 5-30 and described
in Table 5-35; these filters illustrate a l~vel of sophistication virtually
undreamed over only 5 years ago.
Table 5-36 lists the filt~rs now used in major satcom transponders and the
name and location ~f the filter developers. The technology caps beeween Europe,
Jap~n and the U.S.A. is narrow and virtually non-existent. This started with
technology exchanges beeween the U.S. and Europe already in effect, i.e., the
MDL (U.S.) and GEC-Marconi (UK) cross-licencing agreement on linear phase filters,
the subcontract by Hughes to AEG Telefunken on Intelsat IVA filters and the
trai"'ing of French filter engineers in dual mode ellyptic filter techr.iques
at \;,.msat Labs.
* Kudsia & O'Donovan, AIAA ~t~ Satellite Communications Conference Orlando,
Florida, 1~80.
-2: 9-
.w
+ YWK
.
, ,
CF .' (
TABLE 5-33
"tCROWAVE FILTt~S , ,..ULTIPLEXERS IN CO~"ICATIONS SAftLLITES: STATt-OF-THE-A.T
FREQUENCY PlILT"LUU
~N.L- CONFIGURATION PROG",," SUP"LlER
Output .. !;Hz "-Pole du.I-lIIOde elliptic function Ttlll II:TEL~AT I V-A HlIgMs AI rcr.ft
Plult I p lexlng filters In INVAR on curved mini fold Co. (HAC)
Nen«lrlts
IiFRP. 6·Pole d~I-mode quui-.lllpt;· I tlTELSAT Y Ford Aerospece ,
TElll filters c~lned contlguoully COIIIIIUn i c. t 10f'I1
on I strllght mlnlfl'ld' Corp. (FACe)
6·Pole d~l-mode qUill-elliptic Ttlll ANtK-D CO" D£y LTD.
filters In INVAR on curved menlfold PALAPA-I CO" DEY LTD. j
I! /12 IiHz "-Pole d~I-lIIOde elliptic function Ttl.'
f II te rs i" I NVAR
AHIK-I
It~TELSAi V
CO" DEV LTD.
CO" DEY LTD.
j
6-Pole dUll-mode qUlzl-elllptlc TEll'
filter, in INYAR
ANIK-C CO" DEY l.TD. 1
6-Pole ClnoniCII dUll-mode elliptIc
function TEll! filters In INVA.
SIS I
Input
t~nnel Izlng
It IiHz 8-Pole dUll-mode
filter, In INYAR
q~.zi-elliptlc TElll INTllSAT IV-A
j
Filters
A-Pole dUll-mode qUill-elliptic TElll I NTELSI'T V FACC
filters In IiFRP. ANIK-O Splr Aerosp.ce Ltd.
6-Pole ClnonlCl1 dUll-mode elliptic "ALAPA-I CO" DEV LTO.
functior TElll filter, in INVAR 1,
11/12 IiHz 8-Pole dUll-mode qUill-elliptic TEll'
tilters in INVAR In clsclde with 2-pole
d~I-lIII)de II I pes TEID equ.llzer
ANIK-C CO" D£y LTD.·
I
.- 6-Pole C.noniCll duel-mode elliptic
function TEl13 fi Iters In INVAR In
SIS
,
CUClde with It-pole d~I-mode .lIpan 'j
TEl13 equllizer. 1
• Crlphite Fiber ~Inforced "listie.
-220-
- trt -f .. C
Mh# t
1
TABlE 5-34
~TE~IAL SELEtTION ~DEOFFS FO~ "'C~OWAVE FILTE~ NETWO~KS
Operltlng temperlture range O·C to 50·C
Allowence for mis.lignment , manuflcturing tolerlnces In TOTAL
ELFO • ~.25 ""z ot ~ GHz; !.5 ""z It 12 CHz; !.75 It 20 CHz ""Z
~TUIAL COEFFICIENT EFF£CnVE SPECIFIC NO~MAL I ZE D*.
('IF THER~L FO~ A
' ai'
liMVITV WE I GHT OF A
TOTAL ELFD IN ""z
EXPANSION (a) FINISHED FINISHED
MW MATERIAL FILTER •
ppm/·C
~F FILTER
.3
,
, ,
CENTE~ F~EQUENCY
,
, 2
,
, .
III GHz
,
, 14(
,
, 20
- K/It ne, i II1II
Po,"rC
29.8 35 1.7" I .5
,
1.15
,
I
2
,
I
3.8
,
I I
, '8.3
-
A1II1II1"II1II 22." 25 2.7 1.2 ."5
I
I
.9
I
I
1.5
I
,
2.8
I
I
"8 I
I
13.3
I I I I
Stllnle~s
~t .. l
5.3 6 7.' 1."5 .3
I
I
... I
I
.55
I
I
.8S
I
I
2.3
I
, 3.8
I I I I I
Inver 1.6 Z to 2.5 8.05 1.5
I
.27 , .3 • .~
I
.5
I
1.2
I
2
I I I I
GF.P**· 1.5 2 to 3.0 1.35
l
1.1 .27 I
.3
I
I
I
.It
I
• .55
I
I I." I
I
2.25
• Coefficient of thermal eXOlnsion in I finished filter II IlwIYI grelter thin thlt of the raw
.. terill. Thil discreplncy is due to ~nuflcturing prOCelSeJ. non-idell shlOCI of relonlnt
c.vltill, Ind ule of tuning elementl in the finished filter .
.. Thll II baled on Uling 20 mil Iyerlge thicknesl for Invlr Ind steel units, ~ to "S mi' Iyerlge
thlekft&ss for AI , Mg. Ind 50 mil thieknesl for CF~P. Other hardware like scr~I, bushings,
plltin9 etc .• il the s _ for III uni u .
... C~FP tefll1)erl'ure dltl does not tlke into account long term "creep" effecn which will ".. ult 'n
I slightly II"ger Illowenca for ELFD. At It CHZ. IYlilltle cUltl [I) indkltc,n £:.FO of .365 ~I
due to long term "creel!" over I 10 ye.r I i fa IPII'"
-2"'~-
~-W•. . ¥- k4¥F* - ~--r~~~--~~"'~"';""'_.. II!!:!!l.,....."".41""'. '.' ~.-~,-'~----.--.:;~~.iEf?li'2 Q:;r,.W*lI!!P':'v4441!\1""":'f! . .~,"'-··-·'""""·__.......'l"i.:4""S;:;;Ii!',t!i!';o".I"',¥"'·'_'."'.*~.¥i,!,!!.¢.Q~..•.•!!!qp!lllla.;~J'''jllUI!!l;!IlI'
F'@'i£+£
.... .... •.._.
i
~
~
~
]
J
1
fiLTER REALIZATION, STRUCTURE TRADEOffS
PREfERRED PRACTICAL
FILTER OPERATING AVAILABLE
STRUCTURE FREQUENCY UNLOADED BANDWIDTH SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS
BAND(GHz) Q
StAndard See Fig. <lOt Simplest but bulky structure. Single-mode opera-
Waveguide tion. Poor isolAtion ~esponse beyond 1.5 x f o •
Restricted to All-pole response functIons.
CirculAr/Square :! - 90 See fig. I <10% Simple construction ~ permits dual-mode operation.
Waveguicle No restriction on response functions under dual-~
operAtion. Poor isolation beyond 1.5 x f o ' Greater
incidence of spurious.
Ev.nescent .2 - 12 Typi ully <15% Simple construction but sensitive to temperature.
Mode Structure half of Superior wideband isolation characteristi~s.
standard Provides a practical Q vs size tradeoff.
WG structure
I nter-Oi 9 i ta I .1 - 14 See Fig. 2 <70% SimpJe construction but bulky =0 realize high Qs.
(I D) Structure No p"estr i ct iot on bandwi dth. S"peri or 'wi deband
isolation characteristics •
Cou Cavi ty •1 - 8 See Fig. 3 <5t High Q structure but bandwidth limitations. Con-
Structure struction can ~~ difficuit de~ending upon require-
ments of response functions a~d weight •
Dielectric • 1 - It Typically <25t Compact structure but. lower Qs. Sensitiva to
'Loaded ResoMtor half of ID in ID temperature. Requires superior dielectric materials.
Fi Iters structure S t~uctur. Construction can be difficult.
-22lA-
ORIGINAL PAGE'
RLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPH
I
,A"NIK-C FLIGHT UNI T 12 GHz DU A L Q/P MUX
Figure 5-30
--222-
--------------------------------------
, AW, .pjdt .
O:(ir.:7-:-~~~- rt ~r: IS
OF POOR QU::~ut{
INPUT MULTIPLEXER FILTER TRADEOFFS FOR ANIK-C SATELLITE
TABLE 5-35 USING LONGITUDINAL DUAL-MODE TElll FILTER & EQUALIZER
CRITICAL PERFORI1AIICE REqUIREMENTS·
Frequency Band 11.7 to 12.7 GHz
Usable Channel Ba~dwidth fo: 2714Hz
Insertion Loss Variation <1.2 dB over fo: 27 Ittz
Isoluion ~25 dB u fo: 36 Ittz
~45 dB at fo: 5011Hz and beyond
Amp II tude S I ()JIe ,.01 dB/11Hz over fo ± 1314Hz
Group 0.., lay ,2 ns at fo t 18 Ittz
,5 ns at fo: 21 Ittz
~1.5 ns ripple
Assumed equivalent linear frequency drift ± I Ittz
Assumed average Unlo.ded Q of Wneguide Cavitie!. 11,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------~-------------------------------
FILTH ISOLATION LOSS VARIATION GAIN-SLOPE GROUP DELAY (ns)
CONFIGURATION AT :36 OVER :27 OVER :13
(dB) (dB) ( dll/l1Hz) :IS :21 RIPPLE
Ie-pole linear phase IS .65 .006 3 .5
filter with two pairs
.8
of real-axis zeros 20
25 1."
.007
.013
1
1.8 "
5.5
10-pole linear phase 20 .S .011 3.5 8 o
filter with one paj~ of
25 .016 7 o
transmission zP~os , one
pair of re~:-axis zeros 30 1.25 .016 7 "
12.5 o
8-polp filter with one 25 .75 .003 .7 3 .5
pai, of transmission zeros
& 2-pole allpass equalizer
• These requirements are for the whole t~ansponder prior to the TWTAs.
INPUT MULTIPLEXER FILTER TRADEOFFS FOR SBS SATElliTE
USING CANONICAL DUAL-MOCE TEl13 FILTER' EQUALIZER
CRITICAL PERFORI1ANCE REqUIREMENTS.
Frequency Band 11.7 to 12.2 GHz
Usable Channel Bandwidth fo t 21.5 MHz
Insertion loss Variation <1.0 dB over fot21.5 MHz
Isolation ~15 dB at fo:27.7 MHz
~35 dB at fo: 3111Hz and beyond
,.. ~Iitude Slope 4'.084 dB/MHz over fo ± IS I9Iz
Group Delay <2nsatfo:15f'tfz
'5 ns at fo:17 f'tfz
,II ns at fotl' Ittz
'27 ns at fo: 21.5 MHz
"1.2 ns ripple
Assumed equiv~lent linear frequency Drift : 1 I'iHz
Ass~med .verage Unloaded Q of Waveguide Cavities 11,000
FILTER ISOLATION LOSS VARfATI~N GAIN-SLOPE CROUP DELAY (ns)
CO .. ,.. f GURATION (dO) AT OVER! 21.5 OVER: 15
:27.7 :31 (dB) (dB/l'ttz) :15 tl7 :19 :21.5 RI'.'PlE
8-pole fi I ter wi th
one pair of transmission
8.5 2S .65 .0" 3.5 , 20
10 30 .~"
zeros & two pairs of
real-axis zeros IS )35
.7
1•1 .0"5
1.2
2.0 "
6.0
'.5
12.5
25
35
Cf 8-pole f i Iter with two 15 :'35 I. I .055 6.~ 17 leO 0
,I pairs of transmission
20 ~35 1.2 .06 7 II 18.5 43 0
~
zeros & one pai r of
real-a .. is zeros 25 ~35 I. 35 .065 7.5 12 20 "S 0
6-pole elliptic fundion 15 J.35 .9 .016 3.5 10 29 1.1
filter with two pairs of
tr~n5~ission leros plus
,t 2-pele ai Ip.\s equal izer
L ~_~"_~~'~
:. ':: • .==:::~ . -
-223-
'UiIiIiiiiII:-~~. :!t"¥=E-b .......iiIIiiIIliI- -"'iIIIliil ·Ii Blililill_-Mi i-lfIiiii ..
.. I -.dIii
OR~GE\r~L Pt.GE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
TABLE 5-36
FILtERS FOR CSE IN SPACECRAFT TRANSPONDERS
Frequency Multiplexer Type Company Location
(GHz)
8 Linear Phase Marconi U.K. OTS
Tschebychev Ford USA ATS-6
2
Tschebychev AIL USA NASA
Tschebychev Hughes USA Westar, Anik,
INtELSAT IV
Tschebychev TRW USA INTELSAT III
Tschebychev MDL USA JCS
Tschebychev Thomson-CSF France Symphonie
Tschebychev RCA Ltd •. Canada RCA Satcom
3.7 - 4.2 COMDEV (graphite epoxy)
Tschebychev NEe Japan JCS
Dual Mode Hughes USA INTELSAT IVA
Dual Mode Telefunken AEG W. Germany INTELSAT IVA
Du~lMode NEC Japan INTELSAT IVA
Dual Mode Ford Aerospace USA IN'IELSAT V
Contiguous
Multiplexer
5.9 - 6.4 Multiplexer Siemens W. Germany Symphonie
Tschebychev Ford Aerospace USA NAIO III
Tschebychev RCA USA Iacsat
7.25-7.75 Tschebychev Marconi TJ. K. Skynet
Ischebychev / Wavecom USA DSCS II
Dual Mode
Ischebychev G.E. USA DSCS III
Ischebychev Thomson-CSF France DIS
Ischebychev Erickson Sweden OIS
Ellyptic Cm1DEV '::anada IN'IELSAT V
11.7-12.2 Canada Anik F4
Ellyptic COMDEV
Ellyptic/Dual Mode TRW/Wavecom USA TDRSS
Ischebychev RCA Ltd. Canada CIS
(now SPAR)
Ischebychev G.E. USA Japan BSE
Ischebychev Ford Aerospace USA Japan CS
Ischebychev NEC Japan Japan CS
17.7-20.2 (single band)
Ischebychev Comsat Labs USA ATS-6
Linear Phase MDL USA EXi'erimental for
Ford Aerospace
27 - 30 Ischebychev Ford Aerospace USA Japan CS
Tschebychev Lincoln Labs USA LES 8-9
34 Ischebychcv RRL/KJPT Japan ECS prototype
Ischebychev NEC Japan ECS
Above 30 Ischebychev Fujitsu Japan G~ided mm-wave system
~224-
A·~--~~·-- -&_··_-tt~m~·_'
_____________ ·_·H~· W'w-·'~t-~~·~"~" $Wtr~··
_____ __ ___ ·_$_··~;Mt~.~
____ . .~
5.6.5 Jdcellite Power Amplifier Techno:ogY
The power amplifier for transponders, with the antenna gain, provides the
spa~ecraft EIRP and represents a key component in the down-link. Historically,
the traveling wave tube .mplifier, with its excellent history of life and re-
liability in space, has served this power amplifier function. A decade ago,
the principal suppliers were Hughes for the early Intelsat systems and Watkins-
Johnson and Eimac for the IDCSP satellites and Watkins-Johnson for many NASAl
JPL deep space probes.
The early U.S. domination of the 2 and 4 GHz space TWT technology led the
European Space Agency's predecessor, ESRO, to fund 11 GHz TWT programs at the
20 watt level, a decision which has had far reaching consequences in establishing
Europe as a major !WT supplier for space satcoms, and in particular, those address-
ing the 11/14 GHz frequencies. Also, in the early 1970's, the Japanese National
Space Agency, NASDA, funded NEC to develop space TWT for 4 and 19 GHz for ultimate
use in the Japan CS and ETS-IV, thereby creating another important space !WT
technology base in the world. The USSR entered the space TWT development arena ~n
the 1960's, producing 50 watt 4 GHz TWT for the Molnyas satellites and in the
early 1970's, a 300 watt space klystron at 716 MHz for Statsionar-T.
Today, the space TWT technology is world-wide and Table 5-37 lists many of
the space TWT which are manufactured allover the world, including the Russian
UHF space klys~ron and the array of 11 GHz TWT from 10 to 700 watts which are
manufactured in Eurvpe for the European OTs/ECS and H-sat and the U.S. TDRSS
and SBS systems. The development of these !WT has also brought about the
development of reliable high efficiencj and light-weight power supplies and high
efficiency multiple collector techniques which have achieved dc-to-rf efficiencies
in the 40-50% range.
-225-
.
r • ~ • ." • _ ~ , r • - r - ' - .
.
-
.
.
~
. .
. -
. - '
. , .. ",
ORIG!NAL PAGE IS
OF tOCR QUAUTY
TABLE 5-37
SPAL~ TWT SUPPLIEP.s
Frequency Power Level
(GHz) (watts) Company Country
2 50, 100 Watkins Johnson USA NASA
0.5 Hughes USA INTELSAT IV
4.S Hughes USA INTELSAT IV, IVA
3.7 - 4.2
4.S NEC Japan JCS
8 Hughes USA INTELSAT V
10 Telefunken AEG W. Germany Anik
10 Hughes USA ATS-6
13 Telefunken AEG W. Germany Symphonie
17 Hughes USA Skynet
7.25-7.75 20 Hughes USA NATO III
20 Hughes USA DSCS III, Tacsat
1 Hughes USA Classified
10 Hughes USA SIRIO
10 Thomson-CSF France INTELSAT V
20 Thomson-CSF France OTS, CTS
11.7 -12.2
20 Telefunken AEG W. Germany OTS, Anik
(Nominal)
25 Telefunken At:G W. Germany SBS
30 Telefunken AEG W. Germany TDRSS
100 * Hughu USA Japan BSE
150 Thomson-CSF France H-SAT Jj
200 Litton USA CTS •
.1
450 Telefunken AEG W. Germany H-SAT 1
700 Telefunken AEG W. Germany TV - German
700 Siemens W. Germany TV - GeI'Ul&Il
1. S, 20 Hughes USA Skynet
14
SO Hughes USA Shuttle
2.5 Hughes USA A':S-6
4 Hughes USA JCS
17.7-20.2 Japan JCS
4 NEC
10 Hughes USA AT! (Exp)
2.5 Hughes USA ATS-6
30
20 Watkins Johnson USA RADC
10 Hughes USA Classified
43 Hughe. USA
100 NASA
60 13, 50 Hughes USA Classified
84 200 Hughes USA NASA
* In 1980, NEC announced the development of a 100-watt Space TWT for 12 GHz.
-226-
~ ~ .~ .. ~ ... - ..- ... ---~ --.--.-.--~ W Mitt- -iiWE y;iM £:ffll ff'ti'FntiH gliiM -- --'nr- *~
- ". --¥ ,""t" i-__ _
This disbursement of space !WT technology on a world-wide basis displayed in
Table 5-37, which lists the various suppliers and the power levels according to
frequency range, indicates that at 11 GHz, the European domination of this art·
is evident, despite contributions of space !WT by Hughes to Italy's Sirio, and
Japan's BSE, and by Litton to Canada's CTS. It is Thomson-CSF and Telefunken
AEG in Europe who, through R&D contracts for CTS, OTS, Comsat Labs and H-Sat,
now dominate the U.S. market of 11 GHz space !WT for SBS, TDRSS, and ANIK F4.
With the growing interest in 11/14 GHz, due to WARC-77, this European technolo-
gical superiority is significant.
Table 5-38 provides more detail of the space !WT suppliers for the 11.7-
12.2 GHz band, and since this Table was compiled in winter 1979-1980, NEC - Japan,
announced develo~nt of a 100 watt TW!A for space.
Table 5-39 lists the salient features of the Thomson-CSF 10 watt, 20 watt,
and 15G watt !WT; Tables 5-40 And 5-41 and Figure 5-31 provide details on the
AEG Telefunken space ~TA at various frequencies, with Figure 5-31 indicating
the excellent effici£ncies (45-50%) achieved for both the 200 watt and 450 watt
!WTA.
Figure 5-32 shows a chart due to R. Strauss of Comsat Labs relating power
level for both helix and coupled cavity TWTA at 11 GHz and 20 GHz down-links show-
ing the capability up to one kilowatt !WT or Klystron at these frequencies.
Figure 5-33 shows a plot of maximum RF power versus frequencies for Klystron,
helix TWT and coupled cavity !WT shOWing that at around 250 watts at 12 GRz,
the heli.x !WI technology advances to its limit based on the ability to conduct
heat from the helix, and for higher saturated power, the coupled cavity TWT or the
Klystron must be used.
-227-
£¥ ;a ; C!fiZP!?i¥YIi 4A (iii.
TABLE 5-38
SPACE 1'WT SUPPLIERS FOR 11.7 -12.2 GHz BAND
Power Level (watts) Country (of Mfg.) Y!!E.
1 USA Classified
10 USA SIRIO
10 France INTELSAT V
20 France OTS, CIS
20 w. Germany OTS, ANIK
25 ~~ . Germany SBS
30 w. Germany TDRSS
100 t'SA Japan BSE
150 Franr.e L-SAT
200 USA CTS
260 France/W. Germany TV-SAT
450 W. Germany L-SAT
700 w. Ger.Dany TV - Ge I"ID4I1
1500 (klystron) W. Germany Experimental
-228-
""'.1.4L .. §!i.¥ -. ....
:;;a QfSS_'""!I!(¥.'f> 1"'0,""'.!!!II.aI!"l!.az_.--~-·· .... ==
-4......·...
,-,""._ _ _
Z,•.w_!I!!!.III!I!"'".O!!!
... _!!II1jI!ll
.•.
.
\",." ......... ' ••• 1
,
I
TABLE 5-39
CHARAC'£ERISTICS OF THE THOMSON-CSF
INIELSAT-V TH-3559 ll-GHz/lO-W TWT
Gain At Saturation 55 dB
Gain Ripple, Max. in Any 240 MHz Channel .± 0.1 dB
3rd Order Intermodulation Products,
Relative to Either Carrier (l Carriers -17 dB
10 dB Below Saturation)
~PM Conversion
Small Signal to Saturation Phase Shift, Typ
-------------------~---------------------------------- --------------------------
THOMSON-CSF CTS/CTS 20-Watt Il-GHz TWT
Characteristics Double Col1e~~or Tube Triple Collector Tube
TH 3525 TH 3535
Output Power Single Mode 20W 3 Modes: 20W, 8W, 4W
Constant Drive Power
Phase Shift 40° 30 0
Efficiency 40'7.. at 20W 43'7.. at 20W
28'7. at 8W
18'7.. at 4W
Weight (Including HV Leads) 650 g 450 g
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THOMSON-CSF
H-EAT TH-3579 12-GHz, lOO-l50-W TWT
Gain at Saturation 50-55 dB
Gain Ripple at Saturation in Any 50-MIt.; t:~,annel .± 0.1 dB
3rd Order Intermodulation Products. Relat:',ve
to Either Carrier (2 Carriers 9 dB Below -23 dB
Saturation)
&~/PM Conversion
Small Signal to Saturation Phase Shift, Typ
-229-
,... ..
~
o. "'_'W .. , - - " '" - ' . . o~ , . - ow __W, - "Uh""'.' Q" ".. .... - ~-". - 0 W- " .......... 0, ' .. ~-. ~_o oW ""::--l..
.
i .
::
TABLE 5-40
I;,
AEG-TELEFUNKEN SPACE TUBES USED IN COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES
]
?roject ~ Power Frequency E f ficien..£l: CoIl. -Stases
1
1
1
OTS TL 12 022 20 W HL 9 - 11. 8 GHz 4Oh. 2
TELESAT TL 12 025 20 W 11.7 - 12.5 GHz 4Oh. 2
TELESAT TL 4 010 10 W 3.7 - 4.2 GHz 427- 3
TDRSS TL 12 030 30 W 11. 7 - 12.2 GHz 417- 3
13.4 - 14.05 GHz
00
SSS TL 12 026 20 W 1l. 7 - 12.2 GHz 42.57. 3 "'"::0
f
N
w
-00
o .-
0 ANIK C TL 12 016 15 W 11.7 - 12.2 GHz 42.57- 3
I o S~
X,"·
.
COMSAT TL 4 012 12/6 W 3.7 - 4.2 GHz 44/4(J'f. 3 t::'J -,'
C ",'
)::> , \
DFVLR TL 12 008 10 W 10.9 - 11.7 GHz 38/40'7. 2/3 r- , i
::{ .~
-< .:.r~
DFVLR TL 12 024 20 W 10.9 - 11.7 GHz 46/487. 3
DFVLR YH 1 190 70 W 11. 7 - 12. 5 GHz 40/337. 2/1
DFVLR TL 2() 030 25 W 19.7 - 20.1 GHz 387. 2
DFVLR TL 60 010 10 W 60 GHz
r - _.. ...... _woo , - " - ._. -_. • CO"'" .... _'_ ... _d . . _· _CO'.' W, .... -_ .. '.. _•• _ .... " .. 1
1
1I
.~
J
TABU: 5-41 ~
iI
n:ST REESULTS OF DIFFERENT DBS -TWT' S MADE BY AEG -TELEFUNKEN
'NT Un:lt TL 12 200 TL 12 450 TL 12 800
Frequency Range GHz 11. 7 - 12.5 GHz
•
Output Power w 200 450 700
Gain dB 40 50 50
o
or,
,..
C
Phase ShUt o 50 45 40 c·
,t;) -,
AM-PH Conversion o/dB 4.5 4.0 4.5 C
I j.
N
w r: . I
~ -~ . ,.-~
I Collector Stages 3 5 1 (5) -< U:
Efficiency 7. 45 50 40 (50)
Weight kg 2.6 7 9
,
j
:1
:ji
' .
. . . . _............. _. . . . . _.............. ~" ~
........._'"'""._ .. ... ". .. W.' ....._ .•".. "'_'_~,"'" .iI' U""" ...." _M,_,·.. ,......... oH em ',,'tT :r'I" rle~
..--------------------------------~
~oo • Satelllte T.T Tl. 1::::00
FIGURE 5-31
It
=ac Ie. 260mA
Tl12260
UM • 7S7~ II
:SO
~t.O
TL 12200 Ie • 240 mA
220 U.· "SO II
"'. 200
I
_ C.:~ode de31gn 11fe of mor. than
s.'·lIn y.ar.
::f
IlcC
12,.. 12.5
11,7 1\8 11,9 12 12.1 12,2 11.3
_ ~~.:lfl~ ve11ht of le •• than 15 ,IW GHz
_ [~~~eleney of 45 ~ for broadband
r.1I _ ~x tube. Output Power P~ versus
fr~quency for the :ou W T~T
_ E~~~eleney of ,0 % for coupled TL 1~:UU and the ';:(,0 • Ta-T
c • .".~ty tubea. TL 122bO
... .:.:-...
:.' a ....
...,.'--------
- .-
Inatantaneoua bandw14th of
.at.lllt. ~~ TL • 24 5°
-232- j
j
... f- --,," -
u•
.... -
~ ; ~ ,: T
I,JII-
fO,"
.
:-~'.
':' -
. • l ~
:'~
r t., .....
~:
_. ,,-- .....
: •• "t
-
"11
.. hll
'''''
CC_~.C;':N
COC,le
I
_~_,-I_ . - J
~ ;~
" .... IIU
11 20 140
'. \ .'
"
Figure 5-32 :' .)wer ":".:..:,~ ;"7"'"~:'1':: ~~! :-';'::;::!
:JeSl.g:-lS at 11-31 ~~: !~r S~te1l1t.
Co~munlc~tlo~S *
* Due to Robert Strauss, COt-iSAT lAbs.
•
-2"3-
-, ~ .
ORl(?:;,~t\L PAGE IS
OF POO~ QUALITY.
--------------~I -------------~------------~------------~~.----------~
C"--- __
0-
~- -
...... -
~ '"',
-- - - _
::---....;-
--.;...,.;;:
~Cll:: l,· .. t:. ~ IT.".
Ci .. : .. , 0 ll ... (;, ;J(A;
~1·.·1~
'~::',,"l LI',"::'
I.e
!
c IL----________
,,,
~~------------~------------~------------~---------
100 .oXIO 1".1A.tO 1M
Figure 5-33. MaxicuQ RF Power Versus Frequency
J
I
I
I
1
~
-23':'-
j
-.I "'-_..t.-- J
5.6.5.1 Solid State Power Amplifiers for Satcom Use
The luanching of Applications Technology Satellite (ATS-6) inaugurated the
first extensive use of solid state power amplifiers for space application. Due
to the relati.ve simplicity of scad state power amplifiers, as compared to 'lWTA
with its complex high voltage power supply, a significant improvement in reli.-
ability, weight and size was demonstrated.
There are now a large number of different types of solid state amplifiers
competing against the 'lWT for the power amplifier sockets in communication
satellite transponders. These include: (see Figure 5-34)
o Gunn diode amplifiers
o Impatt amplifiers
o Trapatt amplifiers
o Varactor diode up-converters
o 1ipolar amplifiers
c FE! power amplifiers
Table 5-42 lists the power levels generally representative at frequencies
where solid state 3mplifiers of all types rAve flown in space or have been
developed for space applications, i.e., at 20 and 30 GHz on Comstar in the Com-
sat Labs IIIll-wave propagation experiruent and as output amplifiers at 0.5 t ... tt at
36 GHz on LES-8 &nd LES-9. Actually, many of these solid state amplifiers are
also used in terrestrial radio systems and the 400 ~ with the varactor diode
up-converter at 20 GHz is particularly. :gnificant since it represents an
efficient ~p-~onversion from a lower frequency where RF power is easier to
generate.
The impatt amplifier is the primary typt= of power amplifier with the Gunn
diode amplifier providing a lower power (and lower noise) function, with cap-
ability of operating as a low noise driver to the Impatt amplifier. Actually,
-235-
"OWER RANGES FOR
AMPLIFYING DEVICE
\.-"'~- DISPENSER
CATHODE
BIPOLAR FET
DEVICES ~ DEVICES
.01 '--_ _..I..-_....L..--li~""""'~......._ _ _ __ ' _
.4 1 2
Figure 5-34
-236-
C'-"" ~ "'.': is
Cf i:~ .,.",,;_ITY
i
~
Ii!
i!iI
i
,
I
,~
z
I -d
~t
·1It -lID ~ .. -a
....1Mc:.an.cal ~TVIII wrTW......a
0 .zs
TO ~ 0NItAT1'OG T1IiOI'IIIIATV'" T"" 'C
•
c:o.parison of Oxide and Matrix cathode
Characteristics a. a Function ot cathode
~t.tlU'e
(R. Strauss)
-236A-
OR\G\NAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUAU'TY
TABLE 5-42
TYPICAL OPEaAnONAL ANt) tXPEIl!'£!fIAL SOLID SUlE
~l AHl'LIFlEllS FOR COHKINICAnON APPLICAtIONS
Fregaenc¥ Bipolar Tranlistor 1!eatt Amplifier. Powar FET Aepl1fiers
860 HlU 110 Watt. - ATS-6
1270 MHz 1.2 IGl - Spaccborne
RAd&r
1550 NHz 40 Watts - ATS-6
1685 MHz'" 20 Watts - SMS
2075 MHz 20 :Iatts - ATS-6
•
2300 ~lHz 24 Watts - Voyager
4-6 GP.=
7 Watt. - Terrutrial 1-10 Wattl Terrestrial RAdio 20 Watts - Fujitsu
Radio 15.8 Wattl • SII 10 Watts - Experimental - Ford
3 Watts - Hewlett Packard Watt - Ter~estrial Radio -
Japan
4 Watts - HUlDaS
7 -8 GHz 4.4 Watts - westinghoule
12.8 Watts· Varian
6 Watts - Experimental - Ford
280 Watts - txper~ntal -
HUlhes (puIs_d)
11 GHz 3-5 Watts - Terreltrial Radio 100 KoI - CTS
13 Wattl - Expari:.ntal - U.K. 2-4 Wattl - Experimental
200 MW - Terreltrial Radio
18-20 GHz 2 Wattl • Experimental
29 dBaa - Coma tar
30 GHz 29 dBm - COIUtar
100 MW - E1S - II
35 GHz 500 MW - LES 8/9
5 Watts - Experimental - TRW
55-60 GHz 1-1.6 Wattl - Hu~beI/Fujit.u (OSC)
200 MW - Hughes
.1n 1981. Microwave Power Devices of Hauppauge. New York. announced t~, .. develop'llent of a 2 lew all
solid state transmitter at 1.; GHz. Previou.ly, this company has delivered 1 lew solid state
transmitters for various applications at frequencie. frum 2 MHz to 1600 KHz.
-237-
·~ . 4
the Impatt amplifier has many species, or can be considered to be one of many
species of a form of semiconductor dio~e. These species include Read and
Avalanche diodes, double drift (DD) and single drift (SD) Impatt diodes (the
double drift being more useful at higher milltmeter waves) and Impatt diodes
operating with hi-lo profiles in what is known as a "surfing mode". Impatt
diode amplifier power levels in the 1-12 watt level are now achieved in X-band.
J. Raul of Tm has achieved 5 watts in 1< -band and 1 watt has been achieved by
a
Fuji.ts'.1 at 60 GHz. A single diode hi-Io profile GaAs Impatt diode amplifier,
operating in the surfing mode has exhibited power . out~ts of 15 wat~. GaAs Impatt
diodes are now developed in Japan with MIBF of more than 10 5 hours at 7.5 GHz.
The use of the hi-lo profile technique for increasing Impatt amplifter power
and efficiency was reported by P. W. Huish of the U.K. British Post Office at
the 7th European Microwave Conference (1977), the development of high efficiency
Imp;i~:: diodes desigtled to replace TWT in the 10.7-11.7 GHz band and the achieve-
ment of 5 watts. While this complements significant R&D effort at Plessey,
MUllard, and other laboratories in the U.K. and Europe, it does not give Europe
a role in the competitive race taking place between the U. S. and Japan for
technological superiority in this area.
For power amplification at frequencies below C-band, bipolar trans:stors are
used extensively. On the ATS-6 satellite, multiple-stage, parallel power cnmbined
solic state amplifiers have been built from UHF up to S-b~~u frequencies. These
amplifiers pioneered the way for qualification of a family of bipolar cransistors
that are still used on C'.urrent space programs, and they helped establish the
concept of multiple parallel output stage d~sign for space applications. The
UHF solid state transmitter amplifier (860 MHz) on ATS-6 used 8 parallel combined
MSC 2010 bipolar transistors at the output stage. This transmitter amplifier
delivers 110 watts, 62 dB gain with overall efficiency of 44%. An interesting
feature of the 860 MHZ amplifier is the power back*off capability. On command,
rwo or four Jr six of the output stages can be turned off to reduce the RF
output power. The amplifier is operated directly from a regulated spacecraft
bus and requires no power conditioning.
Other L-~~nd and S-band solid state power amplifiers were flown on ATS-6.
The L-band amplifier (1550 MHz) delivered 40 watts of RF power by combL~ing
eight MSC 3005 transistors at the output stage. This 1550 MHZ amplifier pro-
vided 55 dB gain with 41% DC-RF power conversion efficiency. For a redundant
pair, the amplifiers weighed 10.6 lbs. with overall dimensions of 16" by 15"
by 3". By parallel combinin~ four MSC 3005 bipolar transiators at 2075 MHZ,
a 20-watt S-band amplifier were built for ATS-ti. This 20-watt amplifier gave
55 dB gain with 25% efficiency. At 2570 MHz and 2670 MHZ, two l7-watt S-band
transistor amplifiers were built with the same devices; both amplifiers show
55 dB gain with efficiency of 23.5%. This S-band amplifier weighed 4.6 lbs.,
with dimensions of 11" by 7" by 4".
The most important solid state amplifier development of the 1970's was the
power FET which in 1976 provided up to 10 watts of saturated power at 4 GHz,
6 watts of saturated power at 8 GHz, 0.5-1 watt at 18 GHz, and 225 mw at 22 GHz.
Figure 5-35 lists the 1980 status, worldwide, of power FET's in the 4 to 12 GHz
range, showing the international competition which is presently underway to
supply FET's to terrestrial radio power output stages to replace TWT. Seven
manufacturing firms are now developing product capability, with 1 \,Tatt FET now
developed for the 7 GHz Japanese terrestrial radiO system and the Japanese
submarine cable system which requires lifetimes up to 20 years.
For high efficiency operation, Dr. P. T. Ho built and tested a 5-watt
3.7-4.2 GHz FET amplifier for direct TW~ replacement. This seven-stage, MIC
power amplifier provided 50 dB gain with power added efficiency of 35%. The
completed amplifier consists of a two-stage pre-driver amplifier, a three-stage
drive amplifier, and a two-stage series-parallel combined power amplifier. The
-239-
.¥4iP Ml , 41iLkit. 4; __,
o~!,:,!"';'\!.. P!\CE tS
Of !-'C:;,: QJALITY
lOr • In. ",o~ce4 ~ r~r
1
ru _linn
lol
10
'o -
IT\.
Achi.eveMllCi
• "'M~"" -\4tO
"-
~ I ~UJ'~1U
• T1
• T1
a
'-- &IIIIIC IICA
L
::
C
S
I
i
14~~~
..Ie
I ~ .a _",ac
:II
TI
-Qalle • IICA
i
:- ~WI~ a
~ IIICA
~
i
f-
0.11 ,.
z • •
"'t(»,j"..c'"
'0
'OMI1
'2 "
(A)
------------------------------
: - - - ... e
--we
-------
le· ----- .... ::
.. --- ......
"
1.7 1.& 1.. 00 ., 4l
''''IQUINCY 'Goo"
.~,-----------------------------------------
."'0. _0"1
(B)
,
,/
,
-- ,
' ,
", ....1"
/ "' -' ..
____••_____________________________________iO
I.
»~,
• '0
C~rl"~oe
~t ... UliU
--,
..4 r~
'I '1
Figure 5-35
-240-
ORIGiNAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
Comparison of Performa'lce OHgh Power GaAs FFT) (C)
20~----~~~L~O~~--\--------------
• X
Fujitsu N~C MEL ....O
FUji~Eg \,0
. T~I \
• c \
/ T~cOMELCO
SiBiP,,,_, ~\MELCO
~NEC ~MSC
a \
R~x a TI
NEe ~
!lTI
\\ '78'79
PCCf-2
~RCA
o. 1'-_"'--_......L.-....a..-'-....L....._-L..._~---i
1 2 4 6 810 20 40 60
f (GHz)
Jan, 1980
Figure 5-35C. Power FE! Achievements according to Mitsubtshi .
•
ampUfier chain is packaged in two separated chassis and mounted on a c01lll1on
platform. (Figure 5-35 B).
Th~ RF characteristics of the FET amplifier are superior to that of the TWIA,
although efficiency must be traded for linearity, a choice not available with
the~. Typically, power output at saturation of two tone intermodulation test
of a FE! amplifier is 4.5 dB dawn for one signal saturation. Compared ~o 5 dB
dawn for the TWIA,the FET amplifier adds 0.5 dB link margin for the communica- J
1
tion channel with multiple carriers. For linear power amplification, the ~ 1
requires 6-8 dB back-off to achieve a carrier to third order intermodulation
J
cistortion ratio of 25 dB; and for the FET amplifier, 2-3 dB power back-off ~:;
achieves same kind linearity. This linear characteristic makes FET amplifier 1
more suitable for multiple carrier and some digital communications Iystem. As
far as AM to PM conversion, the typical value for the ~ is 6-7 degrees/dB,
and the FET amplifier runs about 3-4 degrees/dB. In addition to the superior
RF performance, FE! solid state amplifier offers additional weight and size
savings in the spacecraft design. For as-watt, C-band transmitter, the FET
amplifier weighs about 1.4 pounds with volume equal to 50 cubic inches. For a
TW~, the weight goes up to 3.0 pounds with volume equal to 150 cubic inches.
Figure 5-36 shows circuit and specifications of a similar FET amplifier
built by RCA for use in ~~TCOM-IV at C-band. This amplifier, described by F.
Drago et.ai., at ~F-79 in Munich Ger.~ny was the first of the new power ampli-
fiers using PET's to be positively committed to spacecraft use.
Looking into the 1980's. at 12 GHz. the FEIA cannot be positively selected
for power levels above 20 watts for at least 5 years, and the TWT must be con-
sidered the only viable contender for space use for 50-l0nO watt power amplifier
applications.
-241-
• • _ , • ->. < ' -- r _... I
It • • '
, I •
• , ~ I
~ ~ ... " ~ ~ - - -' - .~~, - ~ -
n=rr- Soec:i!ications
It811 Specificatian
1- FrequenCy BalD 3.7-4.2 Giz
2. InstantarWCllS ' 3.7-4.2 Giz
Baniwidth
3. Oltplt Powar 6.0 wsaturatadi 4.8 w
tloC> curiers
4. ~lifiC' Gain Powc' qain > SS dB;
-.l.l-signal (w.l qain
<58 dB I
5. I.o:&l Gain Slope 0.02 dBMi%
6. ov.raJ.l-<1&in to.5 dB about a slope
of 0.5 dB fran 3.7 tc
4.2 QIz. ~
7.
8.
9.
Grcup Delay
AM to PM
COI'/IIersia'l
Ir;llt VSWR
2.0 ns
10°
1.25:1
I
10. Ol~
U. Noille Figure
VSWR 1.25:1
10 dB
1
U. 'l"hirC~ ~ Fran lS dB at 6 W to 1
41 dB with ~t dcwl
10 dB 14
13. overdrive +20 dam at input
wi~t cWaaqe. iJ
14. s;:urioa aM -75 ~ band; .1
20 dB below carrier j
H.um:Inics i
;
15. Efficiency 20\ at 6 W; j
10\ at 1.5 W
,
16. DC PcIoc SUpply +lS to +48 V. !S'
17. ~, No danac;e
'rum-Off
18. Gai., StAbility :0. S dB OII'C' a ~4-h period
19. I.cn;-Tmn P > 4 W after ...-en years
St4bility
+S to +50 C
o
20. ~tin:J
'l"arptrature
FIGURE 5-36.
HEWL.E'M' 'ACKA"O ~UJITSU
r----M-~-:-W-'~"---H~P~2~~'--'r~------------~~~------------~
~LC JO
~ TOT"_
38
'".",
~.
'I
,u • , • .-
eo
'0 IiJ
19 ~
e
'32
~ 64
~6fi
13
3 Ii
,. 8'
16JW
!16
2~ 39
'oc lll
II,,:):) 35', 3~ J8'Oo, '!IS'
~ ~ 65 B 85 I~
\I~ J5
-242-
5.6.6 Spacecraft Antenna 7echnology
There are six main types of satellite antennas: (see Figures 5-37, -38) -39)
o Single reflector, single feed
o Multiple feed offset-fed reflectors
o Multiple feed lenses
o Contoured reflector single feed antennas
o Phased arrays
o Multiple reflectors
Multiple feed offset reflector antennas arF now in use in space in Intelsat-
IVA and will be used in Intelsat-V and SBS, and in fact, in most sophisticated
co~ercial comrnuni~ation satellites in the 1980's, which are designed to trans-
mit flux into o~ly selected non-circular ar.eas. Multiple feed lens antennas
will be used in DSCS-III fit 7/8 GHz. Contoured reflector antennas have been
used in the Japan Co~nication Satellite for Experimental Purposes (CS) and
phased arrays wlll be used in TDRS and are planned for use in a scanning spot
beam system designed by Dr. Reudink of Bell Laboratories for BELLSIAR.
The use of reflector-type multifeed antennas to produce shaped Oeam5 is
attractive because of their design simplicity, inher~nt bandwidth, ease of con-
struction, light weight, and low cost. If the multibea~ feed structures are
located at prime fceus or in a normal Cassegrain configuration, excessive
blockage and consequent high side lobe levels will result. This can be avoided
by use of offset-fed reflector types, such as shown in Figure 5-40, which con-
sist of a section of • larger parabola, whose focal point is located outside of
the main antenna beam and a multi-horn feed which is located off axis such that
it does not block energy r~flected fro~ the reflector. In the multiple horn-fed
reflector, ea=h feed element separately illu~inates the reflector to generate
.I
a c~mpJnent beam in the far field. By properly exciting feed elements simulta-
neous:y and sUl':l!:ling indi vidua 1 component beams in proper phase, a des ired shaped-
-243-
- ~
2. MULTIPLE REFLECTOR
1. SINGLE REFLECTOR
-r.
~
... ---..:--
. ...
-..,. -........ ..
,
'\. '
~ ......
AT~
eTS
•
tv
~
'"• 3. SINGLE REFLECTOR 4. PHASED ARRAY
on
...." -r'~ h-'
"0" ~'.
o ~.;
::oj-
' ' --:";lI..,
"'C;.>;.
"-"
I
:- i'f1
=i-
-<(/)
EKRAN
INTELSAT IV-A
Figure 5-37 CW. Morgan)
I
. ",_",~_",, __""""':'"'J.;~~"""""',"''''''''-~'"'''''''!\t.-"'"''''''''''''' ' ....... " .. hdf" M' u , ,.. .... lflllllllt~~~~ ........... 1'1 t"!tH !II!! * W!lIIIw".'ilSe!. t .... www tHWMrt!he \t.+h¢' r t' rl l ' -.'11' "t"hiMr!'~n rcNt t sr', 'Wi'fl' s 7 t.
1
--- j
--- \ 1
1
1
]
1
~
•. OU"~ O.... UT (0"1001""''' ~
.. 1Iwt.1 O~~"T~'D
"'~~'CTOfI
"1'~ICTOfI S"STIM
1•
S~l. and Dual Offset-Fed ~lti:e.d Horn AnC.~
Figure 5-38
,
J
-245-
.. , _ ~.' _ I =. - - -- "c - . -1 - . - - - - - -
. .
,
- ' - - --
11
~. ~ / ....
. ...". -- - <-- .,"",-
. .
Figure 5-39, Potential Multipl'.;! Bear, Antenna Systems
\
\
-- , - \
1'\ ,
~
'"" \
\
,
"", \ --y
\ '-
-- \
" \ - ---~~
" "-
~
..-.~~ / >~~ '- -
-~ j
.", "-
-- - ~ " ;-n3-1~
'\
o
-n=1 ---
--.l.~
---
\
~
.~
°0 i"':' - .~ ,1
" '''i
~II
o L.
II. IWt'::t:T !lEAR ... POW r:AS~F.(:RA IN} Mf C. ot"FSF.T NF.AR -"I p.ln GP F.(:flR I AN I
A. on'SPoT CASSEGnA 1 NT AN SYSTlm
$Y~;TF.H 1
SYSn:tt .,.' I "
I :~, • ~"·l
...
N (
--r:: .~
0-
I \ ~
;,"1 ]
\ \ ~~ - - -<. t,I)
\
\
\ j
\
\
\ \-
.......
......
\ "":' ........... \
":--~\- - - --
11.l i -: -: l
--
. <.
(
\..y
.
-::: :\.:- -
- \
.
-=
't!'}{<>J:',
. '\ '/~'O
.(
D. on'SF-'r GRE(:ORf AU SYSn:U R. RRI-"F.(!T(lft/JI',W; SYSTEtl r. DUAL UN! .YSTE"
FIGURE 5-39
INTELSAT V ANTENNA MODULE
FIGURE 5-40
beam may be achieved to serv~ a specific ground coverage area. Depending on the
feed array element, this system can be operated for any linear or circular
polarization. Circular p~lA~ization diversity is used since an offset parabolic
reflector does not generate a cross-polarized signal when the feed has a per~ect
CP pattern. Thus, for CP beams, good polarization isolation and axial ratiJ
can be obtained by properly designing the element and array configuration.
5.6.6.1 A~tenna Patterns for Fixed Satellite Service and TV Broadcast
Satellite Service
As satellite communications developed during the 1970's~ the rules and
regulations for fixed satellite service and TV broadcast satellite service fol-
lowed ~o diverse and very different paths.
TV broadcasting fro~ space long a dream ~ntil implemented by ATS-6,
CTS and re~~ntly, Japan BSE - followed a planned path which culminated in WARe·77,
where countries fro~ Region 1 (Europe, Regio~l 3 (Southeast
Asia, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, etc.) literally structured the 11.7-12.2
and 11.7-12.5 GHz bands by dividing the 11.7-12.2 GHz band into 40 TV channels
as shown in Table 5-43, and awarded each country invcIved, one or more orbital
slots, approp:"i.ate TV channels, and "r.ather complete details relative to beam-
width, EIRP, etc. These are set forth in the document '~orld Broadcasting -
Sate llite Administrative Radio Conference", Geneva, 1977, pub lished by the
Lnternational Teleco~nications Union, Geneva. Region 2 (North and South
America) was provided with exclusive positions for broadcast satellite service
in the orbital positions be~een 75~ to lOOow and 140 to 170o~.
0
In the fixed satellite service, there has been anormous resistance to pre-
planning due to the interference involved between space and ground systems, the
wide variety of international, regional and do~stic satellite systems involved
using largely s~~ellites with non-homogeneous EIRP levels, and the problems of
orL;ltal utilization and crowding, particularly at 4/6 GH?;. The philosophy of
-248-
C'.· I"'. \ ... Q~i\UTY
TABLE 5-43
1977 BROADCASTING SA·.l.'ELLITE PLAN FOR REGIONS 1 & 3
~stem Characteristics
Frequency Band 11.7-12.5 GHz in Region 1
11. 7 -12.2 GHz in Region 3 (.and 2)
Channel Spacing 19.18 MHz
RF Channel Bandwidth 27 MHz for both 525 and 625 line systems
Number of Channels 40
Guard Bands - Lower Band Edge 14 MHz
Guard Bands - Upper Band Edge 11 MHz
Polarization Circular (RH and LH)
Modulation FM
CIN Objective 14 dB (99% worst month)
ell Objective (Co-channel) -31 dB
CII Objective (Adjacent channel) -15 dB
PFD (Individual Reception) -103 dBw/m 2 , wanted at edge of covarage
PFD (Community Reception) -111 dBw/m2
Signal Proces~ing cerR pre-emphasis
Energy Dispersal 600 kHz, pk-pk
Satellite Characteristics
EIRP per Beam (dBw) Ranges 61.1 to 68
Transmit Beamwidth Varies depending on country and channel
POinting Accuracy ±O.lo N-S and E-W
Station-keeping ±G.l o N-S and E-W
Spa~ing Between Satellites 6 degrees
Earth Stations
GIT (individual reception) 6 dB/k
G/T (community reception) 14 dB.'k
Antennd. Beamwidth - individla~ receptiorl 20
Antenna Diameter - community reception 10
-249-
. '.. " , .. , -, , •. f • • . - - " - .1
... , , . \
If. .. .ffJ • •
-.. ,..., e
• • '" • - ' - -t-- .< . " _ _ _ •• _.~ ~ ,,~:. I . , ,_ .....,. . ~ ~,
fixed sat~llite service has been to rely on technological develo~ents, co-
ordir.~tion and negotiation to allow for increased utilization of the orbital
arc and the frequency bands in use, rather than a fixed plan t~ solve the pro-
blems of interference between networks and users.
The following paragraphs will discuss the various det~rminations of
antenna radiation pattern (side lobe) criteria whic~ have culminated the almost
decade-long antenna development during the 1970's in the broadcast satellite
service.
5.6.6.1.1 Satellite Antenna Pattern Regulations for TV-Broadcast Satellites
The original pattern envelope for a satellite broadcast antenna reco~ended
by the CCIR in May 1976 had a 25-dB plateau for near-in copolarized sidelobes.
In 1977, WARe-77 adopted a 30 dB plateau, shown in Figure 5-41. nowever, in
order to meet tha goal of providing each ad~inistration with 5 channels and
appropriate orbital and polarization assignments, it was necessary to obtain
better adjacent region isolation and better sidelobe performance fro~ the space-
craft antenna. A center-fed antenna will produce sidelobes 22-23 dB down with
a D/A ~ l~ and 25 dB dawn with D/A ~ 50 at 12 GHz, but 30 dB sidelobes with
16 $ DIll. 1k80 will require an offset feed. For a front-fed antenna, even though
an optimum aperture distribution is used, the blockage by the feed and supp~rt
structures present RF shadowing to the reflector ~nd act as scatterers. The
ciffraction pattern of the feed support structure is very broad and low and is
out of phase with the primary illumination. With a small aperture antenna, the
feed occupies a significant fracto n of the aperture, and the resulting loss of
gain and increased sidelobe levels make a -30 dB sidel~be envelope difficult to
achieve. An offset-fed configuration can circumvent blockage problems and
achieve the -30 dB level.
-250-
"'~'- .. ··-·r·~-··"·""",,~,--"·"""""'·''''''''''''''''''' 44¢IAII'iW9&*"""', ...· '''''''''."",,,,,,,,,,.,Q _ " , , - '''1"«*, 4.;. ,WlSit,
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I 1 I ! I ! II
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-20- ---r--+--t I ~'- - r--jli ~ ~ ---t' - I
- I ! ! I ! :! \ I I ; i ; II
I 1
~ f-- I i I ! I Ii'" ~--il-! ! I r I '--,-+-'~,-~
:: --30·- - ! 'i 1- ,,;--- f- - _ _-i-_~I'-+--+-+-~i
J ., ., I : : ~ _~.
__ -0- \' Ii," i ! I; Ii
% -1n~~ I I I' I: l \J_ I! I~I I -'-+-+-+-+H
_. ,I
,
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I
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iI
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-5 C I I I I :i i I I I : I I : : I ~
C.l 0,2 0,3 0,5 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100
Rcl.l\l'~ angle (~\
,,<;.
Figure 5-41
R'/t'rL't:CC p~::1. '1:( J~'r cJ"r'IIIJ" ";'.'ll Crl,.'j!-;"o: ... r l·.rro.-':. ~:.·!;!5
('or !";', :.'.1\ tr::;n~":lt:.r.g ,1!::~.~,.:.:
CWTI't' .~: Co-polar \:omponent
CUrl" 8: Crm;·polar .;:omponent
-251-
....."
~.~"."", ......_ _ _ -.''''. . .
r ......""'¥.~-··-·--. ,...%"""....-!O! """""'.........w
...... 1j_.
_ _ _-""2Q!"!.I!'!'.;;;SIII.,,!!,!._ _
The cross-polarized response specification is also severe, but can be
achieved if feed design is kept simpl~. This means using single-purpose feeds
which are designed for transmit or receive only. Since the cross-polarized
respor.~e depends heavily on the feed characteristics, if the feed is used ex-
elusively for transmitting and does not have to be part of a multi-function
feed, i.e., transmit/receive, then cross-polarized resp~nse in the range of
-35 to -40 dB can be expected across the main beam.
The spacecraft antenna reference pattern of the Figure is for an essentially
circular antenna beam and is predicated on the antenna illuminating a country
with circular boundaries. In this ideal case, the 3 dB down p~ints of the
antenna beam exactly centered on the country in question will inte~sect the
boundaries of that country.
The angle parameter 9 in Figure 5-41 is for the angle across an entire
o
pattern cross-section at the 3 dE power reduction points in the antenna beam,
while the angle Q is measured fro~ the center of the beam out toward beam edge.
Thus, the 3 dB power reduction points in Figure 5-41 occur for Qi9 ::> equa I to
0.5 and the drop-off in radiated power from 3 dB to 30 dB will occur in the region
between Q/Q '" 0.5 and 9/9 - 1. Actually, the 3 dB beat1'lWidth for 9 1.s not
o 0 0
necessariiy optimum :.or antenna efficiency and gain, even for a c;ount:ry having
a perfectly circula~ boundary. In 1969, J. W. Duneat. pointed out that in the
case of circular or pencil beams, maximum gain and therefore, Lpt~m antenna
efficiency, is realized when the angle Q corresponds to the -4.3 dB level of
o
the n0rmalized ?ower pattern.
The ?robiem with the pencil or circular beam antenna which provides the
implementat~vn of Figure 5-41 is that few, if any, countries on the face of the
e~rth have ci;cuiar bcunaaries and any attempt to illuminate circular patterns on
each of a group of ccntiguous count~ies or ~egions will produce an overlapping
-252-
of patterns resulting in significant radiated power densities into each adjacent
country which could result in considerable interference both within and beyond
each nation's boundaries.
WARC-79 must face the political situation that in some cases, the broad-
caste~s using TV broadca~t sat~llites would welco~e the increased coverage
pr~vided by the use of simple antennas. However, when considerations of inter-
ference above are us~d, WARC-77 clearly stated that limiting interfering power
2
flux density at the enge of a service area is -103 dBw/m for service areas in
Regions 1 a~j 3, and -105 d~1/m2 for service areas in Region 2. In addition,
the protection ratio for a broadcasting satellite signal against an interfering
terrestrial service (except AM multichannel TV) is 35 dB for carrier differences
up to 10 MHz.
In order to achieve this discrUnination against interference, the multiple
beam satellite antenna becomes an invaluable tool for shaping the transmitted
down-link beam into its unique service area. In the technical recommendations
to WARC-79 fro~ WARC-SPM, thiS point was clearly made by illustrating how a
multiple-horn offset-fed antenna could be used to greatly improve on the
circu 1 ar/ellyptical antenna beam pattern reco~ended by WARC-77. This illustra-
tion involved a 21-horn offset reflector (8 ft), designed for 11 GHz to serve
a very irregular boundary shape which is long in one direction and relatively
narrow in other direction and represents a very small country in the world.
Figure 5-42 shows the basic contours obtained; Figures 5-43 and 5-44 show the
improvement in pattern.
5.6.6.1.2 Fixed Service Satellites and TV-Broadcast Satellites - Orbit and
§pectrum Considerations
The growth of two different services, fixed satellite service and TV
broadcast satellite service, during the 19S0's will require careful consideration
-253-
" Fi~GE \~
ORlG\NI-.- QUAUTl
of POOR
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-254-
CR'~'''','~I ,",III
".' ", .. r' .<~E IS
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-255-
by vbRC-79 of how the radio spectrum is to be shared by both services. This
is due to the fact that the TV-broadcast satellite is designed to have much
higher EIRP than its fixed service satellite counterpart in ordet to serve
primarily small receive-only terminals. The coexistence of satellites using
~dentical frequency bands, particularly in the down-link, can give rise to
severe interference which can vil'tually paralyze the fixed services.
The CCIR XIVth Plenary Assembly in Kyoto, 1978, in its Document J.o-1l/112E
made a perceptive analysis of this problem when it discussed the effect on orbit
utilization when dissimilar (inhomogeneous) satellites for both TV-broadcast
and for television distribution in the fixed serviCF are coloeated in the orbit
and which use the same frequency band for down-link. The broadcasting satellites
would normally have higher power EIRP than the fixed service satellites, and the
protection of the latter would become a critical and difficult proble~. Figure
5-45 has been developed to relate antenna discrimination angle to copolarized
protection ratio for various fixed satellite earth station antenna sizes for the
case when the broadcasting satellite EIRP is 64 dBw for individual reception and
53 dBw for community reception; and the fixed service satellite EIRP is 45 dBw
which is a fairly high value. J..ssuming fixed satellite receiving earth station
sidelobe patterns conforming to the 32-25 10gl09 equation, it is evident fro~
Figure 5-45 that the greater. the didcrepancj' between satellite EIRP's the less
efficient is the orbit utilization. For example, with a 30 dB protectiot: ratio
for the fixed service having an antenna diameter of 4.5 meters, the required
angle of discrimination (orbit spacing) when sharing with a broadcasting satellite
for community recepti.:m, is 5.4°. However, when shared with a higher power
satellite designed for individual reception, the required angle is 14.3°.
Thug, one solution is to assign different frequency bands to the bl'.)ad.:ast
... n\ ;:~~xed 3ervicl'. :.:.:::ellites, which was already done in Regions 1 P'ld 3 in
-256-
L "". .
.~
..
Of h)v'~ Q ... :{\L:fV
~O'.---------------------------------------------------------------~
~-------~----------------------------.------------------------~----~
I
Z(l'~----~---
I I
-. - -- --------:",.,
::
.c r__________________________________________ ~c
J
---------------~
r
r-
22 ZI II
Figure 5-45
?~x~:-:a~~:::~~ ~~~~:~~
=e~~:::~f!
? : x ~ i - ~- 3.. w: .:. :. : e :.:-.::.~::: ~ ........... o.
~ ~
=·i~~::~~e
~~x~i-~~:~::~~~ ·3~~- ~:~~~:~ ~~~~~~a
•
.
" -. =- -. ----, ~ .
':~5..-··.. :!~~t J a ~:":.
: .... ::;. .,--
...... t
...... :
Froa Cell Working Document, Attributed to Dr. H. Ak1ma, U.S. NTIA,
Boulder, Colorado
-257-
=Wb _
Ku-Band, but not in Region 2. In this region, the 11.7 to 12.2 GHz band ia
now assigned to both. The U.S. position at WARC-79 was to assign this band to
exclusively domestic fixed satellite down-link and to allocate the 12.2-12.7
band to TV-broadcast in R&gion 2.
5.6.6.1.3 Antenna Sidelobe Performance versus Satellite Spacing
W. Morgan has developed the curve in Figure 5-46, showing how the two above
fo~ulae can be related to antenna diam~ter, satellite spacing in degrees and
side lobe perfo~nce expressed in te~ of decibels below the desired signal
rather than the conventional dB. This curve calls attention to the increased
0
interference seen by smaller antennas (4.5 meters) to satellites spaced only 4
apart and points up the basic reason why antennas smaller than 9 meters were
not allowed by the :ecc until Dec. 15, 1976, when a new ruling per:nitted 4.5-
meter video receive-only antennas in the 4 GHz band which meet the CCIR regu-
lations.
This spacing of 4 0 presents no problem for larger earth terminals with dia-
meters greater than 9 meters (having a half-power beamwidth of 0.6 degrees)
o
but the advent of the wide spread use of the 4.5 meter with its 1.2 half-p~er
beamwidth can introduce interference problems arising from an e_rth terminal
p~inted t~ard on~ satellite which also receives significant p~er flux fro~ an
adjacent satellite. Figure 5-47, due to Dr. J. McElroy of NASA, shows this
interference while making the following assumptions: (a) coverage is to be
provided for all 50 states, this limits the usable .e~nt of the arc to the
40 degrees fro~ 10C> to 140 degrees W. Longitude; (b) a e/I of -27 dB is assumed;
(c) the CCIR sidelobe envelopes are the basis for the ell calculation; (d) each
satellite is identical (:::-r a given f.requency band) and the 4/6 GHz and 12/14
GHz band satellites carry 24 trausponders, while the 18/30 GHz band satellites
-258-
- . . .. rs"
~::
QJ;\~.!TY
j
!
J
I
,
Q "I
i
! ... "',.."''''£
~ ..0 _ OI..... Tfll ' ' ' ' 1 -
," .!oQ -
_ _ _ 12 . 2S ... " 1'011 ~;, 1001
.6Q joo> - - _!2 . 10 101 ~ 25 ... " ,Fa. ~ < 100)
, J 1 GM.
Figure 5-46. Earth St.llon Sidelobe Inte"'erence Levell
-259-
- - -. - - -. -
"
- -. A ' ' -
,
-
. - ~ -.,-
."
• ~. ~ ., • •
,
~
~ .
, -
•. ' _ . • s · ~ _ J --- • -. l.-.. I k 7- " . . •• >'. .. '" ·'
---_._- ---- --------------------------- -------_.- "'-'
/ Figure 5-47
THE ADVERSE EFFECT OF SMALL
EARTH STATION AI\JTENNA DIAMETERS
ON UTILIZATION OF THE GEOSTATIC)NARY ARC
BY THE UNITED STATES
1000 j ,
,
.'
j
800 11990oTRAFFic'MODEl-=:s.:°-- _-0
'~18 GHz -,----;7»1('------
Z_·_·
I
t en
a: 600 J I / TOTAL 4/6 & 12/14 GH!
w
?~RANSPONDeRS- 15601 00
I
0 -n:D
Z
0
Q.
-oe
0%
0):11
--·-;~85 T·R~;IC M~DE~~-: ;or-
(J)
I
Z 400 I ; L f 0"0
4
I~c:
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I
0
I
l- (3201 l!g
~
N
l: 3° SPACING UMIT
~ii 1
t ~
V1
I
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:!
0 ,
,1
II
'It
I- t240,
Z
_~~~~~~~~~ 7
W
-I
~ 200
>
,I ::J
a
w
I
II
\
100
o
I"
1 2
C
l 4 5
EARTU STATION ANTENNA DIAMETER (mJ
6 7 8 9 10
I
.-..-,.. ........... ~ .... ..,
carry 60 transponders; and (e) the interfering satellite has the same service
area. The ordinate is the n~~ber of equivalent 40 M1iz bandwidth transponders,
and the ~bscissa is the dia~eter of the earth station anten~a. The crite·.ion
used 1.s one wnich limits the interference received by t~le earth station antenua
f:.:om adjacent satellites and th£refore the satellite spacing.
Three s~lid curves show the maximum number of transponders for the 4. 12
and J.8 GHz: down-links. Three horizontal lines show the 1990, 1985 and 1990
t~ :ic models from a previous chart. Two other dashed horizontal lines show
the current spacing required for satellites in the 4/6 and 12/14 GHz bands,
4 and 3 degrees, respectively. Thus, if this requirement is obeyed, then tho
upper segment of the ~w) cur-'~S for these bands is inaccessible. A composite
curve is sl:lOWTl for the total of ~he 4/6 and 12/14 GHz transponders which ob~ys
this constraint. It can be seen that the total is somewhat above the 19~5
traff ir; Ulo1e 1.
Yet a'tlother factor in the evolution of the earth terminal technology is
the move to higher frequencies to avoid the orbit crO".Jding and interference now
b~ing faced at 4/6 GHz, to take adv2ntag~ of the use of smaller antenna systems
(Le., 53S syste:n f,;;: data at Li.l14 GHz which is designed to use 5.5 :neter
antpnnas for roof- top mounting and 7.7 me ter 2.ntenruts for ground mounting), or
the use of I-meter antennas at 12 GHz for TV sate'. lite br..:>a.dcasting, or to use
the larg~ bandw.dth of up to 2.5 GHz ~t 20/30 Gliz for high data rate heavy
trunking or direct-to-user ap~lications. The move to h:~her frequencies can
also permit closer sat,'!llite spacing than used at 4/6 GHz. Figure 5-48 due to
J. McElroy, et aI, s~ows the mini~l orbital arc separation required to maintain
a c;pecifi~d level of interference suppressi.on fnr various earth ter.niroal dia-
me ters aI!d frequenc i'~s.
-26t-
'.
.'
....
'.' .
','
~ " •.
,\"
" ., .~' .•' -,
' , , ' .. '
;. .'.,
":J'
..,.' "
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. '':'
"/"".,~
, , - - '. i" '. ,
:"'-.
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(
,--
,.
----- ---------- ._---------_.. _- --
I
Ii
Figure 5-48
EFF'~cr OF INCtlEASED FREQUENCY ON EARTH STATION SIDElOBE
iNTERFERENCE lEVELS AND PERMISSIBLE SATELLITE SPACING i
o
--C], ----- - -- -- '-------
n-'-' "1
i~
-'
c(
Z -20
(!)
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00
(I) ",":0
0 -0(;)
U.!
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EARTH STATION
ANTENNA DIA~~TER (Mt
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ro
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t 2 3 4 6 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 80
I I
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-l
3
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20
I
SATEll!TE SPACING 9 (DEGREES •
. . int. ".hr. It,mrpnrr'tmn
'ttU6e!'T rr: ..srxsrt'rt'Wtmitftrt"tI@51lCmrnrtenrtil11=,mr.' , m rtm mit M••
5.6.6.1.4 Offset-Fed Reflector Shaoed-Beam Satellite Antennas
The first major use of multiple horn offset-fed reflectors was made by
F. Taormina, et aI, for INTELSAT-IVA. On this spacecraft, 53-inch transmit
and 35-inch recei"p ·squ~re reflectors are constructed of metallic mesh
on an open web frame to mintmize solar torque effects. The feed horn arrays are
cantilevered from the ma~t and are offset from the reflectors. Th~ receive
antenna provides coverage over each hemi.spheric area with a single beam, while
the transmit antenna system provides coverage with a northern and southern beam
for each ha~isphere .• In addition. the odd-channel tlAnsmit antenna provides a
co~bined hemispheric beam (on cummand) 1f required, while the even-channel antenna
provides coverage of tIle northern sectors only. The feed system for the odd-
channel antenna consists of 37 horns having integrated p~larizers and energized
with a transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) squarax transmission line power
division network. The physical arrangement of the feed horns in the aperture
plane is shown in ~ioure 5-49. There are 19 feed horns ~or east coverage and
18 hours for west coverage. Two of the west horns are on or off switchable to
accommodate differences between Pacific and Atlantic coverage requirements. The
north and south feed clusters have sc;-ara::e input terminals for spot and hemis-
pheric ope~ation. The antenna servicir.g the eve4 crannels is illumir~ted by
those noms provi.dil.lg spot beam coverage to the north-east (nine horns) and
north-west (ten horns) region~ only.
The INTELS.AT-V !."equirements are similar to tnoae of TIIT£T.,sAT-IVA except that
poLarization diversity was also required tQ provi"ie :;imultaneolls cO\lt:rage of two
overlapping regions in each hemisph~re. A t)~tprint configur~tion CO~G~ to t~e
Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean theaters was desireG, with a mir~~m amount
of ~itching in the fe~d ne, to accom:nodal:e differt;nces between areas.
Cffse~ r~flectors, as d signed by Dr. C. C. Han, are being utilizp.d for both th~
4/6 GHz and 11/14 GHz bands, with sepa~te structures for rc_eive and transmit
-263-
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POJR QUALITY
o SQUTloIWlST
D ~TloIWIST
~ NOI!TloIeAST
o SOU'n4IAST
~"VSICAI. ..... "'''NGEM!NT O~ -no "ORNS IN "pe .. rulil. PI...ANI
INTI:LSA'l' IV-A O:td-Chamlel Tnnsmit
.-\mama Feed Srstem
.. T\..ANnc: ,"SIN
Figure 5- ...9
Horn Arra~g~~ent for Odd-Channel Tra~s~t FeeJ Systen of :ntels~t
IVA and the 3eam Cove:age in Both :he.~tlanti:: and Pacific BasiD.
-264-
(see Figure 5-50). Tight control of individual shaped beam. is necessary to
maintain low sidelobes (for iaolation to the overlapping cross-polarized beam).
This beam ahaping is accomplisned by illuminating the offset reflector from a
multitude of individual feed horns (up to 85 for the two hemispheric beams),
each with controlled amplitude and phase as determined by optimization to achieve
the patterns shown in Figure 5-51.
The effort in developing offset fed multiple beam antennas at 4 GHz has
led to substantial investigation of the use of this new antenna technology at
higher frequencies. A. Rudge and N, Williams of ERA, U.K., using a specifica-
tion provided by the European Space Agency have developed a multibeam antenna
for 30 GHz using a multiple feed with a 0,8 meter reflector to produce three
beams. In the United States, investigations at Bell Telephone Laboratories,
multiple-beam offset antennas have been built for operation up to 100 GHz using
a 60.96 cm diameter reflector.
In order to illustrate the advances achieved in offset multiple beam re.flec-
tor antennas for beam shaping areas having ccrmplex contours, a 2l-horn offset
reflector (8 ft.) was designed for 11 GHz to serve a very irregular boundary
shape which is long in one direction and relatively narrow in other directions
and represents a very small country in the Indian OceAn region. Figure 5-42
sho~s the basic contours obtained including tre contour l~vel where drop-off
t~ 10 dB below peak gain occurs. Figures 5-43 and 5-44 show both the actual
c0polar and c.rosspolar pattern amplitude drop-off proyided by the 21-horn -.cf_
set reflector system as compared with the recommended reference pattern of
Figure 5-41 (see dotted line) for the long and narrou directions. Note that
the shaped beam copolar patterns greatly Lmprove on the W~RC-7? reference pattern
with improved crosspolar performance.
-265-
i' =
, 20uca " e22.ssa.
,. , ...... L t.... ,..._
.iit:E IS
; E. ;PI as: 4625 A.in E .. ats £ Ai *i
V,i.;",;".. QUALITY
Of POOR
It·
-"'. 1:
.. .
'
~ -.
...,...... : __':i
~.
.. '
..
'. .....
:
Figure 5- iO. 4 GHz Offset-Fed Reflector System for INTELSAT V
-266-
. e re .p
P.~GE IS
==~~-~----
-,-.-.-
...... -.-- ---:---:--
, .... .. .,.
~.
Intelsat V Indian Ocean Coverage
-~.~-~.--
-- -----..,-...,
Fig\tre 5-51. IntelsAt V Atlantic Ocean Coverage
-267-
Still another advance in multiple beAm antenna is the Torus antenna
(Figure 5-52) developed at Comsat Labs which allows the use of individual feed 1•
systems to access different portions of the earth from different sections of the
Torus.
The reflector technology has been given significant attention during th
19/0's. According to NASA's Dr. McElroy "high gain spacecraft antennas have
relied almost exclusively on reflector technology in the past. Reflectors have
j
enjoyed the longest and most intensive development and have the most mature i
analytical foundation. Several data points illustrating the current status of j
reflector te.:hnology are shown in the chart on tne facing page. ATS-6, which 1
j
has a 9.1 meter diameter reflector composed of 48 aluminum ribs with a gold-
plated dacron-woven mesh l'-·1."face, remains the largest aperture antenna flown in
space to da~e. The reflector weighs 82 kg and suffers approximately 2 dB gain
loss at C-band under worst case thermal distortion conditions. General Dynamics,
as part of a U.S. Air Force technology development program, has produced a fully
qualified graphite fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) reflector, 2.4 meters in
diameter. The reflector has a surface accur~cy of 7 x 10 -5 meters due to manu-
facturing toler~nces, degrades to 13 x 10- 5 meters under worst case thermal
dist0rtion and has approximately 1 dB gain loss at the operating frequency of
94 GHz unu_r worst case conditions. At 750 wavelengths aperture this represents
the largest aperture/surface quality reflector qualified for space flight use
today. TWo additional representative data points for flight qualified antennas
are shown together with one non-flight unit by Harris which was carried to an
adva~.lced stage of developo.nent. The ultimate reflector surface accuracy attain-
able with current technology, expressed as • function of reflector diameter,
can be approximated by the 4 x 10
-5 curve shown in Figure 5-53.
.~
-268-
-- .... ,.......:.
,
"'
I~
..
~L;;'LirY
A MULTIPLE-BEAM TORUS REFLECTOR ANTENNA FOR 20/30-GHz
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
Front f'eed and sub'reflector
Torus Antenna ~ometry Configurati.ons
FIGURE 5-52
.'
-269-
SPACECRAFT REFLECTOR TECHNOLOGY
ST ATU S (1 978) (DR. McELROY)
.100 I L L J I
I I I I 5
I I I I
KEY
.060
1 ATS·S (LOCKHEED I ~1 5 r;;
:
.040 2
30·FT. oiA. 0.055 IN. RMS
VOYAGER (FORol , 'l~ 10 ~
m
-
en 3
n·FT. OIA. < 0.010 IN. RMS.
ToRSS (HARRISI
V
~ ...
0
en
--en
Z 16·FT oiA. 0018 IN. RMS
.~ .020
4 USAF (Go/CI
8·FT. 0104. 0.005 IN. RMS
~ 20
CIJ
en
0
a::
> 15 HARRIS OEV
-3
'/ ...I
W
u
<t
a::
:::::>
U
C,)
.010
50·FT. OIA. 0.050
(MFG.,
IN. RMS
.2 /
V
,I
50
(J
«
u.
a:
:::::>
CI)
<t L_ %
UJ
C,)
<t
.')06
4 ~
/ -3
(,,)
%
u.
a: I 'I to-
:::::>
.004
I IA 100 «
~ r--..
C/)
>-
/ 0
2
I I" '-~0= 4 10-
LI.i
:::>
~
5
.002 ~
/ X
200'
0
LU
a:
I L&.
.001
2 4 6 10 20 40 60 100
RF:FLECTOR DIAMETER t? (FT)
FIGURE 5-53
!
I
c· -~r·-n-y e.g' -b-d
I,
5.6.6.1.5 Shaped-Reflector Shaped-Beam Anter]!!
A very important new technology for producing shaped beams from a spacecraft
, \
is one which involves shaping or contouring ~n antenna reflector 8Urface which
is illuminated by a single (or multiple) offset feed horn and using the antenna
reflector contouring to change the phases of the various ray. produced by the
antenna to p~oduce a focused beam into the particular earth pattern or footprint.
An Unportant realization of this type of antenna (Figure 5-54) is used in the
Japan Communication Satellite (CS). 111is satellite produces ..-''\tenna beams at
4, 6, 20 and 30 GHz with the 20 and 30 GHz beams contoured to fit the Japanese
islands as indicated in Figure 5-55. The four-frequency antenna system consisted
of a cylindrical cone ~orn reflector with a reflector plate specifically con-
toured to provide a pattern at 20/30 GHz which confined the principal antenna
0 0
gain of 33 dB to a beam shaped configuration with a beamwidth of around 2 by 3
around the islands of Japan. The initial electrical design concept for this
antenna was a~veloped by M. Kudo, et al. 1
5.6.6.1.6 World-Wide Antenna Experience
At the close of the 1970's, satellite antenna experience has matured in many 1
parts of the world. Tables ~-44 and 5-45 list the various participant~ in the
development of satellite antennas and include the satellites which have furnished
this experience.
5.6.6.1.7 Driving the Off-Set Reflector Multiple Beam Antenna - The Beam
Forming Network (BFN)
111e multi~le beam antenna using an off-set reflector il the principal
candidate for producing complex-contour £c~r.pr.nts for beyond the capability of a
crJntoured rent ctor system such as is ui1eu on the CS. It i", not pos:ible to
consi.der the multipl.e beam with many offset feeds without also considering both
•
ehe med'..ani sm by which the feeds produce the contour"j footprint, and the beam
-271-
Ci\~G::~,'.. ~- t'f-\G: 'S
OF poor~ QL'i\UTY
Four Frequency Antenna and Feeder Syste~ Using Shaped Reflector
for 4, 6, 20 and 30 GHz
Figure 5-54
I I
1I I
33 dB
20GHz
K-BAND
- 33 dB
3JGHz
I .,,,0
I
,:=:s;t;;;:::;:;;-~~L=--+----- - - ---r
I I C-PAND
_'v
I 25 dB
•
CHICH: liMA / 6~Hz C-BAND
• 130' ,
I
25 dE
,, OKINAWA ,, 4 (Hz
, ~
'""
'",
",,,'
"
" " ............ ....'"
----~ .... ---- --
Antenna Pattern Contours at 4, 6, 20 and 30 ;p~, fnr the Antenna
Sy.tem of Figure 17 ., Shewing the Shaping ~roduc.c at 20 and 30 GHz
Figure 5-55
-272-
'.: J
Company Loca:ion Application
alJg~es Ac. USA Int.laat. II, IV, IVA,
Anik. Palapa. We. tar. Coma tar
TRW USA lntellat III
Ford Aaro.pace USA Intei.at V
RCA USA SatcQID
Aeru.patial. France SY\IIPhouie
Salenia Italy Intellat IV
MitslJbishi/N!T-ECL JapfA1 JCS
GE USA J-~S£
HlJghu Ac.. USA SBS
Ford Aerospace USA Intellat V
'l'RW USA TD~~S
RCA USA Anik F4
Seh~;··... Italy OTS. Sirio
Toshiba Japan J-BSE
~t1ll Mal'ie t ta USA ATS-S
Ford Aaro.pace USA JCS. EIS-II, ECS
Comaat lAb. USA CQlUtar
20,3': GHz OlES France R-SA!
ERA U.K. H-SA!
CSLT Italy H-SA!
Denmark ii-SAT
....-----.--........................................--...............------.....--------------
!1craApI
-273-
TABLE 5-45
SPACECRAFT AN1ENNA MANUFACTURERS (WORLD-WIDE)
I
~ COlRpany Lucation ~~tell U~ Usc(L(!)arH'!D I
Yord Aer~8pac.1
Hughes
Bell Telephone Labs
RCA
USA
USA
USA
NASA Satellite, IN'fELSAT V. JCS
IN'fELSAT IV, IVA, '·t1k, Westar, Conatltar
Experimental K-Band Antennas
I
I
USA Satcom Nimbus, Tiros
G.E. USA BS~. I.andaat
TRW USA IN'l'ELSO\T lII, TDRSS
,I
~;,
~.
Fairchild USA ATS-6 00
",";0
Lockl,eed USA A'l'S-6
Ball Bros. USA Clussif1ed ~G1
0-
ottset Reflec~or RCA Lt.J./SPAR Cana.Ja C'fS oZ
Selenla Italy INTEJ.SAT V, OTS :r~
S leJ4ens Gernuu.y Azur a-o
C:P
I HaD Germany Symphonie l'C>
,..)
lIawkcr Slddelcy UK INTELSAT V r-P'
~
f'wrc011 i 11K ~-
-<en
• ~1ar()t II
ThoaI8u.l-CSf Fn.,'cc Tcrrcs~r1Qi Radio
Hltsublsh! Japall JCS Prutotype
Toshiba Jallah 8SE Prototype
NEe Japan ~xpcrimcntal I'lu8 Major Ground Antenna Manufacturer
-----.-
Lincoln Laus UJA Prototype 1/8 Gil.: Antenna
G.E. USA DSCS III
Ltlls Antenna.
Itughea USA Contracl DCA, 1/8 GlIz
Ft:'cd Aeroaptlce USA Contract t.:> Comaat i.!lba, 6/4 GII&
~
I lid teal Hughes USA Misrhat
• lIor" Fo~d Aerospace WA NATO-Ill
~'I t!~ tronlcai 1y Despun Ford Aerospace USA SHS G~S 8,C
C.ObS Pole An'~enna
.~""",".,"."",._-,..!,...u.J'",", _'" "... ",."''''.-...-.".................. , ..-!Io-....I-, ...........'''" ,..... L~"u:..........u.._........,.,.C ....... oIIMlo .... 1t Ib"! .. ·H!tM M .. t ..."tIl..... ·lIr,I...""""u. . . . . Wi !ilk ..... 'III..wt!.Ii!tM....... '...:tQrt./sWlII.-t,,; ,±nf=&HbrtndCJttf W" eotrlrrttrttlYlirttw" M :l:d',... ==
forming network (BFN) vhich is tlsed to excite o~ interconnect the feeds.
Multiple beam off-set fed reflector antennas have a unique ability to meet
the e'~r increasing demands on sat~llite antenna systems, by being ~ble to
ac~ompli~n such functions as: 1) ~proving EIRP over prescribed areas through
pi~ttern shaping; 2) allowing frequency reuse by both spatial and polarization
diversity; and 3) reducing interference outside desired coverage areas, to meet
nl!W WARe requirements on both copolar and cross-polarized energy. Solutions to
these problems generally result in larger, more complex antenna structures and
systems, which become an overriding factor in the design of the entire satellite.
The multiple beam anten~ (MBA) systems are capable of creating multiple
simultaneous ocams, each of which may be shaped from a numlxr of smaller consti-
tuent beams by the principle of superposition. This principle is illu~trated
in Figure 5-56, showing a set of three adjacent constituent beams added together
in space to produce a single broader beam with a relatively flat top and steep
"skirts". T1:1is allows more uniform coverage of the desired area, and more rapid
decay of energy outside this area, to reduce interference while alro improving
efficiency. The antenna designer would prefer to use the narrowest possic~e
constituent beams spaced as closely as possible together; this ~eads to very
large antenna structures and numbers of constituent bP.Ams. each 0f which must be
individua 11y formed and fed. A natural limitation occurs in the allowable spacing
of feed horns, ba3ed on their mintmum size; this generally occurs at a spacing
of about 0.6 beamwidths.
Table 5-46 denotes the approximate number of beams which would be required
for earth coverage from synchronous altitude (ISO) i~_ ~rious beam spacings,
auuming a ".0 c.onstituent beamwidth (requiring a 17-ft diameter aperture at 4 GPz).
The crossover le~~l in each case is al~o showu; this determines t1:1e amount of
ripple in the composi..:e pattern between beams. The large numbers of beams r.esult
-275-
I
~
. _ •• }._,...,.. : ....... ..;o=~_ _.•• ______ '""""'""'-.
, • • ."_ ......
'--
~~.b .. r~_' __...... ·_~.t;r._ .~·._~~_~_.·_.--, . ...:..._'-t~iJ~·~""-",,~T'-;;"~""~.""~~_:;.;,;.,,o,..:....:o-.·~~-sn_·
....-""f . ~-
...............' ......
-· ...-....
"' ....."IiII'·
.. - - ...
·,.".".
- e=;."",_...·...' '=_....' ...
........
-- - _ .io;o;. . .- . - - ift:,.i5ii-_='...
,",,'hzMiLoii'
--. ._ . -"" - iiOI·_.....-"""...
·.....
',..
-- - w ."
• - -."...
- 'iiiII';J_
" '...-. ... - -
--~""""--~'-*'""''--~'~~'~C''''-'-~-~~---="----''--",,",!,,'gPo..............._....."._.--o.'!'...." •.~.~ "..................' ........"..,...""""......""'¥""""II!'I'I!!'~-_-""""'
.................._--_f""'IO~~!!lI!'I~
r:'~
t
(
R
f
!
r in complex large and heavy beam form~~g networks (BFN's).
i
An example of the use of thi3 MBA technique is the Intelsat-V communications
antenna which consists of separate offset-fed reflectors for ~ranBmit (4 GHz)
and receive (6 GHz) (Figure 5-57), as pictured in Figure 5-58. The transmit
reflector is 8 ft in diameter, and is fed by an array of 78 contiguous feed
horns, each excited with both senses of circular polarization to produce four
separate beams, as shawn in Figure 5-57. Two of these beams cover hemispheric
~ regi'Jns of existing ground stations, while the other two are cross-polarized
I zone beams for high-traffic areas. The combination provides four times frequen-
I cy reuse, with a ~tntmum of 27 dB isolation between beams.
movable spot beams are included, operating at 11 and 14 GHz.
A calculated contour plot of the west-zone receive !>eam is shown in Figure
In addition, two
5-57, depicting relative locations of the 18 constituent beams used. Each has
0
a beAmwidth of about 2 , and all are excited with nearly equal amplitudes, except
the edge beams, whose relative amplitudes are shaw~. Contours up to 30 dB below
the beac peak are shown, representing loci where 27 dB isolation from the -3 dB
edge-of-coverage contour is provided. Thi') -30 dB contour is thus the nearest
edge of another co-polarized beam operable in the same band, and with the desired
minimu~ isolation f~r frequency reus~. The spacing between edges of such beams
is generallv ~t leaJt one full constituentbeamwidth, thus placing an upper
limit on the number of multiple beams achievable within a given area for a given
size antenna.
Excitation of the 78 individual Intelsat-V feed horns with the proper
amplitudes and phases is accomplished with an air-&uspended striplinP. BFN shawn
in Figure 5-59. This network consists of a cascade of hybrid-ring power dividers,
with interconnecting line lengths adjusted for phase control.
I
! -276-
. ;
or~~!N!lt PN~r IS
0;: Pv.::; QU,I\UTY
IM'ltvtOUA"
CONI"''''' ..'" .... ~
Figure 5-56 r
,~ .
~.
t
Slqi ...................... H
MBA I' IIAMS ItaQu1uD pea £loaTH c..lYDAOl
s.&m SpadDC 0.8 0.' 1.0 1.2
Number of Bam. 800 4'70 300 2l'7 Table 5-46
Cro• .o..r 1...1. dB -1.1 -I. g .:1. 0 -4.3
•
.,i
l-t.1
L _____-=:=::==:=::=-----:-:-:-:-:ll-t.o
t .• 1.1 '0 " t.' •.• :,.e ,_, ,., ,.' -1-' -I.' -I·' ..... ·1.' _to . . . . . . . . ·t ••.•
I~'" , .l/tI'II' CMM'tt ....
1f\r-'t'It: , " .• ctll'ft ,,.,,.
Figure 5-57
-277-
·.
('l:'\C··~\·· .
~f'P'OOR
Figurf.! 5-58
-278-
I·-~··
!\
I
C~lC :~,t
~ \
Or r~() ,.~ ."&
Figure 5-59
~ I
I
-279-
.'1% .. ,
Future broadcast satellites will undoubtedly require even mora complex
antennas, including ~ch features as reconfigurability - the ability to adjust
beam ehapes on command, to meet changing user requirements or to avoid inter-
ference.
To explore lome of the detailed requirements of future systems, consider
a six-beam reconfigurable casa.,* For 10 conatituent beams, an antenna system
with perhaps 256 beams i. usable, by eliminating coverage in unused areas such
as over oceans. Reconfigurability could be implemented by a BFN composed of a
matrix of cascaded variable power dividers (VPDrs). Full flexibility for each
of the six beams woul~ require six BFN's with 255 VPD's in each, cascaded in eight
levels) plus 256 six-way switches (one at each feed element to select the beam
to which it is assigned), plus 256 phasers to control excitation phases, as
pictured in Figure 5-60. This would entail a total of 1530 VPD's and 1536
switches snd phasersj if each weighed only an ounce the total BFN would be over
100 lbs, including interconnections. In addition, its losses would represent
a considerable waste of power, as projected in Table 5-47. Naturally, these
losses as well as the size and weight of the BFN can be reduced by simplifying
the deSign, at the expense of some system flexibility. However. it appears
attractive to look at an alternate form for the BFN - an active BFN. sUnilar in
principle to a phased array with separate amplifiers at each antenna element.
The receiving portion of the MBA should preferably be a separate structure
to avoid diplexing at each feed element, and to reduce filtering requirements
by providing at least 50 dB of spatial isolation. The form of the receive por-
tion of an active MBA is pictured in Figure 5-61; it is similar to the transmit,
with low-noise preamplifiers in place of power types. Characteristics of avail-
able preamplifiers are listed in Table VI for the bands of interest. GaAs FET's
~ Dr. W. Hatthews, C. L. Cuccia, ~. Rubin, FACe.
-280-
- nfii' s&-"
• ...iii.,;,;,~- ~ ....~.-'"~~......----~.---------. . .
~ ~.. ,~
.j
()i' i I,.::: ..: QJJ.:.LlTV
_HOMII. 1 ..ICDIIIIIClUIIMU ..
Figure 5-60
Co~ rlaiblc lis-beam BFN.
Band. OBI: 4/8 11/14 20/30
VPD l~1 (8). dB 1.8 2.4 3.8
Switch loeal, dB 0.5 0.8 1.2 TABLE 5-47
Pha..r l~., dB 0.4 0.5 0.8
COlUlllet101ll~I, B 0.5 0.8 1.1
Total lOll, dB 3.0 4.5 &.8
"
• 11-
Figure 5-61
I'OI'TI
-281-
are usable i., aU bands, but the 30 GHz band may use d1roct mixers with sU,htly
poorer noise, to allow the BFN to be built at C or X band.
The receive BFN could incorporate 256 preamplifiers, one at each f .. d
element, or powers from pairs could be combined to reduce the number of ampli-
fiers to 128. Their power consumption is 10 low that .ize and weight con.idera-
tions would probably prevail, as well as the flexibility of individual element
ph.Ilse control.
Filtering to suppre.s the transmit signal. to an acceptable level .hould
require only 60-dB rejection. Filters of the same type ~. transmit will be
usable, with 3 of 4 sections. Phasers and VPD'. will also be stmilar, with
slightly higher losses. The same linearity and stability requirements will
apply, especially if any signal cancellation techniques are to be u.ed for inter-
ference suppression.
5.6.6.1.8 1he Multiple Beam Footprints on Earth - Introdu~tion to Pointing
Accuracy
Each of the horns of a multiple beam antenna produces an essentially circu-
lar spot beam; the super po.ition of these beams then - in a simplistic approach -
produces the desired overall contour.
Figure 5-62 shows how nine circular 1.S-degree beams can cover the United
States - or how 77 O.S-degree beams can accomplish the same coverage (with far
less illumination ripple). Figure S-63 shows essentially one of the O.S-degree
beams illuminating the Wa.hington DC area with its boresight axis centered into
Maryland. Figure S-63 also show. how the beam power drops off as a function a •
• distance away from boresight axis.
Actually, the shape of the earth makes a circular spot illumination impossible
except onto the equator from a point directly over-head. Figure S-64~hows how
I -282-
·~t au. .44Q04.¥¥. .@LU • . .
,
... 1' •
\ .
-- ....,-
I
/
---..,. ...
( -, \
\, . \ '..J
.....(f!5:: .....,/" •
... ~ ~ ~
L.....- ........ ...a...!.- _. _ _ 0.4. _____ - ' -_ _- ' - '_ _......._ _~_ _.....
~---,
' _ _...I.'_ _....J1
~
0
dU·........ ;;;pot ~e.m Cover.ge of the U.S. by Nine 1.5
(.1rr..... l.'" z.t<am~
ANTENNA BEAMWIOTH • 0.50EC,RUS
77 BEAMS REaUIRt:O FOA COMPLETE COVERAGE
60
Multi?l. Beam Cover.,e of the U.S.
by 77 0.5 0 Circular B.~
_ Spot Beam
Illumination of the
U.S, by the AlS-6
0.34 0 Spot Scam
~ved to Six
Positions
Figure 5-62
-283-
I
CONTOUR DRTR
SYMBOL LEVEL
R -2.000
8 -4.000
C -6.000
D -8 • 000
E -10.000
F -15.000
1
I
1
~,
l
Figure 5-63
__~~____~_~~_~-____.___. . . _~___________________~....A
r'! • F"'··~ r-
,.1
... .,. .,. ".
, ~'\I
] ;. , •. ; I I
!
M'· ,,.0 ...
,
\...l
n,· , ... ... ... ne
... •••
lI· i'·
... ...
... II·
...
2.,OXUOILLI,TlCAL .IAM,
MIIIOIt AIISO",,"YID ""·W ...
11 0 ".
toO t>
,..
100
".
,.n,· ,,,. ,,,. , ... ",0 ,,,. ,,.. to.
SU.-'OIIlT
.,. ... 11· ••• SO" ... ,.
JOo
E"1m ric 1'1 ,:u\,o:rOlI!O: r·IIICfI)
Figure 5-64.
2:0 ---1----..,..----,----..---17 1--..,
2ool----'-L-----1~-+---1-71
i
I
i.
'80 I...---I-~~--+----+I__;_
~--;---/--1'
~V\ (tf
=: L---+--~-_""'-+-V~~-t-V"""""'7"'-1
'60 J
i,
~ ,.oL-----~I-----__
~-~~~~----~Ir-~----~71~1----~~
i
i~ ::L-.....L~~~-+~-+~J~
I /I
! /'
.iI
1
~ ~L-----~------~----_4------~~~--t_--~_1
i _~ )Jr
I ~~~--_4~~----_+~_+I----~
J
~L-----~----~----_4----__r_----~----~
~~"---"~-----+i------~------~-----~----~
o 10' 30° 40' !O 60'
DEGREES LATrn.l:J£
Figure 5-65
Dis~ance ~or:h froe Beam Center to the 20-dB Power Recuc~1on
., Poin: of an AntennA Ha"ling ~he Be&::! Pattern
The ~is~ance East or ~est will be the S~ as t~e Distan~~ at
O~ Latitude
-285-
··;=:f5f!ijii4&::"''''_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..... _w_·.__
. ·________.......__..x_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _il_.·. . . .rtf.
a contour will elongate away from the direction of boresight, with the distance
elon8ati~g according to the nominal curve. of Figure 5-65 for three beamwidth. as
a function of latitude.
Table 5-48 .how. the width in mile. of a .atellite footprint (circular)
at the equator from a satellite directly overhead. Note that a spot beam with
a 0.5 degree 3-degree beamwidth will have an Uluminati()n width of 190 mil ...
Table 5-49 shows that a shift of 0.1 degree of the boresight axi. will
result in a shift of the footprint by 38 miles. This may be trivial for a very
wide footprint, but for a Bet of narrow beam footprint design£d to pt'ovide a
rapid power-flux~density fall-off ~v ~ ~~!ghboring contoured beam, th~s move-
ment may be enough co produce major interference into the edge of the neighbor-
ing area. 1
1
-286-
~ . ;;::C'4_'~
!AlII.! 5-48
Width of a Satellite Footprint at the
Equator from a Satellite Directly Overhaad
Circular Spo .. Beam Width ir. Mile. of
3-dB BealllJidth Circular Footprint
4° 1536 miles
3° 1152 miles
2° 768 mile.
1° 3&4 miles
0
0.5 190 miles
0.4° 153.4 miles
0.3° 115.2 miles
0
0.2 76.8 miles
0
0.1 ~o miles
-287-
-_~ .,. . ___
. b:e_"""'
.._
~
TABLE S-49
3"t"~sight of a satellite spot beam in miles on earth
due to a beam pointing error - of a satellite positioned
directly over the eguator
Beam Pointing Error Motion in Miles
of Beam Boresight
2
0 768 miles
l.Sc 576 miles
1
0 384 miles
0 192 '!niles
0.5
0 95 miles
0.25
0.2
0 76.7 miles
0.15
0 57.6 miles
0.1
0 38.4 miles
O.OSo 19.2 mEes
-288-
•
Pointing error due to yaw axis error
Figure 5-66
-289-
,~:,> .\'!.. P!\G~ IS
OF poeR QUALITY
200
V
J V )
leta Ii L / V
/
V /
8°
J J
I 1 'I V
160
J
v V 61 /
.-.
e 140
/ / )
If
si
v
V
-
~
V V V ) 1/
""
.c
0"
.~
III / I I V 7
V v v lL
cu 120
/
~
0
I:Q j ~
to
C
C / I / / v/ /
v
cu 100
J i v VL
~ v-
V
II
~
C
4:
1M
J ?
/ IVV / V
0
~
c 80
ecucu I) "/ / / V ~
V V
I, VI V
()
to
r-4
/'1 /' 2° V
0.
Ul
60
/ / L
/; Ij V V L ~
.~
Q
L ./
/
40
IIIV V ~ ./
/
"
II 1/ / V V V
."
1l_1 Cl
~ --- ~
~
20 WVj / V ..--- - ~
~
~ ~,. V ..--
'/
~
b-....-::
~
If #'
o.s 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Yaw Rotational Error (degrees)
. .Figure 5-67. Displacement of boresight vs yaw
,t · .. .,.
(~ . , , rotational error
-290-
en tt"· tffiMr" . -Or, "$ . •-) rt- Wt t·- . t '-.--- ~
5.6.7 Satellite Attitude Control Te(~nology
Having explored the extent of beam motion as a result of a shift in boreaight
axi3, it is now tmportant to consider the primary parameter for maintaining
satellite position to mintmize such a shift; i.e., the satellite pointi~g ac~
curacy which is b.sed on a technology which has expa~ded over the years as much
as even the technology of antennas or amplifiers.
According to USSG IWP 4/1-12 (8 April 1980), prior to WARC-79, satellite
antenna pointing tolerance was specified in the Radio Regulations in paragraph
470VF. It was specified, relative to the nominal pointing direction, as lot of
the half power beamwidth. or 0.5 degrees, whichever was greater. For beams which
are not rotationally symmetric about the axis of maximum radiation, the tolerance
in any place containing this axis was related to the half power beamwidth of that
plane. The limitation did not apply to global coverage beams (since pointing is
not critical), and was not required to be applied if no unac~eptable interference
was caused to other systems. The Final Acts of WARC-79 retain the provision of
1070 of the half power beamwidth. but reduce the ~inimum tolerance to 0.3 degrees
from 0.5 degrees. No tolerance has been established by the Radio Regulations or
by WARC-79 concerning the maximum amount that a beam is permitted to rotate about
its axis from its nominal orientation.
Several independent factors contribute to satellite antenna mispointing.
In addition to the attitude c~ntrol of the satellite, thermal distort1on of the
antenna system and solar radiation pressure affect the pointing independently.
In addition. variations in pointing occur over varying periods of time. There
are time invariant biases; long period errors due to diurnal orbit variations;
short period errors such as jitter and nutation; and transient errors euch as
those produced during maneuvers. At any given time these effects may combil~
to increase mispointing. or they may cancel each other out. When determining the
overall pOinting error which a satellite can maintain, the mathematical method
-291-
,,~~0uM- - ...
-LfIII&o"'#_--~~_·~·"""'_"'· r..,;e,"""'·.... ...
".""_-fi...
~,r
··· ... ··-_ _·... · ...w............._ _ _ _ _ _ _ioio·t_·S_ _ _ _
"'........... liltllilidfliii'_",,'_~_nlli'·.ZOIliii·.'. .·.t
IIIIio' -ilI'·nllillill·
....iiIIlliiI....... ....
whic~1 is used to combine these individual effects will strongly affect the
predicted results. These effects can be effectively eliminated by the use of
a cooperative groundbased tracking beacon system, in which the satellite antenna
is moved in order to precisely track a beacon lignal transmitted from the ground,
regardless of the satellite attitude. However, such a system adds to system cost.
In the absence of a tracking beacon, other pointing control techniques
such as earth-sensor or star-sensor systems can be employed. Because of the
effects listed above, the pointing accuracy of satellites so equipped is lUnited
to 0.1 to 0.2 degrees. Tr&cking beacon systems, such as that which will be used
on the Satellite Business Systems (SBS) , Palapa B, and Westar B satellites,
~re able to maintain pointing to within 0.05 degrees; however, requiring the
use of such systems on all future satellites would add to their cost and com-
plex~ty, and in most cases would not provide significantly moTe interference
protection than non-beacon systems. Current domestic/regional satellite antennas,
for example, have typical edge of coverage gain slopes of 3 to 5 dB/degree. Thus,
if pointing is maintained to within 0.2 degrees, less than 1 dB of gain variation
will be observed. The ilnprovements in interference protectl.on to be gained by
tightening the tolerance beyond 0.1 to 0.2 degrees are small compared to the
higher associated costs.
Beam rotation due to satellite yaw errors, for which no tolerance eXists,
has a negligible effect on orbit utilization. As an example, consider an ellip-
tical beam with characteristics as defined by the Final Acts of WARC-77. For
such a beam, assuming a 3 to 1 ratio or ~jor to minor axis, the gain variation
produced by a 1 degree rotation is less than 0.15 dB near the 3 dB contour.
For more circular beams, the variation is considerably less. Thus there is no
• need to impose beam rotation tolerancel .
-292-
1
j tr .J
Several satellite design and operational factors which can influence orbit
utilization have been discussed, and suggestions have been made as to how tightly
they should be controlled such that their interfering effects can be reduced
without adding significantly to overall system cost and complexity. The tolerance
levels required to achieve the desired goals for stationkeeping and pointing
tolerance do not differ greatly from those which must be imposed in any event
in order to provide adequate co~nications system performance. Tig~ r tole-
ranees on stationkeeping and pointing than those mandated by WARC-79 are achiev-
able using current technologies, but care must be taken to avoid imposing un-
reasonably strict requirements whicb produce lit~le added benefit in increased
interference protection.
Figure 5-68 show~ a chart a~cording to Walter Morgan, which relates antenna
pointing accuracy to year of launch, to minor axis of narrowed antenna beam.
Here the antenna beamwidths (dots) and the pointi~g accuracies (triangles) of
29 spacecraft are compared. A vertical line connects these parameters and a
horizontal mark is placed at the 0.1 0 beamwidth point.
Note tha~ while manufacturers and users have cla~ed 0.1 degree since 1973,
a 0.1 degree pointing accuracy is met by only one-third of all spacecraft shown.
5.6.7.1 3-Axis and Spin Stabilized Satellites
The most well known technique of stabilizing a satellite is spin stabiliza-
tion, which was proposed by Dr. Harold Rosen of Hughes in the early 1960's and
first used on Syncom 1. All succeeding Intelsat satellites up to lntelsat IVA
are spin stabilized. Intelaat V is 3-axis stabilized.
Spin stabilized satellites are a predominant U.S. :apability, although the
European Meteosat, '.hich is a spinner, used this technique with great success.
1
Table 5-49 lists the two types of spin stabilized spscecraft, including the
.!
single spinner with the rotating antenna on electronically despun antenna or the
dual spinner with the Jespun antenna. The satellites using spin stabilization
-293-
<' W
~ I• •
,..
'U ! •
!n
2
:. ."
.
4(
...,
1M
•
!eJl
. tit.
't
Z
....
o -- -
, ,
1'7
'I
Ao
•
.1 ,- ONI·inoT\l bE ~atn4
?C!'NT"J() ~tJ«A''1
0,01 ~"""""'!I~...-4-""".'.-".-"'I--I~I~iJ~-.J,!--I~-"""'-~1~8~t~-"-"'_...L.._~~'" .01
YE",';t oF" INITIAL. LAf.ANCIr
1. DCst-1 11. AltlK-8 21. SATCOl
2· INTELSAT IV 12- SHe ON 22. MUOTS
3- OSCS-II 13- US.I , -9 23- CS (SAKURA)
4- ANU-A 14- "AltISAT 24. HTSATcnM
5- W[STU 15. INTE'.SAT ,- 25· CTS (HERMES)
6- ATS-' 16- TDRS/AW 26- TVIS (Gtr •• ny)
7. CO"STAIt 17- LOw. (H-SAT) 27- DSCS.III
1- n"'HOlfJ£ 11- SIS 28- OTS
9- IlATO II t 19- ECS (ESA) 29- SlRrD
10- lSE (VURI) 20· INsn
..
Figure 5-68 (\J. Morgan)
/.
I
-294
L #'b -I'M'· -ft n.w.........·_ _·_·_..._ _ _ _ _...··...· ......_......4i_lllIx.··_d
pc
i AMt so h.i 04,"" ...'·•.FM'''411;; .... .:;4 £"p; ;;45 ii _ - ..... - "'" 0 , OW OOOM" . ._ _ • ,- .. " .. , -'. -"." , - - •• " _n "0' ----::.-' - "',,..- " ' - " " " ' . . . . . . ,
j
~
'I
~'"LE 5-49 11;
WORLDWIDE ACTIVITY IN TIE ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR SPIN STABILIZED SATELLITES
Satellites
Characteristics Used Conments
Typ~
Antenna spins with satellite. SHS Using special sensors snd sensor logic
G<ES for ("ontrol:
Single Spinner
Uses momentum of spinning body
and antenna for stabilization-
requires correction for
10£ TE OS AT
IDCSP
- Spin type sun sensor
- Blipper earth sensor
j
proce~sion ba~ed on position 1
signal from earth and sun Uses thrusters for precession correction:
sensors. - Hydrazine
- Dry sas
- Bi-propellant
I
N
Antenna is despun and faces NATO III Uscs spin type earth sensora and spin
\D
INTELSAT IVA type sun sensora.
""
I earth while body spins.
INTELSAT IV
Uses momentum of the body Uses mechanical despin drive .ator:
JAPAN CS
Dual Spinner for stabilization .NTELSAT III - Ball Bros.
ANIK - Ford Aerospace
WE STAR - Hughes
Requires thruster PALAPA
correction for procession Uses thrusters for preceseion correctives:
based on signals from - Hydrazine
earth and sun sensors - Dry 8as
- Bi-propellant
are the principal communication satellites in orbit today.
For many years, 3-axis stabilized satellites were a unique U.S. technology
but awareness of the rise of such satellites for space platforms led the Euro-
peans to also concentrate on this art to develop what is today a significant
3-axis attitude control capability which is almost at the level of that in the
u.S. Table 5-50 lists the important 3-axis stabilized satellites launched in
the 1967-1974 time period showing the number of European satellites using this
technique including Symphonie.
In this study, the analysis of satellite technology is limited to 3-axis
stabilization because of th~ size of the satellite which must be designed to
include the capability of supporting large antennas and of maxfmizing the percent-
age of payload mass to dry sic mass.
The technologies involved in 3-axis stabilization relative to user and
1
country or origin of manufacture are listed in Tables 5-51 and. 5-52. Here, it
is evident that Europe has developed a significant capability - almost equal to 1
I
the U.S. - as far as hardware is concerned.
Germany has developed special competence in reaction wheels and both France
1
and Germany have shown competence in momen~An wheels. Ford Aerospace and Commu-
nications Corporation is presently using the German MBB/Teldix attitude control
system on Intel.at V. This German group had already developed attitude control
.1
equipment for Symphonie which has an excellerlt history of stable operation in
j
space.
All att~tude control systems for communication satellites using either spin
or 3-axis attitude stabilization require various .ensors and gy~os to perform
the stabilization. Table 5-53 lists the various types of sensors and gyros
used in space and the manufacturers from whom they can be procured. This list
indicates the significant European competence which has been developed in this
-296-
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._. ' - ..... ..- ."'-' . - ·.--... -- . '.-.... oUl1I i:
. ,
TABU: 5-50
U1POr.TANT THREE-AXIS STABILIZED SATEJ.LlTES LAUNCHED IN 1967-1974
Spacec raf~. Launch Date Hi8sion/Comments
July 28, 1967 Exceeded expected lifetime; 8tabilized without gas by d~ping
()(;O -4
stored momentum from reaction wheels.
Demonstrated excellent three-axi8 8tabilization in intended highly
OGO-5 March 4, 1968
elliptical (180/91, 160 miles) orbit; achleve~ 52 montha operational Ufe.
~,
Decembe= 7, 1968 Three-axis gyro stabilization in addition to OAO-l AVeS. Demonstrated
OAO-2
30 arc-seconds pointing accuracy.
Demonstrated 36 month life; first Jay and night weather mea8urements.
Nimbus 3 April 14, b69
November 8, 1969 German satellite, utabilized by elliptical bar magnets.
Azur 1
,!,
0 ,,'-
Improyed TIROS metf!orological satellite. three-axis stabilized to 1 ;
lTOS 1 January 23, 1970
exceeded design life.
Nilnbus ·tt April 8, 1970 Still operational.
i
, French; gravity gradient ;}tabi l1zed.
N PEOPlE 1 Dece.ber 12, 1970 t"
\0
--J
'fD-lA March 12, 1972
French scientific satellite in polar orbit; inert~1a wheels and gas jets. .-"'"
1
.~
I
Earth Resources Technology Satellite-I; still operational (45 months -- -~
Landsat A July 23, 1972 -< l·;
va. 12 montha design life.)
4,900 lb. spacecraft named Copernicus. Achieved 0.1 arc-sec pointing
OAO-3 Augu8t 21, 1912
accuracy.
Transit naviga~ional satellite with passive senaors, moaentUB wheels
TIP-l I.
September 2, 1972
and gravity gradient.
October IS, 1972 ITOS-Dj operated 25 months (12 months design life).
NOAA-2
December II, 1972 Still operational.
Hi 's 5
Aerc8 1 Deceaber 16, 1912 Genaan
October 30, 1913 Gravity gradient stabilizedi no other sensors.
Transi t
HOAA-3 November II, 1973 rros-p
United Kingdom satellite called Miranda; ACDS desIgned to demonstrate
UK-X4 March 9, 1974
3 arc-min. accuracy with only gas jets, horizon and star sensors.
... 0", .....:.",."-_... "."_,,,., ........... '-"-~ ...;.......... ~, ....... ~:dI!!.... "'"",".h+_~~~·"'J>'IIi'''n_'·' _ _ _ tkW''_M''t!ttI!!" t9. , t# tMbttt·.....HWIIi. . . W.'H'W!lttiM *t 'dC r
TABlE 5-51
Htl'OKTAN'f TI!lU:,~-AXJS STAUllIZElJ SA'Il:I,J.lTES I.AlINt.:ID::U IN 1~bl-ltJ/4 (Coutlnut:d)
S"al't!craft 1.~tllU'h Oit Lc HI 118 I OIi/COUII/CUl Ii
ATS-6 Hay )0, 1974 i.arge (l090 lbs ami 26 fl. hllth) l'UflllllunlcatlonM balel) He wllh
30 ft diameter dnleuna reflectur; HUll 1)1'erutluIliJl.
Tlmatinl\ ) July 14, 1')74 t;rllvlly gl'udlellt and IIWllM.!ntulu wheel HliJlJlll" ... tJon.
AI.:(','II 2 J III Y 1b, 1~ I:. Gc r.llall
ANS Atlguli t )0, I 'J 14 Utlldl !io.JlclliLc; FJnil St:uul IOJIlIlt:hc.1 satellite to be lheee-
axlti bLdb1It"cJ •
•
1'.)
\Q
00
I NOAA-4 Novt!llIho: l' I ~, 1 tJ /4 l'l'OS-t; wiLh mumclltUJIl tty wheel btOJLllhallon; .. till oIH:.:ratJondi.
Symphonle 1 Uct:ClltUcr 1IJ, 1974 "'rcllt:h/t;crlladn t:ullluunh:at!on sOflclllle uliing I80IIICntUill fly wllcel
.. l~ul1 halton.
00
." :;;J
(:')
-C '"
C ",..
(~
:J ,-
>
.0-0
,. •.• '"l",
j:-, b
r- rr.
=i R_
00«(1)
•
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"
il,
~
~I
I
• TABlE 5-52
WCRUlWlDE ACTIVITY IH A'ITI11JDE CONTROL SYSTEHS FOR BODY STABILIZED COfoHIHICATION SATELLITES ..'
(ZERO K>t£HTUH)
Typical Typical Manufacturing
Characterlatlcs Actuator rune t ion Use Manufacturer Coaapany
Reaction wheel To correct errore in Teldix
t
~.,
LANDSAT Geraany
.atellite pointing Japan BSE ~::.dix U.S.
HUISUS Sperry U.S. :1
I
Thru.ter Upload. reaction Virtually Aerojet-General U.S.
- Itydrazine ~eel to do gross all Thiocal U.S.
Body ha. no (moat u.ed) correction. satellites Martin HBA~ietta U.S. , ,
I real dual Dry sae SEP fran'~
t-l lDaa.en t t.a
\0 - Bi-propellant
\0
I - Ion propuleion
Magnetic torque Unloads reaction
1
RCA SATCOH RCA U.S.
including wheel without using ESRO 11 HATRA france ",~;
. . gnetometer thrusters france
- Cruzet
- Tl.a-Zero Hagnet- U.S. -i -_
"I
- Develear o.eter U.S. -< IJ~
i\~
~
~
put, ,4 ,.== eM ' " 'i a "44;; AS. $ U$W4¥ ZI\\"''!4;411
.....
•
...""Hi44P..... .. 'N ....' ........ "/4'"'''' .1 4#4if4'11!",,"~ ...., '4 AM .. *" .... 4,;0 4Wg,** g "Ai.,.e 4 ;;a 4R"'=~,".'''''''''''' ';;IfIj.iilP¥ """¢iF' IFIIfjjiillll;Uiii'''''iI''''''~
r-
J
TABlE 5-53
"I
WORLDWIDE ACTIVITY IN ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR BOOY STABILIZED COfoHlNICATION SATELLITES
(K>t£NTUH BIAS SYSTEH)
Charac teriatics Actuator Function
Typica!.
Use
Typical
Manufacturer
Manufacturing
Cg.p~I1Y
I
of dual
FOflll Fixed momentWll To correct error8 INTELSAT V Teldix Genaany
spinner wheels ill pointing Symphonie Bendix U.S.
Uses momentum OTS Sperry U.S.
wheels to Hatra France
stabilize Aeroapatiale France
Homentu... bias 3-axh Correct.. error in TO-I Matra France
'!I~ be u8ed to
l" orthogonal satellite pointing
avoid using 8aCIIIe n t ,;:.1
stal trackera wheels
and rate
I
integration GilDbaled Corrects errors in LES S. 9 l.incoln Labs U.s.
W gyros lDOIDe n t UIII \oIhee 18 .atellile pointing 00
o "T'!:;rl
o
I
Reaction \oIheels Corre~t. errors in LANDSAT Teldix Ceraany "'0 r.;
C :'~
.atellite poInting Japan BSE Bendix U.S. o "'~4I
HIHRUS S~rry U.S. ;;:) j-
TI\rusters Unloads reaction Virtually Aerojet-General u.s. ~.
"- .•
c:
-",
,J
1
whee I or momentwa all Thiocal U.S. j;., ~)
wheel .atelUtes Martin Harietta U.S. r- r 1
SEP France =t-
oo(, :....
Magnetic Unload momentta RCA SATCOtt RCA U.s.
Torquing wheels ESRO 11 K\TRA France
- Cruzet France
Magnet-
- Tillie-Zero. U.S.
a.eter
- Develear U.S.
Hutation Provides passive ESRO-II Aeroapatiale France
Damper attitude correction t£TE OS AT Matra France
Itt :riP!; t; '" 11 :tt me Sr!1ttli: m:rr tt m'tmttS:? is m"mer "Ptm r 7r.,r S7n:! rpr 11.t! . nrc mmmst!: 1 iitirm the tra. r: Jr: tUT?
r .
TABLE 5-54
:.ar~::R.:Jr:':on :1arcot".~ :.:'.K.
San.or L~c"i~f:c t:SA
Ear:-.u t:SA
:';~A
Qua~t;.::. t:SA
Socer:: Francf:
G&la:ec 11:&ly
Loc~::ee~ USA
=':'~nu S?:':m:'ng
Ear-::e~ ~SA
~.:r~;-. 5e:l.sor
Soaer:-. France
Ba:~ 3r05. t:SA
Atco. t:Si-.
Soder:: France
~tra Franc.
Be:l.c~;: USA
~~~n~a?o~:'s ~:Jn.:ve:~ 1.:SA
Ba:_ 3r::~. 1.:S;'.
S:a= :rac.<.er ::Jr :;S;'.
·~a....-";,:'5 :.~:e=ence Ko.~s::.a::
C,);.e-!'!orga:-. ::SA
~or::-.=·,,::-
?a:". ::':-J6 CS,l.
5 tz:- >2 ,::?e:-
~.at=a france
Se:lsor
;eD~:":': ::s;..
!linne&~o~~s :-.~-::.:.-..:.,,:~ ~;:A
~..i:'ln£.&~c::..s r_vr".~,"'e:: ~S..;.
?.. :e :,..!':' anc
!\..i:~ ::'"l:egra::..vr. Gyr: ~. r:-":.:- Jr.~ ... . ...
f·C' .
~
':or dete~~~.~£ pos~=.~~
=:-:J= .. f..:1c\.":: ?:Js~:i:J~.~
.'
-301-
area. One area, not shown, is the logic circuits to operate with these sensors;
here, Japan has developed a significant competence in competition with the U.S.
and Europe.
nlere are many who believe that the era of the spin stabilized satellite is
nearing an end wit~ the increased number of 3-axis satellites being designed in
Europe (OTS, ECS, H·Sat), U.S. (Satcom, IDRBS: Intelsat V) and Japan (BSE, ETS-III).
However, Hughes has capitalized on its spin-stabilized satellite ~xperience with
drastic reduction of non-recurring costs by winning new contracts for SBS,
ANIK C, Anik D, GOES ~, E, and F, Palapa Band Bellstar, and Marisat, and is
building a gi~lt spinner, LEASAT, which is compatible with Shuttle launch thereby
adapting spin-stabilized satellites to the Shuttle era.
5.6.7.2 Pitch Roll and Ya~'
In order to understand attitude control technology for both spin stabilized
and 3-axis satellites, it is l'ecessary to understand the parameters which are
used to define pointing accuracy; i.e., pitch, roll, and yaw of a spacecraft.
Figures 5-69, 5-70, and 5-71 show respectively, these parameters which are
defit&e1 in Table 5-55 and illustrated in Figure 5-72. (tue to w. }forgan).
Table 5-56 is a listing of the antenna pOinting control parameters attributed
to several spacecraft - both spinners and 3-axis.
5.6.7.3 The Attitud~ Control Subsystem
The attitude control subsystem provides active stabilization for the space-
craft (Figures, 5-73, 5-74, 5-7~). In transfer orbit, the spacecraft is spin-
stabilized by means of active nutation control electronics, which operates the
pr~?Ulsion subsystem. Attitude determination is derived from earth sensors and
sun sensor data which is processed by the attitude detp.rmLnation and control
electronics (Table 5-57).
-302-
~'~~: lJ-
,.,~.;TV
r
II
PITCH
,
I
I I
EASTIWEST
DISPLACEMENT
d
el,
"]
PtTCH
FIGURE 5-69
-303-
YAW
/~
.. ' " .... \~.
" .........
~. :', ::',
.......
'""
'",
......
......... ....
'.'
ROTATION YAW
Figure 5-70
-30 ... -
. ~~_ ...._....._ _ _ _
. ______....L....
~ ·~
ROLL
, I
t
~----.....rt
.l~
ROLL
NORTH/SOUTH
DISPLACEMENT
Figure 5-71
-305-
TABL~ 5-55
Attitude Control Axes (Definition)
The three axis used in a satellite. The pitch, roll
and yaw axes - when the satellite is in use, the ear.th
is in the +Z direction, orbit motion is in the X
direction, lines X-Z lie in the orbit plane while
-"
Y is the orb i t norma 1 vec tor (North-South Axis ~. _ 't
o The pitch axis is defined here as a rotation about the
North-South (orbit nOr'lllal) axis.
o This results in a translation of the nomi~l beam
position (solid circle) in an East-W~it direction.
(Note: This is one of two axis systems -- the other is
derived from the mot:f.on of an aircraft). +~
+%
o The roll axis lies in the flight direction.
o The antenna beams are translated in a North-South direction.
o As the satellite goes through its 24-hour orbit any pitch error becomes translated
into an equal magnitude roll error six hours later. In six more hours it reverts
to the pitch error.
o The pitch and roll errors are (360/18) times as important as a yaw error due to
the limited field (18 degrees) occupied by the earth.
o The yaw error is caused by a rotation about the local vertical (the line joining
the satellite to the center of the earth through the sub-satellite point on the
earth's surface).
o If only one beam is used and it is centered on the sub-satellite point the in-
fluence of a yl.W error would be zero if circular polarization was used. For off-
sub-satellite beams (see Figure) the yaw error represents a rotation.
o Much greater yaw errors can be tolerated in even these cases than for the pitch/
ro 11 errors.
-306-
,. '.
,....... - - .......
-~
OHBIT RATE
Wu
-,
I
1I
o
tIlHlCTIO·~
011111 T OF FLIGHT
"LI\NI
Hell/SOUTH Yo
THRUSTEHS ')R8IT NORMAL
/ ' SPACECRAFT
1
1
-I
ritCH/EAST
,
; TIIHUSTER
)(
YAW WW:ll
OESA rUIIA rlON YI\W'WE!\T
THIIUSHHS III11U$T EllS
YI\W
MIIMt Nlll~
Figure 5-72. spacecraft Coordinates and Orientation
of Control System Components
-307-
\
_.
,,,.""'.'.'
OF POOR QUAliTY
..
:: ..... :~ ,g
.' ,,-.,,-
TABLE 5-56
1
ANTENNA POINTING CONTROL 1l
INTELSAT IV - Digital Modes
INTELSAT IVA. COMST AR Analog
Roll
±033
Pitch
±0.2
Yaw
I
1
l
±0.197 ±0.185
- Analog Earth
+0.15 ±0.2 ±0.46
INTELSAT V - 6 GHz Ant.
±0.14 ±0.14 +0.41
INTELSAT V - 4 GHz
+0.134 +0.169
Anik
±0.19 ±0.21
RCA Satcom
+0.247° +0.246°
NATO III
+0.143° +0.222°
CS
+0.40° +0.346°
ETS II
-30:;-
....~
~::',::",:,,,:;'::i',,,;e.?t£.4ic£',jiil'!9Li&6G\i';""'i¥;,.. "'4,'!.,... "''"',jO''''''''",..... .'" , ' ' '"" • ," ".' ',""""-_"~'~"-""-" ... -'-~'"':~~::::=:.::-"_...,.;;;.:..,~l'_"~"' __'" • i "'M""IU ' . ,
I
1l
Figure 5-73
!
ACS SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM 1
i
1
"
I
EARTH
PITCH
WHEEL
UNLOADING
COMMANDS
PITCH
(" -, I
, \
ROLL REACTION ROLL "'t 1
SENSOR ~
SIC ATTITUDE
CONT~OL
Y THRUSTERS
-- ~l
~
YAW
3-AXIS RATE
PITCH
ROLL
KALMAN
FILTER
AND RATE
ATTITUDE -- ,
INTEGRATING
v'
I
W AND CONTROL
o GYRO YAW LOGIC
\0 SIGNAL ATTITUDE
I PACKAGE
ERROR
~
PROCESSOR - ..... '", *
REACTION
WHEELS
n -V
DIGITAL YAW
SUN ~
SENSOR
I
EPHEMERIS
DATA
1
1,
'ON-r~
s,.,.." II
1..--.1
it
II
~ .. ~ ......... ~ ~,.....,-=- = JJ
L O.aoIlIIacIuIer 1 ' -
Figure 5-79. Attitude Control System of TV-SAT by MBB
.1
-310-
__~ _ _ _~_""""_ _ _ _....._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.,;b_____~_-~iiOm_ _"'*__~iiI~iiOjjf.--ili·~_tllli-_ _ _htlilt_~ili3_1111111
_~_~_. __._.___ ~_~;..:..._'""'""" _____ '-"~~'_'_~..;.,__-~_ _..~ .. I~I
.....
_ 4 - 4,4 . ¥ ~-. X4AA-_ ,,",",,,""-- _$ -. - L2§2. A M _ QWS W& ___U,>_,
1
•
r
r
t
\
NUTATION
SOLAR ASPECT DAMPER
DATA TDTT. C
DIGITAL
SUN SENSORS (2) TO PRECESSION
THRUSTERS
TRANSFER ORBIT
--- ATTITUDE
CONTROL
RATE GYRO
ELECTRONICS
(ACE)
MONOPULSE
REACTION
EARTH SENSOR WHEELS (3)
i----~
PITCH, ROLL I
I SUN SENSOR : - - -....
I ASSEMBLIES
I
I
SOLAR
ARRAY
DRIVE
(NOT PART
OF ACS)
Figure 5-75. BSE Attitude Control System by G.E.
-311-
TABLE 5-57
Attitude Control Subsystem Component Complement & Functions
Transfer/Injection
I
Mode Function On-Orbit Mode Function
Digital Sun Sensor Generate Solar As- Earth Sensor Generate earth refer-
pect Data & Sun enced Error Signals
Reference Pulse
Horizon Crossing Detect Space/Earth Monopulse Generate RF Beam
Indicator Boundary Referenced Error Signals
N."tation Damper Damp nut.tions Analog Sun Generate Sun Refer-
Sensor ASIY enced Error Signals
Reaction Wheels Generate Control .~
Torques, Store Cyclic 1
Momentum l
Control
Electronics
I
Process Signat, Control
Electronics
Process S 19na ls 1
Rate Gyro Generate Rate Error
Package Signals
-312-
After injection into .ynchronou. orbit, the .vacecraft i. de'pun and the
solar arrays and antenna reflector. are deployed. The .pacecraft roll axi. i.
aligned to the sun line by firing hydrazine thru.ter. (Figure 5-76). The .pace-
craft rotates about the roll axil until the earth i. viewed by the geo.tationary
earth sen.or., at which time the .pacecraft is locked onto the earth by .witching
the ADCE to .tationkeeping mode when the pitch axil i. parall~l to the earth
spin axis. Finally, one of the redundant pair of lI'.omentum wheels is .pun up.
In the nOrmRl on-Itation mode, pitch control is maintained by momentum
1
bias. The momentum wheels operate at 3500 r/min &lnd provide nominally 35 newton-
meter-seconds of stored momentum. Roll and yaw control is provided by firing
small hydrazine thrusters. Three geostationary infrared senlorl provide earth
reference data: two redundant earth sensors scan the earth east-west (E-W); a
third redundant earth sensor scans the earth north-south (N-S). To allow re-
pointing of the spa;ecraft for antenna pattern measureme~t. a pair of E~W and
N-S scanning earrh sensors are used to provide a wide field of view.
For given mi~sion duration. the fuel required to execut~ full N-S station-
~~ping repr~sents 15-20 percent of thft useful satellite ma.s if a conventional
hydrazille system is employed. According to Collette and Herdan, it is possible
to reduce thi~ fuel mass by one of the two follOWing way.: 1) suppression of
N-S stationkeeping requirements, where this is acceptable for !he mission;
2) J,crease of the specific thruster Unpulse capability.
If stationkeeping can be suppressed, savings in ma •• result, but ~~e more
degree of freedom i. needed on-board so that while the spin axis of the momentum
wheel stays parallel to the earth axiS, the main body of the .atellite iI. einu.oi-
dally nodded once per day around its roll axis to maintain correct antenna coverage.
The sUnplest way to Unple~nt this facility is to gimbal the mo~n~ wheel
around one axis (parallel co the roll axis of the satellite) and provide
-313-
z-rrttr,"
--=-____ 4 --;t-"~-.- --9
ORIGtNAL PIl.C[ IS
OF POOR QUALITY
-R +R -P • P -y +y
-R +R -P .P -y .y
\. ~ "--.,-' \-.,--J
°2
~ '-v-' '-r-' WEST EAST SOUTH
EAST WE'ST NORTH
Figure 5-76
-314-
¥ 4-
.tepper motor actuation. Another pOI.lbility i. to keep the .pacecraft attit~de
con.tant and not the antenna or antennas on a daily ba.L, which may be accftpt-
able for a .atellite with a .ingle antenna, but b.c~1 impractical for more
complex arrangements.
If N-S .tat10nkeeping i. e.lential. methods axist to improve on the specific
impulse of conventional thruster. including the use of bi-propellant, power
au~nted electrothermal hydrazine decomposition, or electrical propul.ion
thruster.. The .pe~ific tmpulse of the latter i8 an order-of-magnitude higher
than the other and in fact the dry mass of its components, including a high-
voltage power supply, represents most of the mass of .uch a ,ystem.
5.6.7.4 I1oproving POinttng Accuracy
With the use of smiller diameter ant~nna beams comes the requirement for
(1) tighter control on pointing accuracy (variability), and (2) ability to bias
antenna position. The bia. capability is needed for both pitch and roll to opti-
mize antenna location fOI different orbit slots and to optimize coverage on
station. The latter cap.bility i. limply provided by a 3-axis control system
or mechanical antenna positioners.
Assuming a 12 GHz antennA pointing requirement on a spacecraft design with a
shortest and/or most wymmetric feed suppo~t structure, the most :.;raight-forward
0 0
improvement in pointing, by approximately 0.045 in pitch and 0.028 in roll is
accomplish~d, achieved by lpe.dtng up the wheel (3500 to 4500 r~) and intro-
ducing more sophilticate1 control logic in th« ADCS. The electron!c. change.
require thp. addition of a tachom~te~ loop in the pitch wheel regulator and the
use of "observer"-type regulntor. for roll, yaw and pitch .tation-keeping loops.
"0bs~rvera" basically estimate the steady-state diatur~ance torques due to CM
shifts and thruster misalignments, and compensate for the associated attitude
-315-
' ' ,,'' '(' ' ',;;'' ' -.,...,._'""""'--r-
,'~~~_~-.-~-""'>-"f~--"-----'~'''''Gf-,,!:,'''''''+,",M4'''''i4
•. -j!"!!".~- - !III!...
. __ ~_.,""9I.!""¥:ozgL -'f'!!' ....",...~~_!!I!!!I4M"'.. ,.II"!(.I!I!'
.... &.~Pl"",J4.........."·""'"
...· ...
&14 ... !'!Il-4#"."*!!I!I
. ¥---i'l'~L~J_4~_.'I!!It.-
. .·&...,, .. II!",,4E!IIl"""!jlllllu!!!!'.IJlII!M¥!!IIl
..• , _',..
1
i
~
~
offsets. (Yaw pointing, though not critical, will terd to Un?rove in proportion
to ro 11 - narticularly in the normal on-orbit mode).
Consider ?dding a third momentum wheel (Table 5-58) for Unproved accuracy,
two possible 3-~heel options are available. The simpler and more straight-
forward would be to add a third identical momentum wheel, and opet'lLte the set
with two-out-of-th'.!t red'1.:~dancy, (Le., two wheels would be ruruling at a time).
The associated weight ",en.:lty is about 10 kg, in return f:.r a roll pointing im-
provement of approxUnacely 0.03 0 .
The same improvel'lent can be achieved for a weight penalty of approximately
5 kg by making the third w41eel a smaller "reaction-wheel", installed along the
yaw axis and driven about 9. low bias speed. The wheel is driven from a combina-
tion of roll sensor and tack Signals, and. basically allows -~ll pointing to be
continuous (:;:ather than the dead-band type as is done currently). Small angular
changes in the mounting of the two baseline momentum wheelE would also be
required. The resulting trio of dissimilar wheels can still be run with two-out-
of-three redundancy. This 3-wheel configuration would require additional roll
control elect~onics.
By including a monopu1se tracking or a similar RF sensing technique, point-
ing in pitch and roll can be improved by about 0.040 • The improvement in the
sensor performance alone accounts only for a total (RSS) improvement of 0.01 o
in each axis. However, the self-referencing of the antenna (single-antenna
0
configuration) eliminates an additional 0.03 in alignment and thermal deforma-
tion errors.
With very tight angular pointing requirements desi&u control of structural
and thermal deformation of the spacecraft is extremely important. Very slight
deformation in the spacecraft, especially if in the neighborhocd of an attitude
sensor, may result in relatively large errors in the spacecraft's attitude-
keeping capability.
-316-
r
TABLE 5-58
3-AXIS ATTITUDE CONTROL CONCEPTS
I PITCH MOMENTUM BIAS (1)
PITCH ROLL
,mTUDE (2) TORQUE AnlTUDE STABILITY (3)
.sENSORS ACTUATORS ~/R Y REMARKS
•
EARTH
SENSOR (ES) 2-PMW 0.1° 0.25° • USED ON INTELSA
• SIMPLE; LIGHT
WEIGHT
• POOR ATTITUDE
STABILITY
2-PMW 0.05° 0.15° • INADEQUATE ROll
AND , YAW STABILITY
1-R/Y RW
EARTH SENSOR 3-SKEWED PMW • HEAVY
AND 2-RIG OR
2-SKEWED PMW 0.002° 0.05° • MARGINAL YAW
AND STABILITY
2-R/Y RW
~ONOPULSE (ANY OF (SEE REMARKS) • REQUIRES DEDICATED
RECEIVER ABOVE) GROUND STATION &
HIGH GAIN ON-BOARD
RECEIVE ANTENNA
I.
• BETTER STABILITY
THAN OPTION 1.
BUT WITH GREATER
COMPLEXITY .
'MW = PITCH MOMFNTUM WHEEL (1) YAW ATTITUDE SENSORS NOT REQUIRED
R/Y RW :: ROLL/YAW REACTION WHEEL YAW CONTROL BY ROLL COUPLING (GYRO
lIG-RATE INTEGRATING GYRO COMPASSlNG)
(2) REDUNDANCY NOT INCi.,UDED
(3) 30 MINUTE PERIOD.
-317-
'-~~- •• '~-"""""._ _-P-"'
.. ,~~
." I
OR::~~~ r~-\.. . ." l 0, ."~_~~"'~
-- is
OF POC.; 0_' i...../"\-
qITY
o
When considering att:.tude control errors on the order of 0.001 , the
overall ability os a satellite to point to a particular location on the surface
of the Earth is no l~nger primarily a function of the attitude control system.
Rather, an equivalent contribution of pointing error can be caused by uncertain-
0
ties in ephemecis data. For example, a pointing uncertainty of 0.001 will
produce a pointing error of about ~ m from a 500 km orbit (Doc. 2/44-E)
Figure 5-77 (due to S. Marx of FACC and Associates) illustrates the above
paragraphs in terms of how pointing accuracy Unprovements for a 6 GHz antenna
or a large 1000 Kg 3-axis satellite (Atlas Centaur class) can be achieved,
0
showing the various techniques needed to achieve around 0.05 pitch and roll
in both East-West and North-South.
5.6.8 Space Power Systems
A communication satellite requires D.C. power to operate all its electronic
equipment, including tne transponder, and the attitude control system. The
power sources can include solar cells, batteries or nuclear is~tope systems as
listed in Table 5-59.
D.C. or primary power requirements will vary with the size and w~ight of the
communication satellite. Some of the primary powers associated with present
satellites as derived from solar cells can be listed as follows: (see Figure 7-78).
Satellite Weight in. Orbit Pril:1ary Power !v.,e Soacecraft
~K5~ ~wattsl
Spinner
Int~l.sat
intelsat ~-
- 38
152
40
120 Spinr.er
Intelsat IV 700 400 Spicner
Intelut \. 967 120C 3-Axis Stab~:izeG
Anik 240 320 Spinner
Palapa 246 307 S?itUler
Sycpho:lie 230 780 3-Axis
SSE (Japan) 317 1010 3-Axis
CS (Japan) 287 529 Spi:mer
CTS 34; 915 3-Axis
-318-
," '.' - .-' '~.' -' ." - .. ' .-
.. .
. -, ,
. '
:-; . :- .
- \
.
, .
, "":lo\.':_-'~~~~""..,_
.... ._•.!.- .. ~.:rl._ _~~~~-,~':' _ ~"_.= _____ ,"~_ _ _.. ",~",~~",;... ,,,,"~-=~.o..; __
Pf;.CE is
omC:f::~_~
OF POOR QJALITY
f)_15
0_10
l-
II)
«
w
ACHIEVA81.E
POll 0_04'
0.05 0.10
NORTH - SOUTH
----
0.15 ROllo 0.=:1
Figure 5-77
Possible Performance Im~rovements for Pointing Accuracy
of ~ Hypothetical SatelJite.
•
. . a ,1,4$ U 444#94 MM""";' $ «4# Uk M PrJ(. IX j( «!",,;;IP, ; 4,( Z -dlM_.4;;:;:t .WI. . . .;.P,4Q4A;;t,AJAUi,lJ ,2 ' ;"SI iii'S4)! .; t ._e; alS."." J4AS4 ; PO."". 4P4Jt4, ( MtM;;;:;::, ,... :,,($ 5UOWUA4t,ce;',,,C!SJMIII :.p.'''!'!''"?,. 141(2*'*: ':,WUI ;.''':9;,0$% 11&
TABlE 5-59
,
j
~
SATELLITE POWER SYSTEMS i
I
~
:1
Spec.!£.!. Charac teris tics Typical Use H!L. Country 1
!:i.2!.
Bat!:eriea HI.ckel-Cadmium Cells 13-18 watt hours/kg Intelaat V GE USA
(Ni-Cd) 5-7 years 11fe Heteosat Sh",rp JRpan
SAFT Ft"ance
HSD U.K.
Ni~kel-"ydrogen Cell~ 55-75 watts hou18/l(g Intehat V ~
(Ni-Hz) 10 yeDrs life in
I
orbit 1
W
1'.)
a RTG RTG uses Pu238 in 300 watts SOL LES 8-9 GE USA
I
Ra:Jl0 Isotope Pu02 form to heat 260 watts EOL
'1hermo~lectric silicon germanium
GaneraLor thermocvuples
Kilowatt
Isotope
Generator
KIG uses isotope heat
source to drive an
or~anh. Rankine
cycle system
500-2ooG wat::s Developed by
ERDA for
Shuttle use
Sundstrand
Energy
Systems
USA
Oc
"'1"1;
'1:', :' •
..~ ~.'
I
"r.;
--------------------------,-----------------------------------------------------------.------------------- c(
:;0
.I
i'
'.
Solar Celle 1':)-
(See Table
:";:-
, ,
-< t~.-.
~
.
,
I
BATTERY
MASS
KG
SId.• S....,
HO .H .... o-ty
80
QI...--
... illclllinlloelillt ....
NftIry
60+--+--+-~--+-~--+-~--~~
20 I
10
+-....._--+_--+_~_~~ TC· SAT
I
o 600 1000 1400
BATTERY CAPACITY Wh
•..,TV·...,.... ........
': Battery Syltem Mill VI. t..,.tlty (Payload EclipH Battery)
-320A-
. 1. _.'. '-. '-. * 4,.' ~'. - - - ~ - , ,. .... •
.
,
. .,
- . '.
'
" .... " ....
.
" , .... ," ..... ~ . -~ -. - ~ - ~
- .-' - ... - ~~~.' -'
It
kWao~I ,
It 50 -l-_ _..L---'--L...----'--4 It 511
!.. 1~ENERATION !"~2 GENERATION -
NO
!-
i
t t l,
:: 20
w
>-1
,. >-~-8
' •
:: 20
~ j
~. 5f
u
~T
" "'f
~i'-~
:,
PAl~
h~-lAT ~
.-
z.a ~tI
l'
I
\
l TlIIDO
I
__ ltlATt1IU-
Figure 5-78
u
D a
IlCS &n.T I
; m'0 I
1.0
, ' 011 8 A~
RU-SA.1UII UoIIC-I
0
.. •!
I
0.5
u 1"0'.
u
! I
u
1
I
I ,
2110 300 500 1000 ., zoo lOG 500 1001 2000 II,
SATULITt MASS
~:::=====- SATELLITE MASS
, " I !:I -~
Figure 5-79
L-------------u-----.-.---,·--,~·~,·~--~"
I I.u" " •• "U"'T1t:1ll~
ULP perio'manca Oiqram
-321-
',' ~'-,
.
--~---.-..---~.-
Note that in the above satellites, primary power levels from 300 to 2000
watts are achieved with the 3-axis stabilized satellit~8 having a mucl. g=~ater
ratio of primary power to weight due to the more efficient cell illumination.
It is of interest that comparable Soviet satellites of the Statsionar-T BerieJ
develop up to 2 kw of power from solar .cells whi~e the U.S. Skylab developed
5 kw from its solar array. As will be shown, MBB has designed the ULP to achieve
3 kw in TV-SAT (Figure 5-79).
Solar cells are the widest used form of solar power or communication
satellites, while batteries are carried on the satellite to power the satellite
electronics while the satellite is in the earth's shadow. Nuclear power sources
for communication satellites are just starting to be used where their extreme
cost does not make such sources economically unfeasible. LES-8 and LES-9, for
example, carried RTG radioactive isotope thermoelectric generators genetating
up to 30J watts, while developments of ~11owatt isotope generators being de-
veloped for ERDA give promise of power levels in the kilowatt range.
Table 5-60 lists the various types of solar cells manufactured by a U.S.
manufacturer, Spectrolab (a division of Hughes). Of these types, the Heleos
cell provides the highest power per cell, while the Hybrid B cell is the most
cost effective. For increased power, the sculp~\red hybrid cell should be used,
provided incr~ased ~ost and temperature can be tolerated. Ford Aerospace (FACC)
experience in solar cells is s~own in Figure 7-80.
Solar cells are ~de net only in the U.S. oy Spectrolab, but also in Germany
by AEG Telefunken, in France by SAT, and in Japan* by Sharp. By now, AEG Tele-
funken, al supplier of solar ~elll to not only ars, ECS, and Meteosat and other
European satellites, but also the Intelsat-V, bids to become the world's largest
solar cell manufacturer. Table 5-61 lists these four worldwide solar cell manu-
facturers and some of the satellites to which they have furnished cells.
* NEe now makes GaAs solar cells.
-322-
TABlE 5-60
NOto£NCLATURE AND PERFORMANCE FOR TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS
Spectrolab Name lIughes Name Other Names Power 2 x 2 CM Flight Exp~rience
I
or t-1111iwatts
Conventional 56 SHS, Nato-HI
!
Hybrid A K4 Violet 60 ETS II, G(ES, Be
!
Hybrt~ B Blue, Violet, 64 ECS j
Hybrid .~
I
w
N
w He lias K6 High Efficiency, 69 Pionets; Venus, UK6, CTS 1i
I
P + Back l"ield
_~,,~
.,
1_'
Sculptured Hybrid Black Hybrid, Textured, 70
Nonreflecti ve
Sculptured Helios K7 Black lIeltos. Textured, 75 IEEE (NASA International
Nonreflective Sun Explorer)
FAce SOLAR CELL POWER HISTORY
THEORETICAL
(1) GALLIUM ARSENIDE IS IN
EXPERIMENTAL STAGE.
GALLIUM
----
SILICON LIMIT
(2) PROPOSED FACC SATELLITES.
ARSENIDE
--~-~----
NEXT GENERATION
SATELLITE
ECS/INTELSAT V
NATO III CS
SMS SKYNET II \
SKYNET I NATO A. B
I DCSP
COURIER
FIGURE 5-80
-324-
- -- - " . , -. ~ -. - -~ . . - -.
, ,
, ,
,- 'C'f\"
Oj~, ;\. ~H• L ~ "E Ie!
Ph.~ a
OF POOR QUALITY
TABLE 5-61
PRINCIPAL WORLDWIDE MANUFACTUBERS OF SOLAll CELLS
CountrY C9!!!J)any Application
Spectro Lab (Hughes) IN!ELSAT IV, IV-A
USA
Germany Telefunken AEG OTS, INlELSAX V
France SA! (Societe Anonyme Symphouie, INTELSAr III
de Telecommunicatioua)
Sharp Ionosphere Sounding Satellite
Japan
TABLE 5-62
PRI~CIPAL WORLDWIDE !iANUFACTURF.RS OF aJ.TTER'i CELLS
Countrv Companv Typical Aoolication
USA G.E. IN'll:LSAT V, RCA .).::".JZC .j
Eagle Picher S:iS
1
Ge:nnany Telefunken AEG OTS, Symphonie I~
~
Ft'ance SAFT (Societe des OTS, !£'Il:OSAT
1,
]
Accumulateurs Fixe.
at de Traction)
Japan Sharp Co. ISS
Battery cells for .~ce, too. are a worldwide technology, a. l~~ced i~
Table 5-62, however, most u.s. manufacturers of communication satel.lites believe
G.E. to be by far the most experienced and competent.
The technology of nuclear power for communication latallites, despice the
LES-8 and LES-9 succass, i& still far in the fu~re. Present e.timat~a are that
a nuc!ear power plant suitable for space applications now costs around $25,000/
watt of electrical power (LES-8). This ~s expected to drop to less than
$7,OOO/watt by the mid-1980's.
A major program by the U.S. Energy Administration is presently unde~aj to
use nuclear power to energize spacecraft on DoD military missions or deep space
NASA miss ions.
The U.S. program encompasses three different technologies that collectively
offer p~r l~vels ranging from a few hundred watts to several kilowatts in the
near term, with the prospect of many tens of kilowatts in the 10nger term. The
latter would be useful for spaceborne radar surveillance. The three major
efforts include:
o Radioisotope/Static: In sizes up to several hundred watts, offering
significantly higher efficiencies, lower weight and cost, which will be
aveilable in the early 1980's. Electricity is generated by thermo-
electric materials whlCi. 4t'e heated from a Plutonium-238 source. This
is the same basic concept that has been uSbd since the SNAP-3A was used
to power the Navy's Transit Navigation Satellite launched on June 29,
1961.
o Radioilotope/Pynami£l Uses a Plutonium-238 neat source to produce high-
t~perature gases that drive a turbine-alternator, is expected to be
cost-effective in the 0.5-5 kw range. Two competing systems, one em-
ploying a Brayton cycle and the other called organic Rank~ne. each
-326-
" - ~ - - ". - ~ '-- • ~ - - Il' \.... . ' - "". ~:- - - -" -
. \ .
-----=-~ ~"-'-'.----..:.=- ~-...-~~ -~~~~~'""--~-=-~"-'-'~~=....., ...... ~. --= _ _=-...J!~=,~ /'
d~signed to produce 1.3 kw, underwent test and e\~luation in early IJ78.
On~ of the two will be selected for next-phase funding, which is to
produce a system qualified for space flight by early 1982 in the USAF'I
next space test program (STP) satellite.
o Reactor/Dynamic: Suitable for power levels of 10-100 kw or more,
currently is under study at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The
technique sho_s promise of producing electricity at a cost below $100
per watt in large sizes, possibly by the late 1990's.
Radioisotope/static power sources have repeatedly demonstrated their long-
term reliability in numerous satellite and space probe missions. But they have
been relatively heavy and expensive. Current deligns contributed the two General
Electric-built 150-W generators used tn each of the USAF/Liccoln Lahoratory LES-8/9.
In 1980, the design of a broadcast satellite i8 now requiring up to 2.5-3 Kw
and only solar cells arrays are of practical consideration. Solar array technology
and battery technOlogy have been the objec~ of a study by Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory, and their results are shown in Tables 5-63 and 5-64.
5.6.8.1 Solar Arrays (From CCIR Doc. 2/94-E2-
During the past several years there has been a considerable effurt underway
by a number of organizations to develop lightweight, deployed solar arrays. TWo
distinct types of svlar arrays have beeu studied; namely, deployed, rigid
arrays and deployed, flexible arrays.
The deployed, rigid arrays :lave been exclusively the foldout type either
folded around the sate!lite body during transfer orbit or contained in a flat
pack, accordion fold ar~angement during transfer orbit. Deployment occurs in
.everal stepd usually commencing with the pyrotechnic relea.e of latchp.1 or the
r.utting of cables.
•
-327-
TABLE ~'-63
~.':;'l t.!J~:vl $c\:nliCio! L .. t':'I.Hory
~OLAn AtlJlAY vs nr:f\(~TOn~ IN 1911')
100 1< We
10 t~Wc
---- ------ --_.flO-------------
I<Wc
-----
Nucleilr Solnr Nllc\c~,r Solnr Nude;,r
Solar
--- -14 ----_.-
W/I<U 24 21\ ·10 22 55
Cost, ddivercd to 0 7 :\:~ 10 63 1·1
Geosynchronous
orhi: 'Million $)
'hutt!c Comput~blo Yes Yes Difficult yc~ No Yes
'J
(~ 1D1 0 It!.))
f.p:lt:'J fli!Jht ()cmomtriltod Pmsihlc Possihle Pmsihlo Doubtrul Possihlo
I
W
N
~;olar . NL;ciear
h::.turo
-------- -- - "------- -
CD
I
-------
Oricllt.llion Sunward NOllc • No JlOWer transfer slip rlnos,
imay ucploynumt, tracking
disturhances, or hattery cycle p.ohlcm •
LocJtion ~hadowcd by I:.r!)c <lntcnn;!s Minillli:lc shicldina
MJr."; I'.ocr "hili ty .}j({icull fold-up Jna'ls No prohlem
1(;111, :lion
Ocu r .1du Nil clfeLI.
,
!'~,. i \If._ ~
Inri IIced NOlie :;hicldiIlU nl:Cc~~aly
S.lf!:I\, ;!II<.J lIiUldlin!J Mi/lill~1I1l1 fiight testod on SNAP 10/\
lkpo~.I: Minillllllll lllna tellll eMlh or sun oruit
:1
l
"'_._",_,.............. _.,'_,."., •. ,_-..IIu ..... I ..•• ,_""..."'-..'" ......'".,.... '"'U .. _,,d ..'....... ~,"'.!,'a, ...',..~...u..",."~'","'.u.i....m...I1...._'~ _"' .... ".,....:..""Jll_.~! ... _ . .11." wid + MritH i... wrW!t. :*W.!!I!H!ijt roWe M ,*'' ' *t tr jll""fin'trt ,j j t«? td
1~
,Jh,.".,
.......... 18 . . . . . . . . . . ,.,
...... v··...·•.., .' ,.........
'D\BI.E 5-61,.
SOLAR T[CIINOLOGY
~
.~
l
I
I \ ',i
1I
1976-______ __ 19G'i ___ l~r; 2002-_
CELLS 1'1% s.
KAPTOi'4/S. GLASS
13% SI/G"As
KAPlON
20% VJ
r1EMBRANE
22% 6"As
TIIIN FILM
j
AlWAY
SrHUCTURE ALUMINUM GRAPHITE COMPOSITE ULTRA LI GilT -
I
00
WEIGIIT ",":0
......... -;;::
,I
-05
•
W
N
\0 DIU ENTAl ION '·1ECII. RElRJ\CTARLE, SEPARATE NON-RETRACTABLE J
NON-RETnACTABLE 1
NON-RETRACTABLE J ~f!
• COt1~lON CONTROL IC CONTItOL CENTRAL CONTROL ,0-0
AX IS CONTROlS C:J:a 1
~~
H.un lIll'Y
.\ NI-Co NJ --112 1ft -1I 2/LI S LIS ~ii
UI~I rnOlS INDIVIDUAL nY-PASS INT[GRJ\TED ALL IC TrCII- CENTML CONTROL
PARTII\L IC NOLO(jY
J ~
_ ~~." ........... "'.t."""'-'~J!C"_~u... ....:...::'"."..JIj,,..'"'.-";.. itJt..•.... ., ••'" ...."
There are two basic types of deployed, flexible substrate arrays, foldout
and rollout. The foldout solar arrays use a flat pack concept to contain the
solar cell blanket during launch. The d~ployment sequence begins with the
pyrotechnic opening of a box or release of latches or cables holding the array
against the spacecraft body.
Deployment of thd ~:,'ldl::~. 'll~""'y takes place by extension of a pantograph,
a bo·.):!', or telescopic mast sy~t£;:I' 3::-ta.ched to the array.
Du. ~g transfer l'rbit, ~l;'~ '!9~ array is wrapped a%:'ound a drum attached
to the spacecraft. During deployment, the solar cell blanket is rolled out by
the extension of a boom which is attached to the blanket. For both foldout and
~ollout systems a yoke is used to separate the array from the spacecraft.
A major advantage of flexible, foldout systems over fleXible, rollout systems,
is their inherent higher packing density since no drum is required.
Table 5-65 shows the weight-to-power and power-to-weight ratios for several
ieployed, rigid solar arrays. This t.ble is based on a one kilowatt wing of a
two kilowatt solar array system. It first lists the weight to power at beginning
of life, equinox conditions, including the array with its blanket, deployment,
yoke, and st~~age systems.
It should be noted in Table 5-65 and, later, in Table 5-66, that in going
from a designed or tested solar array system to a flight-qualified array, extra
we1.ght is estimated to provide for redundancy, temperature control, etc. It is
even more evident when the Fleetsatcom or ers and FRUSA numbers are compared to
the typical early design numbers. Several examples of rigid solar arrays are
sho",~. The first one listed which is being de'Jeloped for an operatitmal splLce-
craft is Fleetsateom. The Fleetsateam array is a rigid deployed array, initial-
ly folded around the periphery of the spacecraft. It uses conventional alumin~
honeycomb substrates and solar cells.
-330-
TABLE 5-65
Deployed rigid solar array comparison
r 1.1: r:'f5 Jl.TCOM IIIIII··ICS M.Ilra F 1 i'Jh t Typ(; f'll'llIt 't'YI'e
TI!W - ConvC'n' ,'"I""ul ~IIlU-ULP rolduul A,'ray:; 1\,. ""/:'
llun.ll, 1'1 q 1, ( ... 1/1",.1 (v.'r." ll"hl (ql,,:;!, fihcr Next )-~ yrs "l.l~t I 'J H CI
foldout III",r) '",Ill" i,lIs) l." '110(1 I "'I Y) U:S'rl Hh"I.) (1::;'1' 111/,'1'1:)
- i 1\
II II" 1\ II" II"
.- ,
I\rl,'),. lncludinq <lcploym~nl ""d
:Jot UW,)q!!, ,It Iltqinnin'J of l. if,' '.4 , II 11. 0 11.0 IB III IH.b ]0.6
~I. 0.1 .. ) 1:, 1'1 i IlOX k,,/kl-.
- -- ----- GO
." ::f~
W
I
')clcnl.ltl,.1\ ~I<:,'h.lnislli k'l/kW 1.7 14. II 11. 41 14.11 1J. 41 14.11 11.41 \'\ ()
W ':") :~;
.....I 11J :;L'C ll.lul,t)us·· k,,/kW
i nclu,.ito<J ,n
II. ',I II. ~I I L '.,J ":) :p
,IUOV('
;::; r"
T.\1.11 ,Il 11.0. L. 0""0
kq/kW 61.1 H.4 21,Il 21.4 )4.4 12.0 1S-S0 2,. :r..
1''1111''1))( t'" II j~ Cr)
r'" r:
4(,,1 2'.1. I 1}') 20-29 40 ~
Tut,,) " t II.U.I. •• I::'IU 1 nux \"/ k'J 11>.2 11.l 2'j. I 42.0 -< U)
f-------.,
'I'll l,. I ,It tnd of I. i (e 1l:.u.I.i 'J yl ,
~ ;Ulhf1Il'1 :;\,) ~ .. t lce W/k'i 1l.4 20.') 22.4 27.7 ]0.8 .l0.4 21.') 14-20 .!(,
"(',.cd ,I' I . tl. I .. ("i yr:;)
~ ~ lJ Il1nll ~ t
,""I.....
---""--
Sol',lll:C i f .1,IV,lnc,'d
'.i .---.-
f ,- \1 ~ •• ·d
".,--
,-I '~. 'l
13.1 H.l I 2':..1l 11.9 )<'.-1 lLS I H.2
I
Inc 1 uc\.,,1
in "1J,,VI.'
TABLE 5-66
J,
Deployed, flexible solar array comparison I
,~
i
I
'\
1111'11 .... :> n i'lhl-lypc rll.ahl-ln lC
SNIJ\S lUlL t.:TS rllla!;J\ Alr ... Yh J\rr •• y',
FlexIble rlL'x tide Flex iblc rl,-,xilJle N"xt J-~ yrs ",,',1 -1')80
Foldl)ut r,) I""ul I'uldout 110 llout CLS'r J HJ\T!::) 't:'1'11'1l\n: )
- - - -
" r r ,1'1 • lncl"J in', deploymenl .In.1
lI~''1 i ~1I1 hlJ 0 { Li I ( -
~~\ll)(
!it O~.lq'~ ;\'
t:,t/k\~ 21.0 lL. (, 17.7 )~.8 ---- ----
O~
i m: lu,If'J in i lie Illu C'U ~n
I' ••• '"t.'t ion t:"challi!>m ~'I/~'W 4. ) 1.4 .:IJI)VC .tb.;\."u ---- - ---- """:J
!
".0. I
a
w
W
N
,.., ~ :.,;4 -11 .• Ih'O\'!i· 1\<J/Io.W 1.5
1 n<.: Ill" ,,<1 in
~llH..)VC
inc llllit.. d in
.. l,.,)vc ---- ---- C
.... 1
->
'_. j
a
... - " t 1I,Il,I.,.
Tdl •• \ 1>1" inox ~'I/kll 28.11
- -- 20.0
e
-
)7. 7 35.8 25-]5 1II
,c, "
c.: - >
)~, ,,)
i
T"I.11 ... L \1.0. J... L'11I i nox H/k'l )4.1 50.0 lll.S 27.9 2!1-40 SL r' r,\
~ --~
t
---------- -< U~
"(1t.) I •• L Lml of l. i f ,~ «5 y[ :;)
~~11I"PlI'r .. ol:illce ".,/10.'1 22.9 )(,.2 17. S , 18.4 19-26 11
Tr.LII ,.L L.n.l.. (5 yrs) I
Suny',,'r Sol st, icc if iloJvanc.,.1 incluut:ll in
cell,; .• 1''' 1I:'L'l.l 1//k'1 2b.] 41.6 20.1 21. 2 "huve
_. - - - - ~-
......
.,." " - - - ..... ,' u "_. . . . ".,,-"~ ...... ..:....-'-... "--.,~...!~-- ...... ,,' --,.................... ,~........ ,~,.... ~!I.:II.... "',,; c ,'"!. '.,!!tIM,'"!!'·'· ! .. r"''''''~h''' 3'tlM"ts'" 'it*...W tf ..!w.!c'ik.;\~ ilH*..!.4&;i
·M ....... lile ,P ~M'W!!!I!twbi'MH MiI,'II" """"~""!!'rib *r'lt't2'd)s't#*tf 'N>'bii'b*"n*ntlt' ' dtiw"dtt te,ft, "• • '$r' 5'i'1' .', rig =
. ."
r~~~~'"C-_'''''~~~~,",_""~~c_c,_~~"
Ifr
z: :;4i¥<W4~_~"""""''''.~''"--~'~~~-~~'''''-...... ""'....
44¥""._;.R!4_L""~!!!!Il. ;:;;:..,
......,""". ,-,,_·~.4 0:;>';' 4, ,"",. _.,0;", CjQQI", t,
,
1
The MBB improved composite structure (lCS) array uses aluminum
honeycomb substrates and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CRFP) facesheets in a
flat pack design with the deployment energy .upplied by spiral springs on the
panel hinges. This concept was used on the ESRO OTS and Marots satellites.
The ultra lightweight panel (ULP) by MBB is an advancement on the leS
system using the same deployment approach but including a carbon fiber framework
and very lightweight solar panels.
Table 5·66 is similar to Table 5-65 except that it concerns flexible
substrate solar arrays. It includes data on several solar arrays. The array
developed by Societe Nationale des Ind~stries Aerospatiales (SN~S) us~s a
pantogra?h, fc!dout system with launch ~towage in an 4lumin~m honeycomb-walled
box. The pantograph is spring-loaded and self-deploys when released. The rate
is cont4ol1ed by a winer and motor. The solar cells are mounted on a Kapton
sub3t~te designed in modular form to be usable for different power levels.
The last cultllm',s in Table 5-66 are the estimates on weight-to-power for
flight-type flexible solar arrays for use in the next three to five years and,
si~ilarly, for advanced flight-type systems for use in the post-1980 time period.
5.6,9.2 DC Power Bus System in a Broadcast Satellite
Figure 5-81 sh~s the circuit diagram for the Japan Broadcast Satellite
(BSZ) as published by G.E. Note the use ot solar arrays and batteries; the
batteries and battery charge regulators are controlled by the TT&C link; while
a power controller is used to provide stable bus voltage to each of the user
loads (transponder, TT&C system, ACS, etc.), the heaters which are used to main-
tain spacecraft temperature, and'the various latch valves.
-333-
c .
~.. ,..., 1(
-..)
L;. ~ .·.,I.:TY
1
1
SLIP RING
- - ~
L.QJ .
I I 11 -
1 1 11,.
ISlA t'-," Sill Sill SlA
1/11.
I ,, 1/11.
12
1/11.
I'
1/11.
I. SHUNT
OII1"II.TOR
I
" 12
I-r- .- l-
SHUNT
OII1"II.TrR
,.... L....r- '-.-
'-!~
;Ll
~
L-
T
'- ....
:u.S '- .-'- .... .- I
H ~
H
Sill.
1
~,
"
1/11.
12
1/.
I'
1/11.
I.
U
N
f- 1/11.
1 " "
1/.
12
1/11.
"
1/11.
1.
U
N
T
T T 1
T
T 1 YT
~
~
• -....
.... SLIP RING
~J
I !'OWER REGULATION UNIT
-
!'OWER
CONTROLLER
I
~ f-- ~
I ,. f-- ~UlE
~ "
I -
ECL"S!! 4~
FUll 0
!'OWER
I-- ~
LOA OS
MAJORITY
-.
-- -- - l
IOOST
CONV
800fT
CONV 1 CONT. I-- ~HE ATERS
VOTING
ClNTilllI.L
f---
f T
CONTROL
,--. ICR
I FAIL SAFE FAIL SAFE
I -CMOS-
teR
NO. I NO.3 I CONT CONT
4~ CONTROL ~ f-I./I.T CH
I
\ IIA TTTEM;-' L_T_- ..... _ _"f.J 4~ VAL vES
QUAD
• teR
NO.2 ~ RED
'.S.
1=
f--THE RM.
f--,..E IIURE
POTI
'--- ~ SHUNT
DRIVE -. 1
T ~Gf'U
r. ~RDNANeEeONTROLLER
1 ~/l.KM
II/I.TTtRY
r RICOND.
,--. 9 ENAILE}-B-
11.1001
SAfE
r-t:- ~F"
ARM
f-J
---- r-::';:-
-- ---
-- - 1
....CIt~
1-'"
- FIRI
yINII.ILI
~ SOLAR
ARRAY
SlA SOLAR ARRAY
II/I.TTt'UU UHJC3 RELEASI
l
BeR BATTERY CHARGE
REGULATOR
L-..f ....Clt~
GPU GROUND POWER UNIT
Figure 5-81. SSE DC PCMer Bus
-334-
5.7 Some Aspects of Broadcast Satellite Design
The broadcast satellite which will use conventional expendable launch
vehicles IUch as Atlas-Centaur, Delta 3910/3920, and Ariane I to Ariane III
is fairly constrained by these vehicles in mass (1800-2300 Kg launch payload
mass) and size. Figure 5-82 shows conventionAL broadcast satellites which have
been discussed earlier; Figure 5-83 shows Intelsat-VA growth potential to
2300 Kg as provided by Ariane III ~hich is also the launcher of TV-SAT A-3.
Fi~\re 5-84, for the sake of compieteness, shows the giant LEASAT spinner which
is designed for shuttle launch. These are all large satellites capable of
~ar~~ing high power payloads of the type typical of broadcast satellites.
As has been mentioned earlier, the TV broadcast satellite must be designed
from a different vantage point than the communication satellite. It must provide
high EIRP of 60 dbw plus, <as compared to the 30-35 dBw of a SATCOM, for example),
and mult Derve the function of providing broadcast into a specific service area
rather than providing point-to-point communications between widely separated
points as is representative of SATCOM or WESTAR.
In the design of a broadcast satellite, it is therefore nec~ssary to define
the following:
(1) The service areas to be covered. This will determine the antenna
system required.
(2) The per-channel EIRP. If WARC recommendations of 60-65 dbw are follow-
ed, then as will be shawn, the problem of spacecraft power will be of
paramount importance. If the canadian approach of 50 dbw is adopted,
this problem may be eased, but actually replaced by a number-of-channels
prohlem.
(3) The power level of power amplifierr and the available efficiencies will
be a key factor with antenna design in producing EIRP.
-335-
i'~=-""''''''' ~~~-="'P"1" -...,..=--..,.-. -=..,. ... =-.-~-~-~1~ p-+,~.¥...-~---
#-*fJ£¥¥S'WM _ -
.+-~-~~-.---.
O":",:,~",,,
~ \ .... -. '.,,;'~ ~
~- .-
O. F'e '.,.,. I
~
r:
'~r':
i'
,
.""
,
j ~
I
.'
Broadcast Satellite
FIGURE 5-82
-336-
1
j
1•
WIDER SOLAR ARRAYS
FOR ADDITlONAL
ELECTRICAL POWER
WiDeR STRUCTURE
FOR MOUtfflNG A~
. ANO HEAT RADIATION
··
]
c
Figure 5-83
-337-
.. ;)
or I~JCI~ \"?L'"LiTY
Su!!y!!tt" Wtit\.ll,
Commun___
21M
Tile 71
Anatudl ......
~ion _vol C*'fl 1.
21
127
LiquoCl . . . . . 1IIOtor l*'fl
" - ' encI dilViliulioll 3011
IS
".
ThettnaI _vol
Inc1ufw 311
Drv""-"
Minimu'" ftWIin 41
_1101'
-
uOlft(labi. IPIP';"" . , . . , 5350
'KM/~
314
w.;~t ~ Shllttll ~on
Table 4 lE.l.SA T _ 1UIftft\II'V, ...ns
Com"",",",_ 732
Tilt ' 11
AnltudI _vol :M
Ther1IIII ColIfItrai 116
...... encI CI.Itt'lIIuti_ It
BAn"" ClMrgllhell..s 142
~twd 10a
Mi _ _ lizi",
"., (h.en'
Mino_,,*.n 17 (Sy.en'
--y
()<.)
/-.~~'"
4.» DlA
2" I
UH'
"
TII"_IT
"'LIX
STOWID Hlllcn
_---~--!..AM ntllUlTtIt
lPUleU
,
Jl'TTIIOIIAIU
,.1110 II ST AGI
04 .. I . .1ONS l1li . . TPI
~----~---------~:'~------------------~
l EASA T gentrill IrTli'lgIment.
Figure 5-84
-338-
(4) The broadca.t satellite will require a high level of d.c. power to
provide the power amplification required to produce the EIRP.
(5) The number of channels or the number of s~~rate area. serviced will
determine how much !£!!l EIRP must be reproduced. This will then deter-
mine the satellite d.c. power requirements; this will be a principal
factor in satellite weight.
5.7.1 Broadcast Coverage Area
Figures 5-85 through 5-88 show the problem of U.S. coverage as compared
with the Japanese coverage by CS (shown in Fi~~e 5-85 which can be accomplished
with a single rather simple antenna system.
The coverage of the U.S. Conus ca~ be accomplished by one beam, or three
beams, or 25 beams, or 77 beams, or 130 beams, depending on the beam width of
each comp~nent beam in an antenna such as the multiple-feed offset fed reflector
system discussed earlier in this section.
Providing an interconnected large number of beams will, of course, allow
specific and separate coverage areas such a8 four time zone areas of the areas
which can be easily separated by using the detail or the granularity of the, say,
77 beam system.
5.7.2 Antenna Beam Granularity and EIRP
Table 5-67 lists the antenna ~ain, diameter, and 3-db beamwidth for each
componerot beam provided by a multiple-beam antenna system. Note that as each
beam's beamwidth decreases, the antenna diameter increases and the gain also
increa.es. At 12 GHz, about 12-14 ft is the ~XUDwm antenna size that can be
unfurled or positioned from an Atlas Centaur class satellite, and thus the bea~
widths are limited to around 0.4 degrees and 50 db of gain (which is in the
Morgan-Podracsky sense-structure gain as contrasted to strictly RF ga~ which
must be powered by a solar power system .
w-- - • *_'il€_.- _~ zane = ¥M _ --
~.C.l ; i
Japan CS Satellite Foot-
print on Japan at 19.45 and
29.25 GH::
Spot BeAm Coverage of U.S •• Covera,e of U.S.
Ala~ka. Hawaii and Pu.rt~ Rico by Continental Ar •• by Zone B.~
Propo~ed ~ASA PSC Satellite of Proposed NASA PSC Sateilite
FIGURE 5-85
.'
-340-
I
1
i
1
J
]
1
1
1
1
Figure 5-86. 25 Beam Coverage of USA Using 1 degree Beams.
FIGURE 5-86
Q2 --44
trian,ular layout of
doublet., dual polarizatioa,
polarization rau.e .pot ••
~ • . 5-, n • 68, NB • 45, ~ • 15.
rhombo1dal layout of
lin,letl. sinl!e polarization.
~ • . 50', n· 68. HI ~·68. ~ • 7.55.
,..
FIGURE 5-87. Beam coverage oE USA using
0.5 degree beams to achiev~
isolAtion.
* Afta P. Foldes, ArAA, Orlando, Florida, 1980.
-3L.2-
_ _ _...
. ,_ _ _
-
-;, ~ - '" . ,- -. - "_l
._ ~ ~
. -
, I
- . . ....
.
l
.
~
0.350 BEAM FOOTPRINT AND
FREQUE NC Y BAN b DIS T Ri PI_I T ION
120 110 100 90 Be 70
I I I I
I I
30 -
0.35°
BEAMS
20- I I I I
I
120 100 90 80 70
FIGURE 5-88 -'Coverage of USA by
R I' B(jo1 fll- -
.J • &~V"J
0
130 0.35 beams.
.
\.... (-",
(AIITH
....
....._.,.1 -':
.'.
'.
' .••.•••• '
\
..
.....
3 DB cov £fi-.GE
_ rile melln.in; of "effectJve-
Figure 5-89 bHltIIf~dth /lTld 60 of s1»ce·
cr4f~ .1I1tlPtllla in eenns of
orbit util~&4eion .f~icienc,.
-343-
TABLE 5-67
APPROXIMATE AKJUNT OF TWTA POWER
m.'MBER OF REQUIRED FOR FULL U. S. COVERAGJ
SPACECRAFT ANTENNA BEAMS
POWER REQUIRED REQUIRED FOR
-')'
llallJeter PER BEA:{ (dbw) U. S . COVERAGE EIRP 60 dbw EIRF 65 dbw
(,L') Gain/dB 3dB Beam Wldtf: 60 dbw 6~ dbw
-
5.9
6.3
44
44.8
1°
0.9
0
16
15.2
21
20
25
1J
995
993
3147
3000
--
0
7.3 45.7 0.8 14.3 19.3 35 987 2978
0
I 8.2 47 0.7 13 18 42 840 2650 o l'
W -r,
fI 9.6 48.l. 0.6
0
11.6 16.6 53 766 2422 ......
'
(.
0
11.4 49.9 0.5 10.1 15.1 77 788 2495
,, .
0
14.2 51.8 0.4 8.2 13.2 100 660 2100
16.5 53 0.35
0
7 12 120 600 1902
.- ",,~ ~ t
Table 5-E7 also includes a key consideration in broadcast satellite;
what total TW!A power (per footprint) is required to drive the antenna feed
system through a beam forming network (which will have some loss) to achieve an
EIRP of 60 dbw or 65 dbw. As shawn in Tsble 5-67, as the antenna size increases,
assuming the approxUn3te number of beams required for conus coverage, the amount
of 'IWTA decreases since less ~nd less is required of each feed horn as the
antenna gain increases. Assuming no significant beam ferming network 10s8, (it
will be around 1-2 db) it is evident that for 0.5 0 beamwidth beams, 750 watts
of 'IWT saturated power availability for all 77 feed horns is required. Assum-
ing 'IWTA with 50% efficiency, this would require 1500 watts from the d.c. bus
for the power amplifier system or around 2000-2300 watts for the entire spacecraft.
Operating with 0.5 degree beams (or smaller) makes possib:~ significant
reduction in interference between adjacent areas (see Table 5-68) a,d indeed, this
can be increased by the use of different polarizations or different frequencies
(channels) .
Note from Table 5-67 the enormous d.c. power increase implicit in requiring
65 dbw rather than 60 dbw For all cases listed involving beamwidths from 1 degree
to 0.35 degrees, TW!A power of 2 kw and therefore a d.c. bus capability of at
least 5 kw is required - definitely beyond the state-of-the-art at this time.
5.7.3 Number of Channels to be Serviced
Table 5-67 illustrates the problem in servine a country as large as t.he
United States mainland, as compared, for example, to that of FRG which will be
illuminated by TV-SAT. It is evident from Table 5-67, that the 'IWTA power of
750 watts can be divided up any of several ways. It can be used to provide a
single TV channel t~ r.s. Conus, or to provide one channel to each of four time
zones. But without providing -b~carrier per transponder operation and thereby
requiring a serious decrease in EIRP, it is clear that th~ only means to increase
-345-
~ _ I " " . I - - ~. - • ~ ~ 1 ' . '"' T' ~
, .
to
. ." • - . , '*...,
• .. • # • •
~
- .. ' - . - < - , . ~ ~ ~ • ~ • •
-.• ,-""""~'-"""""""~~-'----~- -·"----"'·_'_T~~_ -. :. 3¥A.i 4 _,4¥k_- ....·~~~--,.,.....~··'--~~~~~-~~~
r
f
DISTANCE ON EARTH FROM BE~'1 CENTER TO 20 dB BEA...'1 POtolER REDUCTION POINTS
FOR VARIOUS SATELLITE ANTENNA BEAMWIDTHS
Beam Al.1g1e from Distance on Earth f~om Beam Center
Antenna Beam Center at \'1.i.~h. to Poiot of 20 dB Beam Power Reduction
Width Beam POt:. '!: is
Down 20 1.03
Equator I Latitude 41°1 Latitude 50°
(~"yC)
-
0 0
132 miles 165 miles 221 miles
1/4 0.345
I
0 0 100 miles 119 miles 165 miles
3/16 0.26
o 66 miles 7"1
." miles 132 miles
l/S 0.173° _I
-3L..6-
.. !I!!.!II!t!iO!.::w:¥¥1
·,,..,~ -.'-~. :sg ¥ -W?!1f.F' f'+I"'i"S<~",,"'A_;""'$!III ....""' ...'*_.J£'!'I'A...-'_ !!!IIA!O!!J..e""''!I!IAI!II41'' '==......
.._i.............4i44E""._..-·""'~·_"' "I'!.Q44i'
....,
.. !!III
.•.!!"41"!tIll!WIfI. ••
the number of channels or useful bandwidth is to increase or max~ize d.c.
power in the broadcast satellite. This d.c. power requirement is actually the
" pivot-point about which TV broadcast satellite design and service is determined
or boundered.
5.7.4 D.C. Power in a Broadcast Satellite
Present large communication satellites produce around 1-1.5 kw of solar
array power. Intelsat-V, for example, uses solar arrays which provide 1.4 kw
BOL p:)Wer to guarantee a 1 kw EOL power.
The solar array power problem has been the subject of much investigation
in all countries - and in particular in FRG where the ULP solar array* , under de-
sign at MBB for use in TV-S~T, has been designed to produce up to 3.5 kw (see
Figu~e 5-78), and according to Figures 5-90 and 5-91, can provide this unusual
solar array power on a spacecraft of the same general mass range as Inte1sat-V.
With the 3 kw of solar array power on an Atlas Centaur upgraded to 2300 kg
payload (same as Ariane III), it is clear from Table 5-67 that the U.S. conus
areas can be provided with from 3 to 4 TV broadcast channels with 60 dbw each,
and with the use of different time zone beams with minimum interference at zone
boundaries well within the protection ratios (see Section 6) required and which
can oe served by both use of different channels and different polarizations.
The TWIA used to serve the multiple beam antennas for 60 dbw illumination
are technologically well advanced. As listed earlier, and presented in Figure
6-92, due to R. Strauss, !WT up to the 750 watt level are available from European
tube manufacturers.
* D. Koelle and W. Kleinau, "A Third Generation Communication Satellite ConceptI!
A~ 8th Communication Satellite Systems Conference, April 1980, Orlando,
Florida, Paper 80-05U5.
-347-
- ' , , . _ , _ T • ~
. I
---- ,. . ",.' '" .. "
• ~. ~. L • _ _ . , _ • f
_,..i ¥,
l~-t--.. .. -" . . r--. .... ,--....--, ---~
Figure 5-91 ,
SOLAR ARRAY'
MASS
.•
• - ,gwlll
paYLOAD
.EQUllll.....'
j'. 1,
KG . -- ~ I
---- • CI,)
200 -......
- ..... 1 _ .....
j! O! I
,
ULP /0
• G
1'-' -
• / I
•
l 0 0
o""IA'j
~/
f
I
• AI I
I I /-
/.J IS~
/ j···r/
• • 0 I I
1
,
~~I
•• I I
o 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 '5 17.5
ARRAY POWER kW BOM 1. I
... "'ylOid Power YS. PlylCNId Mass
..,
UL.P Solar ArrlY MIU n. " - (10M)
Figure 5-90 ~-.u0ll~~'
..ftWIi """ \AjO(iI _ DlWiLl5iiOOiiOlT
1.--,
1-- 1
i
I
•
- -
I
I•
Figure 5-92.
-
':'I-I
Sl I
cU -Due to R. Strauss of
~
.... . Comsat lAbs •
I I I
• • • a •
A:~:.v", Arta45 '""J~ ::>r..-~:'"_·~~: :J-.""'.1~i.:.
tJ.or.' S.)~elll~e ~--:- ~5a~1! &:oj :»-v~:c~.~':
-348-
-
'\.
. ~ ,'.... ~
~ ""
*
-~ '. .-~ ~ -.
' .
'
• • , - 0 ( • • •
_ _ ~_ _ _ • r' ~ • >. ~ "
A consideration in optimizing solar array power is the design of the
spacecraft, spinner or 3-axis. Figure 5-93 s~ows that due to form factor, the
flat array significantly.uses mass more effectively then a cylindrical array;
with a 320 pound advantage accruing to the flat array.
5.7.5 Basics of Satellite Design and Configuration
T~e preceding paragraphs have highlighted the need of a broadcast satellite
serving the full Conus area of the U.S.A. with 60 dbw beams, to carry a large
antenna up to 14 feet in diameter. and to caxry a solar array capable of produc-
ing more than 2-3 kw of d.c. power.
Figure 5-94 shows a variety of 3-axis body stabilized sa:ellite concepts
in the Atlas Centaur/Ariane class, as provided by various individuals and com-
panies. As shown in Figure 5-95 in a concept for a switching satellite due to
O. Jarret as presented in 1976 at the 6th AIAA Sat. Conference in Mont~eal. is
applicable to broadcast satellite design conRiderations since it is designed to
both supp~rt a large transmit antenna illuminated by ~ltiple feeds.
The satellite in Figure 5-96 due to FACC in a 20/30 GHz study for NASA-
Lewis is equally applicable since it provides ~o giant antennas - one for
receive - in an interactive system, usiog a basic bus derived from Ir.telsat-V.
Figure 5-97 is a German concept made at OFVLR in the mid 1970 1 5 which is
interesting since it shows the giant antenna and the ULP solar array, and included
~OO watt !WT which were not in existence at that tUne.
Figure 5-98 shows a TRW giant satellite concept derived from TDRS for the
~~SA 20/30 GHz study, while Figure 5-99 shGWS an advanced RCA Satcom - the
pioneer in domestic television distribution - which uses a single large antenna
with a feed syste~ in cassegr~in optics which could provide broadcast 53tellite
-349-
f"~ '.'~~
r .:': ....... -....
_ •._ ........ '';
ill....,
.e \ '-IV
Or h':v". ,'-'0,,1,-\-
MASS OF SOLAR ARRAY (INCLUDING SUBSTRATE)
1~r---------------------------------~
M • MARISAT
A - ANIK, WESTAR, PALAPA I
IV • INTELSAT IV
IVA" INTELSAT IVA
V • INTELSAT V
R - RCA SATCOM
20 '--~'--~'---~I ---- i i
200 300 500 1000 2000 3000 5000 10,000
WATTS
FIGURE 5-93
··350-
~- I
'------r----- -----',------1
I
i I
' I
'. i
i
I
FIGURE 5-94
FIG\ilU: ~' "I'l"
. - Coc=unication
Concep': ,)f a.
S.te~ li:'i<.. ';S:, :,,,
·~ilj-·",:
....
?=e;;;cn,,~c
~ clple-Bea:::.
.•• 4
t"!r:r:ector as
by D• .:a;:: .... et
to the ~.!J.:. 1;; _
-351-
SPACECRAFT CONFIGURATION -
1.4 Kw
,.----- SOLAF\ ARRAY
..,..--
TRANSMIT ANTENNA
SU9-REFLECTOR
~ Ford Aerospace &
Communications Corporation
FIGL'RE 5-96
-352-
L.·;
OF b:cr. '<'
.
ARIANE CONCEPT FOR TV BROADCASTI"''' INOROSAn
,,1;-
A~Y
.. -
•
FIGURE 5-97
i
i
i
-353-
- ~, - . " - . - . -; , ~ "\ '" -, --. - ;- - - . - -- ') - ,-
• - -
'. ~,-
,'" " • ~,_ _.J ~
'
./;.-"""'t ---':-:' "
." ....
~z;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;t. ----~-'
..
I
~'
Figure 5-98 TRW
Figure 5-99 RCA
ITS/PAM
Launch Vehicle ]050 lbs.
Tr.nsfer Orblt We 19 ht 10 yra.
Milluon Lit. Spin /Q
Tr.nsfer Orblt St.bl1i:.tl0n St.bil1t ....
Synchronous Orblt contr.ol 1000 w
End of Llfe Array pover .0 A-hr.
aattery C.p.Clty 24
•
Oper.tinl Transponder Channel.
sp.re power Ampll!lerS
~ceiye Fraqyency land
•
5.'25 to '.425 GH%
]. 7 to 4.2 GHI
TTan •• 1t Frequency I.nd 14.5 d ....
EI~ Per Channel -1.5 dl/I(
G/T )) d8
"in~\~ Polarilatlo n Isolation
-354-
service. While the d.c. power of the RCA Satcom is relat1v.ly low (1000 watts
EOL) for broadcast satellite requirements, it. general design follow. the
other.s presented and consistent with TV-SAT-AJ design ~e.cribed earlier which in-
dicate that bus design and attitude and thermal control are technoloaically
mature provided solar array p~¥er can be provided to power to TV channel.
required.
-355-
6 .0 T'V EARTH TERM!.NA LS
6.1 The Small T'V Earth Terminal
The word "small" describing Jliniature earth terminals for broadcast
satellite systems also implies low $ cost - a welcome development in the 1.980'.
after almost ~o decades of satellite systems requiring large million dol13r
earth terminal installations.
Commercial satellite communications arrived in the mid 1960's using large
30-meter antenna earth terminals to receiv~ from largely global beams. These
terminals cost, in 1960's dollars, from 5 to 8 million dollars. The advent of
10-me ter antenna earth termi.na 15 in the early-mid 1970' s, due to higher flux
density produced by regional beams, reduced these costs to from 0.5 Jlillion to
2 Jlillion dollars for full receive-tra~smit telephony and TV terminals to around
$65K for a 4 GHz 10-meter TVRO terminal using a then new GaAs FET ampli~ier.
The advent of the 4.5 meter TVRO terminai in the 1976 era further reduced
these costs to arcund $35K, and competition due to deregulation of the need to
acquire a license to receive commercial 4 GHz TV broadcasts fram domestic cammu-
nications satelliteS, brought these costs as low as to around $lO-15K.
In the decade of the 1980's, the use of TV broadcast satellites ~ith EIRP
in excess of 60 dBw, the continued development of low noise amplifier technology
using GaAs FET techniques and the use of new in~egrated circuits made ?ossiblp
by cOll'!r.lercial color TV developments has "Jade possible small l-:neter TVRO '.anni-
nals at 12 GHz costing ...ell under $lK, with simi:ar terninals in the O.e. GHz
and 2.5 GHz freq'.lency range cos t ing in the sa!Tle do lIar range.
:~ch has been written abuut ~he develo?ment of low cost 3-meter antenna
S-band and UHF syste:ns for u~e with ATS-6 ~nd of 1 and 2-:lV!ter 12 .• Hz T'VRO
antennas usee with CTS, Anik-B and Ja~n's BSE and the emergence of a private-
user:' GHz r;~o l:lusiness (t;) be d!.scussed) i!l providing considerable develvpment
)f low cose: TVRJ earth teIT.linal systems and technology. This report will only
-356-
pres~nt the highlights of these ~evelopments, but will address the s~cifi~
technologies and costs which will be realized in a future marketplace where
small TVRO and interactive terminals in the quantities of 100,000, 1 million,
and 10 ~illion will be required. When such quantities are addressed, many
technologies and circuits which are not economic in small volume procurement
then become candidates for the most cost effective systems.
6.1.1 Types of TV Ground Terminals for Broadcast Satellites
Figure 6-1 illustratp.s a t.ypica.: IV antenna system which includes all. external
•
antenna with outdoor electronics (if TVRO, L~ only; if interactive, LNA and
HPA~. A cable -:onnects this out-of-doors installation to an indoors system whi.ch
can include the receiver and a TV recei"'~r, and an exciter and telephone if the
system is interactive.
The .~ircuit diagram of this system is shown in Figure 6-2. Note that the
basic TVRO video earth terminal includes only a!! i:lntenn.a, a L"{A (low noL:e
amplifier), and a video receiver which is directly conne~ted to a co~rcial TV
set, or ~o a TV distribution system such as a cable system or a VHF broad~ast
transmitter. Ei-..1re 6-2 includes an interactive video earth stat::'on which includes
a tr~nsmit capability fo~ either or both video and voice. Figure 6-3 shows a
typical rvRO earth terminal developed in Japan for use with the Japan BSE. This
earth ten::inal receives ar.. FM. TV signal at 12 GHz, using a 90 rom dish, and delivers
a vestigial sideband video carrier and an FM 30und ~rrier at a ?rescribed channel
freqtocncy to '-'. sr:and~rd TV receiver. Tllis type of t'eceiver, to be discussed i:-,
this chapter,is inter.~ed to s~ll for less than $300 in quantities greater than
100,000.
The TVkO terr.inal ~f Figur~ 6-3 is described in terms of basic specifications
if' Table 6··1. Table 6-2 giv:..s ,--are iet3.iled Antenna/l~hO specification&; note
-357-
4
• \.
•
• ~
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- ' .
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f:·~,;;,u ... '5
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OR!Gii,2;.r;... I UALITY
OF POOR Q
Figure 6-1
TV Ground Te rmina1
-358-
... -, ~r-4,'; 4__
------~----
,.2ll~
",--- --'''''"''1
........._ -
~~.".'~-.."._ . -_ _
Ir\~
) __-4~"'_"""1
E:J
~deo ~deo PI'~m
R~iver r- '
and Audio
•
V
Antenna
Basic Receive Only Video Earth Station Block Diagram
Primary Video
Back·up Video
Primary Audio
Back·up Auuio
•
Redundant Receil!& !)nlv Video Earth Station Block Diagram
.',
-----------------.----,--~---------~
Video and
ITransmit
...-_-...... Relect
Program Audio
Filter
Antenna Video and
~---~ ~~::If·
1 I
Prognm Audio
,----
Basic Transmitlrtecej"e Vi~ec _~.1h Station Block Diagram
I
TV Tt! r:n ina is
-359-
. ..
--,.,.....~-~~"'........-,...,
~,4iiitiiUI¥p,:@
. .~... I"..
•. ''''!Jf-"",..",,g''''¥!!!i4'''''.IIJIIII!II.
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_'!\'".4€44 !i!!*"'.
•• ""'.'!!'4444¥G!'I!. 1Il41!'1#.!'I!A4I!!!!¥!!!I.!II4""_IJIPlIIltl!l.III.,
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'~F:P'OOR QUALHV.
. i
I. Sony hopes to grab a shaTf! of the potentially
lucratitJe diTf!ct-to-home broadcasting market w~ing
simple receit'Nmly stations. This one uses a 9()..cm dish,
and 50-em dishes have bee7t successfully tested.
SWITCH
I TV INTERFACE
Receiver :MOOU-jt--_...,O
, LA TOR ~ TO TV SET
•
~------l-~!----~
Figure 6-3. Japan's Smnll Earth T~rminal Contender
-360-
" " _¥ *9- _¥¥#4! .~ - ;!¥44!4
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I
TABLE 6-1
I
,
Typical 12-GHz rl Individua1-U~
TVRO Termina 1
Receive Frequency 12.2-12.7 GHz
Antenna 1 m
Receive Noise Temp 50K for Antenna
550K for Receiver
Receive Signal !..evel -llOdBW
TV-V Signal FM, 12 MHZ P-P Deviation
TV-Audio Signal FM-FM, 2 MHz p.p Deviation
4.5 MHZ Subcarrier
Video Bandwidth 4.2 Mf{z
Video SiN 46 dB. weigh.::ed
Audio Bandwidth 15 kHz
Audio SiN 50 dB
-361-
Table 6-2
Typical Antenna I LNAI L.0 Speci£i~ations
1 m cassegrain antenna with
Antenna Type
currugated horn and continuously
variable linear polarization
Elevation angle range 50 to 30°
Azimuth angle range
Wind velocities
Operational Up to 30 rnl s
Surviving Up to 50 m/s
Polarization discrLmination >35 dB within 1 dB main lobe width
~39.0 dBi at 12.2 GHz
Antenna ga in
Antenna temperature S75° K at 10c elevation
Frequency range 12.2 to 12. 7 GHz
Tem~rature range
CXltdoor unit _45 0 C to + 40°C
Indoor unit 0" C to + 40°C
~5.0 dB
No ise Figure
-6 Imonth
LO stability 1 x 10
LO phase noise, CiNo >90 dBHz at 1000 Rz
>68 dBliz at lOt> Hz
>40 dBHz at 10 Hz
Gain stability U.5 dB/da'
-362-
that a G/T of 8 is used requiring an LNA noise temperature of around S dB. The
receiver provides a video signal-to-noise ratio (SiN) of 46 dB and an audio
signal ratio (SiN) of 50 dB when the terminal is directed toward the BSE broad-
cast satellite with an EIRP of 56 dBW (See Table 6-1).
6.1.2 ~te~ Requirements for Received Picture Quality
The ultimate question in TV transmission is the customer acceptance of the
displayed TV ima~.:. 'fhis has been related by the TASO st'06dy \ .. ..:e below) to the
rms RF signal-to-noise ratio (SiN in a 6 MHz band for NTSC television system.
Almost all of the recent American literature, including the Jansk/ and Bailey
report referenced in the Rl"P, refers back to this expertmental study reported by
the Television Allocations Study Organization ('rASe) in ".959. The TASO study
was conducted at the RCA Laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey, in ~y and June
1958. Almost 200 observers participated in the expe~iment, resulting in approxi-
mately 28,000 separate observations in 63 electrical test conditions. The sub-
jective effects of noise on pictul:es and of co-channel and adjacent-channel
interference were determined.
The raw data obtained by the TASO Panel was analyzed further by the FCC
and re~or.ted by Harry Fine of the FCC in 1961. His principal results are shown
in Figure 6-4. The picture grades are defined in Table 6··3. Note that for
SiN above 4S dB, TASO Grade 1 is achieved in which the noise is not perceptible
and the picture is of extremely high quality.
The signa1-to-noise ratio (SiN) is obtained from standard link budgets.
Table 6-4 describes link budgets for 12 GHz individual and community recep.ion
where _...: sate llite EIRP is 63 dllJ for the direct- to-home receivet" and 55 dBW
to the :ommunity receiver; a GIT of 8 is assu~d for the direct-to-home receiver,
ana SIN" in the 45 to 47 dB range are obtained f,r a TV signal USing an FM in
a 20 :1Hz bandwidth.
-363-
C'·';,..
OF r"- ~,,{
1.5
1.0
6.0
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4.0 ~
20
U
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4
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" ' •• Y ""[, -, ,0.:'.... [" '''.LY$'S
,,~
C' f&50 P'''[L 6 0.·' :;I" ~'GOj'L
TO ' .. f[""[I![i'oIC[ ",T'CS A.. O T .. [I. '0
C
APPL'CAT,C" TO CE5C",PT'OIl 9
0' TEl!~'S'OIl 5£"""e£, c
,.[ T", .. saCT'CIO' c .. I"O'OO&$T,,.O,
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tit 1O Z, 30 U 40 45 ~
(S,",Rl uso • RWS IH SIG ... AL AT S Hie/RMS
R' "'::SE IN 'MHz (.~)
Figure 6-':-
T;\SO ~!)ISl' Grades as Functional <Jf Signal-to-.\oisc Ratio
-364-
___ 4?PQi!@,?¥
-V""" ,
1
r~ .
0!- I ~~.,. ..
TABU: 6-3
~~SO Grade Definitions
Definition of Grade·
Grade :"\umber
1. 00 ~ q ~ 1, jO Excellent "The picture is of extremely high
1
quality I as good as you could desire. "
~~Olse IS not perceptible.
., Fme "The picture is of f.igh quality •
providing enjoyable viewing.
Interference IS perc,?ptibl~. "
2.50 ~ q S 3,3(1 "The picture is of (lcl:cptable
3
quality. Interference is not ob-
jectionable. -,
~::lrglnal "The picture IS poor In quality and
you Wish you could improve it.
Interference is somewhat
objectionable ...
4.50 S q!:5.5u lnfenor "The picture is very poor hut you I
5
could watch it. Definltelyobjec-
tionable interfcrenc~ is present. II
I) ~,50 ~ q ~ 6.0L! t:nusable "The picture is so bad to"}at you
could not watch It.-'
-As defined in "Engineering Aspects of Television Allocations, Report of TASO
to the FCC ," ~larch 16, 1959, Pages 453, .. 54.
-365-
""-_4_:*....
......... - _..,.
__.... __ UII!I!-'
g;:.".W_¥i@,!'!"'_,U,..._!IlI!II_. " " ' !t";C;:I!!!!OO""m..,u_g"""~4#4Yj;:. R£z:;qa .AS '-___ "" _ _.c
TABLE 6-4
Link Budgets for FM/TV Downlinks at 12 GHz
Individual Reception Community Reception
PaLameter
63.0 dB 55.0 dB
EIRP
-205.0 dB -205.0 dB
Free ::ipace Loss
-3.0 dB -3.0 dB
Service area edge factor
-2.0 dB -2.0 dB
Rain attenuation margin
-0.6 dB -0.6 dB
Other Losses
8.0 dB 14.0 dB
G/T
228.6 d&1 228.6 d&1
89.0 dB 87.0 dB
CINo
73.0 dB 73.0 dB
B (2(' XHz)
16.0 dB 14.0 dB
CIN
47.0 dB 45.0 .:iB
s/~ I
I
* peak- to- peak luminance to we ighted rms no ise
-365-
"""" ...."......,.ziiM. '_I~ -e.'-5 _.l!.... ___-..._ ...______.___lIlie_.....
- . .rtitt-1I........-..... -'-,~ SiiiittClIJI--
*'1
Figure 6-4A shows how anten~ diameterlgain and SiN can be related as a
function of LNA noise figure at 12 GHz showing that a I-meter antenna sY8tem with
a noise figure of 4 dB will yield a SiN of at least 45 dB which will give !ASO
grade 1 quality to the user. Tabl~ 6-5 describes additional link budgets at
12 GHz as derived for Doc. 10-ll/ll14-E based on present and achievable tech-
niques, for Regions 1, 3 and Region 1. This table is in C/N, and includes the
received ~ower flux density PFD.
6.1.3 General G/T Versus Antenna Diameter Consideration~~ rv Earth Terminals
In USSG-IO/IIB Doc BC-852, Dr. Firouz Naderi has developed several very
useful curves which relate LNA or receiver noise ftgure and antenna gain for
various ranges of G/T at 0.1 GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 12.2 GHz.
Note from Figure 6-7, that a noise figure of 6 dB and an antenna dia~ter of
1 meter give.s a G/T ;i8 dB. The value includes a coupling loss of 0.5 dB and an
antenna temperature of l71K. Note that yotaLning the I-meter antenna diameter
and reducing the noise figure to 3 dB increase the G/T to 12 dB while retaining
the 6 dB noise figure receiver and increasing antenna diameter to 1.5 meters
also increases the G/T to 12 dB.
Thus it is possible to :nake cost trade-offs between t~le cv::t of increasing
antenna diameter and the cost of nducing noise figure in order to achieve a
part icu lar G/T 0
Tables 6-6A and 6-6B, for video only, elso due to Dr. Naderi, relate two values
of SiN and four different bandwidths in MHz to the ~ of satellite EIR?, earth
terminal G/T. Note that from TaDle 6-6, a satellite with an EIR? of 68.6 and &n FM
bancr... idth of 27 :iliz will pr')vide a SiN of 43 dB with an antE!tlU terminal of
CiT • 8 dB at 12 GHz. Wh.:.le the ElRPs are believed to be e:ttremely conservative
(slightly high), the trends in G/r for 'J1lrious bandwidtl.s f.)r a given SiN can
als·., be establ ished, witr a spread of almost 6 dB exisLing between the 18 ~Hz
and ~he 36 ~ system.
-367-
;-.rcE. \S
QUAUTY
It
COMftlnWlI
NOt. . fIIOUlIl
U
"
.
i
0.' .,.. 1.' 1..
, !
,.
, I 1
ANTI_ OO"..-rlll' ....
GAIN AND Nf: ihe relationship betw.en rec.,v~d P' cture
w .. ghted S,N ar.d ant,,",. g,,"
v,rles With the converter! "'l.se
"9 ur e. To prOi1l.ce a S,N ralto 01 -': dB. us.ng a eOrlV,.,I.,. w,':h •
4 5-dB no.se "gure, an antenn. With a ga.n 01 39 aB 1$ needed
Figure 6-4A'
-368-
.$ q .i!!P. .t .
",1
j
:~.:"'!TY
1
TABlE 6-5
Characteristics of RepresenLative Receiving
Systems and Resulting Power Flux-densities
Derived from Doc 10-11/1l14-t
Ind 1vidus 1 COllmlnity
Type of Reception A B C D A B C 0
HP bea~idth (degree.) 2.4 ::'.5 2.0 1.8 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0
Antenna diam. (m) 0.75 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.8 2.4 1.8 1.8
~oise factor (dB) 6.2 3.7 5.0 4.6 4.2 2.2 4.2 4.2
G/T (dB) 4 12 6 8 14 20 14 14
Overall £/,li requir~d (dB' 14 14 1t.. 14 14 14 14 14
Frequency band (GHz) 12 17. 12 12 12 12 12 12
Bandwidth (MHz) 18 27 27 18/23 18 27 27 18/23
2
PFD (d!\W/m ) -103 -109 -11713 -1041 -112 -117 -1Ll -1121
I I -103 -111
A: readily achievable
B: achievable at additional cost
C: adopted by WARC-BS for Regions 1 and 3
D: adopted by WARe-BS for Rfgion 2 (US)
-369-
-,. -
. " ' Ii ~ ,C'i. \5
•• '~.
... ,..... Q'U l\\.fC{
..... Or.q i"'>
O\' t" ......
--
••
...
- ....
CD
~
•
- ..
~
••
~ •
t-
z:
cc- ..
-..
•~
...
1
•
w
-.
•
-
•
~Ji
eo
__________ri________ -Pi---------Ti--------~ir-----
I
•.•• ..U •.•• 6.1' •.•• •• •• • .1 .••
MOl SE Fa. (dO)
ngure 0-5
G/T lS I funQt10n of Int,nnl gain .nd the recQiver
noise figure freque,~y • .7 &Hz. coupling lo~s • .5 dB,
.nt ennl temper.ture • 350 K.
,.. • 12 •
•
11\
...
••
...
et::
UJ
... .a
UJ
I:
z: •
1-1 .,
• •
-
%
E: E
a:
1-1
c
I~ ,
•11\
...z: -
CIt
-a
...,
a:
••
•
11\
••
•
•••• I." • . ••
NOISE FIG. IN
, .c c
••••
DB
II .•• 'If .••
Figure 6-6
G/T IS I function of Intennl sizes Ind rt<e1vlr noise
figure frequency • 2.6 GHz, coupling loss • .5 dB,
Intenn. temperlture • 50 K
-371-
•
- 11 -
••
• •••
••
•
:
'-
'U •
----if-~~~=----------------~~~--~~~~~~~~--~~_.'---~~_.'---~~
":::""-
• ·.,1•
:z:
-
~
Q
~
• !
CD
z: 1" CD
~
a:::
••
co-,
-
,.1•
••
- .I
I
I
.'•
t ..
.,. J
.,,.
••
"
•• • eo
•• •• 8
•••• •.• 1 •. t I
NOISE Fe.
•.••
(dB)
II .1' aI . I.
.1
Figure 6-7
GIT as a function of antenna .1ze and receiver noise fii~re. Frequency • 12.2 GHz
coupling loss • .S dB. antenna temperature • Tar + Tas where Tar • antenna temperatu~e
due to rain. 171 K{corresponding to 4.1 dB rain attenuation for 25 0 elevation angle
and 99.9' reliabi'ity in an average year} and Tas • antenna temperature due to sources
other than rain.
-372-
.~' I r'~
EC-852
- 5 -
TABLE 6-6A\
1M required 11gebritiC SUII of the
utel11 t. ElRP ,and thl grou~ tl... t M1
GIT for individull reclption.
Blndwidth ~n~ required sltel1ft. EIRP +
in MHz gro~"~ terminll in GIT dB
for .)IN • 43 dB
-
UHF S Ku
18 42.9 54.4 72.3
23 39.3 50.8 68.7
.
27 37.2 48.7 66.6
36 37.0 48.5 66.4 ,
TABLE 6-6B
Th. required "gebrltic sum of the BC-8S2
sItel1iti EIRP Ind the ground Terminll
GIT for community reception.
I
Bandwidth Thl required satellite EIRP +
in MHz ground terminal G/T in dB
for SIN • 49 dB
UHF S Ku
18 48.9 60.4 78.3
23 45.3 56.8 74.7
27 43.2 54.7 72.6
-
36 39.7 51.2 69.1
-373-
6.1.3.1 SiN. FM Bandwidth and Protection Ratios
The degree of interference perceptibility of interference for FM television
signals depends on' the amount of thermal noise present and permits a higher
level of inter£9rence when the oicture is degraded by the presence of thermal
noise. The CCIR has expressed a protection ratio PR which in turn is related
to a protectio~ constant PC as follows:
PR • PC - (49-S/N) SiN c::::. 49 dB
,. PC SiN> 49 dB
where all quantities are expressed in decibels and SIN is the peak-peak
luminance signal to RMS thermal noise ratio. Figure &-7A due to Collin and
Gabel, shows the required protection ratio as a func~ion of SiN for various
FM bandwidths. These protection ratios will result in just pe.rcertible inter-
ference during less than 5% of the time. Since it can generally b~ expected
that SiN will equal 49 dB or more the. required ?rotection ratio will equal
the protection constant.
For example. a 8 MHz bandwidth TIf ":elevision signal will require the
lavel of interference to be 35 dB below the desired signal. It is apparent
that the sidel~be level of the ground station antenna receiving this signal
should be at least 36 dB beleM the main lobe in .:>rdeI to provide adequate
discrimination against unwanted signals for FM television broadcasting with
bandwidth as low as 8 MHz.
·~_ .."".,i_=_- ~~~~~~~~~'" @l4-. . . . . _, _ _ • 4 ..
dB.
aI
3S
t.t • 8 mhz. 36 dR
I
~~
-'I
'C
0
.~
+I
ttl 30
a: t.f • 16 mhz. 30 da
c
0
.~
+I
U
;,
....
+I
0 fl f • 35 mhz. 27 :!B
25
45 50 55 dB.
Video SIN
,.
Figure 6-7A. P~~~=tion ratio as a function of vi~eo signal
to =-=15. ratio .
-375-
6.2 Present TVRO Earth Terminals
As has been described earlier in this report, numerous broadcast TV systema
have already been built and tested or are in operation at the three frequancy
ranges in ~estion.
The preceding sections have discussed the use of high p~er satellites at
UHF/S-band/Ku-band for broadcasting into small low cost terminals. These in-
elude systems for which significant hardware and test commitments have been made.
These systems are listed below and will be discussed in the next paragraphs.
USSR Statsionar-T into Siberia at 715 MHZ (community).
- ATS-6 Experiment into India at 900 MHz (community).
S-band (2.6 GHz) - ATS-6 educational TV experiments into Rocky Mountains
and Appalachia.
INSAT into India (community).
CTS into Canada and U.S., testing 0.7 meter to 4.5
meter systems for direct-to-user and community recep-
tion.
- ANIK-B and ANIK-C into Canada, te$ting lower EIRP
transmission into small (1.2-1.6 m) antennas.
Japan BSE into Japan testing direct-to-user systems.
These systems essentially set the stage for WARC-77 and for the intense
intere~t 0n a worldwida scale that has been ~nife'ted at WARC-79 and which has
created the intensive broadcast satellite developments described in Section 2.
6.2.1 TVRO Earth Terminals fo;:. Domestic 4/6 GHz Satellites
Any developments, worldwide, i.n TVP.O earth terminals at any frequency, will
benefit from the intense developments naw underway in the United States as a
result of the use of the RCA SATCOM I and 2 and WESTAR I and 2 dO'nestie satellites.
As shL"Jt1. in Figure 6-8 each RCA SA reOM uses freq'lency use via vert iea 1 and
-375-
,., ..... '
.- .... -: \3
( i ; ~,: -\.
~ . . I··: 'T'i
~.! ~,,,,
Where the 'birds' are
~a,.. ·O
SY*="IIIOIIIOUI
A-. a,,... 0
OlilelT
22 . • _11."...,111
IQUIITQIII
....
SoIl'rea. • u ... O
-IT".. , '....,
ca...,,...,, 0
.' .....0
"'~~/'"
"'n
DOWN LINK FREQUENCY PLAN
DOWN LINK
3700 TO ~200 MHz -----------~
I (500 MHz BANDWIDTH) 1
1--.1 !.-3eMHZ I
I I BW
I
! I I
137~ 137601 3800 38'" 3880 3920 3geO I
VERTICAL I
POLARIZATION r71 r;l [5l f71 (91 r,7l r,3l
1
I
I 3740 3780 3820 3860 3900 39<tO 3980 4020 4060 4100 4140 4180 I
HORIZONTAL I
POLARIZATION rilr.lrelrelf701r721r,;lr;81r,&1r;QlQ G;1
I I
1 1
1 I
I
I RCA SATCOM I. II. AND III (24 TRANSPONDER SATELLITE)
I
13120 J760 3800 3840 3880 3920 3i60 ~ ~ 4180 4120 4160
HORIZONTAL
POLARIZA TION (7lr71r7lr71r5lr71rT1r7lr;1(7olr,;-,r,;,
WESTAR I AND II (12 TRANSPONDER SATELLITE)
.-
Figure 6-8
Transof:>nder Freq'Jencv Plans :>f RCA SATCO:-i and WESTAR
-377-
horizontal polarization to provide 24 channels in the 3.7-4.2 GHz downlink.
Each WES!AR provide. only 12 channels. Each aatellite has an EIRP of around
32-34 dB which then ~lace. significant requiraments of antenna .iZ8 and LNA
noise temperature, making very small (1 met6r) antenna diameters impolsible, but
achieving exceptional reception with 4.6 meter antenna. and good reception with
3-meter antennas. Figure 6-9 shows the r~commend.d minUDum antenna size and
w~ noise temperature for use with SATCOM lover the continental United States.
The uees of the SATCOM and WESIAR satellites for television distr~butLon
are ~yriad. They range from television network Video and sound distribution,
to cable TV distribution, special programming for muSic, sport., news, conferences,
etc., to selected user communities, and even for bro&dcastLng sessiens of the U.S.
Congress in Washington, D.C.
Table 6-8 lists t~e Cable 'N e&!'th termi.nals as of April 2, 1979 (already
out of date a year later) showing rhe number of earth terminals (10 net~r and
4.5 meter variecy) which serve the use ~bove. Figure 6-10 shcrws the circuit
diagr~~ of a cable TV TVRO earth terminal manufactured by Micrcrwave Associates
(MaiCom). Figure 6-11 shcrws the salient features of Scientific Atlanta's Model
8502 TVRO ea~t~ terminal - probably the most widely used earth terminal in the
world in 1979-1980. Table 6-12 lists selected TVRO receiver s?ecifications. This
receiver must follow an L~ with a noise temperature at the 100-120 K level.
0
With the advent of high quality TVRO earth terminals such as the Scientific
Atlanta terminal ab,Jve, a family of very low cost ptivate user or pers-:>nal earth
terminal systems has been develo?8d to sell from $1000 to $12000. Figures 6-12
and 6-13 shcrw res?ectively a very low cost high q'J&lity 12-ft dish manufactured by
L~SAY, and the very. very low cost ~~AN spherical antenna which is reported to
be capable of cost~~g less than $300 on a build-yo~r-awn basis.
-378-
- . . . . . --'. . . '? mn itt?
0;-1" . . . . •.. , "~ r-- .... -.•
c
~ r'"
•
.",-,_i. -.~: I i
('---"
,/\
t.
\.~.'-.
j"-----,..----~-.J ~...,.--.
c· )
I' ,
f---i )
J ~--.--
i /
Figure 6-9
Recommended minimum antenna size and Low Noise Amplifier
for use wi th SATCOM-l
-3,9-
OUXLSOiij
TABLE 6-8
CATV Earth Stations State Listing
Total Subscribers Under Total
In Thousands + Construction Earth
Or No Data Stations
Alabama 213 10 65
Alaska 5 4 5
Arizona 52 3 23
Arkansas 107 5 37
Call'ornia 863 11 78
COI:JradO 68 6 22
CO'1~ectlcut 123 4 12
tlt"3,'.are sa 0 -. 03
DISI~lct Of COlumbia 0 0
Florlca 477 16 68
Georgia 240 11 50
1;3.'. a~ I 24 2 4
'=a-:
Ii ~ :·s
48
318
~
12
.~
' ..
:,. ..
Ir:; a~a 172 I
6 ~"
w.
I"W··_
., 64 E ~1
Kansas
Ke'1:ucky
. 148
88 "82 63
27
LO\,pslana
Maine
167
32 , 39
6
r-la",' a::J 85 12
Massacnusetts 71 ,·" 10
M,cr,gan 191 5 36
r",~,"-~sota , '5 9 -'2 .~
MISSISSIPPI i65 E 45
MISSOUri 76 7 27
MOntana 73 5 23
NecraSka 62 I 15
·
Ne'.ac:a
Ne,·. Hampshire
~
27 -
C 0
::
Ne,·. Jersey 70 .! 15
·~e ... '.1ex :CO 176
Ne .... York 349
·7 "29
No':h Carolina 187 10 43
Nor:., Dakota 33 5 14
Ot'110 410 2 44
ell a"'oma 157 :, :)0
Ore;:::n 136 0 26
Pe"rsylvanla 360 8 32
Rt'I::e IS~a'1d _. ~:A
, ,
Soum CarOlina 94 10 28
South Dakota 24 4 8
Te,,"essee 119 8 42
Texas 6" 34 ~47
U:c- 16 " ~C
Ve"'¥'cro\! I, ~ 5
v.'; ~a 128 .:: 2:-
... .,
'ilias" r_!1ton 146 2 ,'-
liest Virginia lal 9 32
WisconSin
Wyoming
131
63 ,
4 24
15
Totals
-7.500 -283 1.498 '
'Inc I \,Ices 115 microwave Interconnects
+ JC"" LL;bc!kln marke!'r1<;j c!rect?r lor It'lt' :"::a:ac'1lan Reglc~a S;-~ 55'0'1. est!rra'€5 '''c' ''1e 'c'a :. :3:: e ~ ,If:<::;
5u:S:" ::ers '5 "r"oerest·rr-a:ea:ly appro .. ,..-a·'?'y 'C.'5 ;JerCe"! 3~: PO;!: !l'1e t'art" s:a' :- '::a' :5 ,,~:~.~~' ~3',:,: :;,
ap~r::xlmately 3·5 percent Total as 01 Apr" Z • ~79 ~.: ___ :
-=-
- ---=- ----_.-_.-
- .=-:.
=
= : = -=- ;,.-
~-
-=-.- :: ';;r~:..!.. ;J:,/.c:
r : ... :~ ~ :;. ~:-:
~
. 'J
~J ••••. • . :~
-380-
..,II
I .. ATN
"A"O"
.."U .....
""1-
J~"
.. ,II O'lLICTlillC c.t.eU L...._ _ _....-.!~--"'II'OUT
ow ""IIIUII
01''''011''
"lID'! ,: ..C
~~~>-------------------------~~
IWIIT
...'" Ot'1'IOOIAL c.t.eLl _LAfO"
• . .,Tt: Of'f1000..L CMU IIIIOOULA fOIl &100 Of'nOIIAL
"" ...'111,.. flOlll-.' . , TCH
Figure 6-10. Cable TV TVRO Circuit
-381-
.. t
-<"rtc se
L,
,
Packaged Systems Figura 6-11.
Television Earth Stations Scientific Atlanta', M9del 8502
..- ,0,., .-
( /
~,
i
I
t
I
WCCB-TV Charlotta, North Carolina
Model 8502 Redundant
Receive-Only Earth Station
The Model 8502 receive-only earth station also contains
the basic antenna, LNA. and receiver components. A
second L~A and receiver, plus a protection switch, are , '
:ncluded for increased reliability.
The protection switcn continuolJsly monitors the pri:T,~r(
.--
,
LNA and receiver tor proper operation and lutomrltically
switches to the standby units should problems develop. ----
.
j
J ~
The Model 8502 redundrnt system provides considerable
operational flexibility, It may be operated in several modes :
selected by a front panel SWitch:
i, Fully protected with ;'Jtomatic LNA and receiver
SWitching for max imllm protection against outige.
b. Simultaneous operation of one pnmary and one
secondary channel. The secondary channel IS auto-
matically pre-empted and switched Into pnmary service
if needed for protection of the primary channel.
c. Simultlneou~ operation of two unprotected channels,
Rerelve-only elrth stations typically require less 'han 61 0 ~m
(24 ,n,l ot standard rack spICe to house the ~Iceo receivers
Ind ~\llItching equipment, Since this equipment Cln be located
several hundred feet from the Intenn., ex Istlng equipment.
room soace ,s frequently used,
Primary Video
Primary Audio
Audio
Switch Back-Up Audio
• •
Prot.C'tion Switdl
Model 8502 Redundant Receive-Only Earth Station Block Diagram
-382-
; # = ttW"'-~··· ~. jT.": • ~g •.. Ji.K454~, ¥l$ ~",.. ~ t- £ _
,
i..J
L' f ;- -~.i t"c..;;.I..;-iY
TABLE 6-12
TVRO Receiwcr Specifications
Gen.r..: Audio Perform.nee
,requency 11M 3.7-42GHZ SI8nderd ~'* 6 2. !I 8. or 7 , MHZ
Inpul Impedenc. 50 OHMS
Input ".tum Lo.. '~cIn Olh<!, AlrlllaOI. on Requ ....1
111 DB SubcPoW. il....ItOll 75 - 200 KHZ Palik
Inpul L.... -70 rO -4() DB~1
1
0. Em"'.... 75 mlec
Chll'lnel lendwtdth 30 MHZ liN. C/N 01 14 01 60 DB
Hoi.. ~gUl'
Tuning
13 DB
24 Chlnn.1
,requency
Ol,tortlon
"npon.. ! 1 0 DB. 50 HZ 1015 KHZ
1~ '..1.,.
(Locil or R.mote) Lewel Out .'5 OBM T..t Ton. (-III OBM Peak)
Th,..hold 8 DB Impedance 150.600 OHMS 9allnCM
Video Pe,.on".nee:
SIN. Welghled C:N 0114 01 51 DB TYPICII OperIIUng Environment
Clamping >36 DB
01"_"11 ""_ n°. 100!OO'!I. APl Templfltu.... Olo5V'C
Ollf.reftllll Olin 4~. 10-~ AP~ Humtdif\: i5~ It 4()'C
Line rll'" Olllol1lon 1 . -::: Units Max llIY.llon 0- 15000 Fill
Field Time 0111011101'1 2 IRE Units M••
Shof1 Time OI,'ol1lon 4 IRE Units Max
"eI.tt•• Chrom. DillY 4() illS Mil.
Power Requlr.ment.
"elilt.. Chrom. O.ln ! (15 DB MI.
Source 115/230 V· 51160 HZ AC
"reqUtlflcy "npon..
10 KHZ - 4.2 MHZ '1Ilwed ·22 to -29 VOe.: (PO$I"ve Ground)
! 05 DB Max
L.... QUI ConlUmpilcIn 45 WillS
1 V poP (AdIUlllibl.)
Impedenee 750"MS
O.lmp""i' 525 Lin. NTSC
625 Line PAL SECAM
-383-
I
eter (12 ft) i1
3·6 rT1 1
1
satellite
'.
rVRO antenna
/
·j
SPECI FICA TION$;
Oi ameter .. .12ft t3.6 meters)
Gain .... 41 dBi
The lindsay 3.6 Meter earth station antenna .4
features excellent gain and sharp directivity f d
Ha If Power Beamwidth 1.5 degrees
at a moderate cost. ... 1.3: 1
V$WR
The antenna utilizes pre-assembled, high ten- Input Flange ... CPR229G
sile aluminum petal construction, mounted to Feed Polarization .. Llnear
self-aligning rings. The design allows for easy Feed Adjustment 360 degrees
assembly in the field and keeps transportation Temperature RCJn\h' -40 0
to +60°C
cost down to a minimum. Ice L~ading 1 inch Radial
The antenna l'ses a triangle mount to reflector Windrating (S,;rvival) 100 ~PH
Antenna Weight 250 Lbs
at!c-:hment to provide maximum rigldi ty. The
150 Lbs
an tenna a I so fea tures qo
deg r ee el evati on ad- Antenna Mount Weight
Finish: High refraction, electrostatic spray.
justment With full polar tracking capabilities.
FIGURE 6-12. An Inexpensive 12-ft TVRO Antenna.
-384-
r'""·-....... .
·~
...
.
.--'tJ
jJ
(;;- ;'
Now you can build your own Satellite TV Earth Station in your own backyard
for less than $999. This month we'll take a look at
antenna design and how a spherical antenna can be built and erected.
......... - f:vef'1!ftlneJ
called
ROBERT B- COOPER, JR. for can be procured locally.
Steel or alumInum p.ce tubl"9
(round or SQuare stock) plus
A ten· foot spherical ,ntenna
aluminum Window screenino.
will have the g.,n of , 12-foot
and common hardwa,. such
~~tficient parabOlic .nten-
I i maellme bolts. af\) all that
na. A 14"oot spherical ~,II
IS reQutred 'or the reflector
have tPle gam ot '16-1001 p .....
Sy:Jtem. The feed-antenna .s
bOlic. A 16-Ioot spl'lenc.I w,1I
constructed from galvanized operate lilt. an Ie-toot p.r.-
Sh"! metal.
tlOIic. (The netght of 1M 9C)hen-
Coat - 5300 G.ve or take very
I.'T'@ AIT""uq" .f yOU are a
cal surf.ce ., tn. same IS the
width Therefore. wtIen -
..
gooo shO:loer .n m<!lal yardS
speak ot a 12·f;)()t spherical
~- --> i _. - - - - yOu "''';1''1 ~h3ve .5 much as
--.[--.-
, S~OO 1'0"" the total cest.
Complexity - Far iess complex
surface the surface '5 actually
121"t h.gh by 12 feet wldol.}
T8t FOOT SWAH SPt4!RICAL Ie ...... ~ :0 creale !he spher'cal sur·
aItfIougfI *'"'"""" ~ "..... reflector _ face (kSlgn tn." to cre.II. a
' - Is In piKe. NoIIt S_'W u.. of _ _ _
comoaraOI. OoraboltC surta~
and 1CIOk- 10 cr.•• undWI<:tI Ieywe INtt ""
Idty s~'JIPCIf1 entenM end reftKtIw IUtfece.. Th@ or,nClple 15 eas~ 10 grasp
Antenne tift Iw 1ler4led by tillHeollk ,.. . . .
pori roda .... ~OII""" ~~~ uncomollcated 10 dU:b_t11 __ ~_mf\{J7.~
•.@ \ \ --IUI.l,
IlUSURfMfin . 11)' "Ill HAVE 30' RADIUS POIlIT fAIIII) 1S' FOCAl \ \ ,I ,
I
POINT (A)ilt) ANO A"ROXIMATElY S" OEftTl1 ;~l. A ',voon" \ \
t WilL 'lAVE 42' RADIUS e.:J,,,T (AI,fl). 21' FOCAL PO'NT (Al/fCI '''0 \ I I I
I
.@ HAV~ ~I
APPROXIMATEl Y S" 'IE" H (AI,(E). " .i' SPHERICAL SuRFACE WILL
... RAOIUS POINT (A11(81. 24' FOCAL POI"T f oi' . ANO APl'ROXI. \ \
/ "
I
I LiULY 1(; ':E"H. \ \ II I I
t \ \ I 1 I
I \ r I I
I \ I\ I I
t \ I \ I I
GROUNO :.':16HT
1- I
I "'~L \-<!l \~
I \
~
I 0
:0 \ :
~~\\~----rr~-------~~~---
@ IF ANTUIIA Hf,$ FIELO·ADJUSTAiLE nLT ,,"GLE / \
/\
I
\ I I
\ I I
I I
\ I I
lUll T·III. KEE'SP"EAtCAL SUIIF"CE .. ERilCAL (USE
'0 WIDTH ... IHCLINOMETEIII UNTil SURFACEO. ill TO (01 HEIGHT
/ \ \ I I
ALIG".UT - STAKE aOllE SIGHT IS 112 SPHERICAL HEIGHT. IIA~IUS It1WU~IIIG
LINE L~I i81 \AIIS CENTeR A"O eACt
MOST PORTiON OF ~P"ERICAL SUII·
WI!U WOULO SECURE AT ill. / \ \ II
F"CE. III I~ IIAOIUS POIIIT. ICI IS I \ • II
~
FOCUS POIIIT
~
FIG. 1_ O£TlRMlMNG "A[)IlI! point eN foUl of trw spMnceI rwfIKtOI " " ' _ . 'nIot ....... I ••I
. .c ¢
o·.~I/)
refledot aurlKe II . . ".". . . It is ___
FIGURE 6-13. Very, Very Inexpensive ($300) ~
,I.'
• \ I .
1/
TVRO Antenna at 4 GHz - Sl'ltEII1CAL
Backyard Type. '''''''IOLIC
~.AR~ VPtSUI PMPICM. _
• ... ,.... _&. - •••• --
-385-
Table 6-13 lists three "personal" earth terminal systems :nanufactured by
Mic~awave General of M~untatn View, California, to serve th~ growing dema~d
high quality persor.l earth terminals to be installed in a user's backyard to
provide re~eption of the almost 46 channels of television now available for
SATCOM. WESTAR, and CC!1STAR satellites.
Microwave Gene~al's TVRO systems are sold in two varieties shown in Figure
6-14. One provides direct input with a ~emodulated vestigial sideband carrier
and FM sound carrier to a standard TV set at channel 3 or 4. The other involves
providing the demodulated video and audio directly to a monitor or projection
TV set.
-386-
_.'
. i-I
TABLE 6-13.
Typical High Quality Direct-to-User TVRO System
MICROWAV. GIINI!RAL
Personal Satelrrte Earth
Station Terminal Characteristics
PE5-5
,.
TERMINAL MODEL r.,UMIEH PeS-3 PeS-4
F,.q~n, Range (GHz, 3.7-4.2 3.7·4.2 3.7-4.2
a.in (d81) At (4 GIU' 31.1 31.. 3...
Antenna Sy.tem Fig. of Merit iG/T) 20 Z2
Antenna (3dI) Beam Width r) At (4 GHz) 1.7 1.3 .. 1.0
Low NoM Amplifier (Noise Temp.) OK (4 GH&) 100 120 120
AeceI.,., NotM Figure (dl' 12 12 12
Rec..ver I.F. Bend Width (Mhz, 25 25. 2S
Antenna Range of Adlustment (Azimuth) (.) 10 10 to
Antenna Range of Adlustment (Elftadon) r) ~eo 2Q.1C1 ».eo
PAICI (Exclualve of Packing. F"'ght, SI,95O.oo $14,990.00 511.ttO.oo
Proirammlng Fen
• Any State or Locat Tn"
FOB Moun"'n VIew, CA.)
OTES
1. B..1e P£S-3 comn with a one piece flbergla.. antenna, poIa, type mount 'ocal
pt. teed. feed support I. 'eed rotator, .. remote control 75' o. 1:8b1ea, loc"',
controlr.d receive, with video and audio outputs. low nol_ amplifier - •
complete system exclusive of the T.V. monitor.
2. PE5-3 can be used ..he,. wont ca.. EIRP il 34dBw, such a. De"",
3. PE5-4 cln be used wh .... worst el.. EIRP il 32dBW, such I I Seattle.
4. PE5-S ('In be ~Md whe,. worst CIIe EIRP i. 30 dBW, such .. Lo. Ang.....
OPTIONS
1. Motortad antenna mount wllh remote controf
2. Agile receiver, remotely tunable
3. Added glln via wing. on SIn ant. only
4. Side lobe shroud lor Sm ant only
5. Motortad leed adlustments remote control 4m .. 5m
I. Dual po&artul'on ,Hda
7. Lower not.. LHA'.
a. TraUer for nnsport
9. Longer t lIb'e ruM
10. Prnaurtutlon of t.ed • cables
11. Tan or green antennl .. mount
12. Different typeI of antenna fHdl
13. Multi -ornent .nlenNII
14. Burglar AIInn
15. T.Y. MonHOI"I
11. A.f. ModulMor for drtvtng • T.Y. Set.
"De1Mry '- typtcafty 30 d.,.
-387-
,-' """"~ ..ze __ *",- ""-~-"'--'-'r-f"~--'-'-".~~"':-~!'!~
•. ' - . 0""!l!l!"'.!/'"ff"'''*'''"' -'i"'*-" _""'¥~_·4_"""""rl'""""'_te1""~~,..."··=~_",,, .. . .........x ...........
''''''~.''''''''''$AX''''3<_;
"'lI"'''''·""'. ~ _._I!!\.,"I".,......."""""!'*'.'!.I!"~~'.,_
3M/4M/IM DIA.
PARABOUC ANTENNA
REFlICTOR
HAS OPTION FO..
REMOTELY
CONTROLLED
,.................
STElRABLE USUALLY CUSTOMER PROVIDED
GROUND MOUNT
Aubl
'~I RF MOCULATOR
STANDARD
• GHz RF IN
SATElliTE TELEVISION
RECEIVER
LOW-LOSS COAXIAL CAai:r VIDI saT
, _ _ _ _- &_ _ _ _ ~t~._. ~.~.~·~ __
t ANT. INPUT
CHAN. 3 OR 4 R' OUT
LOW NOISE 3M/_/SM DIA.
AMPUFIER PARABOLIC ANTENNA
(LNA) REFLaCTOR
,............
USUAU.Y CUSTOMER
I PROVIDED
HAS OPTION FOR
R.EMOTELY
CONTROLLED
STEERABLE
GROUND MOUNT. 4
GHa
- - - - -.. AUOIO
SATEUITE
RECEIVER I
VIDEO
.,.
.
....,
•
0'"--_ _--'
:::=:.=~ ..
RF
IN ""'-"----~
VIDEO MONITOR
t OR
PROJECTION TV SET
ANTENNA
LOW-LOSS COAXiAL CABLE REMOTE
CONTRO&.
PANEL
Two 01 Microwaw GeMtal's ~. . . are shown in the .bow block cH.srama. rney are tNMIic penonal earth statioM
wida. ~. 4- or ~ meta antenDL
Figure 6-14
-388-
6.2.2 TVRO Earth Terminal at UHF - EKRAN USSR (Table 6-14)
In the UHF EKRAN/S!ATSIONAR-T system in the USSR, the first class receiving
system antenna is of the YagL type made of thirty-ewo 3.5 m curtains. An active
element, i.e., an exciter for each curtain is a short section of cylindrical
helix fed by a coaxial cable. The reflector contains four linear elements
which are fastened at the ends of a crossed structure in such a way that each
of these elements fOMs the letter T with the mount. Ti. :y crossing directors
are made of triangular pairs jointed together on a carrying tube jib. To
facilitate the transportation the curtain jib may be disengaged approximately
in the middle of its length.
All active and passive current carrying curtain elements are mad~ of an
aluminum alloy. Antenna struc~ure permits step and smooth antenna changes along
0 0
the angle of ele~~tion between 0 and 70 as well as a non-operative azimuthal
erientation within ~1800 and semi-operative orientation within 170 relative to
any direction chosen. The support of the antenna is a meshed mast a 800 x 800mm
square and is assembled of 3m individual sections. Depending on the section
number the mean height of the antenna structure can be 6m, 9m, 12m and 15m.
Figure 6-15 shows the general view of the antenna.
The first class receiving installation contains two identical PM receivers,
one of which is operating and the other is back-up, the power to each being
supplied from a separate l2.6V rectifier. A low-noise transistorized a~plifier
with the noise temperature of 4S0K and the gain of 18 dB is put at the input
of each receiver.
Tunnel diodes and a local crystal oscillator are used in the frequency
con\'erter. The signal is baSically a!llplified in a 70 MHz IF amplifier. Fa 11 ow-
ing the frequency detector a video signal is amplified to the lV stan~a~d in a
video amplifier while the 6.5 ~ subcarrier signal is demodulated in a separate
unit which prod~ces a sound signal at its output
-389-
_"'t""'":..,_._~-JC,,=_~.:.!., __ .>. , ............. =".:... ~ __ .___ ~ ........ _.. ~_~~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~""""""'_
• ._"_ ......__"n~ij...
F ....
-' '._. .. .·._ _ _ -eo_e....·_·_
· __
.... s -.. ,
.......
TABlE 6-14
EKRAN - STATSIONAR-T
Receive Terminals
Large Community* Small Community*
Receivers Receivers or Cable TV
o Frequency* 702-726 MHz 702-726 MHz
o FM deviation +9 MHz
o Type antenna 8 ~ 30 element YAGI 4 - 30 element YAGI
o Antenna Gain 30 dB 23 dB
o Feeder loss 1 dB
o Noise temperature of 800.:)K
Transistor Amplifier
o SiN Video 55 dB 48 dB
o SiN Audio 56 dB 49 dB
* For local rebroadcast at 50 MHz vestigial sideband for '!ideo
using SECAM (audio AM).
-390-
f'""~-.--~""
. .. ~ 1
I
~I
.. ........a •. .
. ::. ;
:. -'.
.. --
~
Figure 6-15. EKRAN UHF TVRO Recei vet"
-391-
The first class installation is designed to be connected with a local TV
center or a high power repeater which has video and sound modulators and accord-
ingly the receiver has two outputs - for a video and a sound signal. The
receiver is put in a rack with the dimensions 340 x 700 x 1390 ~, its mass
is about 60 Kg.
The second class receiver antenna is a cophased array made of the same four
Yagi elements as for the first class receiver. The curtains are in two stories,
by two curtains in each, in such a manner that the curtain axes in the cross-
section perpendicular to the main antenna, axis form the apexes of a square.
The distance of 125 em between curtains axes is taken in order to achieve the
maximu~ gain and low sidelobe levels.
The antenna is mounted on a :nast which can be put at the top ·,f a building
or singly (Figure 6-15).
The second class receiving installation is a simplified FM receiver without
back-up which is designed to convert a FM signal to a standard AM-VSB video
signal and a sound signal the carrier of which is shifted to 6.5 MHz relative
to the video one. (Figure 6-16).
A low-noise transistor amplifier similar to that of the first class receiver
is used at the input, After the frequency converter the signal is a~plified
in a 70 MHz IF ampJ.ifier and demodulated in a frequency detector and at its
output a video signal and a FM 6.5 MHz subcarri@r is obtained. A standard TV
sig1'.al is formed in an AM ::1odulator where a video s '.gnal modulates an a:nplitude
of a given ~arrier frequency. Th~ FM sound signal is obtained from a filter
with the 6.5 MHz central frequency and it is fed to the oalanced ~ixer together
with the video signal from the local oscillator. At the mixer output the FM
sound signal is extracted by the filter and it is then added to the AM video
signal. This relatively complex ~1-AM conversion is justified here by the fact
-392-
- -, • -- ~--.--' .. ~,-""" - - - ,-- < O ' - - - -
\
-
II,.
.-.... ~..-....>- ---'"-'&-- ..
~~-= =:~- ~ .. ..-....,,----..--,..-~-'" =---" ~ ~-.~ -_ ..""'.'-=-
, ~
-"-'-'-"-~-~~""'----."" - ~-
O~~; :'~.1~.~ f~ r:':1t;:~
fS
OF F~':;.: C;-':ALlTY
<H;.:...... ,.
'.+.. ..",.
" -:......... >,;
~~.~#",.' '
-. _ ...If;\.' - .
".~'."
:!., -;; ..... ~'
~~ . :..,
...-
. 4.:.-.......
'\' ..". ,'.
. "..
~~,~
~ ' .....:
t'" .... ~ .'...
"\. ~~~
Figure 6-16. EKRAN TV Reed ver
-393-
OR\GlNAl PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
that with the direct conversion i~ is impossible to have the standard modulation
depth for the terrestrial b~oadcasting (87.5%) keeping the normal video·to·
sound signal ratios (10:1). The dimensions of the second class receiver are
165 x 240 x 440 ~, its mass is about 5 Kg. From the receiver output the standard
television s~gnal is sent to a low power repeater or to the distribution network.
6.2.3 TVRO Earth Terminals at S-Band
The most significant TVRO earth terminal built at 2.6 GHz was the terminal
built for HET to receive educational TV ~rom ATS-6 in the Rocky Mountatn States.
More than ISO of these terminals were built - with Prodelin supplying a 10-ft
diameter plastic reflector and Hewlett Packard supplying the receiver.
This system, using the specifications listed in Table 6-lS provided a video
SiN of SO dB and up to 4 audio suocarriers using wideband frequency modulation
(20 :1Hz p-p).
The Hewlett-Packard receiver was unique in that it was the first user of
MIC techniques for TVRO applications, and as shown in Figure 6-17 provided
discriminator action at the receive frequency.
A blo~k diagra~ of the receiver RF circuitry is shown in Figure 6-17. It
consists~f two basic units:
Antenna Unit - A feed-mounted ~icroelectronic package that combines the two
orthogonal signals obtained from vertical and horizontal dipoles in the
J
~ntenna. It has S5 dB of gain, a
better than 3.8 dB.
300-~ bandwidth, and a noise fi~re of
I
IndJor Unit - Contains microelectronic circuits that provide RF amplification.
AGe and limiting, and an aF discrLminator. In addition, it houses the
chan~el-select filter, video amplifiers, audio subcarrier demodulators, and
.' power supply.
-394-
...
. . . .......~--~-¥
·r-~"""''''''''''~''''''''~W~''-~~~-.-~~-..~~~~ '.~-g;""';-""'~!111!~"'~ -~ +---~
& .... . . . . . . ...
--~ _£A d!¥!¥. . __..." '
_ _ _...-~......................... ~ 2"'.'.!
1!1!,....,,"¥"'~'1'1;;!!IJI§1!IIII££••
[I
~
II
!
11 TABLE 6-15
,I
fl
i TV Broadcast ReceiVEr Specifications for ATS HET Ex?!r1ence
L
!
I Frequency Range 2.5-2.7 GHz
Frequency Modulation 20 MHz p-p
I ATS-6 Effective EIRP
Antenna Diameter
50 dill
10 feet
Antenna Unit
300 ::iHz •
Gain 55 dB
~oise Figure 3.8 dB
Indoor Unit
Limiter AGe 0-40 MHz t 30 dB
Static FM Threshold -87 dBm
Differential Gain 4'7.
0
Differential Phase 2
Baseband Frequency Response 10 Hz to 4.2 ~, !O.5 dB
Video SiN 50 dB
~umber of FM aUuio subcarriers 4
Band for audio subcarriers 4.64-5.36 MHz
-395-
$ ~ m'II'
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
.,Tt'o'lOA UN,T
r--------'---------------~
i
I 1"",____H .".-
'" ..
Q---i
i-1"~,,
•
,{y=Ji: :
L---- __ ________________
I :.!_~
",
~
~:,,~ JI
~-----------------------------------j
FIG,1 • RECEIV:: = 9LOCK OIAGRAr-4
j "
~ -~
.. .-. ·.
FIG. 2 . RF AMPLIFIER FIG. 3 • 8ANDPI,SS FILTER
.~~
l~t~~
.... --
..:..
~.',.,
-'.
-
.. J
. . '.......
.t",,~-. __
FIG.4 ·DISCRIr-4INATOR FIG 5 . COr-4PLETE HCEIVER SYSTEM
Figure 6-'7. 2.6 GHz Receiver used for ATS-6/HET
Experi:nent (Built by Hc!wlett Packard)
-396-
The characteristic. of the TV Antenna to be used for INSAT are include~ in
Table 6-16. This antenna will be large (6.1 meterl in diameter) and will have a
G/T of 13.4 dBoK. This antenna will allo be uled for UHF reception of the DCP
IYltem which involved coll~~tion of degital data from many collection centers in
India.
Limiting is provided in this receiver by a very wideband (0-40 MHZ) AGC
loop. This limitin~ method not only provides greater than 30 dB of limiting, but
it provides AGC and signal-level monitoring functions as well. In addition, since
there is no signal clipping as in conventional limiters, no carrier harmonics
are generated so there i~ no need for filtering between the limiter and dis-
criminatcr. This wideband feedback ~~ suppression system puts severe require-
:oeri.:S:>n loop time delay. Only by using the compact, wideband RF components
rt;,l. ~ izab Ie wi til MIC techno logy is such a design pract ica 1.
6.2.4 TVRO Earth Terminais at Ku-Band
This part will review briefly the vartous efforts ~hich have been directed
toward the construction and teat of TVRO ter.ninals in Canada, Japan. turope,
and the United States.
Certainly the first impetus f~~ the development of earth terminals to
operate with TV broadcast sat::llites at Ku-band ca:nt: about as a result 0: the
highly successful operation of the Joint U.S.-Canadian CTS satellite. Tables
6~17, 6-18, list smne of the principal earth termina~s built by both the U.S.
and Canada to test rJ transmission from CIS. These terminals have dia~ters
fram 2 feet to 30 feet and provided facilities for both TVRO and Receive/Transmit
functions. Table 6-19 describes in more detail two 0: the Canadian receivel
transmit terminals built by RCA Victor (now SFAR).
-397-
TABLE 6-16
S-Band Downlink of INSAT:
The characteristics of S-band Downlink RF signals are defined
below ~
Center Frequency 2575 MHz, 26:5 MHz
Polarization LHCP. A)l..iall'.atio <3.0 dB
EIRP 42 dBW min.
Required Ground Equpt.
Bandwidth (RF) 80 MHZ (nominal)
Data Bandwidth 36 NHz (nominal)
G/T (SCES) 13.4 dB/oK
Modu la t ion type FM
Modulation FM Dev. 17 MHz pk. to pk.
Frequency Stability + 60 KHz (Long term)
DCP & S-Band TV Antenna for n~SAT:
Antenna 6.1M dia. parabolic chicken
mesh reflector
Antenna Mount x- Y
Frequency 2555 to 2635 MHZ & 400 MHz
Gain 41.8 dB at 2.6 GHz & 22 dB
at 402.75 MHz
Polariza tion LHCP, axl. ratio <'3 dB
Receive G/T o
13.4 dBI K at 2.6 GHz
-398-
r'" - ..----,-.. ~.. .. ..,. _... .e. -. -.__ ... ..,--.."".....,"',,,.., _.N. WOO 'A'...._, ..._ -.. '"" _ . - . . "'!'"E",,"" ",::0 '"
TABlE 6-17
U.S. ers Earth Terminals
Antenna Receiver
Peak Gain Total System Transmitter
Terminal DLameter (12 GHz) Preamplifier Noise Temperature GIT Power
m dB K dBloK W
i
Cleveland (~SA) 5 52 T~a 800 24 1250
Rosman (NASA) 5 53 (b) 450 26 1250 00
-:, :"!
~
I I
TV receive only;
way voice
'll.Io-way voice
~o- 3
1.2
48
40
TMl4
TOA
a
~OO
900
18
10
5uO
20
v
.1
Jr-
to-o
!)
'; -j.
, ,,-
-;.,,, I
,(I
I
W c· ', ...
-.0
-.0
j; ~..,
I
Two-way voice .6 34 TJ)\a 900 4 20 r- 1·1
=i-
<en
-
a Tunnel diode ampllfler.
b
Uncooled paramplifier.
H •• {.oA_.•,,, •.
..." .... _ ...:1I ".,""",-_.,-,""'"'""'..",'<i\II..o•....;...J:.."~.lo.~..t~.:..., ... Iot.i ......~~.J••.ulo~~_iilil.,j~.:.I.I.;,.~-ii.1....E:...,'...~IroI ........._.i.:l~,"'~~~"d.Wtl"tt!'i'WKHt!JtW ....11.h(4h'!iIloh.~ff"j't*J. .jHitr:lf'i!eltseN' ......!I!!!Iititf'~ . . .'Itt'.~Me"*". lIb!• • " it rc
~
TABLE 6-18
CANADIAN CTS GROUND TERK!NALS
I
~
Antenna
Receiver Type and Maximum
Di~ter Peak Gain Beamwidth Noise Temperature G/T Transmitter Power
Function llh.l (dB) (0) (OK) (dB/oK) ____ ~_on
Control Terminal
Transmit and Receive
TV and Multiplexed 30 59 0.18 Uncoo1ed Paramp 32.0
Voice Signals 1000
425
Remo te Te rmi na Is 00
"T'\;{)
C;)
,
TV Transmission
TV Reception and
10 50 0.54 TDA, 1150 19.5 1000 "-
Oz
0,..,. i
.f:' ::Or- j
o Two-Way Voice 8 48 0.61
o l'DA, 1150 16.5
• 1 ,0"'0
C» t
:~
Two-Way Voice 4 42 1.3 Mixer, 2660 );. !,;)
7.8 1 Ilr,
Receive yM Sound 2 35 2 x4 Mixer, 2660 =l-
0.8 -<.(,1)
Broadcast Equivalent
"
_ 'wWfhiw4d~,.....a:,wl) lI.'~:"t'1u!!W 'r.i.!j!~...' ~J~~~" .">1' tJ td?'l.MbW'ntlciti"tllt±!Mfttitd:. . . . 1"iifMtiufWWt:!ift.HWri(\ **iN&MMu*ettt't''dtf".'± "trr''''.'.,d*d''''tlt.tU'' i S't 11'$1N .1M1tY! 1'1" 'ftt,,,,w,,,' ,!~ '1si'" ft'!?' 'Wit! e ttttrrrW" E
TABlE 6- 19
The CTS Satellite TV Broadcast Earth Terminal
Built in Canada by RCA Victor/SPAR
Frequency Bands (Glf) Rece i vefrransmt t 11. 7-12.4; 14.0-14.5
•1 j
Typical Use Roof top, transportable exper !mental
Ii
Antenna dia~ter
Feet 2.66 7
Meters 0.812 2.13 1
"],
j
RF equipment mounting Box on stand Antenna back
structure
Tracking Manual Remote :notor
drive
Gain at Rx 38.3 47.0
(dB) Tx 39.5 48.4
0
Antenna noise tempera ture at 5 K 80 70
lOoK 55 50
G/T at 5° ele. angle rec. noise temp (dB)
55 0 K 17.0 26.0
250 0 K 13.1 22.0
3 dB bea:mJidth (deg) : Rx 2.44 0.66
Tx 1. 82 0.57
Weight (1b) . 130 720
Erection Ti~ None 6 hours
-401-
----,--.....
--- - ._
.....
-- _ ------- -.-.--.-~"
.. ----" ......- ...__
-- ...... ---~~- ... -'.'..-._~_""""_ _
_-....-.-.:E_ -a_k
_ _'_ _ _-'wWPSi-rtm±tw.
A ____
raf" .
_ _-_ _
- $TJ/1 --1_ IIiiiIiII- _ _
e± '$ % mN _
ftW- _" '
$_ 0'IIIIIIi'_-flllli·.4.··
_ _;;;;;
r" _
During one phase of the CTS experiment, the canadian Conmunications
Research Council (CRC) conducted tests and experiments on several small TVRO
earth terminals manufactured in Japan, England, and the Netherlands, and several
L~'s. These results, conducted by CRC's D. Halayko and R. Huck are listed
in Table 6-20.
With the advent of ANIK-B, Canada is now into a phase of testing TVRO
terminals capable of operating with a satellite having less EIRP thun CIS.
Table 6-21 descrtbes a ~O syste~ ~uilt. by SP~R (Figure 6-18) which provLaes
a SiN of 48 dB. Figure 6-19 shows the terminal used to bring television to the
King Family in ~orthern Ontario, Canada.
In the United States, Westinghouse was very active in developing small
terminals for use with CTS(for Teleconferencing) and has recently established a
partnership with Domier (FRG) for worldwide marketing o£ their developments.
Table 6-22 lists the salient details of the Westinghouse terminal including a
transmit option which can be used to serve teleconferencing ur interactive TV
systems.
The Japanese experience in developing small earth terminals for use with
BSE has been described in detail earlier, and will be discussed with respect to
L~ developments later in this sectien. Figure 6-20 shows a 90 cm TVRO antenna
system capable of providing a videG SiN of greater than 45 dB by SONY. Figure
6-21 shows the SONY MIC 12 GHz L~/Converter which is the heart of the SONY
development. Table 6-23 lists the various antennas designed in Japan to operate
with the Japanese BSE~ whose overall ~ystem is pictured in Figure 6-22.
Some of the antenna systems listed in Table 6-23 at the 0.6 to 1.6 meter
level are manufactured by SUMITOMO Electric Ltd (Figure 6-23).
-402-
--"~-------~-•.-~-.--~~.----._.~=.. ~-'.........' - - - - - . - _........... 'Pw
rt ..................._ _ _ _ _ -. .....
· ...
- _ .......
__ ·*.....•...·........
1... - ........." ...
__ lta...
· ...
· ...
"'O...
T ...
• ittlMf_ _tn..........iiiiO-trilli·...
· _ -Ii~iIIII. ._·.
.......
I
TABLE 6-20
SPAR (CANADA) MICRO EARTH STATION - PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
Target Specification Present System
Input Signal Frequency 12 GH~, FM 12 GHz, FM
Antenna Input Signal Level -120 dBm -120 dBm
R~ceiver Noise Figure 4.S dB 5.8 dB
Video SIN at Demodulator 46 dB 48 dB - Signal-to-
Output (for a peak-to-peak Weighted RMS Nois e
frequency deviation of 12 MHz)
Sensitivity at Mixer Input -79.2 dBm -80 dBm
Group Delay Variation S ns over ± 9 MHz Deviation
20 ns over ± IS MHz Deviation
Linearity +1 dB over ± lS MHz Deviation
Receiver Bandwidth (IF) 30 MHz 30 MHz (limited by BPF)
Antenna Diameter l.OM 1.22 M
Antenna RMS Surface Ac~uracy o.S rom O.lS cm
G/T 10 dB 12 dB
Output Signal Level to 200 JJV/300 1 vp-p/7S.Il Baseband
TV Set (-48.7S dBm) t·
-403-
TABLE 6-2.1
Small TVRo, Terminals Tested at Canadian CRC
(Communications Research Center)
i--------~ .-----
I
I
'. . . .
':0
I
I
COURIJ'y Orpnizltion Anttnns Ui:unl'f,'r
----"-- >-
Canada CRC 120 ern
Japan Hitachi N/A-
Japan Mitsubishi N/A-
rorv,.,
Japan OKI 160cm
...
I ____________
;.,.. OICluaTOil J
Japan Sumitom\1 N/A-
Japan Sony N/A- i
England I
Mullard 160cm !
FilureJ t Netherlands Philips 160cm
i
Blodl 0i1I1",18 of a T)pinl TVRO fmninal ·Th~ tals on these terminals were conducted u bmch tnu only a' !~
antmnas were noc av8ilable.
Groend T~'lIIin.1 (dB) Ima •••·rfqurnc,.l
Tnmlnal M.asurtd ~.F. ernlr. Sand t'orreclrd N.F.
eRe OKI MIIII.rd Pllilips .
.~nlennaOiameler ~letr~ 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 \fi'~ut-i~hi 5.90dB -13 dB 6.11 dB
~Ol\eFi§ure.iB (us 4.32 7.50 8.30 Suny 4.Z8 dB - 8JIl 4.9Z JB
C I ~ (.:ai,) dB A 18.6 22.1 1'1.6 19.1 OKI 4.29 dB -22 dB 4.32 dB
Ci =" (meas.) JB .. B 18.7 :.2.9 ZO.1 17.2
SNR. (ulc. from A) dB 49.2 52.6 50.1 49.6 Hitachi 6.93 dB -18dB 7.00 JB
I SNR.(uk. Irom B)dB 49.J 53.4 50.'1 47.7 Sumitomo 5.79 dB - -
ISNR.(meas.)dB 47.1 51.9 SO.7 .a7.J eRC 6.38 dB -14dB 6.55 dB
SNR. (calc from AI dB n.o 56.9 5·U 51.8 -
SNR. (I;alc. from 8) dB 53.1 ".7 5U 52.0 '\jolr. TM noiw filum for 1M Philip' and ~ulhlnl l .. r,nin.l, ~ollid nOi
i SNR. (meas., dB I
I
45.3
i 56.3 " ,8 Jl~ 1M _\UM dllt 10 110, conslrvclion of Iht outdoor IInil. .'or (umpari_.
a _ ficum for tllew Irrminal •• lal. .. n frOI1l I~ ,p«.II,·wli"M '"PP''''
-rall_1, wll_IM around I,nnina'" art '.J and 7.5 dB ""ptelioth.
~nsuml a!HI C.klll.ltd Link .'nal,wt
-404-
C~'S'~~I'L r!v:,~ '5
OF POU;~ Q,jAUTY
"
I
1
j
J
1
Figure 6-18 I
MICRO EARTH STATION FOR T.V. RECEPTION OF
DIRECT BROADCASTING VIA SATELLITE.
I
,
~
1
~
-405-
QR\G\Nt'.L PAC'! tS
Of POOR Q\.IJ\U1'l
I
il
l
~
-"
·1
1
Figure 6-19
-400-
TABLE 6-22
Westinghouse TV Broadcast Terminal (US)
TVRO Option
Receiver Band 11.2-12.2 GHz
Antenna Dia:Deter 2 :neters
Antenna Gain 45.3 dB
Polarization Circular
~ Noise Figure 3.9 dB
First Intermediate Fre~~ency 1.2-2.2 GRz
Multi-channel Option 5 channels at first IF
Second Intermediate Fre~lency 70 MHz
Video Options 625 Line/50 Rz SECAM
625 Line/ 50 ~~ PAL
525 Line/60 Rz/NTSC
Video Output Leve 1 1 V pp (±3 dB adjustable)
in 75 ohms
Differential Gain ±5%
Differential Phase ±57.
Signal/Noise Ratio, Luminance Weighted 45 dB at 14 dB C.N.
(with 13.3 MHz p.p. de-
viation at frequency of
zero emphasis
Sound Sub-Carrier Fre~lencies 5.5 MHz at'.d 6. a MHz
Remodulation Option Any VHF or UHF carrier freq.
Output to 75 ohm line
Transmit Option:
Transmit Band 14-14.5 Gdz
Output Power Max. 0.8 watt
Linear Operation 1.M. ~ -18 dBc for 2 eq~al
outputs each of 400 ~
Flat Frequency Response +0.25 dB/36 ~z
-407-
._ _~~ _ _"'*'''''J ~,,_-"'riw"'!·"'·_-..__..... _.......=~===-g~~·...·_=lIiiieioii··...
- ...oiiIi-_ _ _ _ _iIIiI• •'.·
.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, .._
."
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALIT'.'
~iPY
••
TYPHOON-PROO': Rigid Intltnnl stands ant nHded In Jlpan to
IIIIIthstlnd 6O-ml/h winds. ~~. Iront1nd " 10CIted It thlt local
POint of th.s ~m antenna lor lite Sony sex 380 satellite TV
receiver.
Figure 6-20
IF Output
Fet-Dielectric Resonator LO
,
t-
•
------~--~~-..,
. . . -V ~..A.~":" - .t· .......
.'r
Fets in PNIIftP Diode Mill ...
Tobit ....... ..,
~ .... Frt
Sony S "ytlnd Ute 'or c.onver1lng 12-GHz TV
Irom salelhl .. 10 I ~1()-"'Hz IF \I"'.
GaAl Fe' prelmpll'ier
and LO wllI'I GIAI Fel Ind dleleclrlc resonator /I may Iiso soon
uM I dual-glle GaAs Fe( ,n pllce 1')' ,II presenl diode mi."
NOI" figure 'I 3 5 dB
Figur~ 6-21
-408-
,w-;---
¥. A4£ .*¥
TABlE 6-23
E2rth T~rminall used with the Japanese BSE
I
Antenna TV Channel CaDacitv Tranlmill ion
Ground Station Diameter G/T TX RX Power
Main Transmission 6. 13m 32 dB 2 ch 2 ch Maximum 2 KW'
Reception Station
Transportable 4.5m 23 dB 1 ch 2 ch Maximum 2KW'
Transmiss ion 6.
P~ception Station 2.Sm 18 dB 1 ch 2 ch MaxilJlllD 2I<W
TVRO Stations
4.Sm 24 dB - 2 ch -
2.5m 19 dB - 2 ch -
Small Receiving 1.6m lS dB - 2 ch -
TVRO
Xiniature TVRO 90cm 8 dE - 1 ch
I -
-409-
__ r- ..... ~~. t r- ,~""'.~ 15
Oi'.'~·'··'·· ..
OF POOR QUALlT'l
Simple "'ccei",inll Rtetlw·, ,nl., Trlft~"ul. M .." TNkubli $~ Tr.kint •
EQu,pmen' SI'I,on, T '8<'I,m,",on Tr.n,minion Centtf COfltrot
• AIC.Pt'OI\
SUlio...
i a. F\~h()ft
l 51111
1 01\
(NASOA)
I 511hOft
IHASOA'
Meny ".",OtI. on s....,.. lI.llon. S._.I It.t,on. K ben4 .1 K.Mllltne Sb~
JIC)Ift fillt f\ I ancS IlIrou~t IfWovthoul .. AL It Keuuur• •
JepeI\ J.... ~
Figure 6-22
Japan BSE System
-410-
~':', '_,r:: IS
QJALlTY
FOR DIRECT RECENING
OF SHF WAVES FROM BROADCASTING SATELLITE
SA1016PJ
I
1.6m¢
I
" PRETCHER"
ANTENNA
&
rill .. COIVUTER SHF COIVUTER
Outline of SI-IF' RECEIVER
,- F-reQu,ncyfi"nd- - -- 11 T=l2iGHi----
ModulatIon of Rec'lwlnC Slln.1S 'v'ldto AM FM .-;
AuCllO F M FM
Power Soure,
The Sumito:no r,'RO
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _
" _ _ _ _ _ .~-' _ _ _ _~~_~_
-411-
IIIIIIIIi.
_...._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ . : I i_ _ _. . . .
6.2.5 ~ve/Transmit Terminals at Ku-Band
As described in the preceding paragrapr.s, Receive/Transmit terminals for
use W1~' CTS have been built and tested in both Canada and the U.S. The
Westinghouse terminal with its transmit option is of particular interest since
it requires only 1 W',3.tt of transmitter ?ower at 14 GHz - which is now easily
obtained w· ! SOl id ~tate FET's at the frequency. The CanaHan CIS Transmit/
Receive use ~4 GHz, 20 watt nrr p~~r amplifiers purchased from Hughes Electric
Dynamics Division with significant success.
Many receive/transmit terminals ...rere built for use with the "ari.ous crs
Use~ Experiments (see CIS Reference Book, CTS File No. 3100-28 lQ/15/1975). Of
interest to this study was the NASA-Lewis I-meter ground terminal to provide a
single telephone channel, and using a G/T of 5.2 and an ElRP of 48 dEW. Another
user experiment was conducted by Nie1 Helm of COMSAT Labs using the 1.3 meter
terminal (receive/transmit) for testing the establishment of emergency C~:ll1I1U-
nications iLl disaster areas using dut'lex voice.
The list of interactive experience is actually very ~road ...rith one-way
video with audio interactive used by Lister Hill National Center (HEW) and HAMl.
-412-
.
-
. ~
-.... • • - - ..
..
• /
....
,~ -
~
<
'
-
, {
' i ' . ~ - •
., --
-
..
,
.,;
",p'
+ __ _ •• .. ' _ ~. __ " !' ~._ . ' L, • '41, r_, ~, .... ( I
.j
OF l-V~;lo ;~.",,","~~.irY
.-------,
OPTIONAd I
I SOUND I
I PROGRAM TRANSMllTEA
TRANSMIT I SWITCH FDa
I UNIT I PHASE LOCK
Tt:lfPHONE EXTt:ANAl 20 Watt
INTt:RFACE IL ___ _ I 73S MHZ
UNIT
Tt:lfPHONY 1------+-0
CHANNEL
UNIT
ITRANSMIT!
,--
:!\Xl OHMS BAL I
t6D8
ltlfPHONY
I
CHANNEL
UNIT
(RECEIVE)
I M
SPEAKER
INTt:RFACE
- I-Meter-terminal block diagram.
Figure 6-24. NASA-Lewis ReceIve/Transmit I-Meter
Terminal for two-way Voice.
i
-413-
j
-,.~,~, .
....-.-~".--"-,
ORiG\NAL PAG! ,.
OF POOR QUALlTY
COlIS'"
t••• ~, ...... U~
lAIlClIA'OIlU
ICI ....., . . .41
n,.,Ul
IIOIIU
(41,.'." ."e)
i' • .
I--
I.CII_
1-.
--.•--
I .......
~
Figure 6-25
! --- COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
:.- !
SATE LLiTE (CTS)
.• - •.
._ ..... TRArJSPORTABLE EM ER G ENCY
....... ...
EARTH TERMINAL EXPERIMENT
CTS Emergency Communications Expertment EQuIp.
ment IIOIltl1 1 2-meter antenna for' 2. '4 GHz.
-414-
._. '.~ .~
6.3 Technology of Small TYRO Earth Terminals
This section will discuss the most critical aspect of TVRO earth terminal.
which make such terminals possiblt! on ooth a tech.nical and a.n economic basis.
The overall technology of til:. TVRO earth terminal at UHF, S-band, and Ku-
band is based on 3everal subsystem technologies which include:
o The antenna which provides the prima::y source of "aperture gain".
o The low noise ampLfier - where noise t~mperature with antenna
determines the te~inal G/T.
o The TVRO receiver which 1. ...: .L!.:'.lles:
the down-converter
the tuner
the AGC/AFC system
the IF amplifier
the video demodulation
the audio demodulation
the video signal processor
the remodulation for access to a channel of a standard TV set
Figures 6-26 through 6-31 provide block diagrams which include these sub-
systems. The antenna and LNA provide the TVRO terminal sensitivity - leading
to the desired SiN. The down-converter and tuner translate a particular frequency
band of the received signal to the demodulator where the video and audio signals
included in the modulated carrier in that particular band can be processed.
The receiver can be of the phase-locked loop or discriminator variety and
will be a determining factor in system sensitivity in addition to the role of
CiT.
The threshold of a receiver is considered to be the point at which a change
beg~ns in the relationship between input carrier-to-noise and output signa1-to-
-415-
I
I
I
I
D I
I
I
I
I
Antenna I
Ll
in dB
L in power
Gp (power)
Tp(-Kl
in dB
L in power
Tr
T/'K)
NF
A
Loss Between Pre.mplifier Loss Between Receiver
Artenna and Amplifier and
Amplifier Receiver
Figure 6-26 Receiver Earth Station Block Diagram
-416-
\. (. ,.:.,TY
r - - - ~.;:- - - -- ---,
12 GHI
BPr
SCHOTTKY
MIXER
,V!)8 GHz
BPF I
GUNN
LO
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
1 ST IF"
_______ .--1
L_--
,A.NTENNA UNIT
,---- -------,
I
I DEMODULATOR
I .l-----~ TO MONITOR
VIDEO OUTPUT
I IV p. PI 7'!).n
I CO NVERTER
I
~V
1 2000
TO TV SET
L __ ~o.:. __ ----.J
INDOOR UNIT
TV SIGN,A.L
Figure 6- 2i
SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
ANTENNA UNIT AND INDOOR UNIT.
-417-
Video
Out
Down- IF
Conve~ter Filter I F Amplifier Demodulator
[J~ .~I 70 r.1Hz
• [> f Video
Clamp
Audio
Oemod
Au dio
Out
Figure 6- 28 ~eceiver Block Diagram.
Chanis
Re.r P.nel
Broadband I
RF In IF MonItor
Downconvertlr
I
- -Rlar Panel Composite DHmphasized Video
Basebind Clamp
3. 7 to 4.2 GHz Video 2
70 MHz Clamped, Filtered Video
Down- IF Filter! Program
Demodulator Audio
converter Amplifier
Cue Audio
70 MHz
Option OptIon Module
Modul. Output
6a~
Bal.
Filterld and AGC'd Audio Monitor • OutPut to Metl'
IF Monltor(Front Panell (Front Panel
Phonl Jack)
Composite Baseband Audio Monitor
(Front pane" (Front Panel
Phone Jack)
Figure 6-.~9 Model 414 Video Receiver Block Diagram,
-418-
'- .
Amplitud, Oemodulltion
L-
c-b:::
Noill
- . . Frequency
"""'""""-I~"""I""'~~
C.modullted SigMI De-emphas ..
Input Frequency Pr,.. mphllis
R,sponll
Figure 6-30 Pre and De-emphasis Effect On Triangular Demodulation Noise
•• Normal Multiburst b. Pre-emphasized Multlburst
Figure 6-31 A pre-emphasiled :'1ultiburst signal
-419-
noise. It is the point beyond which a very small decrease in carrier power at
the raceiver input results in a large increase in noise at the output. The object
in satellite reception is to achieve the lowest possible receiver threshold.
This is done by selecting active components for the input amplification of the
receiver which produces the least amount of nOise, while maintaining the least
amount of bandwidth necess... ry to reprodu,-e the incoming signal with mininum
mutilation. 98 percent of the incoming power should pass through to the output
of the receiver in order to avoid mutilation of rne signal portion which includes
the audio sub-carriers. Therefore, there is a limitation imposed upon minimum
allowable bandwidth. 33 MHz is a minimum acceptable bandwidth for accurately
reproducing the incoming signal. Bandwidths of less than 33 MHz will likely
cause mutilation of the signal and therefore can be viewed as a trade-off between
performance in the reprodu~tion of the signal and the placement of receiver thre-
,,
1
shold. In most satellite receivers, threshold occurs at a carrier-to-noise ratio ,
of 11 dB. j
j
i
In the thresh01d extension technique, manufacturers have moved the receiver !
threshold point from 11 dB carrier-to-noise down to 8 dB or leIS. If receiver
threshold was successfully improved by 3 dB, one would achieve approximately the
same result as if the antenna size was increased by SO percent.
There are three things that can be done to lower the receiver threshold:
1) use lower noise components in the active devices at the input to the receiver;
Z) de~rease the bandwidth of the receiver at the possible expense of mutilating
the signal: 3) use a phaaelock loop or f=equency compression feedback scheme
which has the effect of reduci~~ d'~iation and acts like an IF band-limiting filter,
except that mutilation of the aignal does not occur if it i. done right. The
bandwidth limiting scheme has been USed by lome manufacturers as a method of
thresh"ld extf'.nsi::m. This method works to some extent, until the satellite
-420-
I:;;; Wi .3L ¥L - 4Q t@ii2j .. WW$._ .-4Uij
carrier starts "loading up" his transponder, that is, adds additional .ubcarriers
to better utilize the space he has rented. If the bandwidth on a satellite
transponder is fully occupied, "threshold extension" by bandwidth limiting
yields exactly the opposite of its intended effect.
The TVRO receiver must also account for the triangulation of the noise
spectrum which occurs duriD& the FM demodulation process. This causes the noise
spectrum to increase in level with an increase in modulating frequency. This
resutls in a decreasing signal-to-noise ratio at increasing baseband frequency.
To overcome this effect, a de-emphasizing network is utilized in the receiver
and a matching pre-emphasizing network in the transmitter. Pre-emphasil shapes
the frequency response of the video signal and causes the highest frequency
component of the video signal to be 13.2 dB (voltage ratio of 4.6) higher than
lowest frequency component. Figure 6-31 shows a pre-emphasized multiburst. The
weighted SiN improvement of a pre-emphasized video signal over a flat video signal
is ap?roximately 2.5 dB for 525 line transmission. Another factor of pre-
emphasis usc.d in video tranSlUission is the improvement in color information by
the reduc~:~n in distortion of the chrominance signal by the luminance signal.
By reducing the relative level of the luminance sigt~l to the chrominance signal
the amount of chrominance-to-luminailce distortion caused hy non-linearities in
the system is reduced.
6.3.1 Antenna Technolo~
The ante~~ technology for TVRO terminals has started to mature toward using
low cost techniques as a result of the growing demand for antennas of all types
to provide TVRO reception at 4 GHz in the U.S. which will boast of a number of
terminals at the end of 1980 which will greatly exceed 3000. Actually, quantity
lots of TVRO antennas are not new. The Russian EKRAN system now uses in excess
of 3000 ~HF n'RO :erminals in Siberia foot co~nity reception, and India built
-42l-
~_ • .~ ___ is!_'!E'f4!t"*";* t- t __ MY.Jii;:ew:;t. -a;:;.-¥,.. .. _.4_J
- -, A¥b. 04---
1
2400 S-band earth terminals to operate with ATS-6 in 1976 and will no doubt
use these antennas with INSAT once that satellite is operational.
The TVRO earth terminal antenna bu.iness can be served by YAGI antennas at
URF now uSing very mature manufacturing technologies to make aetually hundreds
of millions of antennas for use in all parts of the world (.nd still expensive
at the $60-200 range). At S-band and Ku-band, the TVRO an~enna business can be
served by the growing maturity of small (1-10 foot) antenna reflectors deriving
manufacturing techniques from quantity procurements ~de for terrestrial radio
systems and from the growing TVRO requirements b~'ought about by Cable TV and
industrial/military satellite users.
Today, two of the most respected antenna manufacturers, Prod lin and Andrew,
offer p~rabolic antennas in th~ 2 to 10 fout range at very low prices. These
sizes and prices (which will be discussed in the next section) are listed as
follows:
Andrew Prodelin (Fig. 6-32)
Size (ft) ~bdel Cost ( $) Size (it) Model (Co~)
2 241-740 375
4 202-740 485 4 P4-122C 480
6 203-750 590 6 P6-122C 590
S 20':'-740 850 8 P8-122C 980
10 205-740 1400 10 PIO-122C 1580
6(spec) 45-140 ~8S
Tilt 120/140 Mount 260/140
Mount
Figure 6-33 provides a curve of antenna (with mount) co.t versus size for antenna
dia~ters from 5 to 32 feet and for quantities from 10 to 150. The companies
accessed ~re RSI, Prodelin and Andrew. The curves shaw that as antennas increase
in size beyond 10-12 feet in dia~ter, the cost of structure be~omes an increasing-
:y :arge and critica: part ~f overall cost.
-422-
6 FT. DIAMETER 10FT. DIAMETER 15 FT. DIAMETER
(1.83 METERS) (3 METERS) (4.57 METERS)
TRANSMIT IRECEIVE
Mrs umin m' TRANSMIT IRECEIVE TRANSMIT IRECEIVE
Frequency. GHz Dual Dual Dual
ReceIve 11.6 - 12.2 1 1 .6 - 12.2 11 .6 - 12.2
TransmIt 14.0· 14.3 14.0-14.3 14.0· 14.3
Garn. dB,. •
M,dband
R';'wollve 44.6 48.8 52.0
Transmit 46.0 50.0 53.6
VSWR. Max
RecQlve 1.1 1 l' 1 , 1:1
TransmIt 12: 1 1 .1 .1 11 1
HPBW. Degrees
MIdband. E plane
ReceIve 0.85 0.51 0.34
TransmIt 1.0 06 0.4
Power Rating. Average
TransmIt 125 Kw 125 Kw 125 Kw
Polanutlon
Linear. Orthogonal Lrnear. Orthogonal Linear, Orthogonal
Figure 6-32. Prodelin Antennas
-423-
OR~GINAL PP.GE IS
.....
."
... ,110
OF POOR QUALITY
;0,'0(1
10,110
00 (,01 , , ,
~"'~
4Nr~l(tllt CoS'-
~1eO Vs SIZe
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Ct;SI ,
S"4Nf I I
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,,
I I
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I
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I I
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I I
I
/,J I
I
5V6N./I)C)
~'2 I!r. , I
12611z I FIGURE 6-33
I
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ExPtcTEJ) Cos.,-'"
2., I
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I
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rr
"AI'IA/I!$~ IZ 6112
I ~~~II/~ tWY 5·Zr1
__ ¥¥,!L _ - --494-. __
H 4-,"0£1
Thul parabolic antennaa in the 2-10 ft range which will aerve the S-band
I
and Ku-band requirements of this atudy will use maturing manufacturing technology
and it can be expected that these costs will significantly reduce with quAntities
in the 100,000 Lo 10 million units, aa will be diacuaa.d in the next a.ction.
Two ether a.?8ct~ of antenna a will be diacuaaed in thia part; the use of
array technique. for S-band and Ku-band, and the techniquea of • ide lobe reduction
at Ku-band with both reflector and array aystems.
6.3.1.1 Antenna Technology at 4 GHz
The technology of 4 GHz antennas, which has led to a family of low cost
2-10 ft parabolic antenna. 49 deacribed in the preceding paragraph, sets the
stage for l-met~r antennas required for Ka-band and for 5-10 ft antennas required
for community TVRO receivers at S-band.
One fall-out of the 5-10 ft antenna dish development in the United States
is the development of assembly and material tecl,niques which ~ke such antennas
easily tran.?ortable and erectable
Figure 6-34 shaw. haw a Microwave GeneralS-meter di.h i. shipped in
three section. for a.sumbly at finsl destination. Other t~chniques include an
unfurlable 10-ft antenna which was demonstrated at STP-80 held in July 1980 at
the Hyatt House in San Jose, California, and other techni~le. ~cluding metalized
fabric on thin metal panels stretched over a limple parabolic dish frame.
For the large antenna sy.tems. the ref1r~tor C~lt is becoming less important
than mount and .upport structures - particularly if .uch an antenna is to survive
in a cold/rkiny/windy/icy environment. H~cver, thes. factor. become less
important - in fact virtually disappear, in the l-meter TIRO ant~nna art.
6.3.1.2 Antenna Technology at UHF
At the ult:-a-high frequencies, and in particular at 0.7 'pHz, antenna
&pP.rture gain is s~ill easily achieved with a paraboliC antenna for a G/T • 0
-:.~ 5-
/
// '~"""·••i.~ :
,
\
Figut"e 6- 34
-426-
'~." '--.iJ -. .~..
• < < , •• < ' , ,- \
'
- <
,'( < - "'. -'. - - .
, - . ':
~.
,
~
l , - ' • .". '..
,
." • •
.- -
.
'" .>. • • ".
lo _ . ~ , r"
-
where around 25-27 dB of gain is required. A 12-ft parabolic dish with 50%
efficiency will provide 26 dB of gain which will easily serve this particular
value of G/T. Thus the present low cost 2-10 foot antenna dish availability
is readily applicable to the ~~ TVRO earth terminal art.
Table 6-24 lists the various candidate UHF antennas which can provide
the nearly 24-25 dB of gain necessary to develop a G/T of 0 dB with a low noise
receiver w~.th a n~; .'8 figure of around 2-3 dB which is easily achieved at UHF.
P;lrabolic E'atennas .'\r'~ "try large and therefore relatively expensive and not
really a fi~st clas~ canr.idate for the services. On the other hand, the YAGl
and helical antennas have a long history of application in this frequency range.
The YAGl-UDA a~tenna is the world's most widely used TV antenna, and helical
ante~nas are used on many satellites and many NASA and nlilitary UHF earth termi-
nals. The YAGl is now used in the USSR for the 716 MHz earth terminal to
STATS lOK,\R- T and a 1though one YAGI antenna has been buil t wh ich achieved 26 dB
gain* at 400 MHz, lt was 50 long (80 wavelengths) as to be structurally and
economically non-viable. Actually, if the UHF broadcast satellite could be in-
creased by 10 jB, then the same YAGl-UDA single antenna with 15 dB gain (Figure
6-35) and narrow-banded for reception from the satellite could be used effective-
ly and very economically. Although,even in 1980, a YAGl antenna for commercial
TV reception can cost up to $200. Thus, the cost and size of aperture at UHF
will be relativeiy high relative to S-band and Ku-band despite cheaper receiver
costs derived directiy from cO!llllercial UHF TV recel.vers.
* P.C. Goldmark and J. Hollywood, "Antennas for improved hf !loint-to-point
reception", CBS lAboratories Project 210,1963.
-427-
TABLE 6-24
UHF TVRO Antenna Techniq~es
Candidate Technology Descript ion/Heritage Usage
Prime focus parabolic Frame parabolic dish Military Communications
or Torus antennas with mesh surface and and radar
prime focus dipole feed
Array of Yagi Antennas Yagis in an array Yagi arrays used in
with L~ at each Yagi USSR EDRAN system at
716 MHz to provide
25 dB gain
Array of antennafiers Simple antennafiers now Used for color TV ,ets
(10\. no ise trans is tor in use. Req'.lires deve 1. dS simple antenna/low
integrated with dipole use transistor gain noise transistor com-
element) as partial substitute bination
for aperture in large
array
Helical Antennas Used with MARISAT,
OSCAR, FLEETSAT.
-428-
;-_""'.#"'¥~,.M"'~"'·~!'l'-f'!lljJi"-"'·"-.P""A_-,"",¥SIII!~I!'!!_••Jl'I!k'!!lM!!!!'
C!!l't__#"'_"'~_Aor.~--,,......
...,..",_)k"'4§_ _
~"""#_M •.•...,.'
,""'Wt-.~ .•
,:.;
L. I _
-\ ~(.- - '·ti..' i Y
Figure 6-35
Vagi antenna design
• 00 QIIt ..
n nII
II
!I
!i !I
1" I
~
• I'
II II:I
~ ~
Layout of I Vagi with I broadband feed system of the
Iype manufacturad by KLM. The main driver IDRI and de·
,"ndent driver IDOl ara cennected througt' a trlnlposed
tran,minion line with ,harlctaristic impedance 1., Ind
pha •• enllla 8. Performance of thil Iyp. of Villi c:.n a'io be
analyzed by computlr .•• discu_ in tha ta.t.
Glin of aiM diff.,ent NBS·de.igned V•• antannea. in
. !l~'
I I
,
, !
-r
I i
dBi. I. determined by four diff.,ent mlthod •.
..t--L.LI
calculeted
II I i I ~ I NBS from
! , ,,
.. I I, I
i
I
i
i
I
!~r-
.l
.P"""""
I
--"
I
..... 1 I
NBS VIgi
type
mel.ure· half· power panlm COmputlr
menu bNmwidth integretion dOrived
1 I I ~ ~I r"'"L I i I 2 element 10.2>.1 4.n 7.50 671 670
, l lIemenl 10.4>.1
.~ I 9.25 10.02 9.62 9.16
_. •
I 1 I
• ,
» ..,..'r
51IementIO.i!A) 11.35 11.86 11.41 10.73
,
I I ! I1 _ _ i' i 6 llementll.2>.1 12.35 13.90 12.64 1180
'/," I I I I 12 element (2.2>.1 14.40 15.28 14.28 14.04
'0
..( I
i I i 17 elemenl (3.2>.) 15.55 1663 15.47 1!:i 20
I j 1 I
• 11
I 15 elemenl 142>.1 16.35 17.JfI 16.L 1571
I , I I
e·
I ! I I I
., I
U
I I
I
I i
!
M .. " ... ,ed Ind calcullted gain in dBi of Vlgi anlen·
nat w;~t, IV.,I"e director length •.
" I
CM:/IAU. l.DIG1'W (.ll NBS
NBS Vagi director m...ured computed
Grlphical compl"lan of the date from IIbl" 2 Ind J type length gain gain
Ihowing thlor.tical (comr,uledl lIain Ind II'If!,uu'ld pin 5 element fO.~1 o 4260~ 11.27 1068
figurl' published by NBS. Com",,,tld (UN ... IUpPIl,. NBS 6 element (1.2>.1
RI,Jort fi88 wh,ch Ihowl llight ;.in in(;r"~.1 i, pcsl!ible with 1:' 1Ien""1 f2.2>.1
o 4240~ 1224 11.71
") 401h 1392 f362
difflrlnl·iln;th directors. 17 element f3.2>.1 03901& 14.83 1468
15 elementl42>.1 o 4()(Jf1). 15.55 1515
-429-
;:. T ¥4 # - - j -~'"'~~'-~~'~-,~-,
O~"'''_,~.,,_~''~~_~_~~~~''~'_~,' '"--', ,""""""",,,,4£,0*,-0,,4"""-1
1
'1
The helical antenna is a candidate for a UHF array, although itl cost and
size will be large; it is of interest that helical ~ntenna. have been used to
communicate with the amateur satellite OSCAR.
Attention is called to the very wide variety of UHF antennas which have
been derived from ameteur radio and commercial radio communications; an excellent
listing is provided by the magazine RF DESIGN in February 1980, which includes
a description of:
o Traveling Wave Antennas
YGgi - Uda antennas
back Ere
quad or closed loop array
quad - YAGI
helical
birdcage
o Long wire antennas
o Vee antennas
o Rhombics
6.3.1.3 Antenna Technology at S-Baod
Antenna technology at S-band is fairly mature. The wide-spread U8~ of
10 meter antennas for the CTS and ATS-6 experiments involving production quan~
tities have lead to the availability and prices described earlier with respect
to 4 GHz TVRO systems and antennas; and antenna design has been further advanced
toward meeting the 32-25 Log 9 side lobe requirements of the CCIR and FCC; see,
for example, the Prodelin antenna described in Figure 6-36.
A. Bridges, "Really ZAP OSCAR with t:1is Helic:al". 73 MagaZine, P.Ss, July 1975.
-430-
@R ',ASAR 4.57 meter
earth station antenna system
meets FCC and CCIR
specifications-
,-
without qualification.
__~__~~~~~IR.___~
MASAR
PERFORMANCE
The Prodelin Earth Station Anten-
lO--------,,,L+-"""-"O;-~-----__I na Systems. through the use of a
---:;,~~1+-~1---"'~--~----t highly efficient prime focus feed
~_ !oO-~~+______._L--.:....~~-'f"\-~_=_t and MASAR Reflector, meets all
FCC regulations. including Part
-brlf>.F-'ott--ri~.tiwti...-h1I11nr-ttrt-I"\:hJ'fili1 25, Paragraph 209
FIGURE 6-36
-431-
Table 6-25 lists the applicable antenna technique. for .ati.fying S-band
TVRO requirements where 25-32 dB of antenna gain is requir~d for G/T • 0 and
G/T • 10 applications. Note that both parabolic antenna and phased arrays ule
lower gain elements.
Antenna gain in t'le 25-32 dB range at 2.6 dB is provided by parabolic
antennas with sizes from 1 meter (25 dB gain) to 2 meters (32 dB gain) and are
readily available from many manufacturers who are already manufacturing and
selling at the rate of ~ ,0 antennas per month into the rapidly growing 4 GHz
TVRO business in the United States.
Other types of S-ban1 antennas using arrays of printed circuit elements
or helical antennas, are being developed as a result of world-wide interest in
the ~RlSAT (and IMMARSAT) system for maritime communications at 1.6 GHz. This
system requires lower gain antennas (15-17 dB) and many types of antennas are
used (parabolic or phased arrays) or have been considered.
Figure 6-37 shows a CHAtMAN! phased array antenna developed in Sweden* for
MARlSAT. This antenna uses an 8 x 8 element array (64 elements) where each
element consists of a circular slot backed by a cylindrical cavity and a hybrid
circuit. Each element has a directivity of 7 dB at 1.6 GHz. This antenna had
a gain of approximately 20 dB at 1.6 GHz, a 3 dB beamwidth of 150 and a first
sidelobe suppression of around 20 dB.
An extensive study of single-beam anten~a types was made a decade ago by
B. Mendoza of AMI for the U.S. Coast Guard in anticipation of ~RISAT, and Tables
6-26 and 6-27 list same of the antenna altenlatives considered. Note that
according to Table 6-26, the parabolic antenna was considered simplest and most
inexpens ive.
"
*F. B0linder, "Phas~d Array Antennas for Marisat Communications", Microwave
Journal, Dec. 1978.
-432-
OF POO.~ Q".iAUTY
TA 1I.E 6-25
2.54 GHz TVRO Antenna Techniques
Candidate Technolo~y Description Usage
Pr ime focus so lid surface 3 meter dish. p las t ic ATS-6 HET Experiment
parabolic antenna made by Pro de lin
Fra:ne parabolic antenna Use of mesh surface Used in military and
using mesh wire surface effective at S-band NASA systems
Phased array of printed Using flat he lica 1 Developed in Scandi-
circuit elements elements navi8 for use in
1.6 GHz Ml\RlSAT system
Phased array of helical Using traveling wave Now ust'd in MDS trans-
antennas techniques using long miss ions
helical
-433-
""~~~~"~',"""",,,","'~~~~~'~--~'-- , .... - ...... ..---;- -- --.,- ---- ¥ _ • AU.. ~""'."'-~",,-_",-=~.O='~~~~"l"~ - "~--,.~¥-,....-_
t~'l~· ~,,~3H'"',,",
... "'_.".., _74...._ , .- _
. . . . . . . . .,. . . _.h...,'""4...
.......... 4_ .....X_z4..._",_,
OKIGii'i{'1.. P;"u';, is
OF POOR QUALITY
1,.,._-
Fig 1 CHALMANT, front VIew.
Fig, 2 CHALMANT, reI' VIew,
Figure 6-37. Phased Array Antenna for MAR ISA l' Communications
-434-
TABlE 6-26
Preferred S-Band Antenna Typel for Marisat
Gain Range Antenna Type Remark.
3-6 dB Turnstile on Ground Plane Small and Itmple, cur-ved for
improved axial ratios
7-10 dB ~ 1ix .2! Horn Both inexpensive, horn better
for tracking
11-15 dB Short Backf ire Very efficient, Simple, fair
tracking
16-18 dB Parabola Stmple and inexpensive at tr.e
higher 6a ins
-435-
CClM'MlSOll 0' SlltGU-IUII MmltA nHS
PMNETU
sm (AT . CAP*'
AllTEN"A liAI" NOIIII"'" IE All ClM!ML "l.MlU- C1I SIDE MIl ~[J1TY. [TC,
TYPE ! I ~()MI N41 ) lOA I II) SHAP( 1('~~IDT14 VGLLK TlOll !'WIt"'? IAl:KLOIES {IIlLATI Y£ COST.l
Plrlboll 15 dl 30" ,-,",cl1 TYI'I cilly IIIodtrn.ly 0I0Ifta Oft "." wta. Low l.rlctlCll
(1111"1_) (750 II1II) I. . 1.· for LI,.. , . . , C,P, ... HI .. ,,- .t low '11M'
lilli, 011, ZO .. ",_tly IIIIftt feed, (M)
1
... ...
8Itll .eIIl""
I
P.rlbol1c
Cylinder
12 ell
",1111...,.
30" x 5"
(750.1.5
-)
F.II '"ncttOft
of ADIr-
t"", (17·
xlZf:)· '0,.
MDd,r.teh
LI,.. ,
DtDefMt~Oft
LI ....r
~t1y
"n.III
., ... tIOll.
wltll "'ti
.ltllllftt
IIIodtrate
....
51II1II1. ,."
(.-, ~
_,.)
12 ell .x- .clli .... feed
PlInl,.
A,.,.ay
&ai" VI,.I., witll IDt,.-
tu", 'i z. (. - " ell)
""y
SII.Dt
',,"ctIOll
of . r -
t"",
""rltely OIMlHIs Oft 'n
Llr"9f! .'-'It,
C,', ",ad-
fly teIIt ••
Low V.M.til. but
to.Il .. and
Exlltfl,h.
( YM)
1
1
!
ftCI,
Lin.. ,.
Array
5It" w.rtet wltll a,.-
ray l,n~tll
(9 dl- eo II1II)
'.11
1..11
'"ncttlll
of ~,..y
LeIIC)tll
(1ZO·.18·
MDdertte
but 10"9
OtMflds 011 ..at
.1","t.
ttll be
. . . cll'-
-..dl1y
~.,.atl
tll.n
ArrlY
(H)
"III.,.
L.n CoIRol ..
Ij
fa,. 9 ell Cllla,.
I,.",,,)
j
CraSSld Glln vlrl.s .lth Wide 30·-SO· !'Iode,..te Cl,.cul.,. YII. ~t ~,,..t, L1911t ~t i
YI91-Uda l,n9th S.,...tl'lcll for bl.it lonq OIIly witll ht,.,y c..,I ••
(10-15 dll-
('00-1000 II1II) "III 11-15 ell 11 .... ,. po-
hrll1tlon
(III)
"0
....
H.l1. &al" v."I •••ltll Wide S~- 35" fa,. SMall Clrcul.r HI", _11, Llt"t.
ltf19 tll .. trice! U ell q.ln S11101. to IIIIk,
9 dl-I" (20 CIII) (L)
15 dl-21" (5' CIII)
....
LOIJ- 9 dll 38 (III I Wid. S~ SO· .t ",*,.It.l., Circular ,", lIut Hlg11 ll.lted to
'triodlc 51 CIII .. t,.lcll 9 dl LI"CII Oftly wi til 9 «II ul11
(IS".ZO") 11 .... ,. 00' (III)
,.,.ll1tlon
Horn 1'-19 dB 33-51 CIII lroad VI,.ln "Dd."ltely Cl,.cular 'IS, wi til lIIod.rlte Fll,.ly 11l1li1.,
(12"t020') "F1It- wltll glln L.rgt difficult .. Itlllllldt to iii gil , but bulky
tolll)ed" (18· .t witll Ste· 1101'1" deOtMI (L)
F.n .... 19 dl) to,.. 1 an ~-
Horns _t,.y
....
SlIort 1'.5 40CIII Wid, SyIII- 35° 1iIodt,..te C,,.cull,. ,", wi til LOll V.ry ,'f'cl-'lt,
"cl-fl,.. (16") _t,.ICll .. ltlpl, 511101 ••
cro"M (L)
dtDOI.
feeds
__ r.te
....
Tum. 3-6 dB 10 CIII V.ry Wide eo·-1ZO· SIN 11 Ctl"CllI.r 'es, witt! V.ry _11:
stil. on (3."'°) S,..trlCil ,,'tiD1. to LOll LOll ;'In
Ground croned (L)
d1P01.
" lilt fellls
6C··t.,·
....
Contc.' Z-8,. 23 CII Very Wide wll CII"QIII,. ".s. If LOll _11: LCIIf
."" ...
LOIJ-SD1~.1 (to) S.-trlcll ,,'tlDl, ;'111
(-)
ustd
C.v1h-
'.CIM
Spl,..,
641 IS CII
(5,'°)
W1de S~
_trlc.l
Bt.
7"· wll Circuli,.
......,..
'es. If
"'ttDl,
"sed
LOll s..11: L.
1ie1n
(III)
C..1 ty-
'Icked
Croned
Slots
4,5 «II 11.5C11
(U")
....
Very Wid.
5,..trlc.'
140·
_" C! rcull,. IIot
',..cttcll
1iIodt".te _'l,W1.
f':T"
"·-121)·
r.vl ty
I.lcktd
Crwe.H
01 DOl I I
3-6 dI 1) till
(5. 1")
....
\.ry W1de
S.... t,.lc.,
SIn 11 C,,.cull" 'IS, .,,It,,
.. It 1Dl,
cPOned
d1D01,
fttdl
~I'.tt _11. la.
"In
(Ll
TABLE 6-27. S-Band Antenna Alter-
natives for W.RlSAT.
-43b-
r .....
~ ~, .. ' - ..
t .. ', , :
.. ,
GF ;-''''~''\ (.;'-':,LiTY
MDS
antenna
LAZER series
nfJodel L·-2115/ L-2111
SPECIFICATIONS model L· 2111 model L· 2115
The Lindsay 2100 Series antennas are desilned to Frequency ....................... 2150·2162 MHz
pro'!ide lood lain and directivity patterns. Gain ............................... U.S (U3i ......... 15 dBi
The antenna features a complete weather sealed feed VSWR ............................. 1.4 ................ 1.4
pOintt andiSbdes:lneddi~ StUC~a mannetrhlhat ,a ~\retlor ~~r:~,~ : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ :~~~,~~,::::::~ :~Irees
~S .e~ can e P uCle In a Increase t laIn I so Polarization ..................... Horizontal or Vertical
slfe . I"ut Connector ................ N· Female
The antenna mountinl clamp will take up to 1%0.0. Antenna Weilht ................. 18 oz............. 21b.
mast and aliows for a vertical or horizontal mount with Antenna Size .................... 3"14% .. 16" ..... 3"14%"130'·
up to a 15 delree elevation adjustment. Adjustable anteMa molltt will take up to 1~" 0.0. mast.
Figure 6-38. End Fire Antenna •
-437-
Figure 6-38 des~ribe. the Lindsay End Fire Ant~nna u.ed for S-band MDS
Communication. with a gain of 11-15 dBi
6.3.1.4 Ant;nna Technclogy at 12 GHz
This part will addresl the technology of antennas providing nominally
one-meter aperture at 12 GHz.
The antenna technol~gies to be discussed in this part are the basis of what
could become one of the most mass produced microwave rr)ducts in the world. It
is expe::ted that there wi 11 b"! no definitive techni ,-ae that will serve this appli-
cation. This part will show that several candidate antenna techniques such as
parabolic antennas and phased arrays are available to provide this one square
meter aperture; while there is a significant cost differential between these
various tec.hniques at low vol'JIDe i:.anufacture, at quantii:ies from 100,000 to
10 million, the relative costs differential will be insignificant (see next
6ection) and final costs differential will more likely be determined by differ-
ences in handling, packing, and shipping costs, and in the costs and complexity
of the mount system.
The candidate antenna and feed techniques for a I-meter (nomina 1) 12 GHz
TVRO antenna are listed in Table 6-28. The antenna techniques include both center-
fed and ~ff •• t-fed parabolic antennas, slotted waveguide arrays, and printed
circuit arrays. ~be feeds include standard h~rn feeds (With various radiation
pattern tapers), the innovated Kumar* feed and crossed dipole feeds. A main
consideration will be not only cost and manuf.~turability, but also side lobe
level** since reduction in side lobe level is a key factor to satellite spacing
in geosynchronJUS orb it.
* A Kumar. "Experimental Study of a D~-e lectr ic Rod Enclosed by • Waveguide for
use as a Feed", Elec. Letters, Vol. 12, pp 666-668, Dec. 1970.
** R. E. Collin and L. Gabel, "I...m.r Side Level Low Cost Earth Stations for 12 GHz
Br~jc3stin6 Satellite Services", Contract ~S3-21365, Text 1979, NASA-Lewis.
TABLE. 6-28
12 GRz TVRO Antenna Techniques
Component Candidate Technolo2v De scr ipt ion/ Her i ta~e_
Prime focus feed I-meter •• sembly;
parabolic antenna ~irst side lobes in
12-17 dB range
Off-set Fed :>arabolic I-meter as~embly;
antenna first sidelobe~ in
25-36 dB range
Antenna providing _.
32-37 dB gain
Slotted waveguide 36 x 36 inch flat
array plate; sid~lobe5
40-;0 illS range
Printed circuit 36 x 36 inch i~at
array plate with c.orporate
feed; siddobes in
40-50 dB nnge
Standard horn Standard techniques
-
Kumar feed* Used for reduced
Feeds I side lobes
Printed circuit Directly coup led Lv
crossed dipole feed LNA
* R. Collin and 1. G&bel, CAse Institute, Contract NAS-3-21365
- - - - -9 - , AQ&?'!(",4¥
l':~ ~h'- __ ' ~:'.:~"4~'~~ tS
OF po on QUALlTV
Support Rod
Mixer
Figure 6-39. Interference from
Support Elements
\ in a I-meter antenna
12.5"
s.,"
T. . ()II(TIC .... lUll!. n
1•• 7"~ I
1---:I3.'"~
,-,
,, - \
I \
\
_ _ _ wnH(Y.JT COMI'INSATION
I \ _
~~ \ I \
,' \
I ,'-, \
I \
, I
..."
r- I.~~
{\,
Figure 6-40
Radiation Pattern With and \Y~thout the Pair of Absorhers
(8 dB Taper illumination) [Han, 1972]
-440-
,.,,......I> ........ i,"~ : .... --'~ r~
" .- " '..!oJ
., '.: ;~ .. ,.:.i fV
7ype N Connect:or
Figure 6-42
SiI:l~lified .i:'~ .... :.:-.~ of KUlllar feed.
E-P1ane
... :-
.,
...
-.,1 -108 -72 -3') 36 72 1:8 ~
• Figure 6-43
Fadiation Fat~e!"~. ::f Kumar feed (10).
-441-
OR 'I':".I"\~I\'
n.J" .i'\\.
p:~G.E IS
OF POOR QUAUTY.
....1ee 0
1-1' lAM. U (lila
1.2311 ""~_
-l6
.,. ",0 -l"
Figure 6-44
E-p~.e radiat~on pattern.
-442-
6.3.1.4.1 Small Prime Focus Parab~_Antenna
The small one meter 12 GHz antenna with prime focus feed, see Fi~~re
6-3, would appear to be a very minor production item and present a manufacturing
and fabrication problem no more difficult thau ~ large frying pan or the sta~ped
hood of a Ford Pinto. However, thet':~ are significant probleffiS in surface
tolerance and contour accuracy, feed d~~ign, and feed support design whlch
must be reckoned with in order to assume achievi~8 gain and overall performance,
1
particularly in an out-of-doo~Q environment.
R. Collin and L. Gabel of Case Institute of T~chnology of Clevel~nd, Ohio,
have studied small antennas for 12 GHz broadcast satellite service (NAS Contract
NAS-3-2136.5) and have provided several key observation.;; relative to 4-6 ft antennas
in the 12 GHz range:
o Standard available parabolic antenna in the 4-6 ft diameter range ha~
near in-side lobes in the range of -20 dB to -25 dB.
o According to Figure 6-7 a protection ratio of from 27 to 3S dB is required
for a S/~ greater than 48 dB; otherwise sign~ficant interference neise
can be produced in the received television picture.
Interference can be producep by many sources; from adjacent satellites
in the geosynchronous arc, to interference from reflections in the antenna
support structure (see Figure 6-39), and from surface inaccuracies and deformi-
ties, Thus the 12 GHz I-meter parabolic antenna system with feed and sup?ort
structure, must be a s~ructure with preciSion surface and carefully ~esigned
support ele;nents to assure that maximum gain and minilIllm sidelobe level will be
achieved.
There are relati'.>ely few techniques available for sidelobe reduction in a
small prime focus parabolic antenna. One tecllnique is to reduce the feed support
element structure, modern design has recorr~~ended the so-called J-hook feed f~r
-443-
'""- - - .- . " , . . , ~
~]t
~ < -: ---~-..~- - • " _ . - - I . .' _ _ ._~ _ '. ..
minimum interference. Another technique is the use of absorbers (Figure ~-40)
which were successfully used by C. C. Han and J. C. F. Albernaz (Stanford PhD
Thesis 1972) to reduce side lobes to below -30 dB for a 50 inch dish.
Another technique which can be exploited for side lobe reduction is feed
design. By shaping or tapering the feed radiation pattern; i.e., the Kumar
feed of Figure 6-42 and Figure 6-43, an antenna radiation pattern with side lobes
belaw -30 dB (Figure 6-44) could be achieved.
Table 6-29 lists the recommendations made by Collin and Gabel for cidelobe
reduct ion; they list surfac~ accuracy and feed design as techniques for achiev-
•
ing -30 dn sidelobes but point out the diffir.ulties of achieving -35 dB sidelobes.
6.3.1.4.2 Offset Fed Parabolic Reflectors
One approach to further reduction of sidelobe level in a small parabolic
antenna is t) offset the feed and eliminate the destructive direct interference
of the support rods. This can result in somewhat lower antenna efficiency but
small increases ~n diameter are relatively inexpensive, and the offset fed
reflector-antenna - new becomL~g widely used in new 4.5 meter and 10 oeter
antennas at 4 GHz - is a very viable appnach to snall anten:ta design with side-
lobe levels as law as -35 dB, and in addition, provides a more accessible point
at which to mount the feed which will also include the LNA and down-converter.
An additional technique which has been tested in Japan and disclosed to
CCIR USSG-4 is the use of a Gregorian fed antenna system in which t'~le path from
the feed to the sub-reflector is surrounded by absorbing material thereby
reducing the side lobe level to less than -3S dB.
6.3.1.4.3 Microstrip Antenna Arrays
When micros trip resonators are constructed with low-dielectric-constant
substrates they act as radiators. The result is a conformal, or low-profile
antenna, best suited for applications where small size and low weight are the
-444-
TABLE 6-29
Recommendation for Sidelobe Reduction in
Small 12 GHz Earth Terminals
by
R. E. Collin & L. R. Gabel
1. Sidelobes that are at least 5 dB below those specified by the CCIR model
pattern ca~ be achieved by using a feed producing ~bout 20 dB edge taper.
2. Good aperture efficiency with low sidelobes can be achieved by using a
hybrid mode feed.
3. In order to obtain sidelobes as low as -35 dB the surface contour of the
paraboloid will probably have to be accurate to within + A /25 at least.
- 0
4. Small errors in the surface of a paraboloid produces large variations
in the side lobe pattern beiow -30 db and hence does not result in re-
producible sidelobe patterns from one antenna to the next.
5. The use of small reflector plates is a simple way to reduce the sidelobe
leve 1.
6. Currently the accepted tolerance on surface deviations is Ao /16 which is not
sufficient to generally obtain side lobes below -35 dB.
7. The structural rigi.dity of many of the commercially available low cost
paraboloids is not good enough to ensure that surface distortions consider-
ably greater than A /16 does not oc~ur.
a
8. Antennas designed for transmitting use and incorporating a vertex plate
in order to maintain a low VSWR for the feed are not suitable for low
side lobe level about -30 dB even if a large amount of aperture field taper
is used.
9. A -35 dB sidelobe objective for low cost small diameter 12 GHz antennas
a?pears realistic and attainable in a single plane.
10. Techniques to mass produce low cost but accurate paraboloids need to be
developed.
-445-
prime requirements. These micros trip antennas have the advantages of low
production costs, high design flexibility, and ruggedness. Other attractive
characteristics are:
o The paper-thin antennas don't disturb aerodynamic flow or disrupt the
the mechanical structure.
v These antennas are compatible with modular designs. Solid-state com-
~onents can be added directly to the micros trip antenna board.
o Feed lines and matching networks are simultaneously etched with the
antenna structure.
o Linear and circular polarizations are possible.
o Dual-frequency antennas can be constructed.
o There are no cavity backings required.
Microstrip radiators can be grouped into three categories: the wide
micros trip antenna, the patch micros trip antenna, and finally, the micros trip
slot antenna.
Figures 6-45* through 6-47 show various types of microstrip antennas in-
**
eluding a 12 GHz 512 element slot array and 9.4 GHz planar array. Figure 6-47
shows a variety of patch micros trip antennas which can be used.
These antenna array~using ffiicrostrip, are of particular interest since the
array elements can be pOSitioned to provide sidelobe reduction to less than
-40 dB and such antennas are relatively easy to fabricate in quantity.
Figure 6-48 shows a commercial implementation of microstrip slotted-arrays
for use by ~HK in Tokyo to receive TV broad~ast from the Tokyo tower at 12.1 GHz,
* M. Collier, "Micros trip Antenna Array for 12 GHz TV", Microwave Journal,
Sept. 1977.
** I. J. Bahl, "Build }1icrostrip Antennas with Paper-Thin Di:nensions",
!-!icrowave, Oct. 19i9.
-446-
-'-1
('~'''' ••'~.I'~ r-~. , .•: r~~~
0;:' r \"-. :. ~ ~ (~ ., ,Lt'fV
.,...-
,co. OF SLOT
Sk.tch 01. singl. slot fed bV a moe,onnp lin •.
MleAOST AI' ANTENNA AAAAY
'0 • 4 2 2... 10
NUMIE" OF HEMENTS IN ARRAY RELATIVE FoELl) STAENGTH
Po_ 1III0n 01 slot ., ..V ""IU' numb ... 01 .Iemen". Polar diagram lor 5! 2 ,Iement slot ar'ay.
t
,j
..
, _ gain ,..,IU' Irequtncy 10' 512 .Iament slot .. ,ay.
Co.. .• antenna array
on SuppOr! I. J,.,.
Figure '":>-45. Micrustrip Antenna Array
-447-
D . to ~ ~, • ~
R.,.x..:lite :11:, (t[ =~.: ~). ____
7.L:JIO!~. ~'·.·~,.c···., \",t: . . ~ 'If l'lanar Array Antenna _ 20
~. ',~" "'-:1 '1.14 rJlz
;;,-~_:-:'.... .:"I't' ~i..:--'!cticn I3-:Q1 Q t'l"Jo
~
Gdl.!'\ 214.7 dBi
•
C , .........
Bumwidth 7.3" CE-plane)
7.2° (H-p1ane) 10 .,.
I
/
•~ tilt ......
' . ......
'.
Side10be level -13.3 18 (E-r 1anel ~
.... .. ..
-12.6 dB (H-plane) .,..-....
~
-,
Cross polarized level -33.3:!9 (E-plane)
-21.7 dB (H-plane) o ___~ __ :./__ ~
. ~ -:"~_.u,'
\ \
!np\jt '/swR 1.37 : 1 9.0 9.2 g.~ 9.6 ~.~
~ain-b.amwidth rrod~'t 15500 rrequency ( ~, ••
Gain versua rrequency
•
r~ 6-46. ;.' :·.:·,.u Antenna Array
-448-
c~·c::~~ "'. r:\~:: IS
OF PC01'i QJ:U.lTV
I
(
4--L_
(II
/ QClIICU\MCU......,. ;' / 'IlWUGaOI CUlllNT .'
4" .. f ! A-./
/ . . h ~~I
r
/
i
/, / ._ l
. Various "arch m/cro.trlp antenna.
Figure 6-47
CR"'':'~~' At f:\'l,GE IS
OF ·PC;OR QUALITY
i
tj
Figure 6-48
.'
-450-
to avoid picking up "ghost images" reflected from the neighboring building.
!ypical Yagi TV antennas, with their wide-beam reception, pick up reflected
signals. The p~opagation delay of these signals causes the ghost image.
However, a slotted~array microwave antenna that eliminates ghosts now is cammer-
cially available from Toshiba Corp., Kawasaki. With 30.1 dB gain, the 12.1 GHz
antenna is highly directional, and the low sidelobes effectively eliminate
reception of signals reflected from buildings.
"This antenna was designed for ease of fabrication and installation",
explains antenna specialist Katsumi Hirai of Toshiba. A slot-array of 306
elements is mounted on one side of the antenna structure, and feed lines lead to
a down-converter installed in the middle of the opposite side. The downconverter
uses silicon mixers with a temperature-stable Gunn oscillator. A bandpass
filter is included in the front end, «ith the IF amplifier built into the MIC
~odule. The patterns and performance of this antenna array is given in Figure
6-49.
6.3.1.4.4 Slotted Waveguide Antenna Arrays
Probably the most intere.ting and promising of the new candidate TVRO
antenna technologies is an antenna technique which is cld in the radar art.
This technique is the slotted waveguide array shoWTI in Figure 6-50 which has t~le
following ad~~ntages:
o Very high efficiency - around 851.
o Manufacturable by using milled plates brazed together; very expensive
in small quantities but very inexpensive when manufactured by special
tooling and machinery
o The arrangement of slates can lead to side lobe reduction in the 40-50 dB
range. Theoretically capable of zero sidelobes by usi,g a Gaussian
distribution of slots
-451-
0 "..
.•
,..
'OJ
4:-10
~ ,..
...•-·10 H
4:
W W
Jr. ~.
e e
\
~-'r-----
iii i
n'
0
.' o· ",' 1"
0
'-----_ ...
•
~
. ' ,.
... /+-r • • • •
I
I~092-1~2GH1 I I~092-1~2GH.
~,.
~'! II il It lI! ~
I
~ ~ ~ t!:
~~
C'~
.. ) ~ 29, I - 29 3 d8 299-308d8
~
.., ' 3 ....
~~b.- •.
~~w-Jft t • , 0
- 1 ' 2 - -1',5 d8 -1'3--150dB
E
.;-:kP 4f 1
"" ......:.
t',,·, "1'
..... - loa dil -96---1~6d8
\~
V S W R 1,5 --
I I
(,,_,, __ • • ~ •• ~l
"'!.:!"'I1.~1'f1
Figure 6-49.
TEL o,,-SII-ZIII
ia
.t; Slotted Wavt."9u'd~ Array Ant4Jnna
INPUT
HORIZONTAL POLARIZED SU8ARRAY
------,.-
- r-'" -- ----
---.J.,.--- -- ~
.. -- . .,.----
~-
t- =.=- -:L =-t--- =--:.
~---r-i---
I I --~
"
l
I
~_J -'
vERTICAL POLARIZED SUBARRAY
Figure 6-50
-453-
o capable of using a single waveguide feed - verv low loss, and pla.ci,ng
the LNA in a very con'~nienc location
o Elimination of feed supports, ~tc., typical of'parabolic reflector
systems
The slotted wavegui.de array ant(,n~:la involves a set of contiguous waveguides
with slots in the radiating face as shown in Figure 6-50; Figure 6-51 shows the
slot dimensions ~nd impedances of a small four slot array* illustrating the
size of a typical structure. The bandwidth can be extended fr~m the narrow
band shown in Figure 6-51 to more than 500 MHz at Ku-band.
Figure 6-52 and Table 6-30 show a slotted waveguide 11 GHz phased array
designed by Dr. A. Small of FAce for a spacecraft aprlicati'.m. Note the small
size of che 11 GHz ~rray (11.7 x 18 inc~es) which was designed to provide a
contoured footprint with 28 dB gain onto the islands of Indonesia (Figure 6-53).
While this slotted waveguide array is linearly polarized, it ca~ be converted
to circular polarization by a plastic overia., which includes a special zi.g-zag
pattern of printed lines.
6.3.2 Low ~Toise "we lifiers
The low noise ~plifier (u~) is the key dp.vice wit~ the antenna gain for
establishing the G/T of the TVRO broadcast satellite receiver at any frequency.
Htstorically. until 1974, the ;a~ametric amplifier (uncooled, thermo-
electriccUy cooled, and cryogenically cooled) was the wor!chorse for virtually
all u~ applications which required noise figures less than 2 dB or 20a oK.
Above tha~, noise figure, bipolar transistor and tunnel diode a'llplifiers and the
mixer provided noise figu~es in the 3-6 dB range .
.. Rer'orted by R.:1ytheo!l in'Jestigators at the UPSI Canfere'lee, Seattle, Y..iash:ngton,
June, 1979,
~,
... . /
',' "
•
" ., ,.." -...
. - " , ' . '
_'..- _ oJ. I • ~ '. •
~
--.
-.f" ".' .' ...
~ .~;"
# - •
" III- • .. • . : • .. ' . .. -t ,;' I t
.' . \. ,' . • ,. . . ' lit .' "'.~ . . '.
""
.. ,
'. J ~.....,.,
'...... . a
\
•
,
..
"
' ,r
• ,\,
.v '. ,
_i4+.!!. __ 44!"fL
)(
GlIOlJND
PlA.N(
_
= ...
=
_--_ = ... - - -
---------------------.--~I
_.--- =
_______.-------c~_4------~
...
T...,v Oim .. n!llOn~l Slvt Arra.v
t ,
S'
1.
1.
1.:-
8
1/-\ \
0.4
C.3
>
.:l. 1.6
3
--=
:--~
", :sill
G 1. 5 !----h~~~r----"t0 8
0.16 in.
.
ill t'\
",
,
~
><
", Ui ~~o. 1 u
'. 0
~-<
0.62 in. I I
G.16
in.
.
~.
1.3 -0.2 , 0.062 in,
1.2 -0.3
1.1 -0.4
~-+--.,O. 9 in.
11 .0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2
F [GHL]
r igure 5-51
-455-
Table ~- 30
Details of Phased Array
. Puk OirlCtivity (deil 292
Waveguide Loss (182.88 em at 9 dB/2540 em) 0.7
+ NetwOrk + Cover LOll (dBI
, Ll-r
1.2 - Y' Peak G.in ("at) (dBi)
Rolloff to Ed ge(dS)
28.5
-4
75
,-
+1
+1
I
I I I 1 I
I I I
I
I I
I
I
I
t 1.2
Gain - EOC(deil 24.5
f I
I I I I Overall SillS (in) Horz Ven ~
I
I
I
I , I I I I
I
I
I
! II I I
,.
1 11.2 GHz
14.0 GHz
11.7
9.3
18
14 ~
0.75
0.6
1.0 kg
0.81<.g
I I Reso".nt arr .vs - bro.dwali ,h~nt sio!s
I I
I I Alig"me"t
I I
I 15° roll. bout Yaw aXIs
--~ _0.45° ele v (North)
-O.76°3Z ( East)
-Includiogfo ur 91.44 em waveguide 'U~S and mountln9
tabs
-l,
-
-. -.--
-775~
K-Band Antenr 1 Usmg S'X Arrays Stalf-Stepped fcr Area Coversge
Figule 6- 52
·456-
.L~'-~- .
cp@" J4§$._",- -$ .
1.0
F
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
----F~
~ ____~____~~__~~____~~__~____~______L-____~____~______L-----~----~-LO
-&0 -5.0 ~.O -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 &0
I CONTOU~ OAT A
LON~'TUOE
sy..-oL GA'''' LEvEL
• 27000
Propagation Experiment K-B.nd Antenna Gain Contours C 25.000
o 24.000
E 21000
F 20.000
Figure 6-53
x. PEOI4NG
Y --JAKARTA
-457-
.. _~'-'.- --
The advent of the FET in the early 1970's, its introduction into 4 GHz
TVRO systems with its 2 dB noise figure during the late 1970's, and further
improvement in Schottky m~er diodes and mixer circuits, has caused a virtual
revolution of LNA techniques with the FET (J-FET) amplifier competing with the
bipolar transistor at UHF, replacing the bipolar transistor with 1-3 dB noise
figures at frequencies for 2 GHz to 13 GHz (the bipolar transistor is not a
viable LNA above
I
4 GHz), and competing with the low noise mixer at frequencies
above 10 GHz.
Table 6-31 lists ~pical noise figures showing noise figures in the 1-2 dB
range now common over most communication fcequencies by 1980; with mixer con-
version losses also plunging below 3 dB.
Table 6-32 lists many of the low noise amplifier manufacturers now active
while Table 6-33 and 6-34, and Figures 6-54 through 6-60 list and describe
many of the LNA devices of inte~est to a TVRO designer for 0.8, 2.6 and 12 GHz.
Perhaps surprisingly, television manufacturers are planning to use GaAs
•
FETs 1n UHF tuners, despite higher noise than bipolars, because of the dis-
appointing intermodulation distortion caused by drastic impeda~ce -:hanges of
bipolar forward AGC. Matsushita Electronic Industries Ltd. has already tested
a pl.astic packaged FET observers think might be manufactured for as little as
one dollar. But performance is poor, 1.3 dB NF at 1 GHz, and the company has
not yet made a meaningful commitment to de~lopment. NEC, how--~r, a1r~ady has
a commercially available FET, the NE218, which reaches 0.9 dB NF at 2 GHz and
will work as low as 70~. Some instability may occur at 2 GHz, but ease of
matching should preclude this.
According to J. Fawcett (MSN, Feb 1980), competition in low-noise GaAs
Mesfets at 12 GHz can be seen in two of the best - and most expensive - devices:
the NEl37 from NEe, and the MGF-1403. The NE137 will soon be commercially
-458-
TABLE 6-31
TYpical Satellite Communication Amelifiers
FET or
Transistor
Bipolar Transistor
Amp or GaAs FET GaAs FET GaAs FET
I Mixer
Type Amplifier
Frequency Range GHz 0.8 2.5 GHz 3.7-4.2 11. 7-12.2 11.7-12.2
Gain 10-50 10-50 10-50 10-50
Intercept Point +20 +20 +25 +20
Noise Figure 1975 1.5 3.5 2.5 - 3 dB*
1976 1.5 3.0 2.0 5.0
1977 1.5 1.5 (FET) I 1.5 3.5
1978 1.5 1.5 1.25 3.0
1979 1.2 1.5 1.0 2.7
1980 1.0 0.7 0.7 2.5 3 dB
~
* Conversion loss.
-459-
~........._______. _ - _ ._ _ _-_--_-,._ _-__......_ .......'''''5#"'"_-.........-_ _...... &
. .1iIII!
" ,_ _ _........ . . -_ _........_,_ _ . ..•...-'.
* .,,"
TABLE 6-32
LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS (LNA IS)
Manufacturer Noise Temperature (~ Frequency (GHz)
AIL Cryogeni= Up-Converter 7 0.5-2.2
AlL, SCI Cryogenic Paump 10-20
AlL, Comtech Uncooled Paramp 30-'
Micromega
Amplica, Avantek, FET Amp 100-200
Dexcel
AlL, GTE- Cryogenic Paramp 20 3.7-4.2
Telecomunicazioni
AIL, LNR Thermoelec trically CO'.lled 30-40
Paramp
AIL, NEC, LNR Thermoelectrically Cooled 35-50
Paramp
AIL Uncooled Paramp 45-65
AlL Cryogenically Cooled Paramp 50-60
Comtech, Fujitsu, Uncooled Paramp 55-75
GTE-Telecomunicazioni,
LCT, NEC
AIL, Ferranti, LeT, Uncooled Paramp 75-90
SCI
NEC Thermoelec tricall y Cooled
FET Amp
AEG-Telefunken, FET Amp 80-150
~plica, Avantek,
Dexcel, NEC,
Plessey, SCI
.'
-460-
TABLE 6-32
LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS (LNA's) - Continued
Manufacturer Noise TemperaturLJ!l Frequency (GHz)
AlL Cooled Paramp 10-50 11.7-12.2
AIL, Amplica, Comtec~ Thermoelectrically Cooled 80-200
GTE-Telecomunicazion~ Paramp
LCT, LNR. NEC, SCI
AlL Uncooled Paramp 100-160
AlL Cryogenically Cooled FET Amp 120-140
LNR Uncooled Para-Conv. 205-240
AIL, NEC Thermoelectrically Cooled 300-400
FET Amp
AIL, Amplica, NEC, FET Amp 400-600
Plessey, SCI
LNR, NEG Schottky-Barrier Mixer 600-800
Comtech, Mitsubishi, Cryogen~c Paramp 50-60 17.7-70.2
NEC
AIL, LNR, Uncooled Paramp 200-400
Mitsubishi, NEC
AIL, LNR, Cooled FET Amp 500
Hi tsubishi, NEG
:'NR Schottky-Barrier Mixer 600-1000
Avantek FET Amp 600-1000
AlL, Fujitsu, LNR Uncooled Paramp 400-600 34-37
-461-
ORiGH\~\l PJ\(;E is
OF POOH Q'JALITY
Low Noise Amplifiers
Frequency Model aaln NF P•• 1 dB
(GHz) No. (dB) (dB) Comp.(dBM) TABLE 6-33
2.2·2.3 AT3210 35 1.3 +13 Various Lower Frequency Bipolar
3.7-4.2 AT5324 35 1.5 + 11 and FET Commercial Amplifiers
4.4·5.0 ATA5315 36 2.5 +15
BIPOLAR AMPLIFIERS GaAs FET AMPLIFIERS
:. ~ extenSive line of blooia' ampilf,ers for ra~ar, '" broad range 0' GaAs Fer amphhecs o'fer low no'SE! a"\: "0;"' C»tf()fTTIA:"~ ';;r iOlp:..:at.onI 11'1
radar telemetry a"c sat~lrte CC)'TVTlun:ca:'Ot'IS C~s:o'" ~.;~ unItS ca~ ~ supploed QUIddy
';,>,e~e!c~ a"~ Ome r com·"T1unGatoons apo"ca·
due to advanced compute' aided deSl;" lechno·og~ 1"= ::::>'T'plele man.'i:"'.Jnng capabtIdy.
0'
'J"S The ta:lle snows ~e the ampilfle~s :tIat Rea:!l!) S":Oplll!(j o::.ons .nclude wIV89ulde.11p'.r. ~-C c·:-: ooeralton c.;:"-..ctor lyon. IIUII
- 3.! been p'o.:l.J:eocI 'J' speClltc custome~ re- monrto' C'" ... 1"Id paou.C].ng and moun!l~ pro.,sv".; ":50. redun.::a-· :or,flguratlON of
:~.·e""erlls Cus:om aes'Q"Ied unitS ca" Of pro-
• ,.:led to full", a vanery of applicatIOns
GaAs FF' .
)I~ e'1 are oltered .nciud,"9 .r 'S'I' "" ~=- ">t;; local anc r~'"1Ote controo. n
status In Jt'I Tne ~ shows some of tne ~If ..rs ;r..:l.JCld.
==1:0 GAl" GAlli NOISE vsY.'71 ~ Gain Neese PowerOul
FreQ
=,,'<GE >!IS • dEl .38 Mao CU Range GaIn Flatness Fogu~ VSWP +10dS
V-t: Mr ".... ~ N OUT "....
MI-tz dB -dB dB intOv' ComprHllOt'l
SV·200 30 OS
05
20
40
20
20
15
20
·7
.3 142-1 " 30 as 15 151
1.51
·6
':),3)0 30 142·14A 35 0.5 1.5 ·6
3:'-300 23 05 40 2.0 20 ·3 167·170 30 05 1.8 151 .. 10
3:-300 20 05 35 20 20 -3 as 1.5 1.51 .r,
1.65·175 30
~~,3JO 50 OS 40 20 20 -3 1.65-1 75 A() 05 1.5 15' +5
2:'-500 20 10 35 20 2.0 ·3 1 65-1 75 30 05 1.2 1.51 -5
2:'·5JO ':0 10 27 20 20 ·3 165-175 A() 05 12 1.5 , -5
2c,,'OOC ~8 10 40 2.0 20 .. 3 25 05 Ie. 1.5 • +10
220-235
SO-SB 14 05 35 20 20 -2 2.21>-235 30 05 15 1.51 -10
250-500 20 OS 40 20 20 -3 220·235 30 05 ,7 1.51 ·10
3:':0-500 05 40 2CJ 20 ~3 15, ·10
20 220-235 A() 05 12
~2:)..::'O 30 05 ,6 20 20 0 18 as 25 15 , -10
270·290
SYJ·1200 ~ 10 25 20 20 -3 270-290 20 0.5 25 1.5 ' .10
~:.:.. ' 250 2'~ 05 225 20 20 -5 270·290 25 0.5 2~ ,51 -7
, 2y'!·1400 2'J 05 22 20 20 ·5
, ':35· 154() 20 OS 25 20 20 ·5
. :»)·1500 20 05 35 15 15 -5
• .!.')C·'600 20 05 30 15 15 -5
1':)Q-17X 20 OS 3n ~.'1 20 "S
':0-:'·1700 ".1 OS 45 20 20 -7
'·:>:-2400 20 05 30 20 15 ·7
·7X··2300 10 05 35 25 20 ·3
22Y.... 2JOO 18 05 30 20 20 .. 3
22X.. 2300 20 05 2.5 25 15 .. 5
'-2')O·23X 30 05 25 25 15 ·7
20:>0,3100 17 0.5 43 20 20 .. 3
...
~
"
. __ I
~, . -
.
r··~------- - -.--.. . . - - - . . .-. ~---------
.. _--_.--- .. -.,--.~
Dynamic . . . . .
.,
. .: I
('
:;:"~~'..,..-
. . . . .l .•
I'~ ..
l.
a.n
1d8
GNn
3rd
Order
r v.;. ...,.. Camp. !mer.
r~;,..No._ _~~~
I• AMF-2A··617
. 1.6-1.7
__ ~_(~____~~~~~~ ___~
o.tn
25
aIkJn
0.5 1.
FIgure
1.6 125
VSWR
MaLOuIput
1.5
Output
(dBm)
lIMn.
5
PL
(dam,
TJP.
,5
,
AMF-3A·1617 ,6-,7 35 0.5 U ,6 , 25 '.5 ,0 20
i1 , 5
AMF·V 2223 2.2-23 22 0.5 15 ,7 1.25 5 ,5 "
AMF·3A-2223
-~ ..... -.- .. ~
2.2·2.3 35 0.5 1.5 17 ,25 ,5 ,0 2C
~ .. --- .- '-'""- . . *- - -'--- - . . . .- 1.5 5 15
~ AMF-2A-2124 2 ,·24 20 1.0 1.6 1.1j 125
10
AMF·3A·2'24 . . ~ ,. - .- 21-24 33 075 16 1.8 1.25 15 20
AMF·2A-I720
AMF·3A·'720
1,-20
17·20
20
JO
075
075
-462-
17
17
2.0
2.0
, .35
135
, .5
15
5
10
15
20
•
•
20 17 19 125 15
"
...
AMF·2A-2129 27·2.9 0.5
AMF-JA·2?29 27-29 JO as 17 ,.g 1.25 ,5 I. zr ¢
------------~~~--~--
"';.-."-
'~-fiIj, ',)\- UIiI ..
WJ-R21-004
MINPAC AMPLIFIER
22 Tr') 23 GHz
met> s '
•
•
•
•
LOW NOISE: 1.8 dB (TYP)
MEDIUM GAIN 24 dB (TYP)
LOW VSWR < 14 1 (TYP)
MEDIUM LEVEL OUTPUT:
+ 11 dBm (TYP)
~
tm-0Q4
-::11:._
".~
.
I
........_-......_~l .
-:.
• SMALL SIZE
Guaranteed Specification. Typlca. Perfol'lllaace at 25°C
a.,rlctlristlc +2SoC - 54"C· + 8SoC Gain
Typicil
.-
Frlqulncy (Min.) 2.0-2.5 GHz 22-2 3 GHz 2.2-2.3 GHz
Smlll Signel Gain (Min.) 24.0 ~9 23.0 dB 210 dB
~---------- -
Gain Flltnl" (Mn.) <=0.4 dB <..=06 dB <=2.0 dB ., --::---------------~.~~(~--~
~
~c~· ,
NollI Agurl (Mil.) 1.B oB 2.3 dB 27 dB :'l~_ ~c ~
::~t
-------------=~~ I
Powlr Output at 1 dB Comprl .. lon (Min.) +1101Bm + 10.0 dBm +8.0 dBm z.:
Rlverse Isolltion (Min.) >1)00 dB 500 dB 500 dB
Nol •• Flgur.
VSWR (Mil.) InputtOutput <141 2.0 , 201 !'~---------
Third Order Two Toni
+25.0 dOm +230 dBm ·200 dBm
Intlrclpt Point (Min.)
DC Volts (NornlnIII15. OC Currlnt Ii 7S Volts 60 mA \100 rnA max i
.·-.---~.~.---~!~l----U
J
""
TABLE 6-34
Watkins Johnson S-Band Low Noise
Bipolar A~pliiier
-463-
Wt . dt ~. It ~- Ml f -- K OM 2ft
Gh:::;~':!,\L t' :\r::: rn
OF POOR QUALrrf
3.5 V
A • TMEO"Y'~ 100)(2
8 • TMEORY 10 lim 250x2
"OC~ELLIONIMPLANT
'" .1,.mX2lO X2
In .1 ,.m ""7.0x,
CZI
'21' ;
• I'LESSEY.'.
•0
NEe.5 jIIfI 15x.
"SR£ .. hm 150)(2
•. RSR£ MIE
HITA'::HI,.~ jl>n l00x2
HUGHES .5 jIIfI, 15X. ION ""LANT
". H' .5 lim, 250x 2
+ In .1,.mx250x2 177°Kl
.•
InMiE
AIIANTEK .5u",)(15O)(' iON IMPlANT
~ Mit5Vblshi
20
FREOUENCY IGHrl
TheorWtoc:at NF • a functio' f frequency (l.ine, A • 8) with Mlec:t.cj
.",*imentll data.
Figure 6-54
Comoarlson of Performance (Low ~olse Ga\s CET)
t I
I i
4 I '
j i t}p Dexcel
, ..... ------------·--~~----~I~l ~RTC
CD I I I
'"0
........ 3 -----'---#L---.. . . . . ~~,A I Plessy .
IAetechO :: Varian
.-c ---i-,______'.-.;...;.A~lP::.!...r~,a.. ~J- I NEe _
........E I
I.L
,
,I
; Varian ~ ,
,i
I , 0
I
Z 2 ~---+-----~-+INEC,' ,'-MELeO
1
j
........ ; I ; 1/; I: ; (chip)
MGF-1402 . HP~ Rayth';f: : , ~,( NEe
I \ j ; --r-:;;,1
l ~': ' OMELCO
~ ~ iNEC x_ ~__ .. ', '.;' ~
j : ; ! !
1 MGF-14 (pac kag,;d l
I \-~ , ..I " !'''MGF-d.03
'4 I I ('80 ,l.,prii)
.. :.. -- .
1
_~~~ - - ()MElLCC ~
- -1- I(pa~klJ?e~) I I l
I::
-=i
O~----~~--~--~~~~'~_~I~I--
1 2 4 6 8 10 20
f (GHz)
• ;r;n, 193'1
-464A-
; " ) UP = ¥:sm .F! 3ac". ='f*;*. ae au; Xli 4 «hi; .• ,j!: 0 H: _£Q4'O" Pi, .. 2AJW s;sa) ....;=*1..
3.7 10 4.2 GRz Low Noise Amplifiers
0
95 K 10 290 K Noise Temperature
0
AMPLICA presents a new family of SC Bind Low
NOise GaAs FET Amplifiers designed with perfor·
mlllce. production and economy in mind. Model
729CWNL is curr,ntl'" In production offering 120 0 K
nOise temperatures over tN full 3.7·4.2 GHz
frequency range. Other units in this family provide
noise temperatures ranging to 290 0 K which permit
effectively selecting the best Noise Tlmperature for
your system at the lowest possible colt. Model 729
thru 733CWNL all possess rugged w.ltherpr 1OfOO
construction With waveguide prt'S$uriZItIO'l capability.
Standard units come With regula~d po_r supply
allowtng the DC Vol tage to vary frolT. + j 5 to +25
volts without degrading performance. OPtions for
negative power supplies and AC supplies arf! available.
Just recently JOIning the flr.lily of Low NOise Ampli·
fiers for sat;:!lite earth stat'L., requirements is the
:~~ .:; Ultra Lo\\- NoiS'! Model 728CWNL which offers a
nOls~ temperature of 95 0 K. This unit is thermo·
{T- ."i
,
., .. ..
~
electrical" ',.)oled and provides the high reliability
of solid ~,.It! construction and the Ultra Low NOise
The following are the SC Band Low Noise
G.As FET Amplifier Common Specifications
-:. ·;;i capability provlood by lin ingenious thermoelectflc
Frequoncy RIII'IIJe: 3,7 104,2 GHz mln,mum
'J ' ..... ,;,, cooled deSign. Vanous gain OptionS may be provided 50 dB mInImum
G"n:
for each m1!mber of the SC Band LNA flmily. G"n FI.tneu: + 'J,5 J8/500 MHz
Amplica 1150 offlrs Ultra Low NoiSi Amplifiers in the .. 0,25 dB 141) MHz
11.7 to 12.2 GH 1 satellite Cllmmunicrtions bll'ld. OutPut Po_, iI I dB
Gain ComprH"on: +10 "Bm mln,mum
$Ie Bulletin No. 10671 for further details. Inwe,,,t Po,nt: +20 d8m m,nlmum
Input VSWR:
OutPUt VSWA: 1.5 m •• ,",um
Input Po_/Current: +15 to +25 VJ.: ill 1 10 mA noml".)
Input Connet':tlOll: CPR229G
Output ConnactlC)fl: Typo "N" Femal.
Wt.thOtprooli,,:/: P'oy,doC
"'11"9 AC 0< U; Connector Supplo.d
So,.: See .nachld outl,n, drlW'"9
728CWNLO 95° K /1 23 dB!
729CWNL 120° K 11,~d8!
730CWNL 150 0 K 11,8dB!
731CWNL 180° K 12,1 dB!
NOTE: Fo, -1' to -30 V~ IC"d /-11 to model numbor.
7:l2CWIIIL 225 0 K 12,5 dBI
Fo, -.a to -10 Vdc Idd 1-2) to machl numbor.
73lCWNL 26 0 K 13,0 dB!
Fo, 115 Va Idd 1-3) to moct.l nu ....'.
-Model 728CWNL is tlwrmoelfICtric.lly coo/~ ¥lei
fflqU/fW,.,proxm"M1'I6 1I00ts @ 5 amps, power
IUPply (not indud,;1).
Figure 6-55
9.1111, .. N,. 10173
.. "
r:' , ce.
::::: :: ,..:::: ,; ::::::: .:iZ,ei::: ::::-:':': ::: :-:: ::' :::::::
esc
...,._."0:_
NEe
., .' .~
1
LA1218 12GHz Low Noise FET Amplifier 11
l
LOW NOISE FET AMP ~nCI FET AMP
2 STAGES 2 STAGES 2 STAGES 2 STAGES
- - - ----- --- - - - - ---- ----- -----
~!l
_.
-....-..-
C'
'...- ~ ~ - ' . . . g,1 "1 - - - -~\- ..:: .: -''-./
?~
~
\ "\....., ~ ~
~i
INPUT
_/ ---- "-- "" ' - ,
','v\ v.'
'~
.....,.. ~
I
- 5Q'C STABILIZEO .. 20·C STABIUZEO
LNA UNIT Block Diagram
~EC has been developing various SpecificatioDs
kinds of L~A 's, such as the 4 GHz Fr.Qu.~cy ran..::9_._ _ _ _ _
".7 - , 2.2 GHz
L~A. 11 12 GH2 LNAs, etc. Band Wldlh 500 MHz
The LA-12l8 Low ~oise FET L.u than ',1j3 K
NOls.h.m .ra!urf!
Amplifier only uses FET A'~l')lifiers 175 K Ty~ .
to obtain the specified performance,
----
.
52dR min.
Eight '3uper Low Noise" GaAs - - -, -
db pop ov.r lnec:lfied o._nd_ _ _ _ _ _. _ _ __
Ga,n rI~pl.
FET's are used to achieve very low Gain slaO'llly 118 P-PiwHk
noille temperature and obtain thl! Operflling lemperalur. - 30'e 10 + 50'e
specifie'. gain. FET ;lmplifiers are w J( 0 J( H (mm) welgnl (kg)
temper ature-stabilh·:d to achieve UNIT ~F
250.240 J( , flO 13
excellent gam stability ___________..:ONT & MOH:...U=-"'~I:...T___
.8=-0::....;J("_41lO::..::..:x-'-'_7_7_ _ _-:.2:.:0_ __
Futlires
• Super Low Noise FET
• :~1alntenance-Free Stable Opera-
tior.
• High Reliability
Figure 0-56
-466-
t~
~""-IIII!!IIIIIII"'I!JI!!r.iM4
.
U!!*,/2#h.3FL,Sbd
.
4%5 '.t,4¥>4PO;'h1.?epa
' . -
... RA ..5f42f•. :;:S;.•;-....
It. ......... ,*p:;.;a.4¥
-
" ...~Q
"-
4l4!f'. ¥4AP ..
eM ?Tsybtthtt,gfrT· nltt rtbR; he'un- W'ht'
11.7 to 12.2 GBz Low Noise Amplifiers
-
'{.
;
3800 It Noise Temperature
The new model 735 XSL offers 3.6 dB Noise Figure
(380° K) over the total 11.7 to 12.2 SATCOM _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .ft _ _.
_,_
,_--
_-_-_ - .•.
receive band. This unit is hermetically sealed and '---- ;,-:. ---
utilizes rugged, reliable thin film MIC construction.
The GaAs FET low noise input stage optimumly
combines with a low loss isolator to insure good
VSWR and lowest noise temperature. The output
stages are balanced stages to insure wide d"namic
range and minimum interactio;l problems due to
cascading. This amplifier design approach has been
utilized over 500 MHz bands extending from 8.5 ~ . ---
,': ~
"- I'~::;-"·J ..
GHz to 13 GHz with equally outstanding noise
figure performance. Noise figures as low as 2.5 dB
are available over narrow frequency bands with
center frequencies as high as 10 GHz. Check the
following specs and then throw your pa,amps
away. Model 735XSL is capab,e of meeting all
environments of MIL·STD·5400 or MIL·E·16400.
SPEC. FleATlONS
NOISE GAIN OuTPUT INTERCEPT
- DC CURRENT
FREQUENCY GAIN FIGURE FLATNESS POWER IJ POINT VSWR .'3.5. 1.5
MODEL RANGE MIN. MAl<. MAX. 1 dBCOMPRES TYP~CAL IN &OUT VDC
NO. IGHzl IdBI IdBI I~ dBI SION 'cte"" IdBml MAXIMUM NOMINAL tmAl
1---
1
~
I35XSL 11.7· 11.2 30 3.6 0.5 + 7 dBm +17 1.5 150
t- 734XSL 11.7·12.2 30 4.5 0.5 +10 +20 1.5 150
t- 733 11.7 ·12.2 30 5.5 0.5 +12 +22 1.7 150
-Available with SMA input and ~utput
tAvailable with other gain options
Figure 6-57
au"'tin No. 1OS71
OF POOK Q~r\LIT'(
11.7-12.2 GHz:
Ku .. Band Satellite
Communications
r----------- -- --- ~
I
"
r-----~
,I • po•• C'-C
I
VVV' I
!"'\
:----r---~
I
I
""-(I"f"... -:5I: i !r-:- - ' - - -
i 'SO;'AT~Q i
~£·s""",_"
."\:O .. \.J, -0- ,"'.0
'";:)N1'AO' '.".G~'
K-3AND LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER BLOCK DIAGRAM
MODE ... NOISE TEMPERATURE
Typicdl Maximum
Low Noise Amplifiers
NC12-95 90K 100K
NC12-111 110K 120K
NC12-131 130K 140K
Paraconverter T•
(Integrated Parampl
Downconverterj
NC12JD-131 130K 140K
Figure 6-58
-468-
1_' -:"""""7' ..... -~~---:-:---- •••. .,..
r ..... ___
."
~ Mltsublshl G.AI Fets .nd Rel.ted Devtces
(Nov. 13, 1979)
CemlllRlllly Av.lI.ble l.atIIrItIry
COlllllllrel.lly Avlll.blt In l1li Very ...... Future SW....-tlll-Art
I11III111
TyplQl ExPlClttl TypiCII
TYIII CIIIrIcIIrII1tcI Type Chtl'lCtlrlltlCl Dltlvery
NFmln = 0.8 dB NFmm = 1,3 dB
@f=4GHz i'~-.~'n
= t 7 dB @I'" 12 GI4z
MGF-l400 @f= 12 GHz Sample: (Packaged)
Low nOise MGF-I401 ·NFmm = 1.7 dB MGF-l403 (Packaged: Chip Jan 1980
GaAs Fet MGF-I402 @f=8GHz (Packaged) 0.:Hl.4 bener) NFm," = 1.8 dB
MGF-1412 Commercial @f", 16 GHz
NFm,. = 2.5 dB MGF-C-l403 NFmon = 2.5 dB device: (Chip)
@I= 12 GHz (Chip) @f'" 18 GHz April 1980
(Chip) NFm,. = 2.1 dB
•,
· (Note 1) (Note 2)
@ I '" 18 GHz
(Chip)
MGF-I800 gm'" 100 mS
Meoium power
MGF-I801 P, dB = 21.5 dBm
6aAs Fet
(Note 1) @I '" 12G~!
P'II8=2W P1d8 '" 2.5 W Sample PI dB '" 10 W
Mt;F-?',24 'MGF-2124M April 1980
High power MGF-2148 Gtp = 5 dB MGF·2148M Gv = 5 dB Gt,p '" 4.5 dB
GaAs Fet MGF-2150 @I '" 12GHz MGF-2150M @I '" 12 GHz Commercial @I", 10 GHz
MGF-2F' (PaCka!;~. withcut MGF-2172M (with internal device: (with internal
interna: matching) matchlilg) July 1980 matching)
~t '" 1:500 :.Hz
FO·loo1(S) (~I '" 1:200 kHz)
e GaAs Fet FO-l002(~i over -20 to ---SOcC
i OSCillator
•j.
(Note 1)
FO-1201(S)
FO-l202~S)
lor any lieQuency
between9and 14GHz
Chip devices as well as packaged devices are available Their type '5 represented by MGF-C-.
_.
(Note 21 NFm,n 0107 dB at f '" 4 GHz can be guaranteed by selection 01 MGF-1412.
Figure 6-59
-469-
~-··':"·f4J1Fi\
"",""',-"
0 ft!·· ,.1. ~ __
..... 1 .... -.. ~ r r ".....
.", • . • :,.... ~ ......
OF POOR QU'ALr;~
2 dB CONVERSION lOSS MIXER AT 11 Gtiz USING A PRM CIRCUIT .
Ben R. Hallford-
"
MICROSTRIP CIRCUIT EOUIVALENT CIRCUIT
F?roducr Rerum Mixer Circuit
a:
"0
W
a:
~
!:2 1~cST IMAGE RECOVERY MIxeR
u. p- ,.
W
til
o \
Z
c
zc( 7 - ~ SIN"" BALA',C'D "!XER
II)
L..I
Co
6 _.
'...
",_
.'
&.:
'* x.... ;-
til 6 - - x. _ _ .x ...... '
W
..J
C)
-·x-·x-· X - 'TPRODUCi I1ETUnN r.1:XEA
z
iii
10.5
11,0 11.5
LOCAL OSCILLA TO" rnEauW~Y. Gliz
. 12.0
*Collins Figute 6-60
-470-
avai:able wlth a noise figure of about ~ dB at 12 GHz. Laboratory devices pro-
videJ 1. 68-dB NF. A "deeply recessed l l half-micron 8ate drops source resistance
and noise figure. Unconventional structure of Mitsubi.hi's low-noise FETs has
produced 1.3 dB at 12 GHz in the laboratory. More significantly, commercial
samples are now available that provide 1.7 dB at 12 GHz, but at a cost that
matches their Rolls Royce performance, $283.50 apiece. The battle ~ontinues
at ~ GHz, where a pair of less ex ~~ .Lve devices, the NE21S and MGF-14l2, both
offer around 0.7 dB NF.
-471-
*""",. -'---=-. - .'4- ·-~--"""""~~""·-."'-"l'!,_""!4""o;o*__;-I!!I!IIIIIIIJIU!l!lt1
r--~-----'
~-~--~-~"~~~'.....,.~~~-- X4 - __ 4 --""'
r
~
1
:1
1
6.3.3 lYRO Receiver TechnoJogy lAnalos)
Figure 6-61 shows the basic block diagram of a TVRO system which includes
a frequency converter and a receiver. The frequency converter (single or double)
includes the LNA and t~e tuning system, and the ~eceiver accepts the received
FM TV signal, provides IF amplification, and AGC, demodulation, video and audio
signal processing, and remodulation of the video and audio to a carrier which
can be applied directly to one of the cha~nels of a commercial TV set.
Figures 6-62 and 6-63 illustrate modern color TV receiver design including
the use of a varactor-tuned cscillat~r controlled by a chatLnel tuning system -
now microprocessor-controlled in almost all commercial receivers which pro-
vide touch-tuning and instant control of up to 100 channels &t VHF and TJHF and
which use several vari.eties of electronic tuning systems to provide the varacf:or
tuning voltage which determines each channel; i.e., potentiometer cuning, fre-
quency synthesizer, and voltage synthesizer
Tables 6-35 through 6-36 list many of the receiver technologies and their
her1tagl! for UHF, S-band, and Ku-band, alld i.nclude the LNA and down-conVE'rters
since these later circuits may become actually an integral ~rt of the receiver.
r
h-
In the overall TVRO system, the designer makes use of two modern techJ.\olo-
gies which have been developed for Color TV receivers durir.g the 1970' 5; Le.,
o The varactor controlled (VCO) frequency converter where a tuning voltage
alone determines the channel frequency of interest. This is a ''fortunate''
technology sin~e the varactor controlled VCO can exist at any frequency
from UHF to Ku-band, and only an applied prograumed voltage is required
to select the desired channel.
o The tre~ndous develo~nt of in~xpensive integrated circuits which now
provided uni.ts which serve all TV receiver t 1lnctions from TV tuners, to
IF .lr:'plif it!rs, to demodulators and signal processors.
-472-
l_~ ___ ~ _________. ~__-~_. _________.u,~, ___ ·~-.E_·~ffl~·~-___ .#_·_ _ _ ~_!m.·_~_~__._t.-__.~.h~-.·_.·.2.'
r'o' _ " m . " ....... """'''''.,)$'.;;4 Z:4JSeo.I:UX::S'#PiUii ""till M,*'#i(5i!t2!Ji ":U,J£ $ nUiiaAAii4ii@:i:jP44U14.t :U;;;#,:SpiOJi.W'WQ;iiiU4iPii$' a;;S1Iiii;oiHJ#1;:' *"4 ""W"U;;W:;, •
...
1
;1
~.j
---,
"
I U;"L'T-
1\·\1'(;[
I
"I I-
I VIDEO!
, ~!
1-b) dhm
Dyn R,:;e >25 db llEEMPHASIS
,-S) Jb~ I CABLE I VIDEO Iv pk to pk
,
-r~
L/ ~( ~~ Ll~I-DlSC LPF
7snBNC I ,
(J I I I
, (;Hz
l~
I
j
EI I "I
I I
11 I
5.79
MHz
I
pc I IDC
,
Tun ing Vo] tage J I 8 dbm I
~
·1
L 1 600 n 1'I
!'i:U..;l'L\CY CO:,VU\TER
~
I PAD
~
....., TV S~:T Remodulator
I.'"
I
BI:O:\IJCt\ST <- ~ham121 3 V lDl~O
TI\A:)S~IITTH'
L J~~
- -c~
Rr:CEIVER
oo -::~
~;
::of-
TVRO Receiver .0"11
Figure 6- 6 1. c "~1
:t> ( i
r ;;1
::;, ,,,,
oo(JI
...."",.,., ......
OR!m~U\L Pt',GE IS
OF PCO~~ QUA'_ITV
Mixer IF Amp Video
""-
-, LNA and ,
"'-
IF Amp AGC r
Limiter &
Demodulator Amp & ,...
VCO Filtel Proce'8
j
J~
Tuning Voltage to Automatic I,-
Varactor in VCO Fine Tuning
(AFT) t.udio
Amp & ~>
~
r - - '-- Process
9~~~~~!_~~!~~_~~!E!~
Options: Synthes!.zer
Potentiometer
Program Volt-
age
Figure 6 62 -
Color TV Receiver Design, Circa 1980
F~O'" > ' ~
T IIHF UHF
AFC
ALT'E " NAT E
OSCILLATO ..
01 68k
a"040C4ST I CAT.'
SELECT
22.
LOCK OIP
FOR AFT
FREOUENCY BAOjDS .... ' f-CH-,-OjG--~ ;.--~VARACT
CONTROL >---1 TUNERS
SYNTHESIZER
2~t----. 10110
21 """"'--. ,---,931 ""HI
7 8 9
4 5 6
12:3
o E Figure 6-63. Modern Color TV Touch Tuner
Thus the • 'rId c.f. t"le TVRO designer is the world of the Color TV recei'V8r
SP€:ciaUst since th'J: '"01.::1:' TV art, s~arred by lfOrldwide competition 1nvolvina
millionl of recei'V8ra, is th~ development ground of many applicable ingeniou.
circuit •.
6.3.3.1 .I~'~_TVRO Rec_e',_"'inL~~
Tables 1;- 35 ::hrouSl;h 6-38 list the various subsystem of a 'l'VRO receiving
system fc- ... ,(f ••~ bar..ci, .. nd Ku-band.
As ir:-:....cP.!:' Jl tl1<?se table.], an INA or first stage provides the low nt)ise
amp' . .' ~;a t; on l''!!qtJ h:e 1 wi ':h the antenna gain to provide the required CIT lead ing
::., the SIN. ~~<)te that at all three frequency ranges, a down··converter and a
tu~~:..ng oscillator are required. Once the channel is selected and its modulated
carrier is down-converted to a desired IF frequency (around 70-120 MHz), then
integrated circuits can be used for IF amplification, ACe, video detection,
sound detection, video and sound processing, and remodulation to a desired TV
receiver channel (channel 3,4,5) with a carrier which is vestigial sideband for
video, and FM for sound.
The receivers have circuits of commonality. All UNA's use either a bipolar
transistor amplifier or some form of FET; MOSFET at UHF and GaAs FET at S-band
and Ku-band.
All receivers ule a voltage controlled oscillator for tuning regardless
of whether single or double conversion is used.
All receivers now use integrated circuits, IC's, to perform IF, detection,
proceSSing and remodulation; 1n fact, as will be discussed are derivable from
the hundreds of IC's which have been developed for color TV receivers and TV game
systems. This availability of IC's Wh4~h has been a maj,)r development of the
1970's is • critical factor in TVRO receiver lryw cost and performance and manu-
facturability.
-475-
~~~c~~ ~".~~~-~-- ~~. . -"'-~---~-.~-,- --~~"""J'I'!!,~_"'i.""''''~~~ -,-.~ !II!
'-'~-~'''''''-,,,,,",,",~''''~.-.=~_~g_., ____
....
~~""'p_~ ."..""_.,.r>.........._ ...
.~-.~~.=-."., '""""'!!IJII'?!I!!Iu¥l!'III,
s_""!w_~ 1I!!!_~lJI!n!l'll!lll',_.
1 1
1
I
I
1
It is l.mplicit in tables 6-35 through 6-38, .. wes described earlier in this
.\ section, that in all cases the LNA and down-converte~ .~d first IF .tage are
antenna mounted, anl connectee by cable to the indoor receiver whose input
frequency range is at a frequency at which tuning is accomplished - around 500-
1000 MHZ, or at 70 MHz after tuning has already been accomplished by a tuning
voltage supplied by the receiver.
6.3.3.1.1 The TV Tuner
At least a quarter of a billion VHF TV tuners have been built since the
start of cotn!llercial TV. This technology started with using &Inplificat1on provi.ded
prugressively by Tube~, Nuvistors, bipolar transistors, and MOS;ETS. Figure
6-64, from RCA, shows both bipolar and MOSFET tuners, including the detail of
the IF amplifier and second detector, and the RCA CA3l20E Ie which pr~cesses the
video and provides AGe. By the end of the 1980's integrated circuits approches
to the tuner/mixeriLO voltage rened oscillOltor, ann IF werE: starting to be
introduced into television sets including very sophisticated tuners, to be
described bellJW.
iI
,I
-4i6-
TABLE 6- 35
UHF TVRO Receiver Subsy.tem
CompO"lent Caudidate !echnolollV Descri~tion/Herit.~e
Bipolar Transistor 1-3 dB NF/TV let.
LNA
I MOSFE'I (silicon. JFET) 1-3 dB NF/FM Tuners
Down-converter Intlgrated Circuit Simi lar to use in
color TV rec.
Varactor tuned OSC S iIIIi lar to u.e ill
color TV rec.
Oscillator
- Synthesizer Ie In Ie's for colClr TV
rl!c.
IF. AGe. AFT
De te-ctor
and Integrated Circuits In use in color TV
Video Processor rec.
Remodulator to Integrated Circuit In use in color TV
UHF/VHF rec.
Circuit boards and 5-6 layer board Conven t 10na 1 rece1\>'Cr
hardware construction
Cabinet/P.S. /Knobs
J
-477-
(::
0;-' h .. .
., "I
TABU: 6- 36
2.54 GHz TVRO Receiver Techniq~e8
Com onent Candidate Technolo Descri tior./Herita a
FET Amp lifter 1 dB (70K) noi •• fig.
LNA Bipolar tran.istor 1.5 dB (120K) noi.e fig.
amplifier
Low noise mixer 3 dB conver.ion 10S8
nO'-'n- converter Single conversions Candidate for monolithic
te~hniques i~cluding LNA
and o.cillator
VCO Varactor-tuned oscillator
now used i~ color TV ree.
I~nthelizer
Oscillator
IC's Synthesizer now used in
"~ltiplier
I
;;':s cclor TV rec., including
remote tuniilg
IF, AGC,AIT Integrsted circuitS In use in color TV
Delector and recelvers. Modified for
Video Processor use with FM video carrier
Remodulator Integrat~d Circuit In use in CATV systems
to UHilVHF and in TV games
•
· I
TABU: 6-37
12 GM: TYRO LNA/First D~-C~verter Technique.
Component Candidate Technol~qy DescriEtion/Herit.~..!..-
0
Law noise amplifier FET amplifier 150-350 NT-p~e8efitly
(mounted with or high ':Olt due LO r.igh
integrated with fep-d) FE! cost
Konishi Mixer (mixer 401)" N'l' - Very low
mounted in waveguide) Cust claimed
First down- ~ingll" conversion Conversion to inte~-
converter and mediate freq. 950-1450
osc i 11a tt'r MHz or Similar range
-479-
r TABLE 6- 38
12 GHz TVRO Receiver Techniques
Component Candidate Technology Description/Herita2e
I
I Second down-converter Single conversion Input 450-1450 MHz
Output 70 }ffiz
I V:O for tuning Varactor tuned microwave
I
FET oscillator-use mono-
lithic techni~Jes derived
Tuning Oscillator from TV sets
Synthesizer for tuning Synthesizer IC used in
using IC's UHFNHF TV sets
-IF, J
AGe, detector 2-3 integrated circuits Derived from IC's used in
and video/ aud io modern color TV receivers
processor
R',~modulator to Integrated circuit In ~se for modern CATV
UHF/VHF systems and TV games
-
!
~ol
-----.. . .~,-.- .-.. . .~-. . ._.-- --'~'-" ----.-,. . .------______. . . _.............
--- - -- -------- -. WW% ' ~ ,t t zt A ··
_ iI
..........
.- c. .;au ;: ";:'9· a
I
I
I
I
I
I
r:
~r
\--"v~
L
~
r------
F~OM TERMINAL I~
OF CA31Z0E
/nu:rface of if amplifier with bipolar and MOS
A CD FET tuners.
1'----------
I MOSFET TUNE 1
I +I~ "O-T------.l
'L ~
The RCA..cA31~OE is a 16-pin. dual-in-Iine. monolithic-
silicon integrated circuit that processes a 'idee signal and
provides the following outputs:
Non-inverted video output
NOise-processed. inverted video output
Dual-polarity. composite synchronization signals
Automatic gain-control signals (age):
61(
I Undelayed forward age for i f amplifier
iL - -
1 ______ -1I Delayed forward agc for tuners with bipolar transi~tors
- - 6-: - -
+ ~
1FROM TERMINAL 14
OF CA31Z0E
Delayed reverse ag.: for tuners wj,h FEr's
I)V~
A C 0
TUNER
24V OE~r.v BIAS
56' 3.
~G: E"':'ScE 16
,",CRIZ 1'4.E)'
R.,
10,
RES ,'4"1:£ vACJES
AO E ." 0' .. ,
-...
Figure 6-64
Typical applic.Jfion of the en:~. ':"
----,-
------,~. ... -1
6.3.3. 1.2 VHF Tuner IC
I The tuner block was not integrated for a long time, while the other circuits
I in TV receivers have been progressively integrated in this field. There are now
-I
two approaches to manufacture or to develop a new small sized TV tuner.
_1_ ... __
One approach to making a 1~ tuner is to use hybrid method using ~u ca J. UoUJ. .... &.&.A
_~
substrate, on which capacjtors and resistors are printed and to which discrete
semiconductors and inductors are soldered, instead of using a conventional PC
board.
Another approach is the seIDi-hybrid method US1~g a conventioJal glass epoxy
laminated substrate, on which chip-capacitors and chip-resistors are mounted, and
into which discrete semiconductors and inductors are inserted and soldered auto-
~atically. The latter epproach is an excellent mass-production technique for
~~~~~ing or solder a large number of chip components on a PC board. However,
it is a difficult approach to utilize novel technique except the mass-produced
chip mounting technique.
A third approach is to produce a frequency converter IC and electronic
tuner, in which the Ie and chip components, such as capacitors and resistors,
are mounted to reduce its size and cost. By using an NSA (Nitride Self-Aiigned)
bipolar process with 4 GHz fT transistors, a monolithic frequency converter Ie
* consisting of a local oscillator, mixer,
.hown in Figure 6-65, was developed,
IF em?lifier, UHF-IF amplifier, AGC amplifier and voltage regulator. This IC
was devebped by Toshiba.
An electronic tuner was fabricated with the Ie, chip-resistors and chip-
capacitors soldered automatically on a glass epoxy substrate.
* Torii et al. "Monolithic Integrated VHF TV Tuner", IEEE Transactions on
-,I Consumer El~ctronics, Vol. CE-26, May 1980.
-482-
I4iti¥( - -44. l'4
.... ,
I
Ii
~
This tuner, whose size, including a UHF tuner, is 68 x 80 x 20 mm, provides
cost reduction and improves performance, especially, in respect to IF rejection,
SiN ratio in UHF reception, local oscillator leakage level and stability, compared
with a conventional discrete transistor tuner (see Figure 6·66).
Candidate circuits using integrated circuits, for VCO and mixers, using
GaAs FET's are shown in Figure 6-67. According to Hewlett Packard's Dr. Van Tuyl
at ISSCC-78, FET circuits for monolithic gallium arsenide, such circuits are
adaptable to MIC circuitry, and indeed have been built in monolithic gallium
arsenide substrates up to IS GHz.
In 1981, Siemens of Munich FRG announced the development of a monolithic
microwave integrated circuit using GaAs with special application to television
receivers. This amplifier had a gain of 20 db, noise figure of 4 db, and
frequency range of 40 to 1000 MHz. (MSN, May 1981). This amplifier (2 stages)
was developed to address a very wide market and to utilize the attractiveness
of GaAs to hig:. vulume production .
."
-483-
. ,
tt " --w -1 $'£0
- .
-'tp
! -
.~
;;::
..,,
l;"
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GND TANX RI" IN TANK IF·OUT
catTIIOL OUT AC::' IN GND IF' IN
Frequency converter IC block
diagram
Figure 6-65
...
..J r
.:
~
.:.; ....
.,-......: .=.
-
.:..' ~ ~
.:::;::..;~
:
:.
Z
- '.'
* to ., Co.
-
i:::l
l
t
~
60 00 ....... . ~
*------ :"I
0
,....
f .....c:
.::. U
(,:1 ..",
'"
r--
f 0
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Z
t \..:)
SO
Ir ""ili
9 =.
:::l
~.
~
J
6 70
............ JC---JIC
30 70 4 60
3 4 5 7 ~ 'I 1 () 11 12 CH
Figure 6-66
r Tuner chara::tcl i:;' i::s
f
I
l, -4R4-
JRtGINAl PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
.)
j
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_ _ cOUPUNG CAPACITOM
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o
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,eo· La INPUTS
c)
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_ _ :"'Ill~ _ _ *""
~v
1
-Principal cira.iu of tlw chip: (al pu!h-pullloc:al
o!'Cillator. (/>I doubh-balancPd mLH' (el piu!of".piit1inc
R F inpul bulltr.
Figure 6-67 (R. Van Tuyl
-485-
6.3.3.1.3 Tuner Channel Control for TV Tuner VC(~
The introduction of the varactor tuned oscillator into the TV channel tuner
changed the design of monochrome and color TV sets in the early 1970's. Voltage
control of frequency rather than mechanical capacitance or inductance control of
frequency became the standard tuning technique using potentiometer techniques.
With the advent of the calculator and the microprocessor, a new technology of
tuners h. the 1980' s now has been deve loped which uses keyboard, and which produces
channel selective voltages from either a frequency synthesizer or a voltage
synthesizer, and into which, now, functions of memory, time control, or additional
functions such as antenna movement and computer controlled remote control have
been added.
Figures 6-68 through 6-73 illustrate some of the&e new tuner techniques.
Figure 6-68 shows a standard frequency syntne~i:er using a VCO, and an X-t~l
oscillator compared with the scaled down version (using a prescaler wnd ~igital
divider) of the VCO output. This comparison is provided in a phase detector
~hose output is a voltage which controls the VCO. Figure 6-69 shows how Zenith
Cvrporation has advanced the standard synthesizer art illustrated in Figures
6-70 and 6-71, by including keyboard and microprocessor control of both the
synthesizer and an LED l!ad-out.
Figures 6-72 and 6-73 show advanced circuit Unplementations of UHF/VHF
tuner techniques including remote control and advanced set in time. Such tech-
niques are uniquely adapted to TVRO receive systems including remote control of
the veo in the antenna mounted LNA/down-convel.·ter system.
-485-
Il-rijo - . ''''''t, ......... po, .•..
I· ~EB ". " .. ~
!
I
I,
E ----"I'
1-
Figure 6-68
TUNING VOLTAGE 1
l1
Figure 6-69
j
IC.E\' SOARD
-ZlNITH"S NEW TUNING SYSTEM".,.... 0011 ",,_Ioclled-Ioop COfIlrollecllly I "'oc,..,..
c n _ Th•• ,.t"" ••• I"........
Iu," •• , board ....ry 01 c-..ei
12 U"'/V"" c""'..... plu. 23 CATV C~L
hOft Iftd ..,...1, to tUM ,01 c""'..... - I
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= tu1t
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CONT~L[D
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'IL TIlt TUNING VOLTAG( 251111 ..
'c ICMANN[L SPACING) • 200 lal..
_ ·20
!.a
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III I 11141
20 '59'IIIHI,',III'N
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Figure €-70
Bt-band synthesizer U$lnl p!'escaler
Figure 6-71
9 -81 T FR[C.'J[NCY -SEL.ECT CODE FROM SWITCHES
,
c' D' [. " G' ,..' I' \100
,: .. :c" A' B c' J, J2 J) J" ~
I\jjOu~
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C040'3A
. SEE FIG n 0
C04011, 1/2
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Sl
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x 10-.
DECADE .,1'/3 C04023&
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DI\Id("hY·"~";·~w!r 1"11':
,"
I
I
-
_ The mlcrnl'ro\·~.aor-c""lcol Iv.tm. The uI.r lnteractl w1th the controlle ..
by me .. nl of IIllthcf tt." lOClIl 2 J( 12 keylet or the 3~-key reJaOte unit.
Clock anci proKuII i.nflJn'loltl"n 11 .h"wn on tl". dx-d1aH cihplay. Exact
tuninK I, accompllllu,d throulh the rha,e-locked loop. The battery bacl(-
ul' .yltam ke"pi tht. clnek runninl anci .tonci inCo1'1lllltlon intact 1n the
.v.nt of a puwwr f ill111le.
Figure 6-72
0~~
®~(j)
(!)i)~
~@<i>
IC) CD
I rJ.~
~~..;
--- r---'---.,
:~
____ L..._ _ _ _..J
l
-Rrmolr<OfttroIIUnlftll,.lrm. Figure 6-i'~
-489-
"
I I
6.3.4 TVRO Microwave L~/Down-Converters
The LNA/dawn-converter circuit fo~ a TVRO receiving system, for S-band a~"
Ku-band ia now receiving considerable attention. Microwave doubly balanced mixers
for micros trip circults have long been available at law coat from various manu·
facturers (Vari-t, Merrtmac, Watkins Johnson, etc.). veo's are also now avail-
able from ~ny manufacturers; see in Figure 6-74, the VTO mudules from Avantek
which involve veo's from UHF to C-band and which are packaged in T0-8 cans for
case in inataHation into microstrip. The VTo-8360 (3.03 to 4.13 GHz) for exampl~,
is wide ly used for down-converting recept 1.:10 in the 3.7-4.2 GHz band to 70 MHz IF.
Figure 6-75 shows the new Avantek integrated circuit ACA-4220 series which
down-converts J.7-4.2 GHz to 950-1450 MHz and which includes the LNA. The
Merrimac 4 GHz dawn-converter perfo~s the same function to 880 MHz but does not
include the L~. The Merrimac circuit is advertised as costing around $500 in
quantity lots. The C-band circuits are, of course, adaptable to S-band.
At Ku-band, the VI~trNK SHF-UHF outdoor unit converter ($3QOO including
indoor receiver), Figure 6-77, shaws the device technology and performance
(3.2 dB ~) availab:e for 1980 TVRO receivers .
.'
-490-
~~ L\" .-; j-' I-'.C': \S
lin \,.A"" .....
OF POOR QUAUTY
Figure 6-74
Varactor- Tuned Olcillator Modulo
Avantek VTO Serie. varactor-tuned traneu;tor olcilla-
tors feature extremely f"lt tuning lip-eerie and settling
time. and minimum 20~' tuninll dnft. They &re pack·
aged j" the TO·8 confi~ ration for simple mtellTation
into 50 ohm microstripil!' e boards, and can lw combined •
with UTO ~ries ampl; "ers for a complete subsystem.
For commercial application. juch as receiver oleilla·
tors and frequency synthuiurs. a VTO in a phase-
locked loop producefl a frequenr.y stability comparable
to the crystal coratrolled reference oscillator, or the VTO
can be "free run" for maximum tunini speed and
ireq uency agility,
".
"'Ode!
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~ 'eQuef'C'W'
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-491-
Avante~{
!. 3.7-4.2 GHz
LNA/Oowncoflverter
ACA-4220 Series
Aoplications Figure 6-75
RF Fron',-erd Earth Terminal
Features
Integrated Assembly. LNA Filter ~txer AMP Filter
-<...: F
~ •.---,
_.... _. ~ ~ , :.--:,"~
One-aiece Cast Weatherproof Case. RF" ~! ',..... ~'
! _ _"'
./
1.5 db Noise ~igure (120 0 K) l...r· "'->' /' ,'-'"'
Single Cable Connection. 3.7-4.2 950-1450
Lower System Cost. GHz KHz
Wide Dynamic Range.
Excellent Group Delay/Gain Slooe
Descriotion
The AC~-4220 Series LNA/Downconverter
combines the best features of the widely
used 120 GK lNA (AWC-420S) with the 880 MHz
IF Downconverter (ACA-4200) used in many
TVRO receivers and adds internally an
Avantek local oscillator. This i~tearated
assembly co~bi~es all RF r~quirements into
a single earth terminal subsystem. Additional
features or variations in specifications may ~e
readily incoroerated. tailoring the design to
~eet system reouirements.
Guaranteed Specifications @ -~ooC to +50 oC Case Te~per3tu~e
Frequency (Inout) 3.7- 4 .2 GHz
Frequency (Output) 950-11150 ~Hz
~oise Figure (db) 1.5
1 VStJR (In/Out) 1. 25/1. 25
Ga i n (~i n) (d b) 60
Gain variation vs. frequency :!:.5 db (rax)
Gain slope. db/~Hz 0.01 (Max)
Linear group delay, ns/~~Hz 0.01 (Max)
Parabolic Group Delay, ns/r~Hz2 0.001 (Max)
Intercept Point. dBm +,0 (Min)
Scurious Outputs
Power
Phase r:oi se dbc r; n.
70 dbc (out-of-band) lP o A~e.z-15 dbm)
+15 28VDC Cable Po\'!ered
-45 @ 10 K~z decreas;r.g I
(relative to 200 KHz deviation,
~easured in : KHz S~)
to -66 @ 200 K~z: -66 db, zoe KHz
to 4.2 1'H:
I
J
-492-
J
UP?
4-GHz Downconverter
Beats Down Costs Too
How do you downconvert a 4-GHz downlink to an 88O-MHz IF without
going broke? Be thrifty with substrates and semiconductors, bet
on microstrip, and invest heavily in innovative filter designs.
Downconverter specIf5cdona
R' Input port
Frequency (GHz) 3.7 to 4.2
Min. r.turn lou (dB) 20
Max. r.radlation (dBm)
3.7 to 4.2 GHz -81
2.8 to 3.3 GHz -70
5 to 10 GHz -eo
10 to 18 GHz -40
LO Input port
Frequ.ncy (MHz) 710 to 825
Input power (dBm) 8 to 11
1. Ett.ctI.. "".,. and tltrlttr connructlon technique.
er. Min. return lOll (dB) 13
th. k.Y' to th,s downcoflverter lor TYRO SIt••.
I' output port
Frequency (MHZ) sao ± 20
Min. r.turn lOU (dB) 20
Min. RF to IF gaIn (dB) 10
Min. nOIM figure (dB) 1l.5
Gain flatn ... ,dB)
3.7 to ~.4! GHz t:10
an, 4Q·MHz band 0.4 (P-p)
~~UrlOUI output (dBm)
720 to 760 MHz -110
710 to 825 ~Hz -90
28 to 10 GHz -60
Fi.gure 6-76 a:errinllc)
-493-
'.. ,- $ .Y
OUTDOOR UNIT (SHF-UHF Converter)
This two-plece TV Receiver is desIgned for direct
reception from 12 GHz satellites. such as ANIK B
and ANIK C. This extremely small unit uses the most
advanced solid state technology to achieve the
lowest noise figure performance available anywhere.
The indoor "nit selects the signal. converts the FM
satellite signal into the standard NTSC composite
signal and remodulates it onto a VHF TV channel.
Operational stability and low cost are realized by
the adoption of a newly developed ceramic band-
pass filter and a discriminator .
...'~
~
)
~ I .. II
For prices and availability contact I~~
~-
IfITALINK CORPORATION
OUTDOOR UNIT
SPECIFICATIONS - - - - - - - - -
S~F-UHF Converter (outdoor unit)
REC.EIV IIlG FqE~ENCY RANGE: 8etwe~n 300 MH~ from 11.7 GHI to 12.2 (jllz
OUTPlJT FREQUENCY: 11.9 iiHz • 1. ~ GHZ
(INTERMEDIAiE ,qE?JE~CY)
1I~IMl.. OUTPlJT IMPEOf.NCE: 7Sn Unbalanced
OUTPlJT VOLTAGE STAIIOIIIG WAVE RAile <1.5
AlJl4ISSIVE IMPUT LEVEL: -so dBcr -
XOISE nGURf' ).2 dB
OSCILLATOR FREQUEIICY STABILITY' ~ :301 kI:z
POWER SOURCE: DC lZY 1'111"~s Elrth Lint Powering frCJn Indoor Unit
HOUSIIIG: JIS C·0920 weatherproof ~cuSln9
APPLICA8LE TEMPE~ATURE: -ZO'C • "O·~
IlU.XlU OIl'!ENS IONS: 115m. 4Sn1n x S()m1
WEIGHT: 1 k9
Figure 6-77
~494-
6.3.4.1 12-GHz Low Noise Converters in Japan
Because of the BSE experience and the intense FET developments there,
Japan has le.~ the world in 12 GHz 1&\ arid down-convertE.r deve lopmenu. These
developments have included the low noise mixer approach s~~arheaded by NHK and
in particular, Dr. Konishi, and the FET preamplifier and mixer MIe approach
spearhoaded by SANYO.
Table 6-39 lists the participants in these de\~lopments including a listing
of the present 16 licencees (plus two U.S. lic~nsees) of the Konishi mixer system,
and the six pl'opcnents of the MIC FET preamplifier approach.
For completc~ess. wo~k has been done in this area using special 12 GHz low
noise mixers at Westing'ouse.
Note in Table 6-39, that KDD is also engaged i~ FE! preamplifier develop-
ments.
Figure 6-78 shows the Konishi approach which includes a planar circuit
housing 4 Schottky barrier step recovery dioee installed in the feed horn wave-
guide. This circuit has a conve=sion loss of 3 dB and with a 7 dB NF IF, has a
total noise figure of around 4.2 dB. Figure 6-79 shows Dr. Konishi holding a
sheet which includes dozens of planar wa'~guides. As director for research of
the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, Yoshihiro Konishi hQS a good rerspective of
both jevice and systems develo~nt, allOWing hUn to point out areas where
brea!<;- throughs may occur in the 1980' s.
"After the satellite project, microwave technology should be very rapidly
changed ..... by low cos t techno logy", he be 1ieves. As inexpens i ve, standardized
components bec0me availabl~, microwaves will make inroads into everyday life.
Figure 6-80 shows the SA~O MIC L~ converter which inc lades a FE! preampli-
fier, a step recovery diode mixer and a stable local oscillator using a dieiec-
•
tric resonator, with an XIC out~~t at 290-470 MHz where the re~eiver can tune to
the desired channel. This circuit has a noise figure of 3.9 dB which will be
-495-
L 4¥ ..$ uP;; ;p . . ", j& ...!t¥!lL" . A ·4419
reduced if the new MITSUBISHI 1.7 dB FET (device NF) at 12 GHz is used.
1••
,,
1
i
Intensive work is being done in the U.S. at Hewlett Packard and Watsons
Johnson to further integrate the Ku-band amrlifier, mixer converter which converts
in response to a tuning voltage. Figures 6-81, 6-82 and the lower portion of
J
Figure 6-83 show innovative work on a Ku-band receiver developed by Dr. Van Tuyl
~f Hewlett Packard (ISSCC-78) using monolithic gallium arsenide technology, and
Figure 6-83 (upper left) shows a 15 GHz circuit by Dr. Crescenzi of Watkins
Johnson in which an FET amplifier and a voltage controlled oscillator are combined
in a modute only 1.7 x 0.65 x 0.25 inches in size. The work by HP and WJ, is
an i~~ovative expression of the capability of developing Ku-band circuits which
are the manufacturing equivalent of present day UHF MOSFET and bipolar circuits.
-496-
.-.~ -#. . owe .¥ 4.· ¥¥ # . 4': .M_ .JG. '*" .C.
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U
TABLE 6-39
Participants in 12 GHz LNA Developments
o Users and Licencees of Konishi Mixer Down-Converter System:
Nippon Electric Co. Ltd. Mas pro Denkoh Corp.
Mltsubishi Electric Corp. DOC Antenna Co. Ltd.
Hi tachi Lcd. Pioneer Electric Corp.
Sumitomo Electric Ind. Ltd. Sharp Corp.
Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co. Ltd. Nippon Antenna Co. Ltd.
Matsushita Electric Ind. Co. Ltd. Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd.
Oki Electric Ind. Co. Ltd. Katoh Electric Inds., and
Sony Corp. Thomson-CSF (Brandt-TV)
Daiichi Nippon Cable Ltd.
o MIC FET Preamplifeir with Dawn-Converter to 290-470 ~:
Hitachi
Mitsubishi
Sanyo
Sony
NEe
Laboratory for Electronics (France)
o Specia 1 Beam Load ~ixer:
Sanyo
o Two Key Japanese 12 GHz Low Noise FET Develogments:
NEC 388 2.7 dB m'
Mitsubishi 1403 - 1. 7 dB ~
NEC 0.7 dB m' (device noise figure)
o KDD FET Prea~plifier Noise Figure Experience using NEC 388 at 12 GP~:
1JJ NF
800 MHz 4.2 dB
500 :rnz 3.6 dB
300 :rnz 3.4 dB
Total FET Amp/Mixer/Low Noise Second Stage Noise Figure:
FET Amplifier 2.7 dB
Second stage concribution 1.3 dB
Waveguide to microstrip 0.2 dB loss
Image rejection filter loss 0.3 dB
Input circulation loss O.2,dB
~~ Noise Figure
-497-
2
~
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-:----.-.. ::.·~·lt~r·~
Wave-
./ C,N~.J
,
G~ T
i\,lide - - - _.. '
ORIG;':' r. , ... /
Metal ah .. c fot a
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fa.
(b)
It
.:..,; I
~~OSO
0;: PC,- plallar circuit
. ,~{
.u
l'v~Q{}I\,
(c)
M~b
An ex..ple of the conacruction of 12CH
down converter with pl.nar circuit
.ounted in vave,ulde
..•
•
...•o ClAa ahotcky diode (fc:16OCHI) ......~
..•gs. ..••
a
---_ ---.---
c:
~4. COnYeraton 10 ..
,.c
- ;
I
,33.
I, ~
.....
.. ---...-.- .... ----- ..-- -----
lU
4.04
]
I.·
Total noi,e fieure
[n]
1.0
2.01
.1 (dB]
\
0.11 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
----- IF frequency [CHI!
(b)
Par!oraance of a 12 GHI dovn converter
vith planar circuit .ounted in wavefUlda.
Fi.gure 6-78
-498-
-.-, A
· .
.-____ -p.-••-". . (!OI!...............-_-~~,....~ _~<r,,~~..... ~:.
l'
.~
A ",,'al !hee' In Kont!II"! hind! WN chemICally e'cll~ to produce dozen! of plan.,
""..,."UION. like the one used in the rec.,ver sllown pIcking up a test "."em from tile
'/fun N,e/lite. It. coat of only forty eM" aPl«"
Figure 6-79
-499-
O~'CI",~.~!_ ~" :-:~ .. [:;
tJt~ t ~_~l _:. (~"_:J·~:_!l·V
\ Integrated SHF Converter
.!
Simplifies Satellite Broadcasting-
" J
~
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I
t
~ ...
' ....
,_. - " ~
, ........
-.'.
_. '.............
10._,"",:'"
~C:==~~~~~
;..
;;.-
• ....~ ..... .' .-- '. -.~.: - ..... .. ... .
\ -/'
t. . n
•. :.- ....... .
-'.
~ ~..:.'
....
-:, ..
. -~,. ~ ~~:.~ ..':)-; .~~.{;
-:~~"~:;~:~i~,~
,"' ~ ., ~ '-~
~ ..
'f -_:~
, '-
MIC PATTERN: A microwave integrated circuit converts the
n9S-12.13-GHz Signal from the Yun satellite to a ~7o-MHz
first IF.
Design Data tor Amplifier
GaAs Fet charaClenstlcs at 12 GHz
511 0.593 -146.2"
512 -22.99 dB 114"6'
S21 U1 dB 52"9"
, -55.0"
"1 S22 0.693
J
Stability faClor' K 1.73 (Stable,
·1
, 3.9 dB
NF min,
r, at NF min. 0"529 143.4'
PG at NF min. adB
NF at r, -0 5"8 dB
EQUivalent nOise resistance 2MO
Input matching gain 1"88 dB
Output matching oain 2a. dB
Maximum unilateral oaln 5.83 dB
AF Filter CharaClenstlcs (Miller Stage,
~ 'j
Insertion loss of Signal band 15 dB
Attenuation amount at local frequency 8"5 dB
Attenuation amount at Imaoe band 20-25 dB
Total Charac~.nstlcs of MIC Ccnverter
Input frequency 1195-12"13 GHz
iF 290-1,;:; MHz
Local frequency ~ ~ ~ GHz
NOise figure 4.1--4"6 dB
GAin 50 dB
Local stability (-20-+5Q"C) ~SOO kHz
Power consumption 12 v. 200 mAo 24 W
I Dimensione 54 x 36 x SO mm'
"I
I Weight 1SO ~
Figure 6-80
-f
f
-500-
"'Ji!4i# 1;S"a.J¥kM.¥-~~·"'~---"""'''''''''4.'''''''''I''
.¥ .............. . P..A
...'_-Z_UIl!lllll!,PI'l.!!'I.----....
--A. -.
.....,.)!...-_-*i4_ill!!~2!!!*I!I!·.tllQ4!1!l.i$tl!!!..I!'!~W
•. .,-,~ ..,
1'!4_1I!I.lII'IIII._!1!.".
.
Figure 6-81
HUE AOOYIliE CHIP
TUNIIliG
INPUT
The monolithic GaAa Fe. AF IIgnat chip has Its LO's freQuency determined by an off~hip
resonator and on~hlp varactor diodes. An external swept-frequency oscillator provides
tne low-level input to a doubly ballnced mixer through a phase splitter. LO and I::tF feed-
tnrough are kept from saturating the IF amplifier by I douhly balanced mixer. On/off
modulation is accomplished With I modulator between LO and mixer. Hew/ett·t-ack,rd.
Figure 6-82
I
I• :l •
I
..
~
,.·,.0 .. --.-I-1
0
,i
0
• .\0 -I
0 -i
I
·11
f~
o.t o.a
".QU&IIII; ~. QMII
0" 1.0 ... • .0
FlGl'RE 5
ON/OFF
MOOULA TOR.fJTUNING CAPACITOAS
IF AMPUF1ER ........... r-1 -~ T ~~ .. ~
." :-:J
..~ ..
N.·'!!f .Po'. -j ,.,.
I--l'~~' '{~~_OSC1LLATOR
,.... ~ FJ_~ ...... t
-=.".,;' ..... ..
!
L
~.. '-l:t#f"i~-IYP'"
~.;i?.. I J
'
•
. CAPACITOR
~-... - ~ '--COUPLING
.... J - ~ CAPACITOR
MIXER RF
PHASE SPLITTER
-501-
"I
::~ __::,:"il·Y
1. Four circuit ,'.m.nts .re integrated in • hermetic modul. measuring only
0.65 JC 0.25 JC 1.7 inch ...
Figure 6-83
... ........Jl
....-""Lr--....- ~
- u_
-..
2. G.A. FEr o.clll.tor includ.,
tuning varactor in se".s with. reso-
nant stub. Lme I.ngths ~iv.n are for
! 5-mll thick alumin. substrat•.
t"~
-.
.."
-----.;....~
•
I
1. A compl.t•• ub.yat.m on , chip. thIs h.terodyn. conv.rt.r provIdes fI.t
j
perform.nc. up to 1.5 GHz. O.t"ls of loc.' oSCIII.tor. mIJelf, .nd ph.lI.. ~
spllttmg buff.r .mp/tfier cirCUIts .r. shown. •
-502-
J
6.3.5 Integrated Circuits in the TVRO Receiver
Once the TV FM carrier has been seleeted by the bL~ing pro~es. and has
been developed at IF, then more conventional TV-type circuit. can be used for
its amplification, AGC, detection and processing.
6.3.5.1 Standard Color TV Receiver IC's
Figure 6-84 shows a typical TV receiver circuit, by R~, which illustrates
n~t only the complex of integrated circuits used by the mid-1970's, but also the
circuits included in ~3068 for IF and video detection and processing.
The first IC in TV was the chroma demodulator. Today every color TV has
one, usually an LM746 or U1l828 type. In one variation the luminance signal is
added to the color difference outputs on the chip (Motorola MC1324). The chroma
amplifier and subcarrier regenerator sections have been integrated using a phase-
locked loop system with two chips (LM3070 and LM3071 types) and an injection-
locked system with one chip (Motorola ~tC1398). Both of these systems are widely
used. Second generation systems which do the phase-locked system with one chip
(RCA ~3l26 or Motorola MC1399) are gaining acceptance. All of these systems
can be used with the above-mentioned demodulators.
According to a NATIONAL application note, Monolithic circuits have been
made to work very well at 45 MHz. The first IC IF syste~~ used 2 chips: one
for a 2-stage gain-controlled IF amplifier (Motorola MC1349,52) and the second
fer a video detector with gain (Motorola MC1330',. The major obstacle to combining
these two chips into a single chip has been stability problems due to internal
and/or external coupling output to input. However, a one chip IF amplifier and
video detector is now widely used in Europe (Telefunken TDA 440). The AGC
system is also often included in these chips. Another IF function used in most
color TV receivers today is automatic fine tuning (AFT) which keep~ the tuner
c·.:'rrect ly tuned to the IF frequency (IX306':' typeL
-503-
~j .... •
< J
nplc"~
INTE"STAGE
... NO."SS CI"CUIT
I
I
L ______________ I ~
rr L:oP e:s -- -
I
I
I
l! ~- J--- 1lr
iI I
I I I
I I I
I L_T_J
~v i r-"':;'--+
i ! !
AuOIO ......
AUDIO Dlllv[R
SCU"O OUTPllT
I
~____r-~I ____ ~1 ~
, "H,
______
,.
~
1Sou"O
I
: t.
! A!
~~ ~ ~
-..0· E I
40"
~
Block dlMjr.m Of typlc.' color· TV sign.: circulrs U$II,g rtl! CA3068. ('C ~')
Figure 6-84
-504-
(
±¥!?_ 1$( A¥ ¥
The first chi? to incorporate all of the above functions into a sittgle chip
is the National LMl807. The chip uses. ph.,e-locked loop to tune the tuner to
the IF frequency set by a local o.cillator on the chip. This concept i. new
to TV and il generating interest.
6.3.5.2 Present Integrated Circuits in TVRO Receivers
Standard color TV IF and video detector IC's cannot be used in TVRO receivers
since they are designed to amplify and process a comb!tled vestigial sideband
video carrier and an FM sound carrier approximately 4.5 MHz sE!parated from the
video carrier frequency. Also, commercial TV IC's use 45 MHz IF's.
TV Receivers must pass an FM carrier which includes both video and audio
with a bandwidth from 27 MHz to full 36 MHz, and IF frequencies of 70 MHz or
120 MHz are used to provide amplification compatible with the increased signal
carrier bandwidth.
Fortunately, the vast variety of integrated circuits now produced for
integra ted cireui ts inc ludes many IC's which can be used for TVRO circu its.
The Signetics ~~564-N phase lock loop Ie - Figure 6-85A - performs the
function of FM de~odulation. and Fi~~ce 6-85B due to R. Cooper (Radio Electro-
! nics }~gazine April 1980) shows how this IC is used, with the Signetics NE592,
used as a video amplifier. Figure 6-86 shows another circuit implementation of
these ~o IC's for 70 MHz in and video plus audio subcarrier out.
,'igures 6-87 and 6-88 show how video de-emphasis (6-87) can be incorporated
with transistors or noise ellminator and AGC voltage generator (Figure 6-88)
can be incorporated via the RCA CA3l20E Ie .
-505-
jf- -
l--::' .....
~
OJ: r'u
NES&c-N
FEATU~ES PIN CONFIGURATION
• Cr.':;>':':":" ",,·l!'llinglf> 5V luppl,
• TTL CJ7.;:AI;;)lf Inr-utl .nd outputl
r---N- PACKAG-E---- I
• C~.',!.,~ IC' SOMHz I
• [&If'~;:" 1:.:::- 03,n control
I
• Rc:::~~(':; c~:rle~ 'e.d:hrou,h " ..... -~
• ~j e.;.!"· ;r.II' fl:tering n.eded in FSK .p- '~, I r ....
........
.... .,..:.
~
c:: ......... , " ,._ '0, J '
phe;):,:."
• Clln ~ used ••• modul.tor , .... I..... ~ ., . . . . . . . .;.u-
• 'Jllri.ble loop gain ,EaI.mall, Con-
trolled) ' • • • ' ....1 • " ¥co......,.·,
_e.o ... •.. -.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
PARAMETER
-----------------------------------------------r------~
'. . ~ j;:'P'y .oltage
Pin 1
~- ... " .. ~'~!:·:atlo"
>, 'J' - ; 'f~peralUre
. _. .;::{' t€-r-·:e r 3ture
BLOCK DIAGRAM
--------~-~.--------------~--------
P .... u
.:;)"',.· .. AYOfll
I'~
e
6'
._ I ....,. ,.
_ 9.. 1_ _ _ _ _ _-1
:--i--:-Lj ~,. O"IC' 0"
e
~ ··O(I.~c· '.
L-. ______ ~·e--~.2.-- __________ ... __________ _
Figure 6-85A, Signetics Phase-Locked Loop Ie
-506-
-----~---. -- - -
(r",
~E~··
:'I
~.. ..
I
I
Ii
:~)
....
R'~ ~
II
..
... Cl6
~ ell 1~ '~II ~6CO!. 1.20v
v , "00 ,F
)1
1.lo~iJi.J O(;TPUT
:It, '"
~;t 's ~1"tt1 I ~ 1111.'2100 . !.!~ I
:.","y:~ t-'W'>. .......,~-"o'·",,·~·~.---~e Af C t>l
~:S : -. 7 OuTPLT
I CI, ~ ~15 ! :10
~Ol fooK ¥ 22'~v
...
I
.. "9"
•• \":,~;:~A.r::;y
;" , '. " I -: Jot ~ ';"'.c. 4-
>L_ l~ or; Lev'.
S'::, A Sf'S·
S\\,TCH HfAE AllOWS
'''STAI. T PO LARITY
~fv[I!SAl
BASEBA,,"D VIDEO A;,;:;,O S"'STEM -eco •• '·, .odr.> _"d _"d,o " . ' . ' ,,.,.., tM TO-MHz
output 01 'M IF ,'""
Figure o-85B *
.'
l'~ R. C:)oper, Radie E:e:tronics, April 1980
-507-
NuTE. TEST POINT HK)K + 21!{i • AFC OUTPUT
VIDEOOEMOO ~
1;
veo
OUT
/ 001
(' T.~
~
110K
10K
T~ +15/+20VDC
.~
1
·1
G---i' • , ~
,
2.2K 200
10K
,
PLL 2N2222 1
Video Amp. I
1I ~14 ~illiNE I
tOOIlO
81,---
• 16 11 113 9 10
SIGNETICS Dr~
14 Jpt 22K 10 TICS
100/20
H:) J
NE5G4 4.1K Nl!>!J2 ~
_-1~"'f712 I---~
I
VID
V1
o
13 8 4!J h I ! ) 12 3 J ..
OUT 1
ex>
I
.01 T I 4.7K VIDEO
POLARITY j
~
'1
4.7K 0(")
10K "'Tj =]
ALL RESISTORS 1/4 WATT. 10%
ALL .01 & .001 CAPACITORS
T
o
C.)
1
IADJUST TO
70mHl AT VCO
OUT lEST
CERAMIC DISC, 10% ::'~.j :
t<..'"' -,-
e..
~
1
l,
POINTI
:J::.
Figure 6-86 f": ' .
-i
-<L 4
I
~"~ __ ""_","_j_'•• "LW"""'_'~"'" ___ ,""_.. _.,,..!,,_ •• J>.Jl.J~~''''''i..H.. ~II".I...»'.......~~'~r.....
'j, • • o&lI4u web';' .. ~...~tJ",~~
~- ,. •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "' .... "Ph"' •• " 'h; a.iii." til: " . . . ._ _ _......... 140"•• " ... ".;. 4'H''''P40 Pi\OA<-:" ... ' .,"'. . . . - •. ""..,.,.".~..... pi ;;;&1.
1 ;1
.j
1 .. 1 1
].!.'----1T~.JIL
1I),lHV
I+·.nrn 1+ I.01 .70VDC
VIDEO
,O'l J! ,001" T,ol2' T """'" jut( ,n. JIl'I
~ ~"I ~'"
IN
(M,,) O.2vw)
j
~~0A- r l ~~_,1'1 ~.V\' ~ 0UT
(,
CCIR DE-EMPH "2MHzl.P.
'33Opf 2N2222
, '''''',.--0 ,lN27l2
"OLU
HE.3D1
2N2222, 21,,,I 47/111y ... JI, ':1, ,_, _, - '" "1
~ l++I 00 :""""" '", :', " I (i <)1:.'
K
J.
"'"",
I.: 111 I.
-0
T ~I l. T ~I"~ 1
I
VI
o 1·1: J,
\D
I
'J '"
. I I: I, • -Iii'
or
..,.
1
44uo"'
r-I,NII '1:'
("
'.
NOTES:
"
10 AUDIO CARD All A 1/4 W
6.2110 6.8 MHl ;> S, o' Silicon llootlc blli .• :11
:1 pI C5 drt! dipped miL.
4 CorcUit "oard OOll!II .. , II, .1: I '.'1-1' ..
!J 1\11 Ir,tu!: tor§ moltled
Fl~ut'e 6-87
l
or "
..
HOR KEY
1L
I~PUT
AGC E~AB .. E
AGC
fAGC PROCESSOR - OUTPUTS
I
I
+
------...,
'--_ _ _ _ _ _-, I
: ~ L ______ :J
~v L r-----l
~ I It£'II~~~~CE I
~~~~~ L _____ ...J
L-+-------~----------~~--~~--~~'~r------~
~OISE u
CA~CEL.L.ED
VIDEO OUTPUT
LOW Z ST~C COMPOSITE AGC
VID£O OUT SEPARATOR ST~C ENABL.E
I~PUT OUTPUT INP\JT(sY~C)
92CS-lOO"
Sjmplified block diagram of the C43120E sigTUll processor. f( C ~
Figure 6-88
-510-
6.3.5.3 Demodulating the Audio Subcarrier
After~ the video detection process which includes detecting the audio PM
subcarrier, this subcarriet must be demodulated and processed. Figure 6-89
shows the variety of detector circuits which have been developed including the
historic Foster-Seely discrUninator, the AVINS ratio detector, the quadrature
detector and the phase-locked loop.
Figures 6-90 and 6-91 show alternate circuit using existing IC's or by
modifying a standard module.
6.3.5.4 Remodulation of Video and Audio
Once the video and the audio signals have been recovered, they can be
applied directly to a TV monitor, or they can be remodulated as a pair of vesti-
gial sideband video and FM audio carriers to be available to a standard channel
(3,4, or 5) of a standard TV receiver.
The NATIONAL ~~1889 IC, shown in Figure 6-92A was designed to perform this
function, and is also widely used for TV games. Its cost of less than $10 shows
what Ie technology and volume production can accomplish with very sophisticated
and complex TV circuits.
Figure 6-92B shows how an LM1889 can be hooked up to accept the audio and
video input, and to produce an NTSC signal for channels 3,4,or 5. (Ref. R. Cooper,
Radio Electronics, April 1980).
This circuit is not used for entering a Cable TV since it does not have
adequate filtering - which can be accomplished by using a surface wave filter
(Anderson Labs).
-511-
_.J
i
! c.
:;,;(: 'It."
1
! --,
.,~,
.... /---
I ,/
1.<
-ROlio D~I.ctor. di~crete form.
1
---'>
j
i
'j
(;;c,~dra'1..1~ l' ..,' . . -:.'?'. ,/", -:~.!
I
---[~
:--... , :~':'l
/""
",; . :""'::;'.
...... 'j ,
.' I,
l_ ---..(----"
I
I'
i._. ___ ...-..J
~~'(J>e.lo"cd lo~'p. NE 5605 61 B.
Figure 6-89
-512-
0 .. 1- .
0," P':::'>'~
PARTS LIST
,a I·t I k ....~~
(Audia demodul.tor. t
VIO,Q C"RO Cl
e13 Cl' ".sistors ". Win. H,.. unl... othefWi..
~OO1 01 a 33 noted
A2 ' Al ~'-33OC ~ .. -,
12K ' 33K
~;: -220~' C'''~<
~3- 10000""'''
R~_ '50 O(1C "","'
~:, -2"0 0~C "'\~ ......
i=lt-620( C' .. - c
~7-50 O(l~ n"'"c (,C'!P-' ~"'E"E"
Clpacitors
C1 C4 C-- 0:" IJ~
C2-68 o~ d'COE'd mica
C3-3 pF CIPPE'O mica
i CS C6-9' C1~ C'DOl'e ""',.:!
! I CP- ('\, j:c
GNO C9- 0':1!JF
Ir-
, I
1 ;
C10-50 OF dlOPE'd mica
Cl 1-12 OF d'ool'd m,ca
C12-' IJF 10 vOllS l'1l'CI·O'VI.C
C13~ 1!JF
C14- 33 jJF
r--------...., CIS
2SO II
C15-250 jJF '6 vollS ",,."·;,lvlIC
C'6 47uF
01 02-2N356~
'e' 781 =' I/~I·C':::II? .. Etc..J ~l·"'· . ~ '2 v("'lS
IC2'-HEPEO"OJP or CA3:'~'"
IC3"' lM380
l1 L2-aClustab ' ,. ~F cC' 3-~ jJH;J IN
MrilerNo 9051'
L3-adlustab!<!> ~F C;" - -,.: ,LiM IJ W
M.ller No 9052'
~ a·MHZ AUD"~ DEt,lOOULATO,q CtrC:UII •• duphc:allt(! 10' 'KO .... "'J 6 2·MHI audIO ''9"al
"Note: The RCA CA313.GM cln rwpIac:e
the CA3065fLM380 combinatIOn
Figure 6-90
-Al T£II".AT£ APPROACH 10 auoca..... audIO dtlKltOn u . .a I al.ndard module "om ... RC
rt ...eel_
-)d-
r~·-··'·"
~ ""·. ·. ·1
LM1S89 'TV video modulator
fe.tu~es
general descrip(lon
T"'~ l •• ~·:':: \ ~tlgnKt 10 ,ntfff..:. ""C'C ..:0 lor
d .•• ' . ' .... :' ~-: '1oIrT'!,n,nc, \'9n.l~ 10 t"' • .. -~.t' '1j :,H"I
nl:~ ,-::of. -. 'K'lvtf It COni,,"U at i \01,1"'1" ~ .. bC,rrl.r
0\( 14\0' :-'JI'""!' $ubClfrl" 0\CII1.ltO' ;Juldfltutt
ClvO""" ,.,.::. I:or\. ,na RF OKdl.tOf\ ,n(j l'""!od ... l"O',
tor t4'WC .:- .... ~ c,unMls
Tnt L\~'S!'3 ,llows wldto '!"'Itormlt 0'" ·'0"""' VTR',
~_I'\ ' .. ,: _: .. ,;)I'""!.f'It, or ,",IT' lIAr \Ou'er<;'J jo!'.:1 ,j,) • .Iytd
on bL¥it ,- -: ",rill, 0' COl." TV rf(:~"~f'\ ,·.p..tn. .. ~
Wit"! If', "."::"'00 .nd MM!t31o-t • CO"'OI~''! TV ~I'T'II!'
, I :J~"'P':'"
dc test circuit
L - - - _ - - - -J
"
Figure 6-92A
-514-
,....~~-~~.~.,..'~'--~---.~--.~'-~ -~ ....... . 4(1#.- -"'""~""----'-''''''f~~''''".$!!I_''J4.,'''L-'RR;;il'''-~""''''~,-_S4'''_-'''_"",_!!!!I4!1!!_,I"'.",""II!I!,Q!!!!,,*'=!IIA!'!',",", .,.
_:wa.,II"l!Ix.SI!I.,1IIII
1
, ,¥ < •
r.
~
1
1
II
~
..... . . .
r----~'~---- '-~ -""I'~--:.'::8v~T~C2:""TH~
3@'11
, Cl • -20V
! (RZ "'0111 .0Jl
i Jm ... ! • ..
.J C5j ~"UOIO
i ....~---fl£-l'(. . , . - - - 'Y'INPUT
r - -.......*~-----I-+~-~5--..( ~:O~., 22 10 I' ... Resislors "-wan. 10--. un .... otherwise
speeifiecl.
f l.J~ ~n~
I" I A1 A6-15000or-""s
I I
A2 A4-47000 ohms
A3 A9-2700 o"ms
1=15-3300 ohms
I I A7 A12-75 ohms
: I AS-Z000 ohms ootentlcmeter
t fi~!
A9-100 o"ms
Al0 p, '-2~C .,r-",S
i,,
f
i
r GNO
RI3-3COO ohms
Capacitors
C 1-120 of (Nll)&e m.Cl!
CZ-o ' /.IF Ceramic diSC
C3- 33,.F ceramiC diSC
2l (SET
I C4-37 OF d.oped mica
WHITE i C5-2 2 .. F 10 volts eleCTrOlvt.C
LEVEL) i C6-43 of dlPoed mica
~~~--+ __ ~~~~I C7-C9- O'pF ceram.c d.sc
:~; ... C'o-75 pF dipped mica
n VIDEO
Cl'-IS pF 10 voltS. electrolytIC
1 7K i'pl INPUT C' 2 - 1 pF 10 v"lts elertrovtlC
(I . . . .,,. C'3-20 /.IF 20 volts. @1('ct r olyl1C
IC' - 7806 voltag@ regulator -8 volts
IC2-lM11'189 TV Video mcdulator
IC3-790S vO'tage regulator .. S .e':s
1 I 0'-HE P 2S04 varl!lctor jlode (MOtOrOla I
02-' N-I005 dIode
C~J OR 4 270:1 .01 t1\\...
TAl.. "OUT ""'Y 03-Zener dIode 63 voils
CHANNEl J OR • - 10 L '-!an~ cOIl 08JiH (3 turns Nc 16 w're
~_--"TO
-IV
:!OI/ alr-wound':'- 10 lot" leng I
CIl. L2-adjustab l e AF co.1 7-14 f'H (J W
11101/., Miller type 9052,
l3-' 0 fJH molded RF clloke
,NT$C RF MOOUlA TOR lor C~ ], •. Ot ~
Figure 6-92B
-
6.5 Appendix to Section 6 - Interactive TV Systems
The s~ope of this report cannot consider in depth the full implications
of both reception of a digital TV carrier, or interactive systems which provide
for a single voice circuit (or digital equivalent) in the up-link.
Accordingly, Tables 6-40 through 6-47 are included since they provide
j
tables of useful data, extracted from CCIR SG lO/llB documents on a summary of ,
1
uplinks power amplifiers (compiled by the author) in Table 6-41.
-516-
TABlE 6-40
,
Characteristics of Digital .nd Frequency-Modulation Television systems*
Frequency-Modulation
Digital Television Television
System
Differentially coded, QPSK Frequency-modulation,
Modulation 12 MHz peak-to-peak
modulator, coherent QPSK
demodulator deviation, with pre-
and de-emphasis
45 MHz (3 pole, low 20 ~
Signal Bandwidth
(Trans~it Filter) ripple Chebyshev filter)
33 MHz, 5 pole, e~~alized 21 MHz, 6 pole, low
Receiver Filter ripple Chebyshev
elliptical rilter
Multiplexed into data 7.5 MHz subcarrier, 25
Audio decibels below video
stream
carrier
45 decibe Is** 50 decibe ls
System Output
Signal-to-Noise Ratie
(unweightcd)
* Doc. USSG-BC/912
** subjectively measured
-517-
r' '"':.~ IS
c. (. .,._:TY
TABLE 6-41
HPA'S FOR 14-14.5 GHz
Manufacturer Tube Type Power Level (watts)
AEG-Telefunken TWT 16 W
Hughes TWT 25-40 W
I£L, Inc. TWT 25-40 W
Thomson-CSF TWT 25-40 W
'l'WT 25-40 W
Varian
TWT 70 W
AEG-Telefunken
Thomson-CSF • 'l'WT 125 W
'l'WT 200-400 W
Hughes
'l'WT 200-400 W
K:L, Inc.
'l'WT 200-400 W
Varian
TWT 250 W
Aydin
TWT (in dev.) 400 W
Aydin
TWT 500 W
Hughes
Inc. TWT/klystron 500 W
I£L,
'l'WT 500 W
Thomson-CSF
klystron 500 W
Varian
TWT (in dev.) 600 W
Aydin
klystron l-2 kW
Aydin
klystron 1.5 kW
K:L, Inc.
klystron 1.5 kW
Varian
TWT (in dev.) 2 kW
Aydin
klystron 2 kW
~L, Inc.
klystron 2 kW
NEC
TWT 2 kW
Thomson-CSF
klystron 2 kW
Varian
TWT 3-4 kW
NEC
TWT 5 kW
Hughes
klystron 10 kW
l'£L, Inc.
klystt'on 10 kW
Varian
-518-
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TABLE 6-42
TYPICAL 12 r,HZ SYSTEt1 PARAKETEPS
tixtd - S'te1l;te B~dcastinQ - S.tellite
Tenninal Size COlTI'nun; ty Individual
P'rameter Unit Large I Sma 11 ReCi~Jlt ion Recl!ption
•• Downlink
Satell ~ te Tran~Eon~':r
End-of-1if~ net power
to .ntenf,a dBW 16 16 22
Antenna diameter III ~.~5 x 0.52 0.71 0.50 x 1.0
~ Olenna beal1!rli dth deg 3.5 x 7 2.3 1.7 x 3.3
Antenna gain we! 30 36 36
On-axis saturatec eirp dBW 46 52 58
Rf bandwidth MHz 36 25 18
clrth-Station Receiver
Antenna di ameter III 9.75 4.88 3.6f 0.91
Antenna beamwidth deg 0.17 0.34 0.45 1.8
Antenna gain dB 59 53 51 39
System te~~erature 01(
250 250 500 500
On- /11. is f1 gu re-of
meri t dWB/OK 35 29 24 12
: : "Ii 1; nk PH trans~onder
lG/T dBW/OK 81 75 76 70
B. Upli nk
~~r~r-Stat;cn Trans~itter
'iet Power to antenna dBW lOa 30 a 30"
Antenna dia/Tll!ter m 9.7S 4.88 4.88
Antenn, bumw1dth deg 0.16 0.32 0.32
Antenna gain de 60.5 54.5 54.5
On-uis e1rp
.Jtellite Trans~onder
dBW 90.5'
I 84.S a 84.5'
Antenna dilll'M!ter
Antenn, bealllWidth
Antenna 911 n
System temperature
•
deg
dB
o~
I
;
0.44 x 0.22
3.5 x 7
30
I 0.44 l 0.22
3.5 x 7
30
1200 1;:00
On-Ilis figure-of ~
I
nwrit dBW/oK -1 -1
Maximum uplink EG/l dBW/ K 89.5' 83.5' 83.5'
-llamp1e only. In practice. firth-station power output Ind e1rp .re adjusted t~
~l,h ~1ze of Clrrier.
-5~9-
~-~~~. ~. ~-~~-<~-~-----~~----------------'--"---
- tr-- -- __
-e?x -- '-.--IIIiI"";.·
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(Doc. USSG BC/829)
TABLE 6-43
PARAMETERS OF TYPICAL
MOBILE SYSTEM
FREQUENCY RANGE 11.7 to 12.2 GHz (TUNEABLE)
ANTENNA DIAMETER 1.22 m
TRANSMITTED POWER 7 dBW (MAX)
ANn:NNA GAl N 41 dB
POLARIZATION LINEAR (VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL)
RECEIVE S~STEM NOISE TEMP. 30001)1<
TRANSMISSION NT:;C COLOR TV
MOD INDEX = 1.2
RF BANDWIDTH = 20 MHz
EMPHASIS/NOISE WEIGHTING = 12.7 dB
-520-
~ .-~
... ,
' ~, ,.
OF POO:{ Qt.:AUI'I
TABLE 6-44
,
PARAMETERS OF SATELLITE SOUND BROADCASTING SYSTEM FOR COMMUNITY RECEPTION
Signal Parameters
Frequency Band 620-790 MHz
Audio Bandwidth 3100 Hz (300-3 L.00 Hz)
TYf.;f· :Jf Modulatic n FM
Holiulation Inclex 6 (± 20.4 KHz peak frequency deviation)
RF Bandwidth per Sound Channel 47.6 kHz
Downlink Signal-to-Noise Ratio 46. 'J dB
Space Station
0 0
Antenna Beamwidth 3.5 by 7
Antenna Gain 31 dB
EIRP for 42 Channel Aggregate 37.6 dB\<
EIRP per Sound Channel 21. 6 dBw
Ground Receivers
Antenna Diameter 3 m
Antenna Gain 24 dB
Syst~m Noise Temperature 400 K
Gain-to-Noise Temperature -2 dBw/K
PFD at Beam Center -144.5 dBw/m2/48 kHz
-5~ 1-
._ .. ~~J'~' '" . '.' " .............. ....... -... ..:.:. ... _, .
' "
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TABLE 6-45
}3C /"]>3)
Examples of Interactive Community Reception
Voice Frequency System Parameters: Uplink I
1 4 5 6 , 7
Parameter 1 2
l. System
co
700 2600 14000 14000 30000 50000 93000
Frequency of carrier (MJlz) t
Cdrrier-to-noise density ratio II
(exceeded for 99' of the worst
IOOnth) (elB-liz) 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 I
t
I
,
j
.Ii
t
t
2. Satellite Receiving Parametprs I (") .-.
Antenna beanwidth at -3dB pO':'nts
! --r~.
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
(degrf ,'5)
I
V1
/'.1
Antenna gain at the edge of service ('
N , dl'ea, relative to an isotropic
I
38 38 38 38 38 38 38
source (dB)
--I ~"
Total receiving system noise
-< i..t
1400 l400 1400 1400 2200 2200 2200
temperature (K)
Required flux (edge of beam) 99* of
-162.7 -151.1 -136.7 -136.7 -128.2 -123.7 -118.3
tfw tjme} (dBw/m2)
I ----
------- --... ....•....---- "
, ........,.. ,', ...... ,
~~/r?31
TABLE 6-45 (cont'd)
Examples of Interactive Community Reception Voice Frequency System Parameters: Uplink
Parameter (1) "
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Total atmospheric attenuation exceeded for less
than 10% of the time (dB) .- 0 0 1 1
Additional free-space attenuation (dB) 2 2 2
Additional loss equivalent to down-path noise
(dB) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Atmospheric aLtenuation for 99% of the worst • 00
"'I"!. ,.
mo:oth (dB) 1 1 6 13 19 'TI
('
Required ~.t.r.p. from earth station at beam I ( .
!
,I edge (dBln O.l> 12.0 28.6 28.6 43.1 54.6 66.0 ,r
- .
J. Earth StatIon Transmitter
Antenna diameter (m) 3.4 3 1.5 3.66 0.8 0.5 0.254 -<.. -)
Antenna GaIn (dRl) 25 36 44 52 45 46 45
Loss in feed. filters. etc. (dB) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
kequired earth station transmitter power: (dBW) -23.4 -23.0 -14.4 -22.4 - 0.9 9.6 22.0
(W) 0.005 0.005 0.04 0.006 0.81 9.1 158
I
_, ........ "."".. _.""'"....... .•.•.•• "... ", ..... ,..."' •. "._ ......,. •• ,..... _••.,...,.:.".,.,._"ru:,0.11......w,--.... _•.""'........... ~_"_,,~_ ...."."......... , ..."..... __ ,...."....:!lL.III......... .,.J4. ""t!eIj., ....!MetI! .." ~..u,"_.~ .... :__ ' dtIit' ••....... ·........." . . . . tI!!tsMri' * I, ".4+1' 'f 'din-
BC,/S-3(
TABLE 6-46
Examples of Interactive COlllllunit!l Reception Voice Frequenc!l S!lstem Parameters: Downlink
4 (1S)
I .~
Parameter ( l ) 1 2 3 5 6 I
7
1. System
Frequency of carrier (HHz)
Carrier-to-noise density ratio
'"'
:
I
700 2600 12,000 12,000 22,750 42,000 85,000
I
i
I
I
i
before demodulation (exceeded
for 99' of the time) (2) (dB-Hz) 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
I,
2. Recei~ing installation
I
Figure of merit, G/T (dB)(13) -3.8 7.3 14.3 23.7 12.6 15.1 14.6 I
I
I..~
System noise factor (dB)(5) 5.6 5.6 5.6 4.4 6.8 5.6 6.1 I
tv
~
I
System noise temperature (K) 750 750 750 500 1100 770 880
Noise power in a 1 liz radio- "'I=- ~*
frequency banch.,idth for the
above noise factor (d8W)(6) -199.9 -199.9 -199.9 -201.6 -198.2 -199.7 -199.2
.'
C.Jrl"it'r po'WL'r required (dlJW) -145.9 -145.9 -145.9 -147.6 -144.2 -145.7 -145.2
,
Antenna didmcter (m)(7) 3.4 3 1.5 1.66 0.8 0.5 0.254 I
Receiving antenna gain, relative
to an isotropic source (dB)(B}(9) 25 36 41 50.7 41 44 44
Effective area of antenna, S (m 2)
10 10<] 5 7 6 0 7.6 -5.6 -9.6 -15.6
I --' I
•
""····,lU!·:....,·~_~t.li.ClI....I..: .....mL.. ....·'l
.......... ,4 . . CP p;.+"* 4.... it ,
-.,,~-"" • , ..... "".... "Ii .. ' " "'"IS" '"'IF\!iI¥0,< .. ............".,.,..,"~I ... <U. '''_','''' FO·I ......,....,. h, -"-~-----'''''~''''.''' eo "
~
• I· J
..
' :: l
!i
Be /X-3) !
TABLE 6-47
Examples of Interactive Community Reception Voice Frequency System Parameters: Downlink
Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 r
Required ~lux (edge of beam) (99% of the time)
(dB (W/m) -152.9 151.9 145.9 -155.2 -138. 6 ~ 136. 1 -129.6
free-space attenuation between isotropic sources
39.000 km apart (dB) 181 192 206 206
Total atmospheric attenuation exceeded for less
than 1% of the time (dB) (10) o o 1 1
1
Free-space attenuation between isotropic sources
]5, 786 km apart (dB) 210.6 211 221 o. " (-J
..
t ._
""(.
AJditional free-space attenuation (dB) P4) 2(14) 2(14) (~
r-
,
Additional loss equivalent to up-path noise (dB) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
,r
Atmospheric attenuation for 99% of the worst month 1 1 4 8 15
e.i.r.p. from satellite at beam edge 00<;;.-
10.4 11.4 19.4 10.1 30.1 37.2 50.1-
Satellite transmitter
Antenna beamwidth at -3 dB point. (degrees) 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.3 1.4 1.4 1.4
Antenna gain at the edge of service area.
relative to an isotropic source (d~ (12) 38 38 38 33 38 38 38
Loss In feeders, filters, joints, etc. (dB) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Required satellite transmitter power: -26.6 -25.6 -17 .6 -26.9 -6.3 0.2 13.1
(dOW)
(W) 0.002 .003 .02 .002 0.23 1.1 2).4
7.0 SYSTEM COST CONS IDERATIONS
7.1 IntroducI:.!..2!!
This section will address the costs associated with broadcast satellite
systems already in operation, or in development, and will include considerations
of broadcast satellite systems following the WARC-77 requirements at 12 GHz
(EIRP~ 63-65 dEW, earth terminal G/T • 8 dB/oK) and at 2.6 GHz and UHF.
Not all types of cost will be considered, i.e., direct-to-user costs,
crmmunity reception costs, interal ;ive TV system costs, and analog FM vs digital
TV costs. Only direct-to-user costs will be addressed.
There are many contributions to costs incurred in both the ground segment
and the space segment. The space segment costs can include not only the satel- •
lite costs, and the launch vehicle costs but also the on-going costs of operating
1
a TT&C terminal for satellite control. The space segment costs can also in-
elude insurance against loss of satellite, and will also include the costs of
I
manufacture incurred on a yearly basis until the delivery of the satellite,
the cost of borrowing money where required, costs due to paying crbital incen-
tives, and the costs ~f maintaining s?ares either in space or on the ground.
In all areas, space segment costs of broadcast satellites are similar if
not identical to space segment costs of fixed service communication satellites
and will have similar relationships to spacecraft weight in orbit and spacecraft
DC power and EIRP.
In the ground segnent, earth terminal costs for the reception of television
are ~ch less expensive than the earth terminal counterparts used in fixed
service satellite (FSS) systems, TV receive terminals (TVRO and/or receive/
transmit terminals) largely interface with the user. Unlike the FSS earth termi-
nal which usually interfaces with a PTT type telephone or data distribution
-526-
system, the broadcast satellite earth terminal interfaces directly with the
user in the case of home-reception TVRO systems, or provides the signal for a
cable or direct rebroadcast system. In either case, even if an uplink is also
required, the TV receiving earth terminal is much less complicated as has been
demonstrated in the preceding section and much leJs expensive.
One feature relative to broadcast satellite systems over FSS systems is
that the use of costly powerful satellites in space - dominated by increasingly
costly launch vehicles - makes possible high EIRP's in the 60-65 dBW range at
12 GP~ which make possible very inexpensive (less than $lK) earth terminals and
in quantities up to 10 million, the cheap individual earth terminal costs makes
the space segment cost virtually "disappear" into the total system costs.
FSS satellite systems have here-to-fore been built with channel EIRP's in the
30-35 dEW range re~~iring for many years, lO-~ter and 30-~ter antennas to
receive Intelsat traffic, and lO-meter antennas to receive dJmestic satellite
traffic. This law satellite EIRP is a cost forcing factor for the earth segment.
In recent years, the use of SATCOM II and NES!AR at 4/6 GHz to relay
television programs for cable TV and specialized users has given im?erus to
the widespread use o~ special 3-meter and 4.5-meter TVRO terminals for commer-
cial television program reception, and with over 3500 rvRO terminals in use
in the U.S. as of 7/1/80 at 4 GHz, TVRO terminal costs be~Heen $5K and $l5K
are being realized, and deregulation of the reception from commercial TV
distribution satellites has given rise to a "build-your-awn" backyard TV ter-
minal at 4 GHz with costs q'.loted as low as $2K.
-527-
r'~"~-'--'"-~-'~'~-"-"~--- -
,r
7.2 Basic System Costs - An Introduction.
The basic system costs ~lSt considet both space and ground segments and
the use of money. These aspects were succinctly set forth by~. Pritchard at
tAF-30 in Munich, Germany, in September 1979, when he wrote that the general
procedure to cost any satellite communication system "starts first with identi-
fying all the elements of cost and the years in which they are going to be in-
curred. Cost elements are broadly in two categories, the lease or purchase of
hardware and the purchase of services, whether these servir.es be for manpower
or leased circuits. The effect of these costs is very much determined by when
they are incurred. Table 7-1 shows the principal cost elements of a space
communication system divided into the aforementioned hardware and service aspects
and also among the s?&ce, gro~~d and interconnect segments of the system. We
proceed by trying to identify the outlay of money in any particular year regard-
less of whether it is a c&pital outlay, a periodic payment for service or leasing
facilities or an interest payment. In many cases, these costs can be dete·,ltlined
cn the basis of a published tariff such as for interconnect costs and services,
or on the basis of manufacturers' q·.1otations. Maintenance costs are s'ometimes
estimated as a p~rcentage of the hardware cost plus the costs of manpmrer.
~cte that a user can supply a service and element himself, in which case he has
a capital and cost outlay in particular years, or he can lease the hardware and
purchase the sel~ice. The numbers entered in any particular year obviously
change, but the method of ap?roach is identical. We always start by identifying
each expenditure in the year in which it is made. If a cost is to be estimated
rather than taken on the basis of firm quotations, it ~hould be estimated in the
"present year" dollars and then corrected for a \Jredicted inflation rate. If the
inflation rate is 107. per year, then the "in year" cost Co is reh.ted to the
!"!f'¥"'4lI__ _ a - ¥-. "-¥
current estimate C by
e
C • C (l +i)n
o e
Occasionally, for purposes of official government estimating or for the
pricing of ite~ such as launch vehicles, there are official inflation rates
or tables to be us£d along with Eq. (1) or i.nstead of it. Table 7-2 is a list
of inflation factors that have been used by NASA in the United States and other
U.S. Government agencies in recent years for calculating U.S. launch vehicle
costs. They may change.
The ~ost difficult part of determining the elements (for a fixed service
system) is that of estimating the hardware costs. Thi.s is necessa17 for a
system planner regardless of whether he prop~ses to buy this hardware or to
lease it from another party, since the lease costs normally also depend on the
hardware costs. The costs ~f all the hardware, whether it be s?acecraft or ter-
restrial, are a function of the requirements, that is the traffic to be carried.
The traffic ~st first be predicted, its type, e.g., telephone data or television,
its intensity, that is the number of circuits, and very importantly, the rate at
which it is expected to grow.
Pritchard has developed a cost matrix for a 3-satellite program shown in
Table 7-3 which includes all aspects of systems costs listed in Table 7-1. As
shown, three satellites costing 40 ~~llion dollars are acquired; two are launched
using launch vehicles each costing 20 ~illion dollars. Earth stations of both
30-:neter and lO-:neter variety are used.
The satellite and launch vehicle costs used by Pritchard are typical costs
based on historical perspective for satellites such as the Intelsat satellite
series, WESIAR, described in Tables 7-3 and 7-4. Note that these costs, expanded
•
over a IO-year period, assure a 3-year time-to-build, a satellite life-time of
- 529-
omc.;I·;'.L F::1~ IS
OF POC;'; C '~\UTY
TABLE 7-1
Estimating Check List
Hardware Service
Space - Satellite X
Transponder x
Launch Vehicle ...v
TT&C X X
Ground - Earth Stations X X
Interconnect X X
TABLE 7-2
Planning Inflation Rates (NASA Shuttle)
January 1975 (Reference) 1.0
July 1978 1.34
1979 1.(5
1980 1.55
1981 1. 66
1982 1.77
1983 1. 90
1984 2.03
1985 2.17
1986 2.33
1987 2.49
1988 2.66
1989 2.85
19~0 3.05
-530-
-
- - - - -- -- --~ -- -.. - '. -
'. w.
- . - ~
fJ. ' ' ; '
, .
~
S£ _,"",_L!f.!!'¥_-
TA!3LE 7-3
- Orogram Cost Matr'ix (3 satellite program)
Year -3 -2 -1 o 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pay to SIC Manufacture~,410 10 10 10 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Launch Vehicle4:: S 20 20
!unch Insurance 3 2 2
TT' &C - P~rchase Stat. S ... 5
o &M 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Earth Sta. (6 Large)6 S 10 10
o& r~ 135 6 6 6 6
Earth Sta. (20 Smalll' 5 S 5
o &M 123 4 4 4 4
Terrestrial Interconnect 1 2 3 3 3 3
"In Year" Totals 10 15 15 47 46 29 26 17 17 17 17
Present values 14.8 19 . 5 1 7. 1 47 40 . 4 22. 3 L 6 10. 1 8 . a 7•7 6 . 79
NPV (at 15:)8 212.1
Level Cost 43.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5
NOTES FOR TABLE IV
1 ?ayment to contractor of 40M in 4 equal payments before launch.
2 2 Sate11ites in orbit - ene unlaunched spare.
3 Launch Insurance at 2M/launch for both venicle and spacecraft.
4 Incentives at 1M/yr. per spacecraft - successful operation
after launch.
5 iT &C Sta. - 5M and 2M/yr. operating and maintenance.
6 6 Large Earth Sta. - 5M and lM/yr./sta. 0 &M (Incl. m)crowave
relays to central office).
7 20 Small Earth Sta. 1M and .2M/yr./sta. 0 &M.
8 :~et present value or disc,.,u~ted cash flow.
-531-
TABLE 7-4
T'...t'ICAL COSTS FOR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
(COSTS IN ~ILLIONS OF CONSTANT 1975 DOLLARS~
INTE~AT-IV
1
COMSTAR
1
- -2t3
wrr;TAR
16.2 16.5 10.3
Spacecraft
1 1 2
22.5 22.5 15.0
Booster
(In-Orbit Cost 38.7 39.0 25.3
7.7 7.8 5.1
Annual Sate lHte Cost
.04 .37 .43
Annual Channel Cost
4
I.a rge Te rmina 15 (up to 30 :nete ..·s) 5.0~ 3.5
,
3.0-1- 2.0~
Medium Terminals (10 !!leters)
4
(4.5 ::taters) 0.5
Small Te r:n ina 15
1. COMSAT, a~~ual report to the President and Congress, 1974.
2. DCA, "A Digest of SateEite CO:nIlllnications Systems", Vol. IV,
September 12, 1973, p. 8-56.
3. "Hug~es Let $71.1 Million Indonesia Sat Pacts", Electronic ~e",s,
February 24, 1975. p. 22.
4. Representative ~Olts derived from manufacturers.
.'
-532-
TABLE 7-5
iI,\S I t: CII,\f(,\C, LI: I Sil C~; OF trfll.l :;.\ I ~;,\J'Ll.l.ln,~.
(I ~TLLS.\T I 'l'IIHOlJ(;1I I NIU,~;,\I \')
Tutal Cost Satellite
Avcr.Jgc ClIbl CII:H 01 l..Jullch Saltdlitc LifctiUlC
S.Hc II i lc !'~!.. Sal..!:l !.!~_':' 1~ ~~__ ami I dUIIl II \~ US) ~'(c ... n.)
__l~__ _ LllllIC h Veld, Ie C.Jl'ucily
-----
Inlcll..H I 4/b/6'j AuglUclIle.1 24U ..,.,in.: $ 1, QUU , 0110 $ 4, J 00 • OOU $11 , 1 UO , uou 1.'1
Oct ta C i u'ui ts
Ol- TV
llllcls,H II IIJ/26/66 Auglllenlcd 24U Voil:e $ ),600,OOU $ 4,600,000 $ li,200,OOU 3.0
Dc Ita Circuits
Ol- 'fV
Intelsat III 9/18/68 Augmented 1200 VoLe $ 0,250,000 $ 5,7'jO,OOC $12,000,000 5.0
Dc I La Circuits plus
2 rv Challnc II>
I
VI
W
W
I
Intelsat IV )/25/11 Atlal>- 4000 Voice $16, ~~OO,OOO $22,500,000 $38,100,000 1.0
Centaur Circuits plus
2 TV Channel s
Intt'lut IV-A 9/25/75 Atlas- 6000 Voice $21,500,000 $26,000,000 $47.500,000 7.0
f
Centaur Circuits plus
2 'IV Channeh
Intclb..lt \' l..Jte 1919 All'lb- 12,000 V.d,'c $2H,OOO,OOO $12 ,OUO,OOO $60,000,000 1.0
til 1:," .. 1 _"II • t: I I • 1\ I I:. I' I II:.
l. ... llyl')HU :." ... " .! n' CII.IIIII., I :,
Tr.III!.I'''l l- C::~
<.Ill.·" Sy:.I"111
(S rS) til'
L S,\ '!> 1\1 lolli\.'
-
-'
.........
7 years, orbital incentive fees, cost of yearly operation and maintenance of
both ground and space segments, and the ~&C terminal and terrestrial inter.
connects. Note too, that even with these costs which represent, by today's
standards, the very low satellite and launch costs of the mid 1970' s, the
satellite and launch vehic 1.e dominate the system costs with the satellite and
launch vehicle substantially sharing this cost domination. However, this cost
is for a dedicated system with r~latively f~w earth terminals and ~st be se.
riously re-structur&d in a sy~tem where termina,l-proli.feration can be the domi-
nating cost factor. This earth segment cost domination for high vol~ earth
terminal systems ~ill hold true regardless ~f whether the ~arth terminals are
moned by the systems, or are purchased separately and contribute to paying system
costs eithe~ by user subscription costs or by transponder leases.
Actuallv, the impact on satellite syste~ costs by :arge-volume earth termi.
nals is being felc in ,~~t' U.S. domestic satellit3 such as WESTAR and SATCOM
systems, which are used for television distribution. As pointed ~ut in Section
6.1, more than 1400 rvRu terminals at 4 GHz with antenna sizes fram 3 meters to
l~ ~eters are being u~ed with typical costs ranging from around $15K for a 4.5-
meter terminal and $37.5K for a 10-~ter terminal. Assuming a $30K per termi:lal
cost, it is evident that 3000 terminals represent an investment of $90~ which
is comparable to the s?&ce segment cost.
However, in a brvadcast-to·user broadcast satellite system which will use
large, high radiated power satellites and, say a system of earth t~~inals of
tr.e home-user type, purchased at a rate of 200,000 per year, then a surprising
result is presented when a cost matrix of the Pritchard type is used. AssQ~e
small home-user earth termlnals, each costing $IK, a thrp.e-satellite system
each costing $40M (Intelsat-V bus type), a $50~ launch vehicle of the Atlas-
Centaur class and ~ ten year time span with 7 years satellite life, then the
-534-
~;o, 1'~ ; " .' ....
• , .• ..J
, "
,
cost matrix of Table 7-6 shows that the broadcast satellite system is totally
1
cost-dominated by the earth segment - even with the us.:: Ot large expensive
satellites and launch vehicles.
7.3 Launch Vehicle Costs.
I]
Most studies ~f broadcast satellite systems before 1978, and the introdt~ction
I!
i
i
of the SIS space transportation system include low launch vehicle costs ~hich
make s~ch studies virtually obsolete.
The Space Shuttle and its capability of providing low cost la~~ches into
low earth o.~bits (less than 160 miles) initially led to a virtual discontinuance
or early phase-out of the Atlas~Centaur and Delta class launch vehicles which
were the backbone of satellit~ launches in the 1960-1970 period.
With the slippage of the Space Shuttle and the successful development of
both Europe's ARL~NE sponsored by ESA, and Japan's N-Rocket, the Atlas-Centaur
and Delta class rockets are not only being made continuously available with up-
grades in load capability, but the Atlas-Centa~r upgrade ~st be considered as
~ very real answer to the growing economic competitive threat of the ARL\NE
rocket which is now assured many European payloads and which will carry SJme
Intelsat-V's.
In the early 1970's, the Delta 2914 and the Atlas-Centaur handled the
! ~ellite paylvads having geosynchronous '~ights ot 800 Ibs and 2100 Ibs respective-
ly as shown in Table 7-7. These launches cost from $14·M tc $24M. In the mid
1970' s, the Delta 3910 (spons'J1:ed ~y RCA for use with SATCOH) and Delta 3914, were
als·J developed and, with the ARL<\NE and the STS system in the development stage,
the spa< :craft system design was limited to payloads in the 800-2100 pound class
(300-900 Kg) by this launch vehicle availability. Figure 7-1 illustrates the
or.-orbit mass in Kg and the p=imary power in watts of most of the satellites
-535-
01 :'. ",~ , .,
... : . '.. ,
TABLE 7~
Progr~~ Cost Matrix (3 satellite progra~)
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Year -3
1 4 30 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Pay to sicManufacturer ' 30 30 30
Launch Vehicle 2 5 50 50 60
3 10 10 12
Launch Insurance
5 5
rT&C - Purci18se Stat. 2 2 2
O&M 2 2 2 2 2
6 3 6 6 3
Earth Sta. (6 large)
• 1 3 5 6 6 6 6 6
O&M
7 1 1 1 1
Earth Sta.(6 Transportable)
8 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
TVRO - l-meter - (200,OOO/year)
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
Terrestrial Interconnect
30 35 35 :~9 180 ~20 218 214 287 213 215
"In Year" Totals
1. Payment t':> contractor of 120M in 4 equa 1 payments before launch.
2. 2 satellites in ortit - one spare launched in year 5.
3. Launch Insurance at 10~/laun~h for both vehicle and spacecraft.
4. Incentives at 5M/yr. per s~a~ecraft - successful operation after launch.
5. TT&C Sta. - SM and 2M/yr. operating and naintena~ce.
6. 6 large earth terminals - $3M & lM/yr/sta. O&M (incl. microwave relays to
central broadcasting studios and offices).
7. Transportables for providing remote up-links.
8. l-meter direct-to-user 12 GHz terminals costing $lK each.
-536-
• , ':i " ,r.~ • ,~ > - ~ - . - - -
• r ' ,
.
.
.
, .
\
, 4 < ... , "r ... fo
- .
'
. .
- -
. ~
. - > -
•
~
TABLE 7- 7
Launch Vehicle Payloads - :976
Synchronous Synchronous
Transfer Orbit Equatorial Orbit Launch Cost in
Launch Vehicle Payload (Lb) Pa·rload (Lb)* 1976 Dollars
N-Vehicle (.Japan) 550 260
Delta 2914 1550 800 $14.2 M
Delta 3914 :!OOO 930 $15.0 M
Ariane (ESA)* 3300 1830 $25.0 M**
Atlas-Centaur 4150 2100 $24.5. M
* Not tested until 1979
** As surne s AlO1
-537-
J
-E ,I
2DOO ,
t ,
...
-.,
,
'-
i INT~LSAT'lZ
••
i
l000~ .NUT
mr- COMSTAR
iOOf-
:;, 700-
INT!LSAT r7,.A.·
INTELSAT m· O~
~
CIt 500~ m ANIKC
'"
0(
2
500~
I OSCS II.
MARon. • •.SIIS
coo~
•
C~·.2.NIK S
JAltaNC$. SATCOM
I
JOG r--
..,ARISAT.
I>AL»A1
"'ATO m .,jAJtAN lIS
·OTSJICS
...i
I
I4Er.'AR·
')'NIK x •
SKV'IIIT.ZI/·
~~ SYM'WONII
ilqlMARY ?QWeR ,wlttsl
S~7;L~17E ON ORBIT VI,l.SS 'IS :)qIMARY ?CWER
Figure 7-1
built and launched or designed for launch during the era of the 1970's showing
the upper mass level of one thousand kilogram and the dc power level of one KW
of ~hese satellites.
Figure 7-2 shows the launch vehicle history and availability during the
next six years as set forth by C. L. Cuccia and R. J. Rusch at the A~ 8th
Communication Satellite Systems Conference in April 1980, showing the Atlas-
Centaur and Delta 3910, the Delta 3920 which will be available in 1982, and
the upgraded Atlas-Centaur whose load capability is being increased to almost
5000 pounds.
Any new user or designer of a space communication system which requires a
launch, stnply cannot achieve a reservation on a STS launch until 1986 and must
rely on the Delta 3910, Delta 3920, Atlas-Centaur, and the ARIAN! vehicles to
provide that launch.
On May 30, 1980, a SIS Users Sonference was held at Cape Kennedy by NASA
at which the new costs ~f the two Delta vehicles, and the Atlas-Centaur were
disclosed. These costs plus the costs ?ubli~hed in 1980 for ARL~NE are listed
in Tables 7-8 through 7-11.
Note that the wide disparity between lau~ch vehicles has virtually dis-
appeared. The Delta 3~20 cost of $37.65X is not too far from the Atlas-Centaur
cost of $43M or the ARL~~E cost of S41.2X. Thus a $40~ ~ 5M cost for a lau~ch
vehicle depending on year of inflation and cost of ~oney will be the baseline for
launching any l.ew communication sate llite into geostat Lonary orbit until 19~7,
regardless of the on-orbit satellite weight required. This i& an important
consideration fer broadcast satellites since the size and complexity of such a
satellite will not significantly mitigate against its launch cost.
-539-
Figure 7·2
Increase in Launch Vehicle Capability
p AR;ANEIII
/
ns /
",,- STSISSUS-A I
"- / ~
~ , ::-- -;pLAilIANllI
~
(')0-_--0"""""
1.~\p.~--:?::
~\ ... A"'ARIANE I - WITHOUT
PRESENT RESERVE
~ \ . __ .'931 k,
ATLAS CENTAUR..... \ 17 .. '"
ct" 1725 .. ,
11110 .. , .0.0'0' STSPAM:l
HT
JDOO - ., _.0
~ STS-PAM STRETCH CELTA 3t'2O
3910 CELTA PAM
A W,O PERFQR"'A:.CE
RESERVE
I
,.70 "n "1' "71 '9,. '912 -Jet
YEARS
(
J
. ~;.
ARIAt!E
Vm. I
S~~· _.. J
, I
. i
I
" ATLkS •
-
0
- JJa .. c~~Jr.
')
....
• f .
u
VIE ..,,--
. . I ron
. .. ~~~.~
1,-
p
~
~
~~\N~ r.
..
~ I
\
J .
I
/s0 ,
. .
DcLTA~L' H.-I ~..---
[IJ.OO -~
- .-.0-- 00-
•
VEL1A 2q/~t-
•
- ~ - .. N-JL
.1
•
N ;
-
,
- --
,
F r '77 78 '7~ 811 '82 ~3 ~4 '85 . ~6 .. '87 83
.
.'
Figure 7-2A J:Jponese Launch Vehicle Plans
-540A-
.. ......_II!IJII!IIl!_......
.--,---..,.,...--..,.,....~".......~,..,..,..,,.,...~-~ ~. ··.,.!#_.....~
..u::;c~...
_ -t.....·......_.....
os...............
€ - .... ...:::;;:;"".O>'!'lI!II!II!!IIIQI!!I!;XII!II!.U
~-. ¥".,.
" ' -.... ."""'.":;pszut11i!!""I.::z...._ .i~··....
........... 4Z_!Jl!IOt""
-(_... ....!iiQiiP
......"""'....!I!IlIII!'!I!lIIIII_ _
44.!I!IlIII!'.Uq "•
TABLE 7-8
Expendable U.S. Launch Vehicles
1980-1985
Delta 3910 De Ita 3920 Atlas/Centaur
Launch Vehicle $27.4 M $32.4 M $43-45 M
Upgraded Charge 1.25 M 1.25 M
PAM-D Including Optional 4.0 M 4.0 M
Services
Total Cost $32.65 M $37.65 M $43-45 M
Payload Weight into 2400 lbs 2750 1bs 4800 1bs
Synchronous Transfer
Orbit
Cost/Lb. into Transfer $13,100 $13,250 $9,200
Orbit
-541-
c
!ABLE 7- 9
Uprated Delta Launch Vehicle Price by General Dynamics
(Millions of Then Year Dollars
____ l.aunch Year
1982 1983-84
Standard Delta 3910 25 27.5 - 28.75
3910 Surcharge 1.25 1. 25
PAM-D 2.5 2.75 - 2.88
Uprate Hardwarl! 2.5 2.5
Uprate Non-Recurring 0.5 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5
Total for STS Users 31. 75 - 32.75 34.5 - 36.75
Charge for Non-STS Users 1 - 1. 7 1 - 1. 7
Total for Non-STS Use~s 32.75 - 34.45 35.5 - 38.45
-542-
TABLE 7-10
ARL~ME Ulunch Vehicle Price .s of 1 July 1980
1983-84
1978 Francs 1979$ 1980$ Launch Cost
(Millions) Q!111 ions) * (Millions) .il Millions}
140 34 36.7 41.2 - 44.5
Full ARIANE
75 18 19.4 21.8 23.6
Shared ARIANE (ESA finds
compatible payload)
* Based on Oct 1979 exchange.
TABIE 7-11
ARIAME Proposed Financing
French financing (607. of launch cos t)
0 407. (of 601.) at 3.51- interest
0 10 year grace period
0 25 year amortization
0 Balance at approximately 8%
German financing (40$ of launch cost)
o ~o commitment but expected to be e~~l
to o~ better than French
-543-
-."--"~ ,",,,,."4".¥.4¥_ _~"""'~~~·'~'----..--...............................· _•._!II!ZI!I!III!I!-·.!!!!!
•.~..... ..--~-...
-"" ....4~.4Jllllle!!l.a"""'_",•.•
.• -. .........~.""';.~!'!!"J!'!!"--.¥4 , •.
_
,~
7.3.1 Considerations of Shuttle Launch Costs.
The Space Shuttle's total capacity in weight and volume il much greater
than that required for most geostationary satellite syste~. NASA has establish-
ed a pricing policy that permits the purchase of a part of the SpaCft Shuttle
capacity, with the price for sharing the capacity as set forth in the NASA Space
Transportation System Reimbursement Guide, JSC-11802 dated May 1980.
The price charged to users for standar.d Space Shuttle tr.nsportatt~n will
be based on estimated costs accrued over a 12-year period. This price will be
fixed (except to adjust for inflation) for flights in the first 3 full fiscal •
years of STS operations. Subsequently, the price may be adjusted annually to
ensure that total operating costs are recovered over a l2-year period.
The prices listed are based on 1975 dollar values unless otherwise noted.
Esca lation :or inflation will be computed accordi.ng to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics index for the private business sector, all parameters: productivity,
hourly compensation, unit labor cost, and prices seasonally adjusted.
A shared-flight user will pay a percentage of the dedicated-flight price.
The price for all payloads is based on launch weig~t or length and is calculated
as follows:
1. To calculate a weight load factor, the user should divide the payload
weight (including upper stages, flight kits, support e~lipme~t, etc.)
by the total Shuttle payload <Neight ca?4bility at the desired inclina-
tlon. Standard orbit inclinatlons are offered to users for flights
originating from the Eastern Test Range (KSC launch). These inclina-
tions and corresponding weight ca?4bilities are listed below:
Launch Inc 1 ina t ion, ;"1 t itude, Weight Capability.
Site De~. n.mt. Lb (Kg)
KSC 28.5 160 65,01)0 (29,484)
KSC 57 160 55,000 (25,401)
-544-
__ ·~-~' __ ~~~~~~~~~--·~~~ __ __
"_~. .. . .. .. · ....
~~--~-4_¥~.¥¥_¥-~._'---~L-p__m_x~-_-$~~ - .. __ __..
-~_~*~P_.@_. ~=~'~ ~
2. To calcJlate an approximate length load factor, the user should divide
the p"'.yload length (including upper stag~s, airborne support equipment,
rotatior~l clearance, etc.), plus 6 inches (15.2 centimeter.) nominal
for dynamic clearance, by the length of the cargo bay, 720 inches
(1829 centik~ters). The actual dynamic clearance will be used for
final billing.
3. To determine a charge factor, the user should now divide the load factor
(length or weight, whichever is greater) by 0.75. However, th~ effec-
tive charge factor is never greater than 1.0 .•
4. To dete=mine the price for his payload, the user should ~ltiply the
price of a dedicated flight (plus a use fee, if ap?licable) by the
calculated charge factor.
The ~yload-sharing nomographs (Figure 7- 3) are provided to help a user
quickly determine the approximate price. A standby user will receive a di.scount
of 20 percent of the calculated shared price.
7.4 Soacecraft Costs.
During the past few years cost-estimating models have been developed based
on components 3.:ld/or :najor subassemblies (Fong, 1977; Bakey, 1978). The
advantages Jf such ~odels are that they give a more accurate description of a
given subsystem and that they can take into account the development status 0f
particular compon~nt8. The disadvantage of these ~dels is that they cannot
be applied to advanced concept satellites ",here there is ins1Jfflcient inforn.ation
about the subs:n~tems (assu;ning they agree on subsystem definitions).
Satellite devel<)pment (non-recurring) coets appear to be the most senSitive
to program peculiarities '..mile product ton (recurring) costs are less sensitive
and are much better estimated ~y all the cost models. Recent studies (Drynen
and Lar&e, 1977), suggest that cost medels shou:d :'lot be used mt!chanically.
-545-
.""\
1.."
..... ' .... "':. ~.
Of i ~, ..
, .. ,,,, OOll .. " , ,,. MIL!.'O ...
cO ... ' ' ' .... T TJ I. UC'&lAT'D
·~I .... II S
TO COlllT .... CT
M .. XIMUIIIII , 0 .---.-..
.~'t
""I '"~.
~a
"
• lS~
l~ ~
I.
"
- .~
2S
l- ,+ ~
,..
't I....
L..
~
~
J, 'o~
I
to: ....
I
....
< • ..J 20 t-
i ., 'r- l-
.'-
I
... ,...I ~-
,
I,...
'j
I
, , r-
~
~~
r
.- r-
I
L
"'."'IIY\.I'-I ;111 lSr I
:f-
~
<
I
L-
,[ ~
~ +
I
• ~ )
ol
'-
" LO .. D ' ..eTOil
"
, 1 5 '0 'S zo :os lO lS ~ ••
E"GlISH
SYSTE\'
~J 't 10 :. lO lS ~ ., !O " ~ . . , Gl
lH
• ... tlO ... O ·~f'C"\ 1.1. TO 21' '"C:':'II''''O'''
J 2t ,
51:
Figure 7-3
Payload-Sharing ~omogr&ph - English Sys~em
-546-
While the ~odels themselves differ sharply and give different results, neverthe-
less all appear to agree tha": the most important variable is weight an.! that
very few other variables are useful.
7.4.1 Simple Cost Mudel.
It is not possible to determine at satellite costs by a quotation from a
manufacturer, particu:.arly in the planning stages. If parametric studies for
optimizaticn are to 'lie done, it is important to be able to estimate a sateliite's
cost from its principal characteristics. ~rumerous cost models have been develop-
ed for calculating costs given weight and power estimates.
On-orbit weigh~ is a good cost driver. since all the desired performance
features affect siC weight, including espec:i.ally primary or radiated power. A
simple formula for guessing the on-orbit weight in kg. of a satellite, given
ies total pm,mr in watts ;.5:
W :: 7. 9pO.64 Eq. (2)
This equation is plotted in Figure 7-1 with a number of ~xisting sat~llites
indicated to give an impression about the goodness of fit. The THeight then
1etermines the cho~c~ of launch vehicle
7.4.2 The SAMSO Cost Model.
one of the :nost detailed cost models to estimate satp.llite costs ws that
of the U.S. Air F'Jrce ~everal :7ears a~o (~'1SC - Fourth Ed. 1978). Its use
requires 3. mowledge of the weights :)f the sub-s:/stems, primary powers and a
variety of other cnaracteristi.cs. A simpl.i.fied expression d~ri'Jable from that
model, as presented by W. ~ritchard at L~r-30 is:
-547-
,
,.>; ".~ ,.','""," ~
'. 'Il' .'!', . . . . .
i..'
-.'"
, ..... " '
t' . '/'~ .
: "
r' :
,-
~ :.:,i·: e .;:.' •
., " , , ' ., '. J •.
-'
, ,..
- .
.
.
. ,
*l -
.":,",-
' . . .
The e~~ation gives ,he non-recurring costs 8RE of a spacecraft of total
nrbi:: mass W in k.;. and a fraction of this man u ~evctp.d to dle c.ommunications
~nd ~ntenna. C is the cost of the first production unit of the same spacecraft.
l
These costs are in 1976 do llars. These estima.:es yi.e ld $55M for mm and $2'l. 1M
for the fi;:ost production :tnit of Intelsat-V consiste':1t enough .,:'th the contrac.t
to have been adequate for planning.
The simplified "learning ..:urve" from which the cost of subsequent models
can be ectimated is that given by T. P. Wright (1936). The cumulative average
cost C for N units is given as:
n
cn = C1N- b
If one assi.lIlleS ~hat dO<1bling the quant.i.tie·s resuli:s in a reduction in unit CfJst
to pC then the total cost Tn ; Cn is given as:
l
A freq-tently used, and empe.rically justified value of p is 0.8 - then:
ThloS :nodel yie'.ds the :nanufacturers costs. If the satellite ~-1ere purchased at
the cost to the buyer, it would be augmented by an assumed profit. Many spacc-
"raft are sold virtua~ -, at cost with the manufacturer taking a delayed
profit ion th~ form of incentive payments spread over the satellite's operation
in or:nt.
-548-
7.4.3 The DCA Cost Model.
An algorithm was generated fur the estimation of the costs of communica-
tion satellites by DCA* in 1978. This algorithm, based on satellite weight,
is plotted for bOL~ ing and non-recur~ing costs in Figure 7-4 and includes
the known costs of many medium satellites. showing the excellent correlation
involved. These costs are based on the following equations where ( and Care
.-l R
the non-recurring and recurring costs respectively ana W is the satellite
p
weight in kilograms.
These curves were developed by Professor David Staelin and Dr. R. Harvey
for NASA Contract 5-25091**·
7 .4.4 .Ih!L..~P:l Astronautics Cost Model.
In the April 1980 issue of Satellite Communications, two ~mbers of
Canadian Astronautics of canada, Le., W. Payne and D. T. Tong, p'lblished a
description of a new computer progra~ for communicH=ions satellite coet and
mass modeling to aid system engine~rs to ~ke tr~de·offs in top system para~ters.
It is described :is differing from prcv'.ous cost models in that no apriori k.,ow-
ledge of spacecraft configuracion is req·.lircd. It also derives spacecraft
cost on a subsystem ~y subsystem basis ra.ther than a single para,nel:er such as
mass 'Jr power.
+. DCA, "}ULSATCOM System Architc··rure", Annex G Cost Mod!ls, Military Satellite
• Commu~ication Systems Oft' ,fe~se Commun\c tions Abency, Washington, D.C •
(~r,:h 1976),
**"Fu~ure r...rge Broadband Switched Satellita Conum..micatiC;lls ~etwor!<;.s", Resear·:h
Lab. for Cectronics, MIT, for AASA GSFC. Dec. 1979.
-549-
.¥t4¥ A 4 Qj i.,
.
C",':.
OF F .....
0.' ;,
NONRECURRING
( eN)
-en
c:.
0 RECURRING
~
- lO2~ (C R)
BASELI NE
CJ1 DESIGN
~
,,...
\,/1
0 FLTSAT
u INTELSAT TIL A
w ~INTELSAT nr
~
-l
~ ~ TACSAT
-l DSCS II
w
~
<l
CJ1 'Q
(j'l
I"-
(j'l
4 1.:5
CN=4145X~O Wp
C
R
= 6 40 X 10
4
W~,., 93
~ I
I ; I' I I I I
4
2 3
10 10 '0
SATEl.LlTr: WEIGHT ON GEOSYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT (kg)
Figure 7-:'
DCA Model for Recurring ano Non-Recurring Spacecraft
COSLS in 1979 D011ars
-550-
Tables 7-11 and 7-12 show respe~tively a cost model derived by Payne and
Tong for a hypothetical satellite called "Typicalsat", and typical satellite
costs p:ovided by the computer as compared to published costs. The agreement
is excellent, and it is evident that this computer model is a useful tool for
trade-offs.
7.4.5 The Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation (FACe) Cost
Estimation Model.
In 1978-1980, M. Baker., Jr. and S. Melachrinos of FACC devised a computer
program for estimating spacecraft weight and cost based on a modified version
of the SAMSO spacecraft cost model. This computer model has been designed to
provide systems engineers a tool to estUnate Sic sizes and costs, and the effect
of increasing or decreasing communicati~ns capability on size and cost when
performing system level definition and trade-offs. The model is limited to
communication payloads or payloads that are equivalent for estimating size and
costs although the Sic parameter estimates can be used for sizing any type of
spacecraft. The model is limited to 3-axis sic and the use of the STS as a
launch vehiclp. The FACC cost estimation model is provided in Ap?endix A.
The SAMSO stat:istical base does not include Sic Cln the 4-7,000 lb. category.
There is, therefore, some question to its validity when extended to this category
of Sic. FACC has examined relatively detailed Sic designs in this ra.lge and has
con~luded that the SAMSO model can be extended to this range and ~y be valid
within the basic overall validity of the original SAMSO model. Application of
this cost model to Sic greater than 7.000 Ibs. on orbit and especially those
Sic which might be assembled on orbit is not valid.
The estimated Sic subsystem weights and p~~r are re-arr~nged to fit the
SAMSO Cost Estimating Relationshiy (CER) parameters and Basic Cost Estimates at
the subsystem level are generated usin6 an FACe-modified version of the SAMSO
-55'
TABLE 7-11
Communication Satellite Cost Model by
canadian Astronautics, Ltd.
Model Name: Typicalsat
Demonstration run version OlA February. 1980
System Parameters Summary
o Launch in 1982 on a shuttle luanch o 3-axis stabilized spacecraft
vehicle with a SSUS-D upper stage with extendable rigid solar panels
o System has 4 spacecraft comprised of: equipped with black solar cells
2 in orbit operating o Hydrazine monopropellant ausiliary
1 in orbit spare propulsIon
1 on ground spare a Nickel cadmium battery
o Spacecraft design life is 8.0 years o Conventional structure design
o Spacecraft mass is: 327 KG o Antenna types used:
of which payload is: 65 KG Precision parabola 1.096 diam(MO
bus is: 262 KG o Power requirements (.iatts):
a Payload length is 8 ft. 343 Beginning of Life
o Program cost is 91.234 million dollars 269 End of Life
269 Eclipse
Total Cost Summary - 1978 U.S. Dollars - Launch in 1982
Costs ~Thousands of $) Non-Recur. Recur. Overall
Sic Program Costs
Hardware Costs 8244 779f+ 39421
sic Integration 1566 1481 7490
Mgmt. and Sys. Engineering 981 928 4691
Mission Analysis 1000 200 1800
r&L 75 250 1075
Pro;.:t 1079 1020 5160
Sub-tota 1 129':"6 11673 59637
Launch Costs
Upper Stage Costs 1662 2295 10S42
Launch Vehicle Costs 320 5109 20755
Sub- tota 1 1982 7404 31597
Progra~ Tota 1 14928 19077 9122.')
-552-
TABLE 7·12
Typical Satellite Costs ~rovided by
Canadian Astronautics. Ltd.
Comeuter Derived Cost
Program Mass (kg) Published Cost Base Yr. Cost
ANIK·A 297 35 71 35
ANIK·B 4116 24 76 27.6
ANIK·C 548 67 78 64.1
SBS 545 50 + Bonus 73 49.6
MARISAT 326.2 48 77 48.3
Japan BSE 352 ? 78 24.5
-553·
CER'sl,2. Weighted complexity factors are then generated and applied to the
Basic Estimates to arrive at the cost estimates for the derived sic. Both non-
recurring costs and recurring (First Unit Costs) costs are generated includjlg
Management and Support, prototype refurbishment (where required) and total E lace
segment costs including profit and on-orbit incentives, transfer orbit system
costs, and STS costs.
Using the payload weight and power as inputs, the model generates esti~ates
fa.:
..o Structure ~eight
o TI&C We ight and Power
o Attitude Control Weight & Power
o Propulsion Weight
o Electrical/Mechanical Integration ~eight
o Thermal Weight
o Electrical P~er Weight
o ::tL"'IIber of Ce 115 in the Array
o EOL & BOL Power (equinox)
o On-Orbit Fue 1 He ight
o SiC On-Orbit Weight
o ::;/ C Launch Weight
o Transfer Orbit System
These exti~ates are all based on FACC ~xperience.
An illustrative satellite design for cost estimation has the hypothetical
para"'IIeters listed in Table 7-13. What is significant is the use of 6 antennas
1. Franklin Fong, et al, ~_J~~nned Spacecraft Cost Model. Updated Cost
Estimating Relationships & ;:or;nalization Factors (An Interir.. Reoort), Cost
Analysis Dividio!1, Hq. SA~1S0, January, 1977.
,., C~rist~pher J ~ R:J~..."er, et aI, SA~!sO UnI"'anned Spaceccaft Cost ~lodel, T~ird
Edition, Cost Analysis Divisio!l, Hq. 5A1'1SO, TR-7S-229, August 1975.
-554-
'-'~~':"""""--'~=-"'<">.o"""~" ,...".~ .. ~:., - ......- - - - ... ""'-.-.-,---•• - --.. -%.-4" ....._%!&$ 4-',,, ... ·-~..., ... .,,.~: .. "·'";'~"":"'··-,·_-~··+'!f!\·......... ·~- 1!d"~· .. ""'x........
......_"1!"4"" 1"'. _........
+..".,·.....,,"'''
...._......
~. •• I!P.1lI'!.""'._ _--.!!I!'$.I!!I.!!II!!I!.•
"'_'-"" ''''....,_.
TABLE 7-13
Model Parameters
0 Geostationary spaoecraft
0 Number of flight SiC,. 3
0 Number of on-orbit sic ,. 2
0 Government spacecraft, standard cost
0 Base year z 1984
0 Mission duration .. 10 years
0 Average annual inflation rate - U
0 sic length a 15 :neters
0 Comm sis weight .. 600 pounds
0 COtmll sis power = 2500
o RF power" 1000 watts total
o Highest comm frequency .. 15 GHz
o Highest RF power level"" >40 watts
o N~ber of active power amplifiers = less than 10
o ~~ber of frequency bands .. 2
o Number of antennas .. 6 or more
o ~ltiple spot-beam antennas single reflectors
o 10 feeds/ 1 antenna reflector
o Bas ic n&c
o Max. TT&C rate" up to 100 kbps
o ~o spacecraft processing on memory
o ACS parameters - model, ine=tial reference
o Pointing control - open loop
o I~?ut pitch pointing accuracy - 0.05 degrees
-555-
.- :g i¥4,4&4¥r4 £=4 ._~ .24 _ M
of the ~ltiple beam variety, the RF power of 1000 watts and a communications
subsystem power of 2500 w.tta. This satellite can use four 2S0-watt TWIA, or
sL~ ISO-watt TWT to produce six or four transmit contoured beama respectively.
The output of the computer model is listed in Table 7-14 showing a flight modal
~ost of Jl :nillion dollars per spacecraft and an STS cost of 52 'l1illion dollars.
The total program cost for these spacecraft is around 235 'l1111ion dollars. The
pertinen.t spacecraft parameters are listed in Table 7-15 as derived from the
format ·Jf Table 7-16 used for Table 7-14; more complete definitions can be
obtained from the Appendix A.
7.4.6 Satellite Cost Versus Various Parameters.
In these par4~raphs we will explore the impact of weight, primary power,
capacity, antenna complexity, RF power and pointing lccuracy on satellite cost.
In these consiJerations, it is important to realize that only three launch
vehicles '"ill be available for new spacecraft designs until at least mid 1986
and therefore the s~cecraft designer is essentblly limited to the launch
weights and costs of the Delta launch vehicles 3910 and 3920, Atlas-Centaur,
and Ariane I, II, and III. These launchers all cost in the neighborhood of
40 ~illion dollars and therefore the s?acecraft designer must largely choo~e
between spacecraft launch ~ss ~eights of 2500 Ibs or 4800-5000 lbs. The STS
with S~SS-A will largely continue the Atlas-Centaur capability.
Gi\~n these launch weight capabilities, then we can make the following
generali=atio~s relative to space~raft coses.
7.4.6. I Satellite Cost vs. Mass Weight.
Each of the ccmputer models previously described showed that spacecraft or
satellite weight is a principal cost-determining factor. Figure 7-5 repeat' a
portion of the DCA computer model outP·.lt for recurring costs sho-wing hO\W the
·5~6-
'.I I ~,_ ~ :·,l_ F-.~I.(~£ IS
OF POOR t,::J,;',L1TY
TABLE 7-14
RF Power 1000 watts *
~TA V1 • 2426. 4 5 MV5E~ DELTA V2 • 1830.70 MVSEC
COM WT • 600.0 LBS TTC 1Jf· 49. 6 l.ES
ACS WT • 171. 7 L.ES EP5 IJf • 419.8 l.BS
BOt... 4358 . 2 WATTS BUS WT • 1417.5 L.BS
ON-oRSIT FUEL. WT· 357 . 2 l.BS
S/C ON-oRSIT WT. 2374.7 L.BS S/C ~ WT· 18034.7 I..BS
PER I GEE MOTOR 2 WAS CHOSEN
DO YOU WANT A COMPLETE LISTING OF THE BASELINE?
THIS LISTING IS WITHOUT HEADINGS. l-YES,2-NO
·1~--------------------------------------------------~
600.0 49.6 293,7 171.7 419,8 71.4
See Tables
81.6 63.1 266.5 1417.5 357.2 2374.7 7-~5, 7-:6
10096.2 18034.7 0.0 1763.7 3800.0 2 for'
8.0 15.0 3.<3 290S4.8 3030.0 4358.2 FOr:lllt
2500,0 I 1000.0i--RF Power
STANDARD COSTING FORMAT (oc:u...AAS IN 'T'H()JSANl.,;:i)
tU1BER C1F S/C· 3 tU1BER OF QN-ORSIT S/C· 2
R+D COST • 1 26643,2 PROTOTYPE COST • 1 39164.6
TOTAL NON-REcu.~RI~ COST • 1 6S80? 8
~TOTYFE REFURB COST • 110766,3 FIRST UNIT COST • S31331. '?
Fl.IGHT MODEL. COST • 1 62663. 4 ON-ORBIT INCENTIVES • I 27847. 5
S/C STORAGE COST • 11 SOO . 0
TOTrA... S/C COST • 1168S8S. 0
PM COST· 11S000.0 STS COST • 151777.2
TOTAL ~ COST • 1235362.2
~ 1
COST • 1 36829.3 o S/C L.AUNCI-£D
YEAR 2 COSi • S 69099.7 o S/C L..ALJNCH£D
VEM 3 COST • 1 59540.7 o S/C i...ALI'ICHED l
COST • 1 lSl720,7
..,....~ 4 2 S/C
o SI'C
l..AlJNCI-£D
I.A.J'O€D
,j
Y£M 5 COST • I 2934.8
~ COST • 1 2!l34.S
6 o Sl'C ~ ~
Y£M 7 COST • 1 2934,S o §.fC l...Al...I'O£D 4
0S/C ~:
1
VEFR 8 COST • 1 2934.8
'Y£M g COST • I 2934.8 0S/C~ ,j
~ 18 COST • I 293".S
~l1COST·' G386.6
o St'C
o S/C~-£D
L..A.tO-ED IJ
~ 12 COST • I 12338.4 o St'C l.A.J"O£D
I
1
!,
~ 13 COST • 1 12338.4 o S/C u:uo£D
~ 14 COST • I 15000 1 S/C '...PU'O-£D
* See Tables 7-22 and 7-23 for RF power comparis~n.
-557-
¥ 44!l
- . g Aq' .•..K, __ ¥ • @i. 4- !'.~;-' --->-- ta, ,
r.~~· -: ......... - '3
.,... r- • : . \!
Or t· .~-'" ,-.,. - •• •
TABu.: 7-15
1r
Parameters Printed by Baker-Melachrino Cost Model
Table 7-14
<:WT • Comm sis weight ........•..••....•.•.•..............•..•..•. 600
EIW • Electrical integration weight. , •....•...•..•...••.••.•..... 81. 6
Tam-l • Total fuel weight (apogee motor + perigee motor fuel) ...... 10,096
PM!. • Perigee motor lengtn .....................•••.•.•.........•. 8
CEWR • CO!!ID sis DC power ...................•.•.•...•..•...........2500'
TT<Jo1 • TT&C sis weight ..........•................................. 49.6
SIW • Structural integration weight ....................•....•.... 63.1
SCli-lT • sic launch weight .......................................... :8034.7
SCL • sic length ..........•...............•....•......•.......... 15
TRFP • Total RF power (sum of power a~p1ifiers) .......•........... 1000
STRW • Structure weight .•..•..•.•.....•...................•....•.. 293.7
PRPW • Propulsion Sis weight ..•...•..........•.•......•.....•..... 266.5
XNRTI . Inert weight of ~xternal apogee ~otor .......•.....•........ 0
XSCB ,. ~umber of batteries ..........•....................•........ 2
ACSW . ACS weight .•...•..•.......•......•................•........ 171.7
BSI..1T • Spacecraft bus ·07eight ........•.................•........... 1417.5
XNRT2 .. Inert weight of perigee motor system .................•..... 1763
XCLS . ~u:nber of solar cells ...................................... 29055
"PSI"; .. Eps weight ................................................. 19.8
OOFW . an·Orbit fwol weight ..•.......... : ........................ 357.2
CUW a 5TS cradle weigr.t ............•..........•.................. 3800
T3PR • Total bus power..................................... . ..... 3030
TH.•~ • Thermal weigb ............................................... 71.4
SC\l.JT • sic on·orbit weight ............................•........... 2374.7
p~. :II
Perigee :!lotor indicator .................................... 2
SOL .. Beginning of life solar array outp'.lt ....................... 4358
1r Format shown in Tabl~ 7-i6.
-558-
· - ... ~ i!!!iP¥4_W --
TABLE 7-16
WHEN A COMPLETE LISTING OF PARA"~TERS IS ~RINTEO, THEY ARE
IN THE FOl~OWING FOPMAT (SEE USER'S GUIOr FOR DEFINITIONS)
CWT TTCW STRW ACSW EPSW THRW
EIW 5IW PRPW BSWT OOFW SCOWT
TOTFW SCLWT XNRTl XNRT2 ClDW PMX
P!'1L SCl XSCB XCLS TBPR BOl
CPWR TRFP
______ ______________________ ________ -
~
-
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.
.
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100 %DO lOG.aD !lOCI lOOC1 ' ! !.aoa
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.... ~ t:. TACSAT
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2 10 3 10
10
S~TELLITE WEIGHT O~ GEOSYNCHRONCUS
ORBiT (k<;J)
FlGt!R..~ 7-5
DCA ~~del for Recurring s~ce~raft Costs in 1979 Dollars.
-560-
costs of a number of modern satellit~~ conform to the DCA re~~rring-cost equation;
the Figure 7-5 also repeats the ""laSS vs. primary do! power curve described earlier
showing the relatively consistent relacionship of almost 1:1 be~leen maea in orbit
in thousands of KG's and thousands of primary power in watts for most satellites.
Figure 7-5 predicts that a satellite having an on-orbit dry mass (apogee
kick motor expended) of around 1000 KG will cost around 40 ~illion dollars. It
It also shows that a large satellite weighing around 2500 KG in orbit will cost
around 100 ~nillion dollars.
Tables 7-17 and 7-18 illustrate the difference in final orbit weight -
which ~st also include the weigat of the burned-out apogee motor in ~ddition to
the structure, antenna, communications system, telemetry and controls, electri-
cal power, and mechanical integration weight making up the spacecraft mass.
Table 7-17 ill~strates the SBS payload weight budget for an STS launch illus-
trating largely the perigee motor propellant and har~~re and the cradle systen
mass whic~ must also be lifted into orbit. The Intelsat-V weight summary of
Table 7-18 shows the breakdown of the 1869 Kg mas') weight which the At~as-Centaur
l!lI.lst lift. The fir..a1 Intelsat-V dry mass in final orbit is a little greater tL3n
one thousand kilograms.
Tables 7-19, 7~20 and 7-21 list the weight su."IlJIIaries fer Intels3.t-V,
Japan BSE, and the Gennan TV-SAT showing that the percentage of satellite weight
devoted to corrmunication payload is around 20% while the antenna weight is
around 8%. In order to increase capacity spacecraft structure and other payload
weight must be transferred to antenna and eo~nication payload weight budget~.
Figure 7-6 shows how as the spacecraft dry mass increases, the payload percentage
of dry mass inc ... e .. ses thus giving credence to very large satellites or space
platforms and orbiting antenna forms (OAF) as proposed by Jaffe and Fordyce,
and Edels~n and Morgan in 1977.
-561- C-l
TABLE 7-17
Nominal SBS Payload Weight Budget
Sa te 11 ite in final oroil: 1200 lb
Apogee motor prope 11ant 1080
Perigee :notor propellant 3700
Perigee motor stage hardware 300
Cradle and airborne support e~~ipment 2200
Total pa~load in STS cargo bay 8500 lb.
TABLE 7-18
Nomina 1 INTELSAT.· V We ight Summary (Kg)
f~r Atlas-Centaur Launch
Satellite weight in final orbit 749.8
Apogee notor 922.5
Propuls ion iu~ 1
172.6
Total spacecraft weight at launch 1869.3
-562-
TABLE 7-19
INTEISAT-V !iummary for A::las-Centaur Launch
Subsystem Mass (Kg) Ave. Power
Structure/Thermal 183.1
Propulsion 35.3
Electrical power 141. 9
Communications transponder 174.6 780
Communicat~ons antenna 58.9
Te 1emetry. cOlIlll8nd. and rang'.ng 28.0 43.5
Controls 72.5
Electrical integration 40.1
Mechanical integration 15.4
Total 749.8 1004
Apogee motor 922.5
Propulsion fuel 1i2.6
Total spacecraft
Launch total 1869.3
!of.ass margins 24.4
-563-
TABLE 7-20
BSE Broadcast Satellite Weights
Power 161.1
ACS 59.2
Structure 106.8
RCS 105.2
TT & C 23.4
Mechanisms 60.8
COI:lIIlUnications 151.5
Thermal 49.5
Ballast 8.2
Contingency 3.7
730 1bs.
-564-
OR;G:~;\,\L P{,G~ IS
OF POOR QUALITY
TABLF. 7-21
TV-SAT A3 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
PAYLOAD 3 + 2 (spare) channels with 260 W TWTA s.
Separate transmit and receive antennas
Total Mass 167.3 kg
Power requirement 2238 Watt
Reliability (5 years) 0.930
SPACECRAFT Power BoM/EoM r y 3400 I 2850 W
System reliability (5 y 0.837
Bus reliability (10 y) 0.800
Payload Moaule mass 280.0 kg
. Service Module mass 300.0 kg
Propulsion Module mass 210/., kg
Propellant for transfer, apogee maneuver and
acquisition ARIANE: 593 kg, Shuttle: 825.0 kg
Propellants for attitude and orbit control 95 (max. 150) kg
Mercury for ion thrusters 10.0 kg
Total mass aftei' separation from
ARIANE 1 712.0 kg
Shuttle + SSUS-A 1 880.0 kg
Total length with extended arrays 19.25 m
SUBSYSTEMS Anten~a s'/stem with two deployable CFC
dishes and central tower 56.7 kg
Repeater with 5 TWTA' s of 260 W 110.7 kg
Power subsystem (50 V bus) 59.5 kg
U LP solar array 93.5 kg
Array drive assembly (BAPTA) 14.4 kg
Data system (TT8tC, data handling) 24.9 kg
Attitude/orbit measurement & control 48.5 kg
Unified propulsion system 91.5 kg
R ITA- 1 electrical thruster package (2) 32.6 kg
Structure (excl. adapter) 144.7 kg
Thermal control hardware 63.5 kg
Bus harness, pyrotechnics 26.4 kg
Balance mass, miscellaneous 5.0 (A) to 30 (S) kg
-565-
Wei ~J:itirr.-"'- '""fuffe"i-hffir"~"""._ _,;,,,,.. ,,,.'_$-TW_·~""-",,,,""'H""fd"""J""''''__
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SPACECRAFT ECONOMY OF SIZE
Figure 7-6 I
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SPINNERS
15' 500 Kg 1000 KgII!} 1500 Kg
I
EOL SPACECRAFT DRY MASS C~~ Ford Aerospace &
-.... - Communications Corporation
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7.4.6.2 Satellite Cost VB. Capacity.
One of the unrecognized aspect of satellite design is that relatively large
increases in satellite capacity in either bandwidth or in gigabits/second can
be achieved with relatively small increases in satellite weight. This relation-
ship beeween capacity and weight has been plotted by Staelin and Harvey
(NAS-5-25091) for satellite weights from 1000 to 20000 pounds for both present
day solar cell tec: .Jlogy and advanced power technology.
Another illustration of this feature is that Intelsat-V , with launch weight
of 1860 Kg will have a useful bandwidth at 4/6 GHz and 11/14 GHz of almost
l600~. By utilizing an additional 500 Kg of launch weight afforded by ARIANE-
III, this capacity can be increased to 2500 ~, a factor of increase of at least
1. 6.
7.4.6.3 Satellite Cost vs. Antenna Complexicy.
In general, antenna complexity impacts on satellite costs in a different
manner than only its weight Lmplication of around 8 to 10% in total satellite
weight:
o Complex antennas can greatly increase satelJite non-recurring costs
depending on the number of antennas involved, and the com~lexity of the
feed horns and driving networks.
o Complex antennas can add to length in the shuttle bay anr. therefore add
to ~aunch cost.
o Complex antennas can add to the attitude control req'.lire:nents and req1.lir,~
additional sensors, ground control, or additional fuel which must be
substituted for other payloads.
7.4.6.4 Satellite Cost vs. Power-Amplifier Power.
, Power-amplifier power require:nents for TV broadcast satellites greatly
i
control satellite coste - particularly when high power tubes are used. In a
-567-
£ "-At-,,
;
i
20,000
10 30 IOC
SATELLITE CAPACITY (Gbps)
Figure 7-7
Satellite weight andJower versus satellite r:apacity.
-568-
=r- ._ ~_= ....• """'...........,..-......... ___ " .-,..._ ...h. _ _ ~ -
fixed satellite syslem spac'~c-aft" such as Intelsat-V, mo::e that1 30 l'WTA's are
used with output poweu l'~ngir g "Tom 4.5 watts to 10 wat!=s. Intelsat-V has a
d. c. power:)Udget of 1000 ...,,,tts derived from a solar cell system providing up
to 1400 watts at beginning of life (BOL).
Whennrr such as the Te J e funlten 450-wa t t 1WTA or the Thomson-CSF lSO-wa tt
'lWTA are used, thtt .L c. power Lequi t'ements of these and therefore the efficien-
cy of tube~ operatiIlg \1.~ to 5(\7., eHie-Lency will be baseline to, and dO!llinate
the satellite dl'!;ngl1. f..;r a "atelli tt! having, say 2000 ...,atts available to the
power s,''TIpl J.f fer ...£1.". • tw~ 450-watt TWTA can be accommodated, or eight
•
12S,.watt '1'" F')r ~h.e Cans.Hlln·approved 51 dbw sstelHte design which uses
lower ,':-;.rer /,0 '..att lv/TA, at least 20 .:hannels can be accommodated - thereby
i -'_iustrar .ng the advantage of increased satellite cnpacity as compared to a
re la". i. ve ly small increase in ground antenna size.
Tables 7-22A and 7-22B extend Table 7-14 which used a total RF 3atura~ed
pot.er of 1000 'watts produced by its TWTA. Table 7-22 uses 600 ·..atts of RF
power (ex: four ISO-watt 'lWTA) and Table 7-23 uses 400 ...,atts of RF power (ex:
four 100-\.'att 'lWTA). Note that th~ sp3cecraft costs decreased from 63.'TIill~on
dollars to 41 million dollars to 33.6 ~illion dollars thus illustrating th~
pacing nature (with weight) of satellite RF p~er.
Table 23 summarizes the changes in principal space para~eters including
cost as a function of total RF power, in the ranges from 400 to 1000 -;.ratts of
RF power.
The total spacecraft cost varies from $101 million for 400 Natts to 169
million dollars for 1000 watts representing an increased in cost by 707.. Note,
however, that the spacecraft launch weight increases by a factor of slightly
less than 2 for the same RF power increase showing a significant change in launch
vehicle req~irement.
- 569-
ttr$
'.... "."
TABLE 7-22A
(Satellite with RF Power 600 Watts)
1
DELTA V1 - 2428.4' MISEC DELTA V2 • lB30.70 MISEC
COM WT • 400.0 LBS TTC WT. 49.S ~BS
~
ACS WT • 171.7 LBS
SOL· 2732.9 WATTS_
EPS WT -
BUS WT -
277.0 LBS
104'.2 LBS
1
)
ON-ORBIT FUEL WI· 263.4 LeS
SIC ON-ORBIT WT - 1708.8 LBS SIC
PERIGEE MOTOR 3 WAS CHOSEN
LAUNCH WT. 14779.7 LBS I
DELTA CO" WT • -200.0 LBS DELTA TTC WT • O. LBS i
~
DELTA ACS WT. O. LBS DELTA EPS WT • -S.S LBS
DELTA BUS POWER· -80.0 WATTS DELTA 8US WT • -1'3.1 LBS i
1
DELTA ON-ORBIT FUEL WT a -38.S LBS DELTA SIC ON-ORBIT WT • -391.7 LBS
DELTA SIC LAUNCH WT- -208'.7 LBS
DO YOU WANT A COMPLETE LISTINGS OF PARAMETERS1
THIS LISTING IS WITHOUT HEADINGS,l a VES,2·NO
=1.'----------------------------------------------------------~
47.4 See Tables
400.0 49.8 195.0 171. 7 277.0
54.4 41.9 208.3 1045.2 263.4 1708.S 7-l!:, 7-16
7507.4 14779.7 O. 17e3.7 o. 3.0 for
6.' 1~.O 2.0 18219.2 1900.0 2732.9 Format
1500.0 J 601).O~R~ Power
STANDARD COSTING FORMAT (DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
NUMBER OF SIC· 3 NUMBER OF ON-ORBIT SIC· 2
R&D COST • • 2'815.5 PROTOTYPE C~ST • • 25706.8
TOTAL NON-RECURRING COST • • 51522.4
PROTOTYPE REFURB COST • • 8S13.1 FIRST UNIT CaST • '20'65.5
FLIGHT MODEL COST • t 41131.0 ON-ORBIT INCENTIVES Z $ 20253.3
I SIC STORAGE COST • '1500.0
TOTAL SIC COST • '123019.7
PM COST • $ 9000.0 STS COST • $37326.6
TOTAL PROGRAM-COST-.-.1S~4S~- --~
YEAR
YEAR
1 COST •
2 COST •
•• 27534.1
49712.0
0
0
SIC
SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
3 COST •
4 COST •
•• 41355.8
14224.1
0
2
SIC
SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
5 COST •
6 COST or•• 2175.3
2175.3 0
0
SIC
SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCH£D
YEAH 7 COST • • 2175.3
217'.3 0 SIC LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
8 COST •
9 COSl ••• 2175.3 0 SIC
SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
10 COST I<
• 2175.3
11 COST ~ $ 4663.8
°°0 SIC
SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
12 COST • • 8652.2
13 COST • $
8652.2
0
0 SIC
SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED '-'_ I r'.r
YEAR 14 COST •
• 1500.0 1 SIC LA~NCHED
-570-
-M!jjjl¥. ssqa;~J!'-~'~--,"",::---.-'<~"_"'~~ ""'-.........""'P...
_ ....00000YMa>."""'~_Z$""'._~-~.-&Q Q¥!f- -442$(. 44 -t._ .' $!1ij
.'
TABU~ 7-22B
(Satellite with RF Power - 400 Watts)
DELTA VI • 2426.45 "/SEC DELTA V2 • 1830.7CJ M/SEC
COM WT ~ 300.0 LBS TTC HT • 49.6 L6S
ACS WT • 130.1 LBS EPS WT • 232.6 LBS
~ BOL 2 1956.2 WATTS BUS WT • 8S'.' LBS
ON-ORBIT FUEL WT· 21'.6 LBS
) SIC ON-ORBIT WT· 1371.0 LBS SIC LAUNCH WT ' S%24.2 LBS
PERIGEE MOTOR 1 WAS CHOSEN
DELTA COM WT • -100.0 LBS DELTA TTC WT· O. LBS
DELTA ACS WT' -41.S LBS DELTA EPS WT· -44.1 LBS
DELTA BUS POWER. -'40.0 WATTS DELTA BUS WT • -189.7 LBS
DELTA ON-ORBIT FUEL ~JT. -47.8 LBS DELTA SIC ON-ORBIT WT· -337.6 LBS
DELTA SIC LAUNCH WT. - " " . , LBS
00 YOU WANT A COMPLETE LISTINGS OF PA~~~ETERS?
THIS LIST1NG IS WITHOUT HEADINGS,1'YES,2'NO
21 -------------------------------,
37.3 See Tables
300.0 49.6 1'3.4 130.1 232.6
40.8
4984.6
33.0
9224.2
1 7tJ. -,
O.
21'.6 8".'
1371.0 7-15, 7-16
~8'.0 2483.8 1.0 for
1'.0 2.0 13041.1 1360.0 19'6.~ Foroat
7.0
1000.0 (400.0' "'"
~."" Power
STANDARD COSTING FORMAT (l)OLL.ARS IN THOUSANDS)
NUMBER OF SIC' 3 NUMBER OF ON-ORBIT SIC' Z
R&D COST' • 207'8.1 PROTOTYPE COST • • 2~027.8
TOTAL NON-RECURRING COST • • 4178'.9
PROTOTYPE REFURB COST • • 7864.4 FIRST UNIT COST • '16822.2
FLIGHT HODEL COST • • 33644.' ON-ORBIT INCENTIV~~ • • 166'9.0
SIC STORAGE COST • '1500.0
TOTAL SIC COST 2 '1014'3.8
PH COST 2 '11100.0 STS COST • '22'73.7
TOTAL PROGRAM COST 2 '13'1~7.4
YEAR 1 COST • • 2133'.8 0 SIC LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
2 COST •
3 COST •
••
39626.0
32890.4
0 SIC
0 SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
4 COST ·
5 COST =
••
12217.7
rei S. 9-- --
2 SIC
0 SIC':"
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHE'IJ
YEAR 6 COST • •
181'.9 0 SIC LAUNCHED
YEAR
Y~HR
7 COST •
8 COST •
••
IB1'.9
181'.9
0 SIC
0 SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
.
. ••
YEAR 9 COST 181'.9 0 SIC LAUNCHED
YEAR 10 COST 181'.9 0 SIC LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
11 COST •
12 COST •
••
3320.8
667':;.7
0 SIC
0 SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
YEAR
YEAR
13 COST •
14 COST •
••
667~.7
1500.0
0 SIC
1 SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
'-'-,S-
'·571-
~
-illiiliilililiillll........, - - ,- d @" ' .. _-Am . ~
K ted
, ,
I",!.
TABLE 7-23
Spacecraft Par~rneters as a Function of Total RF Power
Total RF Power in Watts
~OO baa 1000
Comm SIS wt 300 1bs 400 1bs 600 1bs
ACS SIS wt 130 1bs 171 1bs 171. 7 1bs
THC SIS wt 49 1bs 49.6 1bs 49.6 1bs
EPS wt 232 1bs 277 1bs 420 1bs
Bus wt 855 1bs 1045 1bs 1418 1bs
SIC C!'l-Orhit wt 1371 1bs 1708 1bs 2375 1bs
On-Orbf t Fuel 215 lbs 263 lbs 357 1bs
Total Fuel wt:
(Apogee &Peri~ee Fuel) 4984 1bs 7507 lbs 10.096 1bs
SIC Launch \iei ght 9224 1bs 14.779 1bs 18.035 1bs
Number of Solar Cells 13.041 18.214 29,055
aOL Power 1956 Watts 2732 l'latts 4358 Watts
Bus Power 1360 Watts 1900 Watts 3030 Watts
COM SIS Power 1000 Watts 1500 '.Iatts 2500 l..Jatts
~.;o Cust* 20.7 M 25.8 M 26.6 M
Prototype Cost* 21 M 25.7 M 39.2 M
Total Non-Recurring Cost* 41.8 M 51. 5 M 65.8 M
Fl ight Model Cost* (2 units) 33.6 ,., 41.1 M 62.7 M
On-Orbft Incentives ll.66 M 20.25 M 27.85 M
• *1980 doll ars
,I
I, -571A-
~_~_______________~_.________________________~___________________-______
- ~!_=rrw
· ___ __··~f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _' . ,. . . .
7.4.6.5 Satellite Cost va. Pointing Accuracy
It was shown in Section 5 that satellite technology now exists wilich can
0
now provide pointing accuracies oi 0.05 thereby making practical contoured
and spot beam operation with antenna beam widths as ~rrow as 0.125° (3 db).
In order to improve this pointing accuracy, as pointea up in Section 5, ex-
traordinary techniques such as the use of star sensors and/or mcnopulse systems
using ground control must be utilized for both spinner and 3-a>':is body sl:abill.zed
sa te 11 i te s .
0
The c~st of satellites requiring pointing accuracy better chan 0.05 will
increase rapidly and r4~~ire the exchange of much communications payload and
antenna payload for ACS payload, and greatly impact a satellite capacity by
reducing the number a~d powe~ levels of transponders which can be accomm)dated
by typical satellites of the lOOO-kg weight class.
rhe case of inc.:reased antenna complexity in a larger sa!:eilite or on a
space platform in order to achieve improved system capacity provided by sp~tial
diver~ity. will r~quire more precise attitude control components in order to
achieve pointing accuracies mur.h better than 0.05°. Such a sic sy~tem c~n u~e
coarse attitude control for th1! platform syste'lls or spacecr;;;.ft and gimballed
antennas with very fine attit~de control by providing control from the ground
using a mono~ilse system on the spacecraft antenna.
Table 7-23 lists the cha~ges produced in attitude control sys~em {ACS) ~eight
and on-board fuel weight for RF pCl\o'er variation from 400 to 1000 ·",atts. No":e
the absence of change in ACS weight for larger RF power; the on-orbit fuel,
however, increases by a factor of almost 50%.
-571B-
""
I
I
l.5 Earth Terminal Costs
While satellit~ costs are pri~arily dictated by launch vehicle weight
capdbility, earth terminal TVRO costs are dictated by anten~a size and receiver
LNA noise temperature.
In this seccion, earth terminal costs for TVRO terminals wili oe explored
for UHF reception from space using a CiT ~ 0 db/K, for 2.54 CHz community TV
reception using a G/T a 0 db/K and for 12 GHz reception for direct-to·user appli-
cations using a C/T • 8 dB/K.
The costs will be developed for small quantities, and for ~~antities of
100,000, I,OUO,OOO, and 10,000,000. The costs derived will be primarily cost·
of-sales costs based on materials and labor involved.
It must ~e appreciated that those costs will be predicated for devices
and subsystems which, for the most part, have been manufactured in only relative-
ly small quantities to date (1980). They do not represent costs which can be
immediately contracted for but will req'lire the cycle of development, proto-
type manufacture, and then full manufacture to meet the specifications (i.e.,
2 dB ~F at 12 GHz) required in large quantities.
Many excellent analyses of terminal ~osts have been provided in the past 1
based on no~ only terminal characteristics but also based on Delta 2914 and 3914,
Atlas-Centaur and Shuttle costs and launch capabilities. These costs analyses
have provided considerable insight into the cost/user and cost/terminal of various
earth terminal sizes and costs ~s asscciated with various launch vehicles. How-
ever, significant changes in launch vehicle availability as discussed in Sect.7.3,
coupled wi.th increased launched and 3atellite costs* and greatly reduced earth
*For exa:nple, R. Keiley et aI, "Communications Systems Technology Assessment
Study, Vol~~e II Results, Contract NAS-3-20364 for NASA Lewis Research Center.
-572-
1¥f¥¥
terminal costs, NNe made a n~w cost assessment mandatory - particularly for earth
terminal quantities well over 100,000.
Many of the earlier analyses also utilized earth terminals at 12 Gat with
diameters g~eater than 1 meter. This section will continue the earth terminal
designs of 0 dbl oK at UHF and S-band and 8 db 10 K at 12 Gat. This will sUnplify
the cost analysis since, at 12 Gat, for example, the l-meter antetL~ has been
largely associated with 12 GHz direct-to-user down-links as a result of WARC-77
and it is therefore possible to concentrate on specific antenna and receiver
designs and associ3ted costs instead ~f attempting to parametrically relate
antenna size GIT, quantity and launch vehicle type over wide range of parameters.
In 1969, the author published new approach to establishing ~inimum costs
of an earth terminal for a particular G/T as a function of antenna size, by
recognizing that the antenna costs versus diameter was essentially parabolic with
an inverse curve existing for L~ noise temper2ture versus cost. By combining
antenna ga~n, and system noise temperature derived from an~enna noise te~perature
at a particular elevation and LNA noise temperature, a curve of antenna diameter
versus cost for various G/T as shown in Figure 7-8 could be derived.
Howeve r, in this report the antenna sizes are s.harp ly l imi ted in range and
I low noise a~plification over wide ranges of noise temperature is both relatively
inexpensive and without major cost differential thereby making the G/T versus
cost curve of Figure 7-8 of relatively little value since it mu~t be limited to
a narrow range of antenna dia:neters and enjoy the "luxury" of very low noise
tet::perature L'IA' s in low cost ranges which were not conceivable only a decade ago.
As will be described in the paragrapns to follow, the ante~~~s to be used
include Yagi arrays at UHF, lO-ft dia:neter anten.'1as at: 2.64 GHz, a,1Q a variety
of antenna types having essentia 11y a one square meter a.perture at 12 GHz. The
L~'s will be transistor or FE! amplifiers at tTHF and S-band, and FET a:np:ifiers
-573-
¥§! ...
AQi_._~"po;~~·~~,", _ -...a-...'i!"'_~ a,..!Q_
-"i@!E¥$....",.......... .........
..,._:_.w_eu_~
.. ~ ...~ ..
"",..."...
-;;-""'-..."...
~ --- ~~--""""-II!II!"lI!!l!'PIJI!IIII""".
or Schottky ~arrier diode mixers at 12 GHz, all of which represent law cost
techniques at UHF and S-band and potentially low cost techniq·.les at 12 GHz.
Thus, the thrust of this section is to explore ttue device costs rather
than ~onduct parametric analyses and to determine the feasibility of the long
sought-after I-meter 12GHz TVRO terminal costing around $500.
7.5.1 The Cost Heritage of 4 GHz TVRO Systems.
As p0inted out in Section 6, the broadcast satellite small TVRO earth
terminal will be able to significantly utilize ~ny new developments ~de for
color TV receivers and in 3, 4.5, and 10 meter TVRO terminals built for TV
program distribution using WESTAR and SATCCM satellites.
Domestic satellite distribution of TV-programming was first initiated in
the mid 1970's by the broadcast of a Mohamed Ali fight to cable TV users and a
major i~d~~cry was underway. At that time, the first TVRO terminals used
10-meter antennas with uncooled paramps and fairly expensive 4 GHz down converters
and Tv receivers. Such terminals c~~t in eAcess of $lOOK. As the FET a~plifier
! with its lS00 K noise temperature at 4 GHz appeared on the scene circa 1975,
1 both Andrews and Scientific Atlanta advertised a la-meter TVRO antenna using
t
-f
1 a Ga.\s FET u~ and a standard 4 GHz TV Receiver for $60,000.
I
!
As co~petition increased, and the FCC permitted the use of 4.5-meter Receiver
only antennas, then 4-S-meter TVRO antennas with uncooled paramps and standard
re~~ivers became available for around $35,~OO.
As the nu:nber of antennas :nanufactured increased (>201)/month in Spring 1980)
and L~ costs reduced from $S-10K to around $2K, receiver ~osts also dropped,
and by 1980 a high quantity TVRO terminal with a 4.5 meter antenna was available
for purchase for ccsts ranging from $5K tC' $lSK. During thi.s time, the Mutual
Broadcasting System purchased 700 small earth terminals (radio receive-only) for
its affiliates at less than $5K per unit, and an era of very low cost earth
termina:s was initiated.
-S74-
This !!I&nufacturing experience at 4 GHz coupled with the development of
new integrated circuits for color TV and cable TV systems, and law cost macs
produced GaAs ~ceivers directly impacts on the cost of TVRO terminals at ~dF.
S-band and 12 GHz..
The news ~f a filing by COMSAT and Sears Roebuck Co. for a TV-broadcast
satellite not only created new interest in the potential for TV-broadcast at
the 12.2-12.7 GHz frequency, but also, with the FCC de-regulation of TVRO earth
terminals, a renewed interest in private TVRO terminals to access the more than
40 channels of television at 4 GHz from the g~ostationary are serving the U.~.
This interest in 4 GHz TVRO earth terminals not only created a $37.5K
TVRO terminal sold as a Christmas ~resent by Nieoan Marcus of Dallas, Texas,
in 1979, but also started a "bargain" or law cost business in 4 GHz TVRO earth
tet~inals for ?resent users; in COO?'S Satellite D~gest TI-SlSO, it was reported
that S~~RV~v, 0t ?aca Hontas Arkansas, for example, is averaging a shipment of
2-3 TVRO terminals per day.
Table 7~24 lists approximat~ costs for a home satellite TVRO system at
4 GHz. The deluxe system is the equivalent of a l~JRO terminal at the quality
purchased ~y a Cable TV user. The Standard and bargain TVRO's represent the
"Lincoln Continental" and "FORD Fairlane" modes, while a "PINTO" q-.xality at
lowest possible cost is even now a reality.
Table 7-25 lists the published prices:Jf some aV'li1able standard and bar-
gain TV~O's as of July 1, 1980. Note that they range from $13K to $4K. Tables
7-26 a~d 7-27 lise typical published a~tenna, ~, down-converter and receiver
prices, asain showing the wide variation between companies depending on the
quality and in the case of the antenna, on the actual techniques for construc-
tio~ used. The antenna and L~ costs are high - in the $1500 range f~r a lO-ft
ante~~a exclusive of mount, and around $lK for an L~ (the ~EC FEr's still are
-575-
TABU: 7-24
App~oxim&te Costs of C~mponents of a Home
Satellite System at 4 GHz
Deluxe Standard Bargain
____________________________________G~r~o~u.p~in~ga_____G_r~o~u~p~i~n~g~___Pr~~ices~_______
Antenna Dish
15 foot dia. $7000
10 foot dia. $2500 $ 900
Antenna Feed
TWo units 2000
One unit • 1000 500
Low Noise Amplifier
TWo units 6000
One unit 3000 1000
Microwave Receiver 3000 30ao 2300
TV Mudulator 1200 400 150
Complete Set of Components* $19200 $9900 $4850
* to which must be added the cost of shipping, foundations, installatio~, etc.
-Si6-
TABLE 7-25
Published Prices of Low Cos~ Complete TVRO Systems
for 4 GHz Domestic Satellites such as SATCOM-l
- Microwave Associates, Burlington. Mass~
4.5 meter $13975
12 foot $12700
10 foot $ 9990
SATELCO. Pico Blvd. , Los Angeles
20 ft $12500
16 ft $ 7995
10 ft $ 6995
- Microwave General. Mountain View, Calif .
•
16.6 ft $13900
13 ft $11900
10 ft $ 9900
- Antenna Dev. & Mfg. Inc., Poplar Bluff. Mo.
11 ft $6480
Satellite Television Systems, Poplar Bluff. MO.
1.0 ft $3995
Starview System, Poca Rontas, Ark.
10 ft Trailer mounted $7201)
10 ft Specia 1 $3995
-577-
¥. u
TABLE 7-26
Published Prices of Low Cost TVRO Antennas
for Use at 4 GHz
- Marble E)gctronics, North Weymouth, Mass ~
~
4 ft $ 98
6 ft
8 ft
12 ft
16 ft
Satellite Television Systems, Poplar
$ 195
$ 449
$ 695
$1195
Bluff,~
I
1
1j
13 ft Dish $2295 1
10 ft Dish $1695
10 ft Dish with $1995
mount & feed
j
- Antenna Dev. & Mfg., Poplar Bluff. Mo. •1
11 ft $2765
1
Vidiark Electronics, Salem, Ark.
12 ft Spherical Kit $ 750
- l~agner Industries, Aiva, C~~~a.
10 ft Spherical with horn $ 925
12 ft Spherical with horn $1650
16 ft Spherical with horn $2925
Prodelin, Highstown, N.J.
2 ft $ 275
4 ft $ 485
6 ft $ 590
9 ft $ 850
10 ft $1400
rilt mount $595 for 8-10 ft
Andrew, OIla nil Pa rk, III ino is
4 ft $ 480
S ft $ 590
9 ft $ 930
10 ft $1580
rilt mount $460 for 8-10 ft
Tristar, Van Epps Rd, Cleveland, Ohio
10 ft Fiberglass $875
-578-
TABLE 7-27
Published Price. of Low Cost 4 GHz LNA 1 • and TVRO
Receiver Systems
Avantek LNA plus dc power supplied via RF cable $1099
Gi:lespie Kit (Menlo Park) $ 125
Requires two NEC 218 FET $ 110
DEXCEL WA
Blrkill 4-stage bipolar LNA $ 175
Down Converters 4 GHz to 70 ~
GHz Engineering (Phoenix) $ 400
Satellite Innovations ~inston, Salem) $ 895
Telepath (San Jose) $ (,50
- Avantek (IF at 950-1450 MHz)
Receivers 4 GHz to Video/Audio includes remodulation
Vitalink Corp (Palo Alto) - includes LNA $3000
lCM (Oklahoma City) $ 995
with remote $1149
Satellite Television Systems
Avantek u~ + Barker Receiver $2000
STT (Arcadia, CA) - Washburn Receiver ~ $2000
Microwave Associates - VR-4x Receiver ~ $2000
-579-
a major cost item) •
However, as competition continues to increase, and techniques are developed
to address the private user market which will expand as TVRO prices plummet
below $5K, these prices will continue to decrease and the development of a
"radio &!D&teur ll market and 'lIentality will do much to spearhead the cause of low
cost TVRO terminals at 700 ~, and 2.5 GHz and certainly in the direct-to-user
marketplace at 12 GHz.
7.5.2 Cost Considerations of G/T.
In 1969, the author published a use of cost versus antenna diameter (gain)
and L~ cost versus oK showing that by combining the two curves, relating cost
versu., antenna diameter for a fixed value of GIT, a minimum or optimum receive
cost can be achieved. This is a result of the antenr~ cost increasing with size
and the LNA cost decreasing with increased noise temperature as shown in Figure
7-8. As the antenna size starts to dominate GIT, one pays primarily for antenna
structure since high noise temperature devices are very inexpensive. As the
antenna diameter is decreased, at some point, the cost of receiver sensitivity
suddenly increases and rises to infinity because a negative noise temperature is
0
impossible to achieve, and the useful ranges of noise temperature below 50 K for
the L~ only (included in the system noise tempe.ature which includes antenna
noise temperature and losses between the feed and the L~) require succinctly,
an uncooled paramp, a cooled paramp, and a maser - the latter device costing
approximately a million dollars.
Figure 7-9 shows actual cost versus antenna gain (instead 01 size) and
receiver (L.~) no .. se temp~rature versus cost for TVRO :Iystems in the 0.8 GHz,
2.54 GHz and 12 GHz bands. Note that in each case, the receiver noio~ temperatures
o
are reia ti'!e ly high (400-600 K) and the antennas sma 11 at all three frequencies.
ag;a;a_ Mi4 ¥ - «¥
( -'
Antenna Diameter
\ __ Maser
Cryogenic paramp
~ThermoelectricallY cooled paramp
.u
(II
"< Uncooled paramp
a ~MIXER
u ____
- rFET
L~ ~oise Temperature
.u
(II
o
u
Antenna Diame ter
Figure 7-8
-581-
=
Or • \,'.
-0
::..::
....,
1.5
-
a)
101
as 1
0
Q
~
c::
..,
co 0.5
0
t..)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Antenna Diameter (Feet)
(Reflector Only)
GHz
1 2.5 GHz
..,
:3 ~
0.8 GHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
LNA ~oise Figure (foB) 30 dB Gain
Figure 7-9
.'
-582-
. . . . . ._~,..
. . _~
.. 'i_ -._ 4- azw--
At 12 CHZ, a CiT • 8, for example, will requ~re a system noise temperature
('If almost lOOO"K to au~;ment an antenna galn f)f 38 dB. At 2.54 CHz, • CiT • v
will be provided by an antenna dian~ter of 1.5 meters and a 28 dB galn and a
a
system noise temperature of around 800 K will be required. At 0.8 CHz, a 3-meter
o
antenna will give a gatn of 24 dB and a system noise temperature of 400 K will
be required.
An interesting aspect of the present cost analysis is that both the curve.
of ~~ versus cost and the curves of ar.~enna diameter versus cost are in the
range of essentially both lowest cost 'nd very low differential cost with respect
to diameter change. Thus, full curves of cost versus antenna gain or diameter
for large antenna gain ranges and for wide ranges of G/T are rather meaningless,
and it is :nore meaningful to concentrate on the techniq·.1es)f cost .:eduction
and low cost manufact.ring processes for both the antenna and the LNA/receiver.
7.5.3 Considerations of Quantity Production.
As pointed C'Ut in USSG Bc/851 Rev. 1, Oct. 1, 1975, producing units in large
quantities reduces the average cost per unit. The quantity factor in cost re-
duct ion can be represented by:
Q (n) • L 1.og 2 N
where, Q (n) • quantity coH factor, L" learning, factor which typically ranges
between .85 to .95 and N a production ~.1antity.
Figure 7-10 shows a plot of Q (n) for several values Jf L as a function of N.
Also shown are several data points for antennas, transistor a'Uplifiers, converters,
and parallps. From this it is concluded that as the per unit complexity increases
as fo ..· the para:nps, learning (Le., through higher production quantiti.es), be-
comes more signifi.cant. In contrast, the antenna, ~ilich is not as labor intensive
and therefure c,)mplex, exhibits a less significant reduction in cost throu~h
learning,
-583- W t~·
___ triW" be
··W
~.~ --=-~""""'''!IH~-.;'''''''''''''!'''~-",",~~~~-~~--:.","~--'-""';SZ--~ _"",,",,-_.
-'}-~
QUANTITY COST FACTORS ..
A, ANTE~ NA 30 dB GAl N
1.0 T, TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
C,CONVERTER
P, PARA'~P (UNCQOLED)
o.a
0.13 t
0.4
o T,C
L· O.E;j
0.2 o
o
to 10:) 10:)
/ P:1CDUCTIQN QUANTITY
Cost ;dv~~tage of Q~~~tity Productic~
Figure 7-10
-584-
li!'___ - :q:;:4#!? _ 7£( 14 £
Other CCIR study group documents hava added insight to the prediction of
quantity production CO.1ts for TVRO ~arth termina le. Table 7-25 of FlGn/2-USA-4
hal predicted a unit cost of $2000 for a TVRO for community reception at 2.6 GHz
(in line wi::~, present 4 GHz TVRO termin·de extended to 10000 units) and only
$1400 a piece for 100,000 of such terminal~. Note the increasing cost .a the
frequency is reduced. At 700 :1Hz, of course, the higher cost comes from ".nteana
structure and ~terials even tho~gh a significant reduction in th~ coat of the
combinec.. J.NA and receiver (integrated into or.e system).
Figure 7-11, derived from a NASA LRC study*, shows a useful displ~y of co.ts
for 12 GHz TVRO terminals as a function of G/T for units from 10 to 1,000,000.
Note that at a G/T - 8 db/OK, a unit price for 10 would ~e around $2000 *h11e
for 1,000,000 !Jnits, the unit price would be around $450. This is consistent
with prices qUoted in Japan by SONY and NEC.
7.5.4 Aspects of Mass Production of Antennas and Integrated Circuits.
The TVRO antenna system at any of the three fre~Jencies will be ~de up of
an ,1!'itenna a.nd a ~~/Receiver; the lattdr device will be considered as a two-
box device interconnected hy cab le with the ~ box mount.!d on the feed 0;;'
integra ted ·.... i th the ante~ feed, and tlle ree ... :ver loca ted ins ide a :T..1e 11 in& or
enclosure near to the TV set or the cable i~put system
The TVRO system cos~s in large ~Jantitles therefore are dependent on three
major cost ite~s which in ~ss production will each become very law in cost; the
i ante~~a and its ~unt, the law noise amplifier or a~plifyi~g d~-converter,
I and the receiver.
* Resu 1 ts ') f COIT'J!IU:': Va t ion Sys tems Techno logy Asse ssmen ts Study" (October 1977),
Repart (Vols. 1 and 2), prepared for the ~&tional Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
•
-585-
____________________~____ • ________~__________~_·__
~u·.···____~. .__. . .
·~.·
('
OF
.. , '
t;~ :.,
TABLE 7-25
Cost Figures Ba9cd on Doc. P1en./2- U.S.A. -4 for
TVRO Earth Terminals fo~mmunitz Re~p.ptio~ ___
I
I
Frequencv 12 GHz 2.6 GHz 70< MHz
Number of Video 1 1 3 1 3
3
Channels
1. Receiving Terminal 1 650 3 150 2 000 3 500 2 600 4 Iv!)
Unit Cost (US $) (In
production q'~ntities
of 10 000 units)
2. Cost of 10 000 16.5 31.5 20.0 35.0 26.0 41.0
Receiving Terminal
Units (US $ K 10 6)
3. Receiving Terminal i 200 2 300 1 400 2 500 1 900 3 000
Unit Cost (US $)(In
production quantities
of 100 000 units)
4. Cost of 100 000 120 230 140 250 190 300
Receiving Terminal
Units (US $ x 10 6 )
-586-
5 X 10 41-----+-----+---
-----i ..
5 X l031--_ _ +-_ _.-.-_ _-+-_ _-+-__~
2
10
-6~----~------~------~------~
-1 4 9 It: 34 39
Earth Station costvs. G/T (12 GHz band, receive-only terminal)
Figure 7-11. Antenna Gain/System Noise Tem~rature (dB/K)
-587-
£""ffiY"S f_~~";"
._.
,_........
__ ~~
....... __ ·H...
· ... "'...
Jt-""··... ·p.....«
--,.... ...
httiF
...
· ... b . . . . . . ,. .. .i"
-i&....., _.............,........ ....
A ... A ...
$(t.... ~m'""·
"1. . ft;.",jw
...... iIlIi1I4_·'
' ....alii'.··
The antenna costs will be determined largely by the cost of tooling, handling,
assembling, and the cost of materials. Assuming, for example, a $500,000 tooling
~
1,,
cost (typical for an automobile fender of about the equivalent size of a l-meter
•
antenna dish) then at a quantity of 100,000 units, a tooling cost of $0.50 ~st
be a-Jded to the material Rnd handling cost. j
The LNA, particularly at 2.54 GHz and 12 GHz will depend on transistor cost 1
1
(S-band) and FET device cost at 12 GHz. FET costs are reducing rapidly at 4 GHz
from $200 in 1978 to $50 in 1980, and quantity production of FET's by the ~illion
could well bring about the advent of the dollar FET and therefore the very in-
expensive rET a~plifier (printed on ~onolithic gallium arsenide).
7.5.4.1 A Note on Integrated Circuit Manufacturing Costs.
A significant reduction in TVRO receiver cost will be achieved when, as in
most color TV and FM receivers, the significant receiver circuit functions can
be prc...vided by a set of integrated circuits which can be mounted on a single PC-
board and powered by a simple d.c. power supply. This note will serve AS a~
introduction to ~cth FACe in having special integrated circuits made for its
eart:1 termina Is. and recent publications describing hew integrated ·~ircuit cost
is determined.
In a ?aper by H. DicKens*. a detailed description for establishing f~ctory
costs and fair market prices for more traditional integrated circuits such as
RA~{' s and linear operational a:nplifiers is given. These are typical of most
circuits to b~ used in a lVRO receiver, exclusive ot the h~ and mixer which may
be antenna ~ounted at the feed and connected to the receiver by a cable which
also supplies d.c. p0wer to the LNA. Table 7-76 lists a cost breakd0wo of four
integrated circuits as provided by Dick~ns. Note that the C0St is deter~ined
by wafer costs and yields and not ~y the circuit. The wafer cost is a function
*H. E. Dickens, "How .. 0 Determine Fair Market Prices f0r Integrated Circuits",
Defen.se Electr';ili:..S, June 1930.
-588-
TABLE 7-26
Typical Integrated Circuit Final Costs
as per H. K. Dicken
64K RAM 16K RAM - Four-Inch Wafer
(plastic Package) 4-inch wafer 4-inch wafer Linear
(1981) (4 ~) ( 1. 5 EJ.) Op Amp
Die size (mils) 160 x 240 145 x 234 75 x 75 72 x72
Die area (sq. mils) 38,400 33,930 5,625 5,184
Dice per wafer 286 323 2,142 1,300
Wafer probe yield 15% 201- 657- 401- 11
Good dice per wafer 43 64 1,392 520
I
Wafer cost (4-in.) $70 $75 $175 $50 ~
.~
Cost per good die $1. 63 $1. 17 $0. 126 $0.096 !
~
16-pin packaging cost $1.00 $0.08 $0.08 $0.06
Asse~bly yield 90% 85'7. 85% 75% 1j
,
Total packaged cost $2.91 $1.47 $0.2L, $0.21 "'~
~
Testing cost $0.75 $0.50 $0.50 $0.05
•
Final test yield 65"7.. 70% 70% 70% i1
Total manufacturing cost $5.65 $2.81 $1. OS $0.37 ij
Estimated volu~e purchase price $11.29 $5. SO $2.10 $1. 25
~
j
.l~
]
'J
-589-
of resolution but, as shown in Table 7-27, is dominated by labor and depreciation
and yield. According to Dickens, a factory capability of approximately 500 wafers/
shift must be reached before an economical Ie operation can be achieved.
After wafer cost is determined, the yields of various processing steps must
be estimated to arrive at a typical factory cost for an integrated circuit.
Industry typically divides the process into four different yield factors. Wafer
processing yield ranges from 75 to 90 percent and includes yield losses due to
broken waf~rs, processing errors, and other handling factors that occur before
the wa~er has finished the process sequen=e. Autumatic handling pr0cedure~ will·
increase yield drastically.
The wafer probe yield is the largest variable in calculating cost. The
yield is primarily related to random defects due to dust particles or other fac-
tors, and is primarily a function of die area. Bipolar rlavices will have a lower
yield than MOS devices primarily because of the added processing st~ps, such as
epitaxial growth. After the wafer has been processed and probed, it must be
assemble~ in a package or chip carrier. There is typically an 80-90 percent
yield for this process step, depending primarily on the number of pins in the
package.
Selected circuits of the SCT-8 modems were identified as candidates for LSI
Ie's, and vendors were solicit~d for their manufacture. Design and layout manuals
were ~btained from EXAR, INTElL~TIONAL MICROCIRCUITS (Master MOS), and INTERDESIGN.
The INTERDESIGN manual was far superior to the other two, and gave details and
photographs of the local interconnections required tetween groups of transistors
to form digital functions such as multiple-input gates, flip-flops, registers,
etc. In addition. large ~olored layout sheets showi~g the arra~gement of the
transistors and underpass connections on the chip (200 times normal size) were
provided, together with sets of transparent overlays that furnish the inter-
connections of transistor arrays to form specific circuit functions.
-590-
------ '-, - -,. _ • _~ r ,~ __ ...- _ ~
_*,,"""-_
... _...............-=.~~~ ...---~-". ~ ............ -- "•••~.:...-~,.~.~II:Ii.~ _• _,_.-~""""~'~'*""'''''...,,"-",,"".;... ...'''''·-v...·OOiti'..........., ....
· .......·'''''
......
·4.....'''' -*'r.
.......c:;z
...
' ... _""'~..............
...'... ' . .'tf
ffi........ . .....
,"...
_""....dt-~
A-.y.4iMfit\ji
...
''''... ."",,,,,"4'--"
......-..,'"
TABLE 7-27
Future Fac~ory Wafer Cost.s CMOS)
i-;,eso1ution 1-2 micron 0.5-1 micron
Wafer (4- 'In. ) $12.00 $13.00
Supplies $ 5.00 $ 5.00
Labor $25.00 $25.00
De prec ia t ion $17.00 $63.00
Yield 70% %65
•
Factory Cost $84.00 $163.00
-591-
The selected circuits were given to Interdesign for an estimate of the
costs of partitioning the circuits into LSI chips, performing the layout operation,
and fabricating a set of prototype pac~ages. An early Interdesign brochure
offered the service of converting the customer's logic diagram to semi-custom
interconnection layouts and were cos ted at $5K-$50K, depending on the complexity
(average cost $15K). However, that company now requires a production order for
about 10,000 packages before emba~king on a layout. This means that for small
productions of a few hundred packages, the layout must be done by the customer.
If the customer generates the desired interconnection pattern, Interdesign will
make the interconnection mask and supply 20 tested prototype packages for $2,800.
If these are found to be satisfactory, the desired production proceeds, and the
cost of the production LSI packages depend on the quantity ordered, but is about
$20 each for 100 packages, falling to $7 each for 5,000 packages.
Table 7-28 lists the non-recurring, recurring, and total costs for both PC
circuit boards and semi-custom LSI. Note that the final costs of IC's for what
are rather complex circuits are very low, $10 or less, and that further compact-
ness by reducing the :nict"on ~ize of gates further reduces IC cost rather than
increasing it.
FACC has had considerable experience in developing special LSI circuits
which include a "receiver on a chip" and uses a wide variety of such special or
custom circuits in the modems of the Ford SCT-8 X-band military earth terminal.
Some of the FACe experience in developing complex custom LSI IC's has been re-
ported by H. S. Tomlin (Tech Memo 75-5/78-1) and is summarized here for the
digital circuits involved. The cost per package at the 5000 unit level of $5.85
l LSI package compares very advantageously with a PC board cost of $21.27.
l\:I the "l'..1IDber of units increases, this cost differentia 1 will s".:eatly change in
form of the LSI IC's.
-592-
. I
TABLE 7-28
CGiPLEX DIGITAL CIRCUII
Non-Recurring Costs
P.C. Boards Semi-Custom LSI
Mechanical Eng:neering $1,050 Initial I8yout $1,440
Drafting, etc. 2,875 Taping & Prototypes 2,800
Total NRE $3,925 $4,240
Recurring Costs
P.C. Boards Semi-Custom LSI
No. of Fab & Assy ICs Boards + Cost of Packages
Systems of Boards (MSI) ICs Chips
1 $ 353 $ 6.17 $ 359
100 6,195 617 6,812 2,000
1000 22,540 6,170 28,712 15,000
5000 71,590 30,850 102,440 30,000
Total Costs (Non-Recurring + Recurring)
P.C. Boards Semi-Custom LSI
~o. of
Systems
Cost Per
Board
I Cost Per
package
,,
~
1 $ 4,284 - -
100 10,737 107.37 $ 6,240 $62.40
1000 32,62 7 32.64 19,240 19.24
.-
5000 106,",65 21,27
I 34,240 5.85
Based on cost of production LSI packages (24 pin)
100 (:;1in. order) . . ................. $20 each
SOO ................................. $15 each
25;)0 ................................. $ 7 each
SOD:) ................................. $ 6 each
-593-
nEst ,/
SC#¢ittb±"* t=e ,- h ---. -,
- _ g t
According to FACe's lawrence Wilson who heads the modem production for the
NATO-III earth terminals being made by FACe, even in simple circuits where LSI
is contemplated, an advantage over pe boards is realized due to the fact that,
say for an LSI chip with only 20 transistors, the individual transistors may
actually cost less than the 20 translators in the LSI chip, but the labor costs
of inserting the individual transistors into an expensive pe board ($50- SS00
depending on size), and the testing and inspecti.on cycles will bring the cost
of the final PC-board far in excess of that of an LSI Ie even for very small
quant it :-:s .
7.5.4.2 A No~on Antenna System Manufacturing Costs.
The LSI and integra~ed circuit cost description in the preceding paragraph is
primarily material/technology intensive and labor costs per-se playa secondary
role.
In the case of antenna costs and LNA costs, the opposite is true; labor is
a primary contribution to the total costs, and the following paragraphs will
discuss the nature of the labor and ~terial costs contributions to total costs.
Antenna costs are very mature from the .<;tandpoint of the learning factor
discussed in Figure 7- 10. Table 7-29 lists learning factors developed by the
Stanford Electronics Laboratorles in 1975 showing that all learning factors ~hould
be high for the RF portions. At base-band, as would be init ia 11y expected it~
1975 before the ~jor advent of IC use in color TV receivers, and the development
of TVRO receivere, this learning factor would be less. However, the use of Ie's
changes the learning factor to even higher rhan that of the R}' comt>onc!nts,
Historically, a,ltenna and ~icrowave amplifier costs have been dominated by
labot' cvsts. A large IO-meter ant.:nna recpires '!Uch labIJr in :nanufact'~.C'e of
panels, support .tructure, and ~ount, and in the a~~embly and installation of
-594-
I
J
TABLE 7-29
Design Learning Factors
Learning Reference
Item Factor Reference
0 Antenna Reflector 0.93 (Stanford, 1975*)
0 Feed 0.93 (Stanford, 1975)
0 Receiver 0.94 (Stanford, 1975)
0 to 0.94 (Stanford, 1975)
0 Base~nd Circuits 0.85(1975) (As stL'TM!d)
0.96(1980) (Assumed)
0 Power Supply 0.95 (Assumed)
* Stanford Communications Sate llite Planning Center, "Communication
Satellite and Earth Station Hardware Review", Vol. 2, Technical
Report No.2, Stanford Electronics Laboratory, Stanford University,
August 1975.
-595-
f,' systems. An RF amplifier, assuming the use of production quality microwave
devices (not state-of-a~t experimental, eng~neering modes, or one-of-a-kind) is
also labor intensive, requiring significant assembly, test, checkout, inspection,
etc., to meet published or contracted specifications. Yield, of course, contri-
butes an important factor if significant variations in, say, tran.istor S-para-
meters, are involved.
Figure 7-12, due to Dr. R. Harvey and Professor D. Staelin of MIT (Contract
NAS-5-25091) plots tha inflation rates for both labor and :Mterials showing the
growth in these rates whic~ significantly affects any attempt to make long-term
predictions of high labor content components.
Until recently, antenna costs for even small diameter antennas ~ere high
because of the small volume by which antennas were procured thereby requiring
considerable individual unit fabrication and ~king the cost of tooling non-
economical. Figure 7-13 lists antenn... and !Ilount :.:osts versus reflector diameter
of Prodelin antennas for costs from ~"l tel N-SOOO as of 1976 and the catalog
price in 1979. (150 Prodelin 10-ft antennas ~ere procured for the ATS-6 S-band
Rocky Mountain Educational TV Experiment). Note that despite the costs )f in-
flation, antenna costs declined by 1979, but even in 1976, the reflector costs
for sizes below 5 feet were below $1000. Table 7-26 lists 1980 Prod~lin costs
shawing that ante~~as with sizes below 6 feet in dia~ter (without mount) now .1
j
cost below $500. 1
Already, vo1uw~-manufacturing techniques are being applied to antenna !
,anufacture due to increasing 4-GHz TVRO demands; Scientific Atlanta now manu-
factures llOre than 200 3-meter and 4.5- ... :~er antennas (4 GHz) per month using
mass-production sta:'Jping ?rocesses and the .?dvent of the l-:neter 12 GHz preciSion
TVRO antenna costing less ~han $150 is no longer a distant c;pncept.
-596-
- "=*'='" .• 'i=Zffii'E- .
. ,J
. -----~. -,.~- --
,..,..,.--_. . . -~~.
, . ~"
l"'. ~ ~.. '"' ','
cr POG" l" ._i I {
a:: 30r
(/) 0
20~
<t
-'
-'
0
i MATERIALS PLUS
/
0
r(')
UNSKILLED LABOR
-<n I ,~~~
lJ.. lOr- 0\_ \
0
8r 0<0 9 0
U')
t..J
~
a..
• 6l
\-
:...J
:J (",,~~
:: o \'
o '0\.
,
Z -: ~9
0.0%/ YEA!'
x ,
I
'"(~~~
t..U
0
,.,'
"- ",,\
e, % I
MATERIALS
I
Z
}-
CJ')
0 ,
;
t
i
;
u I' 0 I
!,()
en
I
.0
10
m
,
I I
0
<D
m
I I '-
10
<D
~
I
0
l"-
a-.
I
!
It')
I'-
(1\
-
I ..J'
.....,
co
~
i YEAR
Figure 7-12
t Recent inflation rates for l~bor and ~~t~rlals. (Harvey)
I,
f ,
t
t
f
t
~
-597-
.-.
(1)
,....
6,000
Nz I
I
en 4,000
-...- :10
CJ')
0
u 2 rOOO
: 5,000
C)
z
-
Q:
a:: 1979 CATALOG PRICE
:::>
u
~-660
/ 10 40
REFLECTOn DIAMETER (FEET)
Figure 7-13
Ante~na and Mo~~t Cost versus Reflector Diameter
of Prodelin Products
( ........ ::;:)
-598- 1
L________-~~~____""""". ". .
•
*''"'''''_.-_ _ --...........'"-----~
•• '"_.-0_•...-
- ..•. . . ...........,=-..,, ______"_ _ _ _ _ _
...._.
__ _._J
.
Tables 7-30 and 7-31 dascr.'be typical cost breakdown approach•• , listing
both ~teria1s and tabor and c~st of tooling. with Table 7-31 providing an
illu.trated cost breakdown of a Ku·band 6-meter antenna reflector built in 1977.
Note that the individual pa\'lels of the 6-meter antenna each i. roughly equivalent
to ~ic~ the aperture of a l-meter di.h, even in 1977; a I-meter diah could
have cost less than $200 <an equivalent structure - a 36-incn circular child's
parabolic metal toboggan for snow rides cost less than $15 at Sears at this
time). Note that reduction of!ll labor costs to a minimum and the us. of quick-
ly assembled ~~amped metal parts is the key to c~eap precision small antennas at
2.5 and 12.6 GHz and to Ya~i or helical spirals at UHF.
Table 7-32 lists typical cost elements of the mount, feed, an~ L~ of a
small apert:lre antenna. All material elements are presIlnt1y low volu:ne device ••
including L~ castings, and the key to cost reduction is in the L~ microwave
device cost and in the assort~d labor costs. At present, all costs -.re dominated
by FET costs, which have seen a drop in the per-unit FET cost of $300-$500 in
1975 to $50 in 1980 and ~ill probably be below $10 by 1982. If these FET costs -
particularly :n monolithic GaAs circuits - can be ~duced su~h that the amplifier-
d~-converter on-A-chip becomes a low ~ost reality (see Section 6), then the
intesrated FEED/L~, which is a ~eather-proofed unit, mounted on the l-~ter
dish for out-of-doors all-~eather operation, is a prime candidate device for coSlS
vell below $100 and no longer virtually dominat~overall TVRO costs in that this
unit now costs at the c~st level of either the antenna or the receiV\; •.
7. 5.4.3 ~ ~ote on Japane&e rET COSl.
The ~rediction of low FET prices in Japan was discussed in the Article
"Microwaves in Japan" by MSN's Editor in Chief, James Fa.wcett (Feb. 1980) wh~n
tle wrote, after interviewing !T\3ny Japanese semiconductor-co:npany executives,
-599-
TABLE 7-30
Antenna Cos'. Breakdown
Cost Cost Cost
Un.it Cost Part 1 Part 2 Part N
Cost Element
" .... e!lcngth $ ....• $ ....• $ .....
Metal Ext:rusions
Aluminum Sheet ... , . e/ poun.d $ ..... $.. .. $,. ••••
$•.... iTube $ ..•.. $ ..... $.....
Adhesive
..... tlEach $ ..... $ ..•.. $.....
Ri..ets
.•... i/Each $ ..... $..... $.....
Screws
$ ..... /Hour $ ..... $ ..... $.....
Labor
$ ..... $ ..... $..... $ .....
Cost of Tooling
$ ....• $ ..... $ ..•••
Subtotal $ .•...
$ ..•..
Total (sum of subtotals) Materials and Labor
TABLE 7-31
6-Net~r
Cost Summary (1977) of lO-Panel
Parabolic Antenna
U~it Cost Panel Element Panel Cost
Cost Element
90i per pound 86.45 pounds $ 77.30
Aluminum
$lO.OO/Tube 2 Tubes $ 20.00
Adhesive
3i each 444 Each $ 13.32
Rivets
$lS.OO/hour 15.36 Hours $ 276.48
Labor
Subtotal $ 387.60
Number of Panels 10
-600-
TABLE 7·32
Moun~. J Feed and I.NA Cos t Breakdown
J
Typical
Unit Cost Total Cost 1980 Cost
CoCJt Element
Feed Cast ing} can be comb ined
$ .... /Feed $ ........• 35
$ .... /Box $ ......... 50
LNA Casting
$ .••• /Part $ •••.••.•• 150
Mount
rOption 1:
$ .... /Oevice $•..••••..• 120
) FET/Diode (Hybrid Circuit)
l XicrowaV2 Ie $ .... /soard $ ..•..•... 100
r Q.e.t ion 2:
$ ... , ..... In
I GaAs
l ~·)no lithic IC
(Microwave Amplifiers/Converters)
$ . . • /Chip
neve lopment
$. . . . S........ . 15
Connectors (RF in, IF out, LO in)
$ .•.• /Foot $ ....•.... to
Cable
$ .... /Subsystem $ ........ . 20
Container/Packaging
TAbor:.
$ ..... $ ......•.. 25 ( 1 hr)
Asse:nb 1y
$ .••• $ ......... 10
Init ia 1 'fest
$ ... , $ ......... 20
Inspection and Final Test
$ ... . $ ..•.....• 5
painting/Label/Packaging
.,j
485
Prime Laborhlaterilll Costs
1670
Sales Cos~ (Approx.) using 2.2 factor
-60i-
-- - .... . .- .' _.' -., ,.. ,.' --. - . '-. -".. .' .~ .' - . '- . '.'
.
.' . . . .
.
p .. . -
~~~;.
~
"From UHF to 12 GHz, commercially available GaAs FET's due out this year and
laboratory devi.ces that h:;'nt at the near future indicate the struggle NEe and
Mitsubishi are headed for in the 1980s. The most striking example is the
simultaneous introduction of very inexpensive sub-2-dB NF FET's for 12 GHz
earth terminals. A dual-gate GaAs Mesfet used in TV tuners is manuf~chtred by
Matsushita Electronics Ind. Co., Ltd. Their 3SK97 produces 1.3 dB UF, 15 dB
~G, at 1 GHz, but costs only $1.
Government interest is just beginning to spark substantial research, aue!
analog circuits lag digital development. 13ut a wider ra:lge oz "blu~ sky"
technologies are being tested - including \!nhancelI:ent"mod~ Mf"sfets, IGFETs, and
Mosfet res - than in the USA or Europe. One goverrur~nt contract has c.lrea1y
yielded the world's first GaAs LSI of 1000 gate-equlvalent circuits, alt:no'lg~
no details will be revealed until the contract terminates in another year.
NEC, Toshiba, ~itsubishi, and possibly Fujitsu are axpected to seek the
BSE-2 satellite integration contract. Toshiba and Mitsubishi are both develop-
ing phased-array radars. All the co~panies are ex~a~ding outside rheir tradi-
tional milit2ry-service alignments, although the entire q'.lestion of serious
military development appears moot unless Article Nine of the coastitutiun is
amended.
~ch of the projected growth, indeed the entire ~crv;ept of direct-to-
home TV satellites, is dependent on drastic price cuts, which such industry
leaders as Toshiaki Irie of NEC ar~ confidently predicting. Irie supervises
the Tanagawa plant that already produces 30 ~illion mic~owave devices annually
of both silicon and gallium arsenide.
Growth of the sp.micondllrtor and Ie division, largest of NEC's five lii.visions,
has been based on high volume production and the shift from di 'rete silicon
to rcs: In the last five years rcs have t,'l.kell over ~C% of sa les and are expected
-602-
to reach 60-65% in the next five. The company is eager to retrace the same
route in gallium arsenide. "I believe the GaAs FET wi!.l achieve costs as low
as the bipolar. We will see similar quantities in th& TV market", Irie claims.
"I think br GaAs FETs even $5 is too high. Prices must drop two orders of
magnitude. Yes. Perhaps to fifty cents".
Wh~le home receivers for satellite television offer the largest and most
glamorous market, the volum~s will begin building even before that field opens
with the launch of the BSE-2 in 1983-4" An NHK (Jap3nese broadcasting corpo-
r<!tion) ("lan to use similar receivers with 12 -.E :ower-based transmitters
calls for 60-80 thousand units a year to serve 600,000 homes hidden in valleys
that do not recei~~ televis:on and Tokyo homes shielded by skyscrapers.
Perhaps surprisingly, television :nanufacturers are planning to '1se GaAs
FETs in UHF tuners, despite higher noise than bipolars, because of the disappoint-
ing inter.nvdulation distortion caused by dnstic impedance changes of bipolar
forward AGC. Matsushita Electronic Industries Ltd. has alree.dy tested a plastic
?ackaged FET which was mentioned on the preceding page w~th a oerformance
of 1.3 dB NF at 1 GHz; the company has yet to ~ke a cvmmitrnent to
volu:ne manufacture. NEC, hO\"ever, al:t:eady has a commercially availa~le
FET, the NE218, which reaches 0.9 dB NF at 2 GHz and will work as low as
70 MHz. Some instability may occur at 2 GHz, :,ut ease of matching should
preclude this.
7.5.5 T.'RQ Cost Breakd",,'fLs.
Tabl~s 7-33 through 7-41 list typical combined labor and materials costs
which have been obtained for various quantiti~s (1-100, 100,000, 1M, and 10~)
of TVRO antenna systems having the various G/T figure of merits:
S-Band u G/T = 0 dB/oK
.. 8 dB/oK;
-603-
The cost figures in combined labor and materials costs can be converted to
saler. cost hy the factor 2.2 which is representative of this industry. and
Table 7-41 is a total cost summary which includes the use of this factor.
7.5.5.1 UHF TVRO Costs.
Tables 7-33 lists the various candidate UHF antennas which can provide the
nearly 24-25 dB of gain necessary to develop a G/T of 0 dB with a low noise
receiver with a noise figure of around 1.5 dB. As noted, the parabolic and
Torus antennas are very large and therefore very expensive and not really a first-
class candidate for the services. On the other hand. the YAGI and helical antennas
have a long history of application in this frequency range. The YAGI-UDA antenna
:s the world's most widely used TV antenna and the helical antennas are used on
~ny satellites and ~ny NASA and military UHF earth terminals. The YAGI is now
usad in the USSR for the 716 MHz earth terminal to SLATSIONAR-T and although one
YAGI antenna has been built which achieved 26 dB gai~ at 400 MHz. it was so long
(80 wavelengths) as to be structurally and economically nonwviable. Accordingly.
narrow-band arrays are recommended and the antenna LIM cost will be high (around
$1000) - even in a matured art which p~ovides sophisticated commercial YAGI
antennas and mounts for from $75 to $200.
The UHF TVRO cost of Table 7-34 reflects that essentially this receiver is
very inexpensive since it is virtually a counterpart to modern UHF TV receivers
including voractor tuning or syr,thasizer tuning - using integrated ci.rcuits - as
has been described in Section 6. The LIM costs of around 38-85 dollars (times 2.2)
are similar to stereo tuner costs which are available in the commercial market
in a highly competitive environment •
... P. C. Gold:nark and J. Hol1yw n od, "Antennas for improved hf point-to-point
receptLon", CBS lAboratories Project 210, 1963.
-604-
,... - .
o~-:' f,,-)l<~ \.!~:.•:"I (I,
TABLE 7-33
'uHF TVRO ANTENNA (C/T • 0 dB/K)
Nominal Cost
for Indicated Quantities
Component Candidate Technology Description/Heritage (in U.S. dollars)
1-100 100,000 1M 10M
Antenna Prime focus parabolic Frame parabolic 2500 300 200 150
or Torus antennas dish (4 meters) with
mesh surface and
prime focus dipole
feed
Array of Yagi 4-6 Yagfs in an array. 1500 200 160 150
Antennas with L'iA
at each Yagi 4 Yagi's used in USSR
EKRAN system at 716
MHz to provide 25 dB
gain.
Array of antenna- Simple antennafiers 800 200 160 150
fiers (Low noise now in use. Requires
transistor in- devel. use transistor
.'.
tegra ted wi th gain as partial sub-
dipole ele!!lent) stitute for aperture
in large array.
Helical Antennas Ijsed wi.th M!\RISAT, 1000 200 160 150
OS CAR, FI.E:ETSAT
---
200 160 150
TOTA L QUANTITY COST to to
300 200
-605-
. .. ~., . .~ ~ r ,_~_r ",-- -~~ -
.. , . . ' #
.' --
TABLE 7-34
UHF TVRO RECEIVER (G/T • 0 dB/K)
Nominal Cost
for Indicated Quantities
Component Candidate Technology Description/Heritage (in U.S. dollars)
1-100 100,000 1M 10~
LNA Bipolar Transistor 1-3 dB ~F/TV sets 50 IC's
1. 5-3dB FET (silicon, JFET) 1-3 dB ~F/FM Tuners 50
Down Integrated Circuit Similar to use in 300 25 13 10
Converter color TV rec.
Oscillator Varactor Tuned OSC Simi lar to use in
color TV rec.
2.50 15 10 7
Synthes izer IC
I In IC's for color TV
rec.
Detector Integrated Circuit In use in color TV 25 15 10 7
and Video rec.
Processor
Remodulator Integrated Circuit In use in color TV 25 IS 10 7
to UHF/VHF rec.
Circuit 5-6 layer board CO:1ven t io.':1a 1 receiver 100 15 10 7
Boards and Cabinet/P.S./Knobs construction
Hal"-:!··'~re
TOTAL QUANTITY COST 85 53 38
-606-
7.5.5.2 2.54-GHz TVRO Terminal Costs.
Tables 7-35 and 7-36 list quantity antenna cos~s for 2.54 GHz antennas in
the 23-32 dB gain range. The candidate antennas are parabolic antennas, torus
frame antennas, and helical arrays.
There is a long cost history of 2.54 GHz parabolic antennas following the
purchase of 150 10-ft diameter plastic antennas from Prodelin (Santa Clara, Ca)
for use with the ATS-6 Rocky Mountain Education Experiment in 1975-1976, and
small antennas now being developed for TVRO use at 4 GHz can be adapted to commu-
nity TVRO use.
In considering all candidates, it is not pcssible to not consider the possible
use of phased arrays following the successful Swedish development of a 1.6 CHz
phase array (price unknown) for use on shipboard in the ~RISAT system.
As noted fer both C/T a 0 and G/T • 8, these ante~~&s are costly due to the
mct that they are large - from 5-10 feet in diameter for the parabolic dishes,
and the costs - in the thousands of dollars - for small quantities reflect large
structure/materials/mount and labor costs.
Table 7-26 lists a variety of low quantity antenna costs at 4 GHz by both
Prodelin and Andrew which provide the bases of these costs.
The receiver costs listed in Table 7-37 reflect a combination of two costs;
(1) a L~/down-converter box which is weather-proof and mounted with the antenna
feed, the asse~bly is connecte~ by coaxial cable (which also supplies d.c. power)
to the receiver which is located in an interior place near the receiver or re-
broadcast eq~ipment; and (2) the receiver which accepts an input signal in UHF,
provides gain and AGC, demodulates, and remodulates to apply a signal at a desired
TV channel into a TV receiver.
-607-
'0 . - . . _. - - - -. -.-.- . ,. ,.. _A - , ••
. .
.
TABLE 7-35
2.54 GHz TVRO Antennas (G/T - a dB/K)
Nominal Cost
for Indicated Quantities
Component Candidate Technology Descr ipt ir.n/Heritage (in U.S. dollars)
1-100 100,000 1M 10M
Antenna Prime focus parabolic 5 -ft diam dish 600 350 250 200
antenna
(Mount
included) Torus fra~-antenna 3 x 5 -foot (approx) 600 350 250 200
uS ing mesh wire recto .frame using one
!!Urface or more prime focus
feeds. High side-
lobes
Phased array of Similar to array 10000 2500 1000 dOO
printed circuit developed in Scandi-
elements or helical navia for 1.6 ,..,-!z
elements Marisat system. Very
II low ( 35 dB) side-
lobes
350 250 200
TOTAL QUANTITY COST to to to
2500 1000 800
-
-603-
~ ~ ~ ,
. --
" ! <',. . . . ..
F '. / • . "
_"'- -"__ . --=-______ . .~ __ ~_'"'t.. ...... ~ __ ~ .... -..._~ ~_ _ ~.... __ M_ .~'~"""'"~_' ___ ~ .. _ ::.. 'ol' ~
OR.Gi;<;".L PtC::: IS
OF POOR QUALITY
TABLE 7-36
2.54 GHz TVRO Antenna (G/T - 8 dB/K)
.
NOMINAL COSTS FOR INDICATED 1
QUANTITY ES tin U. S. DOLLARS) i
C(J1PONEtlT CANDIDATE
TECHNOLOGY
DESCRIPTION 1-100 100000 1M 10M I
I
ANTENNA Prime focus para- 3 meter dish 1000 500 400 350
bo1ic antenna
(Mount
included) Torus frame ant- 4x8 foot (approx) recto 1000 600 500 325
enna using mesh frame using one or more
wi re surface prime focus feeds. High
sidelobes
Phased array of Similar to array dev. 20,000 25QO 1500 1000
pr i nted ci rcuit in Scandinavia for 1.6
elements of GHz Marisat system.
helical elemeo:s
-'
500 400 325
TarAL QUANTrrY COST to to to
2500 1500 1000
-609-
TABLE 7-37
~.54 GHz TVRO Receiver System (G/T - 0 dB/K)
Nomina 1 Cos t
for Indicated Quantities
Component Candidate Technology Description/Heritage (in U. S. dol1e.rs)
1-100 100,000 1M 10M
FE! Amplifier 1 dB (70K) noise fig. 500 all Ie
11&
~I
01
:E:I
Bipolar transistor
amplifier
1.5 dB ( 120K) noise
fig.
400
SO 30 25
'c"
C
QJ
Low noise mixer 3 dB conversion loss 400
4.J
C
<
DCMn Single conversions Candidate for mono- 400
I Converter lithic techniq~es in-
cluding LNA and
oscillator
! 15 10 7
Osci 11ator VCO Varactor-tuned 150
c oscillator now avail-
....0
4.J
hle
.....'"
- ~
UHF synthesizer Synthesizer i.n use, 150 25 15 10
~I IC's plus ~u1tiplier some in color TV rec.
~I
•.... 1
~I IF, AGC, Integrated Circuit In use in color TV 25 15 10 7
~I Detector rec .
.51 and Video
: Processor
I I
Remodulator IntegrateJ Circuit In use in CATV syste~s 25 15 10 7
to UKF /VifF
Circuit 5-6 layer board Conventional receiver 100 15 10 7
Boards and cons truct ion
Cabinet/P.S./Knobs
Hi:! rdware
TOTA L QUANTITY PRDIE COST 110 75 56
L -610-
The interior "receiver" will be inexpensive - using essentially U:iF 'tV
receiver techniques and circuits; the L~ and down-converter for low quantities
will be fairly expensive. In 1980, a 1.5-dB ;IF amplifier is available in r0-5
can modular form and can be procured (Avantek, Amplica, etc.) a. a packaged ~~
plifier for around 500-1000 dollars. A down-converter 1s now marketed by
Merrimac (see Section 6) for around $1200 sales cost and around $400 LIM cost.
Thus the prime (LIM) cost 1n <fantity will range from 56 to 110 dollars.
7.5.5.3 l2-GHz TVRO Costs
Tables 7-28 to 7-40 describe the cost breakdowns for 12 GHz direct-to-user
service for the various alternatives associated with the I-meter antenna (or equi-
valent), the LNA, and the receiver.
T~ere is a large disparity between various antenna tech~~logies for small
qualltities. The slotted waveguide array and printed circuit arrays are expensive
to make in small quantities, while the small parabolic antennas (including feed,
structure and ~ount) are relatively low cost. However, at high vol~~, mass pro-
duction tooling and automatic manufactlIre of all antenna types '",ill result in
very low cost (30 to 100 dollars) depending on type and ~Jantity.
In 1980, the l2-GHz L~ is the pacing item for a l-~eter TVRO teroninal cost.
This is due to the present high cost of 12 GHz FET's although, at 4 GHz FET's are
experiencing a signif.icant cost reduction. 1980 ~oise figures for production FET's
can no\., be specified at 4 dB. However, within 3 years, such devices will produce
2 dB noise figures due to competition in low-noise GaAs Mesfets at 12 GHz in
J.lyan, i.e., the NEl37 from ~C, and the MGF-l403 from ~its\\bishi. The NED7
will be commercially available with a noise figure of aboJt 2 dB at 12 GHz based
on laboratory devices now pcoviding 1.68 dB ~F usi.ng a "deep-recessed" half-
~icro~ gate ~hich dro~s source resista~ce and noise figure. The use of un-
c;Jnve~tio:1al structure in ~it5ubishi's law-noise FET's has produced ~o;.se 1.3 dB at
-611-
4 A_n·_
~r".,...." .•. ~. :- - r- - : : . .i
:;;. ~'V~:: !C .. ·~;j'(
TABLE 7-38
12 CHz 'l'VR0 Antenna (C/T • 8 dB/K)
Nominal Cost
--
for Indicated Quantities
Component Candidata Technology Description/Heritage (in U.S. dollars)
1-100 100,000 1M 10M
Prime focus feed I-meter assembly 250 50 40 30
1
Antenna
parabolic a~tenna with first sidelobes
in 12-17 dB range j
-300
' t
l
Off-set Fed
p~rabolic antenna
I-meter assembly with
firs t s ide lobes in
I 50 40 30
1
25-36 dB range
I
Slotted waveguide
array
36 x 36 inch flat
plate with sidelcbes
5000 I 75 50 40
40-50 dB range
Printed Circuit 36 x 36 inch flat 10000 100 60 50
array plate with corporate
feed- 5 ide lobe ~ in
40-50 dB range
50 40 30
TOTAL PRDfE COST to to to
100 60 50
-----
-612-
TABLE 7-39
12 GHz TVRO INA/Firat Dawn Converter
(CiT • ij dB/I<)
Nominal Cost.
for Indicated Quantities
Component Candldate Technology De s,:17iptionl Heritage (in U. S. dollars)
1-100 100,000 1M 10M
FET amplifier *
0
Low noise 100-200 NT-presently 1500 1 or 2 IC'.
amplifier high co.t, develop- (monolithic GaAa)
(mounted mental on:v
with ('"
0
integrated Konishi Mixer 400 NT - Wa fe:- assem- 1000 50 30 25
with feed) biy in WG
First Single conversion Conversion to inter- 500
Down mediate fre~. 950-
converter 1450 MHz
and
oscillator
I
TarAt QUANTITY PRIME COST 50 30 25
I
* 1930 ~oise figures for productio~ 12 GHz FET's are at ~ db. laborator, and
developmenta 1 FET's a::e at 2 db. By 1984, product i.on 14 GI~ FET's are
predi.cted to give 2 db ~oise figures, and by 1987, monoli~hic gallium
arsenide FET MIC a:nplifiers •... ill give 1. 5 db ~~F.
OR,r,":
0;: ~
TABLE 7-40
12 GHz TVRO Terminal (GiT - 8 dB/K
Nominal Cost
for Indicated Quantities
Componp.nt Candidate Technology Description/Heritage (in U.S. dollars)
1-100 100,000 1M 10M
Seco"d down Single conversion Input 450-1450 MHz 350 Two IC's
converter Output 70 ~
.
Tuning VCO for tuning Varactor tuned ~icro- 150 40 20 12
C'llcill.l tel:' wave FET oscillator-
use mono lithic
techniques
Synthesizer for Synthesizer Ie at 200
tuning UHF/VHf in use
IF, AGC, 2-1 Inte~rated In use for modern 25 15 10 7
detector circuits colo,,:, TV rec.
and Video/
Audio .
processor
Remodu 1a tor Integrated Circuits In use for modern 25 15 10 7
to UHF/VHF CATV systems
-
Circuit 5-6 layer board Convent iona 1 receiver 100 15 10 7
boat'ds and construction
Cabinet/P.S./Knobs
Hardware
TOTAL QUANTITY PRIME COST 85 50 33
-614-
12 GHz in the laboratory. More significantly, commercial samples are now avail-
able that provide 1.7 dB at 12 GHz, but at a coat that mat~hes their Rolls Royce
performance, $283.50 apiece. The battle conti.lues at 4 GHz, Tthere a pair of less
expensive devices, the NE2l8 and ~F-1412, both offer around 0.7 dB NF. However,
the eventual advent of the $1 FEr as predicted by Japan's Dr. Erie of NEC will
cl1use the FET L~\ at 12 GHz LO seri(j_:1~.y compete with the KONISHI waveguide
mounted mixer - and ultimately prodl.1·::e .'::iCI·~wave IC's in the 25-50 dollar range
(LIM) .
Table 7-40 lists the cost ranges ~or the receiver of the 12 GHz TVRO tar-
minal which is located inside a home next to a TV set and receives a converted
signal from 12 GHz to UHF via a cable from the outdoor antenna-mounted LNA. As
in the case of the UHF and S-band TVRO terminals, this receiver is essentially
a "counterpart" to present t1iF TV receivers and a labor and material cost of
33 to 85 dollars for the stated quantl.ties will be reali:c.ad.
7.5.5.4 TVRO Terminal Summary Cost Ranges.
Table 7-41 summarizes the cost ranges for prime labor/material costs listed
in Tables 7-33 through 7-40 and applies the 2.2 factor to these prime costs to
achieve representative sale~ costs for the various terminals ~t the three
frequency ranges and for quantities of 100,000, 1,000,000, and 10 ~il1ion.
Note that the Ku-band TVRO direct-to-user sales costS range from 462 to 215
dollars depending on quantity which match costs now predicted in Japan and predict-
ad (unoffici.a lly) for the Comsat-Sears systp.m.
At 1_ower frequenc;ies, ante-:1a and L,,"- costs provide much higher terminal
costs, vith the highest costs occurring at 2.54 GHz due to the combined cost of
a?~rture and sensitivity - the costs at UHF being dominated by aperture costs and
at 12 GHz by 1ensitivity costs.
TABLE 7-41
TVRO Cost Ranges in 1980 Dollars *
1
Subsystem
Quantity (M'
Antenna System
v.l 1
Ave. LIM Costs
10M
Receiver System
0.1 1
Ave. LIM Costs
10M
TVRO System
0.1 1 10M
Ave. Sales Cos ts**
- I
UHF (0.8 GHz) 250 160 150 8.S 53 38 737 46R 413
Figs.7-33;7-34 Note: inc ludes
LNA
S-Band 350 250 200 110 75 .56 1012 715 512
(2.54 GHz) I Note: includes
Figs.7-35;7-37 L.~
Ku-Band
(12 GHz) Ant. 75 SO 40
r....~ ....?Q 30 ..11
Total 125 80 65 85 50 33 462 286 215
Figs. 7-38; 7-39;
7-40
I
i
* CIT" 8 db at 12 CHz, Odb at 0.8 GHz and 2.54 GHz.
** Sum of Antenna, LNA, and Rece iver Costs given as prim\! labor and
materials (LIM) costs in first two columns, and multiplied by 2.2 to
get sales cost.
-616-
Such costs could n~t have bee~ predicted even at the time of WARC-77. They
are possible now primarily due to the maturation of FET technology and manuf9cture,
the introduction of monolithic GaAs technology for microwave amplifier manufacture,
and the de~lopment of sophisticated but very inexpensive IC's for commercial UHF
TV receivers.
7.56 System Costs in Broadcast Satellite Service.
Space segment and earth segment costs have been developed in this section
primarily from tho standpoint of available technology rather th'ln from a general-
ized system viewpoint.
As pointed out earlier tn this .. ection, i.t is practical until around 1986
to consider only Delta) Ariane 1, or Atlas-Centaur class launches now predicated
as costing in the $40 ~illion dollar range. A satellite capable of providing
EIRP in the 60-65 cbw ranga for at least four channels will cost from 40-50
million dollars each. Thus the space segment cost will range from $150 million
to $250 ~illion dollars depending on the number of satellites procured, the
launch costs, the TT&C terminal costs, and the cost of money including inflation
and insurance.
Table 7-42 lists typical system costs for a 12 GHz direct-to-user system
for space segment costs from $lSOM to $2S0M, and for I-meter TVRO costs derived
from Table 7-4l.
Note that on the basis of an ovetall system, the space segment cost totally
dominates system costs until a quantity between SOOK and 1M earth teI"l'1irlals i:.
used. In that range of quantities. the earth segment costs steet to dominate and
by lO~ receivers, totally dominate the system costs.
-\J~7-
L'i.3LE 7-42
Ty?J.ca 1 Sys tem Costs - 12 r.H~ Direct- to- Uger
Space Segment: 2 Satellites in orbit (GO-65 dbw)
160-200 M Dollars
1 Spare
7 Year satellite life
1 Tl.·acking Station + maintenance
2 Launch vehicles
Cost of money, inflation
Cost of Insurance
i!.ounJ Segment: Quantity 10 100 lK 10K lOOK 1M 10M
0 I-me ter Antenna TVRO Costs Nominal
Unit Cost 10 5 2 1.2 0.4 0.25 0.2
( $)
Nominal lOOK 500K 2M 5M 40M 250M 2B
Quantity
Costs($)
0 To tal Space Segment ($M)
flus Ground Segment Costs
$150M Space S~g:nent
$200M Space Segment
i50.l
200.1
L50.5 152 165
19\400 2.15B
200.5 202 215 240 450 2.2B
$250~1 SNCE' Segment 250.1 250.5 252 265 290 500 2.25B
Cross-over
point
-618-
O~~::':1:~~l~'- rl\:,~ IS
OF POQ:1 QUALITY
APPENDIX A
Technical Memorandum TM-294
March 1980
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS DEPARTMENT
SPACECRAFT PARAMETER AND
COST ESTIMATION MODEL
r
r
by S. I. Melachrinos
and
M. W. Baker, Ir.
Performed under:
I R& 0 Project So. 79010303 "Sltellite Communic..1tion Sciences"
WORKING PAPER
( '1, is an informal memorandum subject to r.hangf:
f
L
f
l
•
::foa:::
Ford Aerosplce &
Communicltlons Corporation
... esterro Ceve'oCrT'e~t
L...ocra,ones O,vlSlon
t 3339 FaQla~ WI"
L ~alo AilO CaliforMla 94303
ABSTRACT
Algorithms are presented for est~t1ng the weight
and Ctlst of communications satellites. A computer
progf:am called the Spacecraft Parameter and Cost Est1m&ting
program or SCPCE is described and presented which tmple~ents
tnase algorithms. A user's manual and sample runs are in-
cluded to allow the reade to run the program.
if
r
r TAB L1: OF CONTENTS
r
r PART I
1.0
GENERAL PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
I~7RODUCTION
r i.. Q GEliERAL MODEL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Orbital Parameter Generator
r 2.2
2.3
Spacecraft Parameter Generator
Spacecraft Cost Generator
2.4 Trade Generator
r 3.0 TECHNOLOGY BASE
4.0 COST BASE
[ PART II BASIC ALGORITIiMS 5
1.0 INTRODUCTION 5
[ 2.0 COST MODEL VALIDITY 5
3.0 EQUATIONSirACTORS 5
r
~
3.1 Equations 5
3.2 Factors 5
3.3 Spreads 5
r 4.0 PROG~~ COST1~G ALTERNAT!\TES 15
4.1 Standard 15
[ 4.2 DoD Fly-Before-Buy 15
4.3 Minimum Non-recurring Cost 16
l PART III FLOW DIAGRAM 18
PAR:' IV CONCLUSIONS AND COMHEfrs 29
[
APPE~:nIX A USER'S MA.'mAL 3Q
l 1.0
2.0
I~~ODUCTIO~
THE HELP SUBROUTI~t:
3Q
30
3.0 MODES OF OPERAT10~ 30
4.0 I!-."PUT REQCIRE!1INTS 31
4.1 FuH Program Mode 31
l 4.2 Cost Only Mode 31
[
iii
l
J
TABLE OF CONI,,!-4"TS
Page
5.0 PROGRAM OUTPUTS 32
5.1 Full Program Mode 32
5.2 Cost Only Mode 32
6.0 SAMPLE RL~S
33
6.1 Full Program ~de 33
6.2 Cost Only Mode 33
APPEYDIX B Program Listing 41
APPE~~IX C Communications Subsystem Estimation I
65 _J
1
I
tv
r
r
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
~
Fisures
r 1-1 General Program Flow 2
3-1 Flow Diagrar for Non-Computer Use 23
r A-1 Full Program Mode Tenninal Session 35
I
A-2 Cost Only Mode Terminal Session 38
B-1 Computer Program Listing 46
r C-l Communications Subsystem Block Diagram 66
Tables
r
2-1 Basic Computational Equations 6 •
2-2 Basic Spacecraft Sizing Parameters 13
f 2-3 Cost Spread Factors and Inflation Application 17
2-4 Glossary of Acronyms 19
r B-1 Glossary of Computer Program Variables 42
C-1 Sample Communications Subsystem Weight/Power 67
f
l
( v
Page 1 of 67
r
r
PART 1
r GENERAL PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
r 1.0 INTRODUCTION
r The spacecraft ($IC) estimating model described h~rein pr~dicts sic weights
and costs based on derived factors and ~he use of a modified versicn of the
r SAMSO sic cost model. A computer program has been designed to allow systEn
engineers to estimate SiC sizes and costs and the effect of increaSing or
decreasing communications capability on size and cost when performing system
•
level definition and trade-offs. The model use 1s limited to communications
payloads (or payloads that are equivalent) for estimating size and costs
l although the SiC parametric estimates can be used for sizing any type of
SiC. Further the model 1s limited to 3-axis sic and the use of the Space
r Transportation System as a launch vehicle. Cost estimates generated are
defined as "end-of-program should costs."
f
I
L
2.0 GE~rERAL MODEl DESCRIPTION
Figure 1-1 depicts the general program flow of the model which consists of
four major routines.
[
2.1 Orbital Parameter Generator
(
Through the use of simple Keplerian formulas, ~V's are estimated for the
L defined SiC orbits. An STS launch vehicle is assumed starting from a park-
ing orbit of 160 nautical miles altitude at an appropriate inclination for
[ ETR or WTR. }wdel selects minimum inclination change.
2.2 Spacecraft Parameter Generator
t " wsing the payload weight and power as inp'Jts, the model generates esti:nates
l for:
o Structure Weight
L
l 1
.J
.
GIN,R ... TI OR.. T
IIAIilAMITlIIS -
-'-V',
GINIII"'T! SUuYST!M.u.D
!'OW".
SIC '"IIGHTS ')'HD
.J
• GINIII ... TI SIC
IJoUNCH WIIGHTS
.. IDI~TIIIY TRANS,.II
O....TSVSTIM
I
_i
• GINI"An
SIC UNWIICiHTlO
COST UTI .... ATIS
GINIItATI
WIIQHT'J=
COST ISTI .......TU
~.---- ...
GI~IJIIA TI SiC
• ~ .. COSTS
• ""ST·UNIT COST
Figure 1-1. General Program Flow
o TT&C Weight and Power
o Attitude Control Weight & Power
o Propulsion Weight
o Electrical/Mechanical Integration Weight
o Thermal Weight
o Electrical Power Weight
o Number of cells in the array
o EOL ~ BOL Power (equinox)
o On-orbit. Fuel Weight
o S/C On-orbit Weight
o S/C Launch Weight
o T~an.fer Orbit System
- Thesf'. estimates are all based on FACC experience.
2.3 ~pacecraft Cost Generator
{
The estiLlated S/C subsystem weights and power a"ce rearranged to fit the SA.'{SO
Cost Estimating Relationship (CER) parameters and Basic Cost Estimates at the
{ subsystem level are generated using a~ FACe-modified version of the S~~O
r.ER's.1,2 Weighted complexity factors are the~ generated and applied to the
Basic ~st1mates to arrive at the cost estimates for the derived S/C. Both
non-recurring costs and recurring (Fi.:st Unit Costs) C"sts are generated
including ~~nagement and Support, prototype refurbishment (where required)
(
and total spa~e .egm~nt coats including profit and on-orbit incentives,
transfer orbit systm costs, and STS costs.
A provision has been provided in the model so th.'lt if the user has ~ll of
the SIC parameters, the model can b,~ used to generate just the S/C costs.
2.4 rrade Generator
T
TraJ'!-offs can be accomplished using different spacecraft parameters. The
f ~~del retains the initial computations as a baseline and recompute$ all of
1. Franklin Fong, et: .1, SAMSO l'nnl~"~,ned Spacecraft Cost :1odel, t:pdated
r Cost Es":1marins Relation!t~i.ps '. :-;cr-...a1i7.at:!.on Factors (.0\:\ Interim
Report), Cost Analysis DiVision, Hq. S~~O, January, 1977.
;:. Christopher J. Rohwer. et a1, SA..v.sO 'L"r.~.ar.ned Spacecraft Cost ~!od~l,
f 7hitd Edi:1on. Cost Analysis Division, ::q. SA!:50, TR-75-229. August,
1975.
( 3
the SIc weights and costs based on tne new inputs. It then print. out the
new results and the difference. from the ba.eline. Baaed on the re.ults
ef the trades, the user can retain or replace the Itored basAline.
3.0 TECHNOLOGY BASE
With the exception of the electrical power subsystem, the technology base
for estimating SIC weights is essentially that which would be av.ilabl.
for a sIc launched in 1985-87 tim. period. Although some increa... in
..
the technology base can be anticipated post 1985-1987, they would have to
be radical in nature for a sigllificant difference to be s~en. For the
electrical power subsystem, two technology base. are included in the model:
one for 1985-87 launch (up to 1984) and one for 1988+ launch (1985).
Significant increase in power generating capability per pound of power
subsystem weight is anticipated in the post 1985 time period. Where an
apogl!e motor capability is included in the sIc, use of bi-propellant
syst~ is factored into th€ model.
4.0 COST BASE
The cost base provided in the model has been set in terms of 1980 dollars.
All com~utations are presented for th.: base year. To establish a cost
estimate for base years beyond 1980, the generated cost estDnates ~st be
spread and ~?propriate inflation factors applied. The modal does incluce
an inflation application which is described in Part II. To ~ch1eve this
capability, ,osts of the base year are first spread over the program and
then inflation factors applied.
PART II
BASIC ALGORITH..~
1.0 INTRODurnON
Included in this part of the documentation are the basic computational
r
algorit~~ used in themodel. !hgy include equations, factors and
relationships required to generate required model parameters. Th~
(
factors used in generating the sIc weights/power are based on a simple
averaging (weighted to FACe SIC) of these factors from some 30 different
r 3-axis s/e designed for many different types of orbits.
2.0 COS'!' HODEL VALIDITY
r
The SA}~O statistical base does not include sIc in the 4-7,000 lb.
category. There is, therefore, some question to its validity when
(\~ extended to this categorj of sIC. FACe has examined relatively
0/ detailed S/ e de", ,'1ns it: this l"'Inge and has concluded that the SA}iSO
model can be extended to t1,' s ,ange and may be valid within the basic
overall validity of the original SAMSO model. Application of this cost
Clodel to sic greater than 7 ,000 lb~. on-orbit and especially those siC
~ '"hich might be assembled on orbit is not valid.
,
'j
3.0 EQUATIONS/FACTORS j
j
;;
1
j
3.1 Eguations ,j
f J
Table 2-1 contains the basic equations contained in the model.
!;
(
.
-J
3.2 Factors
r Table 2-2 contai~~ the basic factors and factor relationships containec in
tht: mo1e1.
,
(
• 3.3 S d
~r~
I.. Table 2-3 cont~ins the basi~ cost spread/inflation application relationshi?s
contained in the Clodel.
{ 5
L.
TABLE 2-1
BASIC CO!~UTATIONAL EQUATIONS
Note: Acronyms used are dafined in Table 2-4.
1.0 Orbital Computations
1.1 At Perigee (~V velocity change for transfer orbit insertion) J -
DVl ,. [~_15227EllxFAR ~
FPR (F M + FP5.)
1- 1727.9
~ote: FM & FPR are radii in n. miles; add 3443-9 to altitudes
l.2 At Apogee
1.2.1 Inclination change (STX)
STX :os /FINC-'!../
S~lect smallest STX from
x ,. 28.5 or 55.0 for Eastern Test Range Launch
x ,. 75.0 or 90.0 for Uestern Test Range Launch
1.2.2 Circular orbit: any inclination
V~I- ,. (2.15227E11)
FAR
~
'14 ,. r2X2.1522iEllXFPRl ~
l FAR(FI'R + FAR)
1.2.3 Non-circula~ orbit: any inclination
Al- (FPP.+FAR)!2
Al- (3603.9+FAR) /2 E2 ,. (FAR/A2)-l
El ,. (FARI Al)-l
B1 ,. Alh-n4 B2 ,. A21i-EZ2.
Pl ,. Bl2./AI P2 ,. B22./ A2
v3 ,. (2.15227£11 (2/ P1 - 11 Al» ~
~
i.r4 ,. (2.15227E11 (2/ n- 1 / A2» •
1.2.4 ~V at apogee for final orbH acquisition
DV2 .. IV32. + V42. -2V3xV4 cos (STX) I~
6 \
;-'
t. "
r
r
TABLE 2-1 (Cont.)
1.0 (Cont. )
Zl-Z6
r 1.3 WeightlFuel
1.3.1 Weight:
~
Weight Final - Weight Initial x e~V/9.8n7xIsp
r 1.3.1.1
1.3.1.2
1.3.1.3
At Perigee ~V - DVI
At Apogee ~V· DV2
Isp - See Pa~t 2 of Table 2-2
( l'l"te: ~V - DVMV is maneuver c.apability specified
1.3.2 Fuel: Weight fuel • weight initial - ~eight final
r 2.0 Basic Spacecraft Computations
sIc
r 2.1 on orbit weight
BSWT • EBL~ subsystem weights
OOFW - FWF x BSWT
PRPW • 0.1 (OOFF + DVMFW) + 56.9 - with AKM
r
I
L
SCOWT • ~ + OOFW + DVMV + BSWT
2.2 sIC Launch Weight
r, scurr .. «SCOWT+XNRT1) x Z_ + XNRT2) x Z_ + CLDW
Note: XNRT's & Z's depend upon perigee motor used.
r Note: NR. Non-recurring cost; R • Recurring cost
[
l
3.1 Communication Subsystem
~
-
• CNWF(1375.6 + 199.6 x (CCP)·67)
R - CRWF(67.6 x (CCP)·75 - 91.9)
l 3.2 TT&C sIs
NR • TNWF(287. 7 + 22.2 x TeP)
L R • TR~IT(91.9 + 13.1 x TCP)
3.3 Structure sIs
l NR • SNWF(759.0 + 66.0 x (scp)·66 Sh'WF • 1.34·6
R• SR~rr(2.4 + 7.5 x (SSP)' 751 SRWF • 1. 377
t .'
L
7
l
TABLE 2-1 (Cont.)
OF ~- '- .' \. .'
3.4 Attitude Conl,;ro1 (ACS) SIS
NR. ANWF(734.9 + 79.9 x (ACP)· 75 )
R - ARWY(2S.0 + 40.9 x (ACP)·8)
3.5 Electrical Power sIS
NRl - 440.3 + 2.0 x ECP2
NR2 - ENWF(50 x ECP3/1000)
Rl - a3.5(ECPl x ECPZ)·2ll2a
F2 - E~NF(40 x ECP3/l000)
~ - NRl + NR2
R-Rl+R2
3.6 ~.j'eighted comple:<ttv factors
CN - Sum of individual complexity factors from Section 3.8
CN • Con!'tant .-'
abWF - «ol + eF) x X) xY
a-C. T, A or E for Comm., TiC, ACS or EPS
b a }T or R for Non-recurring or Recurring
3.6.1 !'.'R R
X Y CN X Y CN
COMM .52 .48 .39 .56 .44 .29
TTEC .52 .48 .294 .52 .48 .211
ACS .62 .38 .497 .50 .50 .296
EPS .56 .44 1.132 .52 .48 .836
3.i STS Costs
J.
~ .
J • ~ Factor - STSCF
a) LZ • «SCLWT x 60)/65000) - PXL
b) STSCF· SCL + P~/60 IF SeL > LZ
c) STSCF. SCLWT/65000IF SCL < LZ
3.7.2 STS Cost
.STSC • (STScr x C) + 4300
C - 22722.4 If military program
C - 33806.6 If co~ercial program
8
.
..
)
TABLE 2-1 (Cont.)
(
\....
3.8 Basic Complexity Factors
3.8.1 Communications Subs'lstem
i
INPtIT
\.L1 Highest Communications
T Frequency
1 • 15 GRz
2 • 15_56 GRz
r 3 • 56 GHz
eL2 Highest P.P. Level at
r Highest Frequency
CL2
CLl
NR/R
1 3
~"R/R
1 • < 5 watts 1 .233/.196 .325/.284 .551/ .475
rl 2 • 5 to 10 watts 2 .252/.220 .375/,318 .608/.512
3 2 10 to 20 watts 3 - .281/.245 .424/.352 .664/.549
4 • 20 to 40 watts 4 .345/.264 .481/.385 .742/ .583
5 • > 40 watts 5 .392/.305 .523/.419 .799/.617
cr.3 Type of Transponder CL3 NR R
r',
1 - Translating 1 .100 .109
2 - Regenerative 2 .140 .229
r CL4
3 - Combination
~umber of Active
Power Ampl'
3
CL4
.245
NR
.355
t 1
2
-
-
~
~
10
50
1
2
.067
.086
.073
.080
3 - ~ 100 3 .112 .088
t 4 - > lOa 4 .137 .089
CL5 ~umber of Different CLS R
l Frequency Bands
1 - 1 1 .034 .0.37
2 - 2 2 .035 .037
[ 3 - 3
4 - > 3
3
4
.039
.040
.040
.041
l CL6 !\umber of ReV/~:
Antenna Sets
CL6 R
1 - 1 1 .035 .034
I 2 .• 2,3
3 - 4-6
2
3
.039
.042
.039
.043
4 - > 6 4 .047 .049
1
9
TABLE 2-1 (Cont.)
INPUT DESCRIPTION COMPT..EXI'rY FACTORS
eL7 Most Complex Antenna Coverage eL7 n R
1 - Earth 1 .135 .13S
0
2 - Single Spot: BW ) 1.0 2 .266 .225
0
3 - Single Spot: BW < 1.0 3 .332 .281
0
4 - Shaped: Single BW ) 1.0 4 .380 .230
5 - Shaped: Single BW < 1.00 5 .475 .288
6 - Multiple Spot
S!.ngle BW > 1.00 6 .430 .182
7 - Multiple Spot
Single BW < 1.0 0 7 .559 .236
8 - Scanning , 7 BW's 8 .662 .212
9 - Scanning> 7 BW's 9 .726 .297
CL8 ~!ost Complex Antenna Design eta NR R
1 - Horn 1 .100 .100
2 - Single Reflector 2 .100 .227
3 - Dual Reflector 3 .248 .248
4 - Single Lens 4 .271 .328
5 - Dual Lens/Pha~ed Array 5 .448 .542
CL9 ~umber of Feed Elements in ~.ost
Complex Antenna Design CL9 - ~'R R
1 - 1-10 1 .100 .102
2 - 11-25 2 .229 .234
3 - 26-50 3 .458 .455
4 - Sl-75 4 .628 .624
5 - 76-100 5 .798 .794
6 - > 100 6 .846 1.172
r
. __ 4.~_~"'·~~"""""~~""'''O''"''' __ ~ ~ -.",... U£!
4 .¥ . t- 1.(1 ~¥-
= a¥#¥~¥4 ':;$ .4@ ... .lJM~
¥+;-<¥¥4C '---' Jj
1Ij
1j
t
," (
I
,~ TABLE 2-1 (Cont. )
,
f r
\
3.8,2 T'l'&C Subs:::stem
r
~
r INPUT
t f TLl Max. TT&C Bit Rate: CMD or TLM
~ 105 BPS
Ttl NR R
l 1. 1 .110 .100
I-
r 2, 105 < 10 9 BPS 2 ,199 .154
!
f
!-
r TLl
3.
Total Number of Commands
9
> 10 BPS 3
TL2
,279
NR
.176
R
~
~ ,... ~ 1000 1 ,120 ,142
~
~
[
,-
r· .,
'". > 1000
.,
~ ,144 .183
! r
f TtJ Type of Communications
Processing TL3 }''"R R
i None 1 ,303 .304
(' 1.
~
L 2. Centralized 2 ,500 .435
3. Distributed 3 ,583 ,483
f
~
TL4 Processing or TT&C Storage TL4 NR R
'f
i 1. None 1 .151 .152
~- 4 2 ,174 ,158
2. ~ 10 bits
4
3. 10 ~ 9
10 bits 3 .210 .182
[ 4, 9
> 10 bits 4 .274 .234
I
r
!,
,,"
r....
:1,·5 Processing Memory
1.
2.
~one
!owe. Core
TL5
1
2
NR
.151
.160
R
.152
,160
t~- 3. Tape 3 .165 .165
,
~ 4 .250 .251
[ f 4. Other
i ....
(
11
.. _ T, r ,_ , . ~ . ' ' - . '
. ' .
• - - - _ . . . . £ - ,- - ~. ~ "" - ~- ~ - -
TABLE 2-1 (Continued)
3.8.3 AC Subsystem
DESCRIPTION COMPLEXITY FACTOR
~
ALl Attitude Referanee £! 21L ..JL:.
Inertial or Other 1 .256 .Z82
1.
Celestial 2 .357 .321
2.
ALZ Pointing Control Md ..1!L -R
Open Loop 1 .190 .206
1.
Closed Loop 2 .255 .332
2.
ALJ Pitch Axis Pointing Accuracy £2 ..1!lL ....!-
~ + 1.0
0 1 .294 .302
l.
0 0
0.25 <1.0 2 .356 .365
2.
0.1 0 <0.25
0
1 .482 .429
3.
< 0.1
0 4 .835 .544
4.
3.8.4 EP Subsystem
1
NR
.432
-1.978
R
1. 1'BPR , 750
2 .437 2.747
2. TBPR' 1250
TBPR <. 1750 3 .442 1.846
3.
4 .447 4.945
4. TBPR' 2250
T:3PR , 2750 5 .452 6.044
5.
(. .457 7.143
6. TBPR' 3250
TBPR> 325 7 .462 9.066
7.
~ote: ~o user. input is required.
(
r TABLE 2-2
r BASIC SPACECRAFT SIZING ·A~:~TERS
1.0 Spacecraft
r 1.1 On-orbit Fuel Weight
r 1.2
FWF
EPS Factors
• .2S2 of .073 (geostationary orbit vs. non-geostationary)
r 1.2.1 Basic Factors
.::1982 >1982
[ ARYWF 13.0 17.5
BWTF 70.0 42.5
XCLSF 0.11 O.lS
r 1. 2 • 2 Siz ing : EPSW· ARYW + BAN + SHW'! + P CUW
r ARYW • BOL/ARYWF
BATt, • Blo."TF x XSCB
r XCLS
SHWT •
PCtJW
XSCB
•
•
•
BOL/XCLSF
4.8 x XSCB
20.8 + (2.7 x 13GB)
TBPR/1000.0 rounded up.
L 1. 3 Bus Subsystem: BSWT-TTCW+ACSW+EPSW+STRW+THRW+EIW+SIW+FRPW
[ FWS
STRW
•
•
EPSW+CWT
0.288xfl15 or O.367xCWT whichever is greater
THRU • 0.07xrw5
EIW • 0.136xCWT
r. SIW
PRPW
•
•
0.21SxSTRW
1.016xSTRt~ (Init t:!l :;i:."ing!
r 1.4 AIray
3~~ EOL/G.l3
L 1.5 TTF..C
w
{ 1.
2 •
• 49.6 1bs. 0.0 watts: base subsystem
79.6 1bs. 60.0 watts W/crypto
3 • 109.1 1bs. 80.0 watts W/crypto E: SS~1A
l
L
i
l
t
.J
G.""·~""~' , .
~ J
OF h.; ",., l,;: v"L!1 '{,
TABLE 2-2 (Continusdl
1.0 Spacecraft ~ontinuedl
1.6 ACS
1.6.1 CHW'r < 1300 1bs. ACSW • 131.1 1bs. PAA > .1°
AC5W • 151.1 1bs. '."U > 0.05
1.6.2 cmrr 1300 1bs. ACSW • 151.7 Ibs. PAA > .1°
ACSW • 171.7 Ibs. PAA > 0.05
Add 35 Ibs. & 25 watts for PAA
2.0 Perigee Motor Factors
2.1 P.~~-D (PMX· 1)
~~T • 385; PMC • 3700
CLDW • 2483.6 PML· 7.0
I • 293
sp
2.2 PA11-A (PM){· 2)
XNRT • 1333; PMC· 5000
CLIM • 3800; PM!. - 8.0
I sp • 293
2.3 SPS-1 (PM! - 3)
~T • 1763.7; PMC· 3000
~~w • 0.0 PML - 6.5
I • 305.4 @ per; 310 @ aposee
sp
2.4 I.U.S. (PMX· 5)
XNRT • 2180.6; PHC· 5500
CL!lt~ • 0.0 PML • 16.5
I • 290, 296
sp
2.5 SPS-l m (P~· 5)
~T • 2180.6; PMC· 5300
CUM • 0.0 PHL • 13.0
I • 305.4, 310
3p
14
_~,~._o~ __9I'9N.'''''''''.
~--"""'''''' ~
I
r
r 4.Q Program Costing Alternativas
Built into the model are three basic programs which are signiticantly
r different in character. All the basic costs for these prograns are
generated by the model.
l
4.1 ~~
[
For a.~ threp program cost formats the model first generates non-recurring
and recurring hardware est~tes. For the standard program the model
r computes the program cost as follows:
[ a. Total non-recurring cost • hardware non-recurring x 1.3
b. First unit cost • hardware recurring x 1.25
c. Prototype cost • 1.25 x first unit cost
d. R&D cost • a -c
e. Prototype refurbishment cost • 0.2 x first unit cost + 4500.
[ f. Flight Model Cost • (P. of sIc - 1) x first unit cost
g. Profit and on-oroit incentives • 0.2 x (a + e + f)
L h. Total sIC costs • a + e + f + g
i. Tota~. Program Cost • h + STS and transfer orbit system costs
[
4.2 DoD Fl':-Before-Buv
rois program consists of a prototy?e and a nUQber of flight demonstration
models, plus the required number of flight sIc. The prototype is not flown.
{.
a. Total non-recurring cost - hardware non-recurring x 1.3
( b. First Unit Cost • hardware recurring x 1.25
c. Demonstration sIc cost • First Unit Cost x Number of Demo sIC
[ d. Prnfit - .1 x (a + c)
e. Deco Progr~ Cost • a + c + d + STS + Transfer Orbit System Costs
f. Prouuction start-up cost • .15 x a
g. Flight ~del Recurring Cost • 1.1 x b x ~umber of Flight ~Ddel sIc
15
t
,
I
h. Profit and On-orbit I~centives • .2 % (l + ~l
i. Flight Model Prolram Cost • f + g + ~ + STS + transfer orbit
systGl costs
j. Total Progrza Cost • e + i
4.3 ~~n~um Non-recurring Costs
There are SIC program. which can use another program's sIC bus with min~l
changes. For such a program, prototype costs are el~1nated and R&D cests
are significantly less than those generated by the other costing formats.
a. Factor Cost • 2 x hardware recurring
b. Non-recurring Cost • .36 x factor cost
c. ~nagement and Support • 10% of b
d. Total ~;on-recurring Cost • b + c
e. First Unit Cost • 1.25 x hardware recurring
f. Flight Xodel Cost • SIC) x first unit cost
(# of
g. General and Administrative Costs • .15 x (d + f)
h. Profit and On-orbit Incentives • .12 x (d + f + g)
i. Total sIC Cost • d + f + g + h
j. Total Program Cost • i ~" STS cost + transfer orbit 5YSt. '" cost
11)
,'Iii_-h -¥2 -MW.- __ ;<!;O::::;;
%¥
,..
TABLE 2-3
COS"; SPREAD FACTORS AND INFLATIO!-~ APPLICATION
[
1. a. Cost Spread Factors (lractio? of Total Cost P.r Year)
rl
1.1 Non-~.currinl .35 .45 .2 (in first thr •• year., respectively)
1)JD FBB S~art Up COlt .5 in each of firwt two years folloving
demonstration ~!"ogram.
r 1.2 Recurring
f 1.2.1 XSC ,~ .2 .~ ,.4 (in first three ycars)
2<.XSC~9 .1 .3 .4 .2 (in first four years)
9< XSC .1 .25 .25 .25 .15 (in first five yun)
r .4 (startiTlg three years before launch)
1.3 STSC .2 .4
r 1.4 mc r
• .J .5 (starting t~ years before launch)
1.5 POOIC .1 (in each of ten years following first launch)
tlote: The program assumes that there are four STS launches per year,
r and that each launch can
selected perigee motor system.
~arry one or two spacecrafts depending on the
L 2.0 !nflation Application
[ 2.1 Prograc r~sts
l A. (1 + XlR)(~YR-1980 + 1.5) B. (1 + XIR)(EYR-1980 + 5)
2.1.1 Standard/Minimum Recurring Costing
Tct21 Inflated SIC Cost • Ax Total SiC Cost
J
~ .
:.1.2 DoD FBB
J
I. Total Inflated S/r. Cost • A x Demo sIc Cost +
B x Flight Xodel sIc Cost
L 17
·
....
TABL! 2-3 (Continued)
2.0 Inflation Application (~nt1nu.d)
2.2 STSC/PMC Costs
C • (1 + IIRl(aYR-i9S0 + x). X. Number of years beyond BYR
when first cost incurTad
2.2.1 STSIC • C x STSC
2.2.2 PMIC • C x FMC
l
18
{
r TABLE 2-4
r GLOSSARY OF ACROt~}~
ACS costing
r ACP
ACSW ACS weight
pa~~eter
r
,
ALl-AL3
~'WF
ARJlF
ACS c.nnplexity factor input.s
ACS Ncn-recurring weighted complexity factor
ACS recw:ring weighted complexity factor
l ARYi-l
N"''lIT
Solar array weight
Solar array weight factor
*' AI, A2 Intermediate results in calculating f;:.V2
l BATW Bat':ery weight
BOL Beginning-of-life solar array output
[ BSWT Spacecraft bus weight
BW'l'F Battery weight factor
r Bl, B2
BYR
Intermediate results in calculating
Base year of program
~V2
[ CC' Communication subsystem costing rarameter
Cli'.rr Spacecraft check weight
CLm.;r STS cradle weight
( CLl-CL9 Comm1mication subsystem complexity factor inputs
o.'WF CoILJl. non-recurring weighted complexity factor
[ QUIT Comm. recurring weighted complexity factor
OIT Co~. SUb3yster. weight
l Di.'C
DSCC
Demonstration program cost
Demonstration SiS ccst
ManeL~er fuel weight
[ DVMFW
DVHV ~I C maneu""erability ~eC[uirement
ECPl,2,3 EPS costing parameters
( EIW Electric~l integr~tion weig~t
n1-n' EPS non-recurring weightee complaxity factor
l EOL
EPS1.;r
End-of-life solar array output
EPS weight
t ER~IT
El, t2
EPS rpcurri:"\g weig:lted complexity factor
Intermediate resultg in calculating ~V2
FA.~ Final apo~ee radius
L
19
·L
,
i
TABLE 2-4 (Cont1Duedl
GLOSSARY OF ACRONnlS
nNC Final inclir ation
fMC Flight model cost
FMPC Flight Medel progr~ cost
1:"PR Final perigee r~diu3
rUC First unit cost
-ruF Fuel wpight factor
FWS Sizing parameter for STRW
CAe General and administrative cost
•
I Specific impulse of fuel
sp
LZ Sizing ~arameter for STS
I
OOFW On-orbit fuel weight
OOlC On-orbit incentive cost
PAA Pitc~ axis pointing accuracy 1
PCtl'W Power control unit weight
P~C Pe r1r,ee mo c'or cos t
PMIC Perigee motor inflated cost
P~rr. Perigee motor length
P~ Perige.e motor indicator
PRCr' ,Profit
PRORFC Prototypa r~furbishment cost
nOTC Prototype co~~t
p~.[ Propulsion sis weight
Pi, P2 Interm. ace results in calculating DVZ
~T)C ~esearch and development cost
SCL Sic lergth
SCL~IT SIC launch veh~cle
SCOWT sic on-orbit weight
SCP St~J~ture costing parameter
SHt~L Shunt weight
sn! Structural integration weight
Structu~al n~-recurr1ng ".teighted c Jmple.'tity ~actor
Structural recun:i=1.g .reighted complexity factor.
Stru.:ture w<!1ght
-~ $$oo __ IN.,_-
TABLE 2~4 (Continued)
CLOSSARY OF ACRO~
STSC STS cost per launch
STSCF STS co, ~
STSIC STS inflat&d C.3t
STX Inclination cbange
SUC Start-up cost
TBPR Total bus power
TCP TT~C costing pa~3meter
Total flight model cost
I TFMC
TRRW Thermal weight
Ta-TLS TT&C sIS complexity factor inputs
[ 'r '~C Total non-recurring cost
TT&C ~on-recurrir~ weighted compl~x1ty factor
[ !PC Total program cost
!P~C Total perigee motor cost
[ TSCC Total sIc
Total STS cost
cost
TSTSC
TT&C Recurring weIghted complexity factor
[ ncw TT&C sIs weight
V3. v4 Intermediate resulL in calculating DV2
( XCLS Number of solar cells
XCLSF So~ar cell factor
l XIR
~RTl
Average annual inflation rate
Inert weight of external apogee moto~ system
~RT2
Inert weight of perigee ~o~or system
XSC Total number of sIC 1n program
XSCB Number of r~tteries
( Zl-Zo. Fuel weight frartions for ~1fferent &~PX systems
l
t
l
PART III
FLOW DIAGRAM
Figllre 3-1 ].5 a flow diagram for non-computer use of the model.
By following this diagram, the llser without access to the com-
puter program can exercise the model by band. ~L~ diagram also
indicates the flow of the computer program.
_'" ..... ~_~_ ~_~_~,.;~.-~.-.R IIIIlli.
..........-.._ _ . _...._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.......
r Cr-:~~:7.f."'~ r~"~?~ 13
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t Figure 3-1. Flow Diagram 23
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Figu(e 3-1 (Continued) 24
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Fig~re 3-1 (Continued) 25
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Figure 3-1 (Continued) 26
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Figure 3-' (Continued) Z7
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i8
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~
PART IV (\
CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS
The SCPCE program is a useful tool for evaluating various spacecraft
designs and configurations. Its flex~~!l~ty and modular program format
allow for easy expansion and updating as the data base for the SIC design
parameters or the SAMSO model is updated. Its interactive nature makes it
easy to use by someone without extensive computer experience.
The model as presented hue has not been fully verified iI .. ' ~st.
current spacecraft prog~~s. Some comparisons have been made, but a
complete verification against a fully-costed current program has not been
done. This step should be done to assure confidence in the model.
r In addition, there are several l~itations inherent in the algorithms
as presented, e.g., an STS launch is assumed. A furthe~ version of this
r model should include:
1. An expendable launch vehicle capabili_y
r
2. An oil-ground spare opt ion
3. Inclusion of launch insurance costs
( .'
f
( 29
APPENDIX A
USER' S ~wroAL
1.0 UITRODUcnON
The model is very easy to use, due to the: interactive data input. ~To previous
computer experience is required to run the program, however the user must know
enough about communication satellites to answer the questions. The final
outputs ar~ all labeled and are presented to the user in a ve11-organized
~nner. All ~~ronyms used are defined in Tabl.s 2-4 and B-1.
2.0 THE HELP St'BROli'TD'E
At the beginning of a run, the user is asked if he needs help. An affirnative
answ~r will result in a listing of a description of the program, its modes of
operation atld an explanation of all acronyms appearing in questions. This is
to acquaint the first-time user with the program and will enable him to gain
facility w~th it more quic~Jv.
3.0 ~ODES OF OPERAT1~
As mentionp.d ir. Part I, the program can be run in t~~ modes: full prograo,
or cost only.
TI1e full program mode performs the spacecraf~ size ~nd weight estimaticn and then
estimates ~he associate.d costs. Raving designed a spacecraft. the user can then
modify his input specifications. design a new spacecraf: and make tradeoff c~m
parisons between the two. He then can select O'1e of the two to save ~ or fu\:ure
c.;:)mparisons.
The cost only :node is B. one-cime-through option for a user who alre.oldy 1'.as a
spacecraft duign. ~:Ore speci.fic b'1puts are required ::h~!l. to ":!scribe the
spacecraft de~ign to the :nodel. Hardware Iecurring and non-re,urrin~ costs
are esti~ated. but there is no direct artian for traceoffs.
]0
4. a I~UT P.EQU1~NTS
The input requi~aments for tne two modes are different, and are li~ted below.
4.1 Full Program Mode
a. Orbital Infortll4tion - Final apogee and perigee radii and final
inclination, if not geostationary.
b. Number of siC to be manufactured, number of on-orbit sIC,
(number of flight demonstration SIC for DoD FBB).
c. Base program year, program type (government'or commercial).
program costing format, mean mission duration. average annual
inflation rate.
d. Estimated SiC length. maneuver capabiHty.
e. Communication subsystem weight, DC pow~r, and total RF power.
f. Type of TT&C systen.
g. Complexity factor inputs - Specific questions are asked about
each of t~e subsystems and ~eighted complexity factors are
internally senerated.
In addition, there are provisions for direct input of subsys~em parameters
if use of the oodel's estimations is not desired.
4.2 Cost Onlv hode
a. Communicati ... ns Subsystem - Weight in pounds; i.ncludes t.:'ansponcer
and antennas.
b. !TOoC Subsystem - Weight in pound~; ir..eludes 'intenna5.
c. Attitude Control Subsystem - Includes ACS + Propulsion subsystem
weight; does not inclucie fuel weight.
d. Struct~re Subsystem - weight in pounds; includu thenul and
mechanical integration wei:htc
e. Electrical Po~er Subsystem - Weight in pounds including electri_al
integrat1o~. heginnL~g-of-life array pt'wer
(watts q equinox), number of batteries •
•
31
·
.-4
f. SIC length, perigee motor cost and lenath, and SIC lau.lch weilht
including transfer orbit system and its cradle.
g. Type of program (goverament or commercial) and program costing
format.
h. Total number of SIC, number of orbiting sIC for operating .yst.a,
and number of flight demonstration sIC for DoD FBB.
1. Bas. year of program (contract award dace), mean minior duracion
and average annual inflation rate.
j. Complexity Factor Inputs - Questions ure asked abo~t the subsystems
and weighted complexity factors are internally gen.rate~.
5• a PROGP.A.'1 0 1..."l'P UTS j
5.1 Full Program ~1ode
a. Delta VI and Delta V2 (velocity changes for orbit injections)
b. Communication SIS weight, :TC sIS weight, AC sIS weight, EP sIs
weight, beginning-of-life array output and sIC bus weight.
c. On-orbit fuel weight, sIC ')n-orbit weight, sIC launch wei.ght,
and perigee motor indicatcr.
d. Program cos~s depending on the specifiC costin~ format chosen
(in 1980 dollars).
e. Per-year costs (after inflation) and number of sIc launched
per year.
In addition, there 1s an optional printout of either the baseline sIC or the
curn~nt sIs design parameter'l a'la11able.
0r.ce thtlre is a baseline S/C (1. e., after the first time thl')ugh) d~lta
parameters are printed. These are the differences in weightf and costs
bet"",een the baseline sIc and program and the <:urreut 51 C and progran.
5.2 Cost Oniv .. ~!ode
a. ?rogran costs (in 19~C collars; dep~nd~ng ~n the specific
costing fo~t chosen.
b. Per-year cost ~a£ter in"flation) and number of sIC launched
• per
year.
There is no provision for tr~deoff comparisons in the cost only mode.
6.0 SA.'il'LE RUNS
6.1 Full Program Mode (Figure A-l)
~e baseline sIC is a TDMA. Direct-to-User syst~. with 2S - 25w spot
beams in Ka-band. An inflation rate of zero vas chosen for simplicity.
General and administrative costs are included in R&D cost and "First Unit
Costs." but profit is not; profit is included with "On-orbit Incentives."
The "First Unit Cost" is an estimate of the actual cost of bui.l.cii.ng one
flight model. For a unit selling or buying price. divide the "Total 5/-:.
Cost" by the nUI!lber of spacecraft, resulting in. in this case, $74M.
In the txades mode, the communications payload is changed to reflect
the replacement of the 25w nrr's with 15w nn' s. This results in a lower
payload weight, DC power requirement, and RF power output. In addition,
one of the anSW8T3 to a complexity factor ~uestion muse be chaU&ed; the
other inputs are zero to indicate no change.
r
The resulting spacecraft has a 156-pound-less on-orbit weight, and a
(
1.051.2-pound-less launch weight. The new unit cost is then $68.5. and
t~e cost savings are realized in years 1 through 13 as indicated.
r
6.2 Cost OnJ,y ~de U'1gure A-21
f
The HEU subroutine is first exercised to guide the user. The example
is a typical domsat spacecraft, with C-band CO~~S beams and Ku -band spot
( b'.ams. Again. a zero inflation rate was chosen. Because of the si:nplicity
clf the syste. spacecraft costs are much lower than the previous example.
For this three spacecraft system, the unit co-t is $37 .5~t. the average 0:
T
l th:ee SIC includin~ prorated R&D costs.
33
~~ ~""""_~ -·-.-.~·...
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THII IS THI S'ACleRA~ 'ARAftlTIW AND COlT
lITI"ATINQ ,ROQR~ DIVaLO'ID AT ~ACC MDL.
DO YOU NIKD
-2
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1-<'W.Z-'-IOW.3-IO-ZOW.4-20-40W.,->4OW
INI'UT TY" OF TRANI'ONDIR. I-TR~ATINO.Z-RlGINIRATING.3-C~INATI0N
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IN'UT NU",E~ OF ACTIVI 'OWIR MIII.I-IO OR LIII.2-50 OR lESI
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INI'UT NU"lIR OF blFFIRINT FRIOUINCY IANDI. '-I.Z-:.3-3."-. OR "ORI
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IN'UT I10ST C~PL£X ANTENNA DillON. l-HORN.Z-SINGLI ~~LECTOR
3-DUAL Rl.·LECTOR •• -SINOLI L£NI.'-DUA&' L.INS/~8ID A"ltAY
-z .
:NI"UT NU"'P a' FUDS IN PfOIT C,,"''-EX ANnNNA DISIGN
I-I TO to.Z-It TO :,.3-21 TO 50."-'1
TO 75.5-'1 TO IOO.'."OWI THAN 100
-Z
INI"'JT SOURCE OF TT.c 'AItMITERS. t-DIRI~ INI'UT.:-P«JDn.
-2
INPUT TV" OF TTle SIS. t-IASIC.Z-CRY'TO.3.CRY~TQ AND SI"A
-I
IH~T "AXI"U" TT.C liT RATI.C"D OR T~. I-UP !D 100 KI"
z·u~ TO I GI~.J-I1O" THAN I ai's
-I
INltUT TOTAL NU"'ER 0' CHANNILS. loU' TO tOOO.Z-"DRI THAN 1000
-I
IN~T TV'! OF CO~NICATIONI ItROCESSINO. ,-NONl.Z-CENTRALIZED
3-DISTRIIUTED
-Z
IN~T 'ROCtSSING OR TTlC 5TOWAOI. t-NONI.Z·U' TO 10 KI.3-U' TO 1 01
.-I'IORI THAN 1 al
-,
rN~T TYP. 0' MCI1ORY. l-NONI. Z-"AONITtC CORI.3-TAPI •• ·OTHIR
-t
F!.6ure A-1. cull ?t'ogt'a:1 ~·~de 'rer:l.inal Session
'._"". ~.~~.~""",,,,.~..... ...-..... .... --
- ,,,-"" ' -"" " ............. .. .......~""--~.....
.... _.....__ _--_...._--_ _.__ ----
....... ...... .....-
IN~T 10URCE OF AC' 'ARAftiTERI '-DIRECT IN~T.Z-~DlL.
-Z
~'fRENCI.
-,INPUT ATTITUDE
INPUT 110 INTI NO CONTItOl..
I-INIRTIAL OR OTHIR.Z-ClLIITIAL
I-O~N LOO'.Z-CLGlID Loa'
-I
INPUT 'ITCH AXIl 'OINTING ACCURACY CDIORaII'
-.1
INPUT IOUItCI OF I" ~~. I-DIRICT IN~.Z-"ODEL.
-Z
DELTA VI - %4%1.4' "/IIC DELTA V2 - 1130.70 I1/IEC
CO~ WT - e51.0 LI. TTC WT - 41.1 LII
ACS W! - 1'1.7 LIS E'. WT - 4%1.4 LlI
BP' • 438'.' WATTS lUI WT - 11'Z.1 LIS
Oh'ORIIT FUEL WT· 411.4 LBS
SIC ON-OItIIT WT - 30%7.0 ~II SIC LAUNCH WT - 1831%.3 LBS
pr;" J 'U "'OTOIt 3 WAS CHOSEN
ITANDAltD COSTINO FOIt"AT (DOLLARI IN TMOUIANIiI,
NUI'I8ER OF SIC - % NUtteO OF ON-OItln IIC - Z
R.D COST - • 34711.1. ~TOTY" ruST - • 4%IZO.1
TOTAL NON-RECURRING COST - • 77431.7
"'OTOTY'E RIFURB COST - '11311.] FIRST UNIT COlT - '34341.8
,. FLIGHT "'ODEL CDST - • 34341.1
TOTAL SIC COST - .14'01'.3
QNooORIIT INCENTIVIS - • %411'.7
," CDST - • 1000.0 STS COlT - .Z4.14.4
TOTAL ,..DGltA" COST - '17110%.1
YEAR 1 COST - • 4089%.4 o IIC LAUNCHED
YEAR % COST - • 14975.1 o SIC LAUNCHED
•••
YEAR 3 COST - 4"1'.4 o IIC LAUNCHED
YIAR
YEAR ,4 COST
COST
-
-
''''.0
%411.0
Z IIC
o SIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
•,•
YEAR 1 COST - 2411.0 o SIC LAUNCHED
r YIAR 7 COST - 4:417.0 o IIC LAUNCHED
VEAR
YEAR
YEAR
8 COST
9 COST
'0 COST
-
- ••
-
.2417.0
2417.0
2487.0
o II C
o IIC
o IIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
r YEAIt
YEAR
YEAR
11 COST
12 COST
13 COST
-
-
- .Z481.0
•
2417.0
%411.0
o SIC
o IIC
o IIC
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
LAUNCHED
DO yOU WANT A CO.. 'LETE LIlTING Of' THE IAS£LlNE?
THIS LISTING II WITHDUT HEADINGS. l-VEI.Z-HO
r -I
958.0 49 •• 317.3 1".7 421.4 915.1
130.3 B'.4 320.3 1852.1 411.4 30%7.0
11101.1 1831%.3 O. 1713.7 O. 3.0
r I.'
Z'14.0 1:'.0
".0 3.0 %1237.0 3041.0 4315.'
DO YOU WANT TO "AilE TRADES? ,-YEI.Z-NO
-I
DO YOU WAHl TD C~ANGE Olt.lT 'AAA~rTrRI? '-YEI.Z-NO
f pZ
DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE "'OQlt~ COSTING 'ARA",TEltS~'-YES.Z·NO
·Z
DO YOU WANT TO CHANGI SCL Ott D'''"'.'~ '-YES. Z·NQ
·Z
( DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE CO"'" 9/S PARA"ETEltS71 YES.Z-NO 9
• 1
f Figure A-I lContinuec)
{ 35
..•
INPUT PA~A"ITtRS:CWT.CPWR.TRFP. USI CWT-O FOR NO CHANGI IN TRADIS ~DI
·900.1110.37,
nN IN,UT OF ZERO ON THI NeXT NINI QUllTtONI INDICATII NO CHANGI.
INPUT HIGHIST CO"~NICATIONI FRIGUINCY. l e<lSQHZ.Ze<SSQHZ.3->'SGHZ
eO
INPUT HIGHIST ~WER LIVEL AT HIGNIIT FREGUENCY.
1_<'W.Z·S-IOW.3·10-Z0W.4-Z0-40W.S-)40W
e3
INPUT TY~ OF TRANSPONDER. I_TRANILATING.ZeREOINIRATING.3-CO"lINATJON
eO
INPUT NU"ID OF ACTIVI POWEIt M".1-10 DR LESI.Ze,O OR Lnl
3.100 OR LESS.4.~RI THAN 100
-0
INPUT NU",IR OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCY aANDI. l-I.Z·2.3·3.4.4 OR ~E
-0
INPUT NU",IR OF RCV/X"IT ANTENNA SITI.l-l.Z-2 OR 3.3-4 TOa.4.1 OR ~I
-0
INPUT ~ST CO"'LEX ANTENNA 'ATTERN. I·IARTH
2-SINGLE'S'OT: BW.GE.I.0.3 e SINGLI SPOT: aW<I.O
4.SHA'ID: SINGL! aW.DI.l.O.S.SHA'ED: SINoLE aW.LT.I.O
6.~LTIPLE S'OT:SINGLE BW.GI.l.0.7-~TIPLE SPOT:S:NOLI IW.LT.l.O
9·SCANNING.LE.7IW·S.9-SCANNIN6)7IW·1
1
·0
INPUT ~ST CO"'LEX ANTENNA DillON. l-HORN.Z-SINOLE R~ECTOR
3-DUAL REFLECTOR.4.SINaLl LINI.S-DUAL LENI/PHASED ARRAY
-0
INPUT NU"IER OF FEEDS IN ~ST CO"PLEX ANTENNA DillON
I
I-I TO 10.:.11 TO 2'.3-Z8 TO '0.4-'1 TO 7S.,-7. TO 100.1-"ORI THAN 100
.0
DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE TTIC PARA"ITERI? l-YII.Z-NO I
-Z
DO VOU WANT TO CHANOI ACI PARAI'ISTlRS? l-VEI.Z-NO
"'Z
DO VOU WANT TO CHANGI tPl PARMI TaRS? l-YEI.Z-NO
-Z
I
DI1..TA VI - Z4:8.4, "/SEC DI1..TA VZ • 1930.10 "/SIC
CO" WT • 900.0 LII TTC NT • 41.1 LSS
ACS WT • 1'1.7 LBS IPI wt • 345.1 LS'
BOL. 3U4.0 WtltTTS lUI NT • 1484.4 LIS
ON-ORIIT FUEL NY. 378.' LaS
SIC ON-ORBIT WT. 2111.0 LI' SIC LAUNCH NT •
PERIO~ ~TOR 3 WAI CHaSIN
DELTA CO" WT. -'8.0 Las DELTA TTC NT· O. LIS
DELTA ACS WT. O. Lal DELTA E'I WT· -1%.7 LBS
DELTA BUI POWIR - -ea4.0 WATTS DELTA lUI WT • -lsa.: LaS
DELTA ON-ORBIT FUll WT· -39.9 LIS DILTA SIC ON-ORBIT WT • -Z58.0 Lal
DELTA SIC LAUNCH NT· -10'1.2 ~I'
UO yOU WANT A CO"PLETI LISTINGS OF PARA"ETERS?
500.0
1%%.4
1011)8.'
,
.. ..
THIS LISTING IS WITHOUT HEADINGS.l e YIS.2 e NO
17.3
l'::I41.Z
3'9.'
291.8
O.
151.1
1494.4
1783.7
341.7
371.1
I).
87.4
2771.0
3.0
I.'
11110.0
15 ."
37'.0
3.0 %0180.3 %In.O ::I1l4.1.l
Figura A-l (Continued)
36
'O'_~.
. I
I r
I
I
C:-,;_O" I '
c:
Ij
·1
I
1 STANDARD COITING 'OR"'AT (DOLL"'" IN THOUSANDS)
NII",IIt CW I/C. Z MUMP QIf ON-ORin IIC· Z
RiD COlT • • 31Z0l.3 '~TOTY'I COlT • 1 40051.7
TOTAL NON-RECURRING COST. 1 7\ZI •• r
'ROTOTY'E RI'URa COST. 110101.3 i ('~f UNIT eaST • .3Z041.3
FLIGHT I'IODEL COST •• 320"1.3 .. ., .oRlIT 1:.tINU ...·1I • • n142.1
TOTAL SIC COST. '1370'Z.;
," COlT 2 • 8000.0 S1S COlT • IZ.I'4.4
TOTAL 'ROr,,,,,," COlT • 1'11"37.1
VI~"
YIAR Z
COST
COST
•
•
•• 81001.0
37901.1 o
o
IIC LAUNCHID
IIC LAUNCHED
•
YIM
vlAR
3
4
COST
COST
•
•
•• 43115.1
'214.2
o
Z
IIC LAUNCHED
SIC LAUNCHID
YEAR
YIAR
,
1
COST
COST
•
•
•• 2%84.2
Z~84.2
o
o
I/C LAUNCHED
II C LA\.INCHID
•• 2284.2
YIAR 7 COST • 2214.2 o IIC I.AUNCHID
. YEAR
YEAR
8
I
COST
COST
•
• • ZZ14.2
o
o
IIC LAUNCHED
IIC LAUNCHED
YEAR 10 COlT - 1 2214.2 o SIC LAUNCHED
,••
VlAR 11 COST • 2214.2 o IIC LAUNCHED
YIAR 12 COST • 2284.2 " IIC LAUNCHED
.~
,. YIAR 13 COST .. 2%14.Z o I I C LAUNCHID
! . DILTA COST YIAR 1 ., -2784.3
r DILTA COlT YEAR 2 -,., -38'4.1
-2371.7
DILTA COST VIAR 3
.. DILTA
DELTA
COST
COST
YEAR
YEAR , .,., -liZ.'
4 •• -IIZ.I
-IIZ.I
r
DELTA
DELTA
COST
COST
YEAR
VEAR • .,., -IIZ.1
7
...
DILTA
DII.TA
COST
COlT
YEAR
YEAR •• .,., -IIZ.1
-IIZ.I
I f'
DILTA
DILTA
DILTA
DII.TA
COST
COlT
COST
COlT
YEAR
VEAR
VEAR
VIAR
10
II
lZ
13
.,
.,
.,
-IIZ.I
-lIZ.1
-liZ.'
-lIZ.1
I
.I
DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THe: IAIELI . .? l·VII,Z-NCI
rZ
DO YOU WANT A CO"~ETt LISTINO or THE IAIILINE?
THIS LISTING IS WITHOUT HEADINGI. l-YII,Z·NO
t ·Z
DO YOU WANT TO ~I TRADES? I·VII.Z-NO
I\
f -2
•
(
Figure A-l (Continued)
r
37
.RUN IC~1t
THII II THE SPACECRAFT PARA~TIR AND calT
£ITI"ATINO PROGRA" DEVELOPI~ AT FACC WOL.
no YOU NIED HILP? ,_YEI.Z-NO
-I
THIS PROGRA" WAI WRITTEN IY S.~LACHRlMOI AT 'ACC WDL.
THII IS VIRSION 1.1 - 4 ~RCH 1110
THIS PROGRA" IITI"ATII THI IIZI AND COlT OF A CO~NICATION
SATELLITE GIVEN SO"I IAIIC PAR~ITIRS. IT USI. SPACECRA,T SIZING
RUL£I BASED ON FAce £XPIRIINCE AND COSTING RULEI 8AIID OM A ~D-
1'110 VIRSlaN a, THI SA"IO SPACECRAFT calTINO ~DIL.
THERI ARE Twa !'tODII at' THIS PROaRM. THE coaT ONLY ~DE
AND THI FULL PROGRA" "ODE. IN THI COST ONLY "001. PROQRA"
COlTS ARE EITI"ATID FOR A GIVIN SPACECRA'T. IN THE FULL
PROGRA" MODI. THE "aDEL CAN ESTI~TI SUI.YIT," WIIGHTI AND
POWERS IF THEY ARE NOT BJVIN IBAIED ON GENERAL INPUTS)
BEFORE ESTIMATING COITI. THI USER CAN THIN INTER A TRADES
MODE AND CHANGE ANY OR ALL A' THE PARA",TE"I. ~~ WEIGHTI
ARI IN POUNDS AND Da~ARI IN THOUSANDS.
THIS "DDEL IS LI"ITID TO 3-AKIS STABILIZED SIC AND STI LAUNCH.
INPUTS FOR THE COST ONLY "ODI ARI:
CCP-CO"" COITING PARA"ETERaCO"" WT (INCLUDING ANTENNAI)
TcparTC calTINO PARA"ITERaTTC WT.
SCP_STRUCTURI COSTING PARA"ITIR-ITRUCTU~I MT (INCLUDING
COSTING PARAf'lETERa.c liS MT • PRO~SION SIS MT
Tl4IR"'AL)
ACS-ACS
ECPt-EP ceSTING PAAA"ITER-EP SIS MT
BQLa8£GINNING-C'-LIF1: SOLAR AltItAY OUTPUT (WATTS)
IYR-IAII Y~AR OF PROGRA"
XICI.NUI'IBER 0' SIC BATT£RIES
SCLWTaS/C LAUNCH WEIGHT
XSC-NU",ER 0' FLIGHT SIC IN PROGRA'"
XOIC-NU"IER O~ ON-aRlIT SIC
XFDSC-NUI'I8ER O~ FLIGHT DE~NSTRATION SPACECRAFT (NOT
INCLUDED 1" XSC) ~OR DOD FLY IIFORE IUY CaSTING-l OR Z
Sct.aS/C LENGTH IF COI'If'IERClAL
PROGT-PROORA" TYP~ - 1 I' GQVERN"~NT-I'IILITARV.Z IF DOD FLY
PROOlhPROGRA,1 :OSTING FORI'IAT - 1 l' STANDARD. 2 (NO PROTOTYPE)
BEFORE BUY. 3 l ' "lNI~" NON-RECURRING COST
p",x.PERIGE! ~TOR INDICATOR-~IE BELOW
Pf'!C.P~RIGEI ,",OTOR COST-SEE BELOW
pt'IL.PER'~F.E MOTOR LENGTH-SEE Bf~OW Pt'IL
PI'IK P"C 7.0
3700
PA"-O 1 1.0
'000 8.5
PA"-A Z 3000
SPS-l J 7700 II.'
IUS 4 ,,00 13.0
SPS-l I'll ,
""D-",AN "ISSION DURATION (YEARS)
XIR~AV£RAGE ANNUAL INFLATION RATI (XI
THE OTHIR INPUTS AR~ SELF EXPLANATORY.
INPUTS ~OR THE FULL PROGRA" "001 ARE:
FAR-~INAL APOGEE RADIUS
FPR-':NAL PERIGE! RADIUS
F INC.' INAL IHeLINII,T I ON
rWT-CO"'" C;/S WT
Figure A-2. Cost Only ~ode Terminal Session
e~Nft.eo"" III DC PO.iR (~TTI'
TRF'-TOTAL RF POWIR CWATTS'
THI OTHIR IN'UTI ARI IITHIR IILF IXPLANATORY OR ARI IX'LAINID A.OVI IN
THI COlT ONLY "001 ~ICTION.
IN THI COlT ONLY ..aDI, 'ROaRM COITI AND III:R YIM COlTS
ARI PRINTID. IN THI FULL PROOR,," "001, IITI"ATED I'ACI-
CRAFT 'AR~TIRI ARI PRINTID .I'ORI THE COlT'. IF IN THE
TRADII IICTION OF THI ~LL ~OQRA" ..aDI, THE CHANGII
IN IPACICRAFr PARMITIRI AND COITI 'RO" A ~IVIOUILY
CO"PUTID IAIILINI ARC ALIO PRINTED.
WHIN A CO"~ITI LISTING Of!' PARAftITERI II !Itt I NTID , THEY ARI
IN THE FOLLOWINO FDR"AT CIII USIR'S aulDI FOR DEFINITIONI'
CWT ncw ,TRW ..el.. 1"" THIt..
IIW IIW ~P" .... T OOFW SCOWT
TOTF.. ICLWT KNRTI XNRTZ CLDW ,"X
P"L SCL XICI xeLS T,PR IOL
CPW" TRF'
IN'UT PROORA" ..aDI : I-COlT ONLY, Z-FULL PROORAft
-I
IN'UT PARA"ETE"S:CCP,TCP,IC',AC',ICP1,.OL,XIC.
,. ·301,4 •• 3,21'.2,27••• ,3 •• ,1 ••••• ,2
I IN'UT PARMETERI:SCLWT,ICL,P"X,P~.P~
... -.Z'2.2,1,1,3700,7
INPUT PARA"ITERI:IYR,X.C,KtIC.XFDIC,P"OGT,P"oaF,""D,XIR
-19.1,3,3,0,2,1,7,0
AN INPUT OF ZERO WILL CAUII THE OUlITION TO .1 ASKID AGAIN
IN~T HIGHEST Ca"~NICATlaNi F"rOUENCY. 1_<I'GHZ,2-<'SOHZ,3->,aOHZ
·1
IN~T HI0HIST POWER LEVEL AT HIGHEST ~RIGUINCY.
( 1·<'.. ,2_5-10.. ,3.10-20.. ,4-20-40W,5->40W
I ·3
... IN~T TYPE OF TRANSPONDER. I_TRANlLATINO,Z-RlGENIRATINO,3-CO".INATION
-I
INPUT NU"'ER OF ACTIVI paWIR ,,"'S,I-tO OR LESI,Z-SO OR LEI'
r 3.100 OR LESI,4-~RI THAN tOO
-2
INPUT ~U~E" 0' DIF'ERENT "'IIUINCY IANDI. I-t,Z-Z,3-3,4-4 OR "ORI
·2
IN~T NU"IER 0' RCV/~":T ANTINNA IITS,I.l,Z-2 OR 3,3-4 T08,.-7 OR ..aRE
-2
INPUT ..aST CO"~EX ANTINNA PATTIRN. l-EARTH
Z-IINGLE SPOT: IW.aE.I.0,3-IINDLE SPOT: IW<1.0
4-SHAP[~: SINGLE IW.OI.l.0,'.CHAPID: IINOLI 1".LT.t.O
I."VLTIPLE SPOT:SINOLE aw.OE.I.0,7-"ULTI~1 SPor:.INOLE SW.LT.t.O
[ ._ICANNING.LE."W·S,9-SCANNIHO>7IW'S
.,
IN~T ~IT CO"PLEX ANTINNA DEIION. I-HORN,Z·SINOLE RE~LECTOR
3-OUAL RIFLECTOR.4-IINGLE LEN •• S-DUAL LINS/PHASID ARRAY
[ -2
JN~T NU",IR OF FIEDI IN MOST C~'LEX ANTENNA DESIGN
I.t TO 10,2.11 TO :',3-:8 TO '0,.-51 TO 75.'-" TO tOO,8-"ORI THAN 100
-,
111~T "A)(l~" Tnc In RAT£.C .. D OR TL". ,-UP TO 100 KIPS
( .,INPUT
Z-U' TO 1 Ga'S,l • ..aRE THAN' alPS
TOT~ NU"IIR OF CHANNILI. t.Up TO tOOO,Z-"OR£ THAN '000
-,IN'UT TYPE OF CO""UNICATIOHS
[ l-DISTRIIUTiD
PROCESSING. ,_NONE.:_CENTRALIZED
aZ
Figure A-2. (Continued)
l 39
l .
OF- H~,,',
INPUT ,~aCIIIING O~ TTIC 'T~-al •• -HONI.Z-U' TO 10 Ka.~.up TO 1 oa
4-..a1t1 THAN 1 al
-:
INPUT TY'I 0' "I..alty. l-HOHI. 2-~ONITIC caltl.3-TA".4-aTHI~
-4
INPUT ATTITUDI ~IPW~INCI. 1-1NlItTIAL OR QTHIIt.Z-CILIITIAL
-I
INPUT POINTINQ CONTROL. 1-0PIN LOOP.Z-CLOIID LOOP
-I
INPUT 'ITCH AXIS POINTING .cCURACY (DIGIt.. I'
-.01
STANDARD COSTING ~OR"AT (DOLLARI IN THOUSANDI'
NU""'R OF SIC - 3 NU""IR Of' ON-ORin IIC - 3 J
RiD COST - • 20702.' 'ROTOTY" COST • • 2201'.1
TOTAL NON-RICURRING COST - • 42717.'
'~OTOTY'E REFURI COST - • 803'.: FI~T UNIT COST - '1717'.1
FLIGHT ~D!L COST - • 3'3':.1 ON-o"I'T INCENTIVIS - • 17237.0
TOTAL SIC COST - '1034%Z.0
," COST - '11100.0 STS COlT - '2473Z.2
TOTAL PItOGR~ COlT - '1312'4.2
VEAR
YEAR
YIAR
VIAR
1
2
3
4
COST
COlT
COST
COlT
-
-
..•• 231.".3
413.'.0
31'57.4
- 14001.2
-- • 1723.7
0 IIC LAUNCHID
0 IIC LAUNCHItt
0 SIC
~ IIC
LAUNCHID
LAUNC..ID
,I
VIAR
VIM
YEAR
VIM
,
a
7
•
COST
COST
COlT
COlT - .•
- • 1723.7
11%3.7
1723.7
o IIC
o IIC
o IIC
o IIC
LAUNCHID
LAUNCHID
LAUNCHID
LAUNCHID
"
-.
YIAR , COlT -- 1723.7 o IIC LAUNCHID
VIAR 10 COST - • 1723.7 o IIC LAUNCHID
YIAR
Y(AR
YIAR
11
12
13
COlT
COST
COST
-
- . •
1723.7
17%3.7
1723.7
o IIC
o IIC
o IIC
I.AUNCHID
LAUNCHID
LAUNCHID
•'-
Figure .-\-2
':'0
· ¥is X4? ¥ c ·1· 444I;;:Z;;;: @2$.,Ab ~ ; 4iWi411@ - 4$1(( - ·C. _2 e
,.... -,.'
, ,
APPENDIX " -2.
PROGRAM LISTING
Table :',1 u a glo'•.Jary of variables that aJ:'a internal to the computer
program that an net listed 1n '!'ah1e 2-4. Figure B-1 1. a lilting of the
comp~t.r prorp:'!t ~,..
('
-0 T STfiZt
c:
ot- i'l: ., \,
TABU a-l
GLOSSA.~! OF COMPtrrER PROGRA.." V,\,U.A3LES
(These ;'\I;lt inc:luded in Tabla 2-41
Alinl Apo,ea metor fuel wa1ght
AWX ACS paramater chana a indicator
AWl Alternate ACS we1&ht
AX Dummy variable for Z's
AT Dummy variable for Z's
BArR Ba.ic: bus power
BL(26} Sa.eline array
SLCST( 30) Ba.eline cost
BLL'iAX L~ for baseline
BLPI Sa••line print indicator
BPX Basic progr~ par~eter change indicator
O'AC(8) Complexity facto~ array
CHl5LX B...line change 1I:dicator
CLl2 C3 , 5 , 2 ) Complexity fac:tor array
a.1(9,2} Complexity factor array
C1.8(5.2} Complexity fac:tor array
Cl9(6.Z) Complexity factor array
C~(4,2) Complexity factor array
C:T First time through indicator
CSX Comm. parameter change incicator
CTA(4,6,2) Complexity factor array
C'I'UU Complexity factor array
O,3,:}
DACSH Delta ACSW
DBS~! Delta BSW'l'
DC';! Delta crr
DEP~!C D6m0nstrat1on program P~C
DEPSW Delta EPSW
::lES7SC Demonstration Proir~ S7SC
:lLCST( 3C) Delta cost (per year)
!y_~< for ~elta cost
:CC:.,· :::elt .. ccr:.;
..."-
L L ." . . ..." . .
~."'-'!'-~--- ......_I"iI·._""I4"'Z""UIll'0W1
g ...........O!'IIw
A ... •.Il!!._._
r-·_·· .... · .,. . . .
TABLE B-1 (Contiuued)
,-
GLOSSARY OF COt-1PUTER PR.OGRAM VARIABLES
DPr,.,"Pl.2 Intermediate ~over terma
DSCLYT Dalta scurr
DSCOWT Dalta scOW!
DnPR Delta TlPR
r DTTCW Delta TTCW
l EL EPS Complexity factor ter.M
EPSF(7,2) Complexity factor array
EPX EPS parameter change indicator
EPl Sizing parameter for DP~1t
r FACTOR Profit factor
l FLAG Name of a.1'f 10 .ubrout in ..
r FW6 S1zloi parametu for ~ntW
l IHnP KELP subroutine indicator
II Counter for cost spreading
f"
I
L III Counter for demo progr~ cost spreading
LV.A.'"{ Last year in which costs are incurred
[ INPUT Input variable in subroutine
IORB Geostationary orbit indicator
( L..~CBC Launch. cost
l LPY(3Q) SIc lauuched per year array
~O Near mission duration
~1tCS1. Non-recurring cost.
OPX Orbit change indicator
[ PIcr Program inflation factor
PU Parameter list~g indicator
[ Periaee motor trade indicator
p~ Parise. motor hloli weight
t POOC
PROG
Profit and on-orbit incentive cost
Program code indicator
PROG!' Prograc costing f~~t
l FRoe: ~/C program :ype
p;n Inte~.d1ate propulsion sIc weight
?(3) Recurring costs
l
o~~.'c. '. ,-
or f", ...• (, .,
TAiLE B-1 (Continutld)
GlJjSSARl' or COMPUTER P!o~lU.M VA.U,\ln..ts
ac ltecurrinl COlt for spr(lach:.~
sroac Stora,e co.t
SmINll Sum of non-recurrin, CI;~.. tl
st..TM1l Sum of recurrina CO.~I
TAL212 Complexity factor e ::.:..:ay
TCX TT&C parameter change indicator
TEST Input te.tina function
TOFl sIC weight prior tc,J;og.e ::\Ocor k:f.(;,~
TOF2 SIC weight prior to tra~~f~r orbit kick
'l'RDy. Tr&d.. indicator
'!'1'CD TT&C SIC type ind1ca:;vt'
UACSW New ACSlol
UAWX ACS parameter source i\.~1c:a··~ ,I
UCl'WB. New CPWR
VOlT New CW'r
tJDPWRl New nPWtU
tJ'tP'..IR.~ New DPWRl
t'EWX EPS parameter sourc. 1- 'ic~tor
L'PAA New PAA
tJ'l1tCP New TRFP
L''I''!CD New T'rCA
U'I"!::W New 1"l'C'.l
tj·1....."X 1"l'&C parameter source indicator
XA(4,2) Compl.x1ty factor array
:nR t:umber of flight demor.atration replenishment SIC
XFDSC Number of flight demonltration SIC
XF!RC Total tranafer orb~.~ and SIS cost
XFRCST( 30} Transfer orbit and SIS COlt per year
XC?! NUl:1ber of SIS launchu per year
:':DSC ~umber of on-orb1t SIC
XCSC:: Counter lor XOSC
:-:5C:' ::umber of SiC launches
:.:5 C'P!. ::w:1ber of SiC ?u SIS launch
1 J
f'
r ...
r TABLE 1-1 (Continued)
r XSCPT
Y(4.2)
Number of sl C launched p('.r year
Complazity factor array
r YRCST(30) Prolram cost per year
r
r
r
r
[
[
f
(
l
[
L
{
{
·~ ; p# *., .. ,... . •""
-"""""""'"~ .........""'..._ _""."'!"p...- ........A_. - ....... _ _ " ' . _ -_ _I!"'I'!I!_ __
...
~""""''"'
c:
Of p,:;;---"<
,
\-....- -
.,
laC PROC.IUI~ SCPeE: siC P"A"EHA/COST EST IIUTOR
vERSION ' . ' - NOOI'IED I. MA~ '9~O - S. J. MILACHltl"OS
,aT~Ge~ IHELP,PROG,dYR,IUSC,ISC,XfO!C,'ROG1,'IOGf,PN.,eNT,OPI,8'"
'"
20 II \.IRS, c:s x, Tell ,UT .... ,U T T c: D, TT e c;, A.X,UAI"', (PX,UI! WI,P " ' l , E l,,,MO, I"AX,
30
.ilL INA I . oll MAl, e HIIU,lllpl,TA o.c ,plX
40 MtAL C~J, TCP,SCP'Aep'IC~1,eC:Pl'Ec:p3,aOL'SC:LWT'SCl,pMC"ML'OV1'
50 tiOVl,t WI' ,ST x,1I3 ,V4,F AI, 'PI" IIH,Al ,A2 ,P1 ,P2. Z1 ,1Z, n, 5,16 ,Ay,AI, z
60 ~O~MV,CWT'VC:WT'CPWR,uepW.'UTA'P'TlfP,CHWT'UTrCW'TT~W'UOPv.',DPv."
10 ,,,ACSW,U ilflWII2,AC:S.,OP.ltZ,I'AA ,EPSv,A ... " AllY'" ,itIH"IClSF ,J:CLS,TaPI,
ao ~~ATR'~Pl'.SCB'''PI'EOl'ARl.'~~TW'SHWT'PCU,",'"5'FW6,STITV,THIt~,EIW,
~o
.5 I.." Pit PW, OOf w,.uHV ,1'",..:,95 .T ,P... ' , SCOWT ,DVI'I'W, .... Tl .... ITZ, TOf',
lCO 'T~'Z'TCTfw,eLDW'Ll,ST5c:"srS"DC:WT'DrTC"'~AC:SW'OEPSV'08swr,
110
1ZU
.0 Tap II, 000 <., OSCOWT, oselwT, al (26), SUI'INIt,SU"'1t ,XII, lie S T (30),
13IJ 'OLCS T ( .sO) ,OL CS T (30) ,lP' ,05 C~
141.1 lOIi 1 C Al TE S T
COI'I"ON I~PAR/xse,losc:,X'USC'PR06F'NNO'X1R,dYIt
1Sil J
CO"'"O .. ICST/TPC,p"C,STse,TMlc,PMI
160
170 TeST (A ,U) -(A .EQ.O.) .Ah".(iI.E~.')
uce IleRE STARTS THE PROltRAN
19C flnltIT," ..
I'lIlfH,"rHlS IS THE spaCECNA'T PAMAI'IETER AND CU~T·
zoo pMINT,"ESTINATI'" pROG.A" DEvElOPEO AT 'Ace WOL."
210
2Z0 PMlItT," ..
pItIUT,"OO lOU NEED H~lP~ 1 .YES,2-~O·
Z3C
Z4U II eao, I .. El I'
Z50 un'4ElP.LE.llCHL HE!..'
Z60 c:n a'
I'RlNT,"lNpUT pIOGIIA" .. ODli : ,-COST ONLY .. Z-'Ull PIIOGR .... •
Z10
"EAO, F~OG
ZISU
Z90 Ii v T° (10,1 5 ) , I'll CG
PRIN1,"INJ'\lT "A!lAPlllUS:C CP,rcp,$ep,ACP,eCP1.&Ol,ISCS"
300 1U
II e.. 0 • C cr, rep, SCI' ,1. CP , t C1'1 • ~ L, I S L D
311.1 P III lIT , "INPUT PAllA" E TEllS: SC LII T ,$ Cl, PM I , PMC ,p.ttl"
3Z0
HO NEA~,SClWT.SCl,p~I,P"C'''''l
PIIII;T, "11' PUT pARAMEaISIBY •. 'se.lose, HDSC.PIIOCiT , .. ROG' ."'"0,1111-
340
350 MEAO'~lM'ISC'IU~C'X'O~C'I'RCltT.PROGf,"HD'lla
360 ECPz-ncl. •• 7311.05
370 ~ Cp1_ttCll.11
I fee TIl .GT. 'QS21 ECP3-aOl/.' 5
380 I'RINT."~" INPUT Cf ZEIIU JILL CAUSE THE WUESTIUH TO SE ASlED AGAIN"
19U
400 C All C CI'!C I< , )
410 C All T It C f{ 1 )
420 CAll .CSCH"pAA)
430 to>l TO ns
ellT -2
He 13 PIU:H,"OO YOU WAitT TO LUANG&: ,J11t,II PAIA"ET",RS~ ,.'ES,ZaNO"
4S0
460 ~EAO,OFlI
470 liO TO 115,50),01'11
PIIINr,"IS "'IIIIT r.EC.STAT{\J~"N1~ '.HS,<:·II!<~
480 15
490 ~ EAO , 1 cau
sao IoIJ TO 12U,25), IIJIIO
SIO 20 01/1.Z4Zll. 4 5
Figure ~-l. Computer Program Listing
r
,.-
l
r
I
r
r 520 F wF a • Z ~2 1
530
540
S u·a.!;
F .118 22 755.3 1
l
550 22 V3aSQIIT<Z.15221 EnOAA) ~
r 560 V4.SQIIT(I.55133EI5/'AII/(30Cj.V+FAII»
l 57U 2~
580
590
1i0 TO 30
rRINT."INPUT OlalT P'I'I'IE fEIIS:'AR.FPA,fINC. GEOSTATIONAR'
.ZZ7'H.3 MILES·
Il~IUS·
j
r 6011 A w:A 0 , , All, f lOA, , 1 .. C
I
61il o/VlaSQltT( 1.19,,"'U .FAI/Otu3.9.,AI/) )-7727, ~
6Z0 IFCF IHe-.LT.41H) STlaAaS(Ze.~-FlNC)
IF«41.75.LE.FlhC).ANO.(FlhC.LT.05.0» ST.·A&S(55.0-FINC)
63C tF(65.'l.LI:.'I~I").ANII.(fltlC.LT.6Z.;» srX a AIIS<75.D-fINC)
6loJ
f" 6511 {FUZ. ).LE.' INC> srx-90.U- 'INC
i
FwF •• 073
l UO
!F(FAR.EQ.FPI) etC TC n l
~
670
680 A,a(]eU3.9+'All/2.0
69(' A Za ( fA A+ F PR ) 12.0
[ 700
710
7Z0
P laf AR o( Z-"R'A ~)
'Z.F "e(2-"IIIAZ:
'J 3-S QII T( <: .15 227E lIe (2.J/" -1 .Il/At»
730 II loa S ~ II Tt l. 15227 Ell. (2. J/P Z -1 • OIAZ ) )
"41'1 ~C' ilV2aS·IIITC'!l.·Z.V4e.Z-ZoVjoV"eeOSC:;TI/57.Z'H8»
[ 750 Z laE
u-e
I' (OVZl3040.Z)
IP (Dl/l/2995."
760
77'1) 13- E I P (' V 112 a63. 5)
no 1 ".E IP (PIV 212902.9)
[ 790
lao
110
5C
5~
Z 5-0 ,)v1I2844.0)
c
GO TI) (00,55) ,CU a
PRINi ,-DO TOU WANT TO CHA~etE THE "OGlIIolil COSTUIG "" . . "EURPl TES
1120 ,.2-1\10-
830 AEAD,BPI
[ 140
850 aU
GO TO (60,70),111'1
PlltNT,~lNPUT ISC,XUSC,PNUET,PAOGF,8TR,""O,IIR-
" EAD. I SC , lOS C, I' II I)C T , P RoJ Gr , CY II ,1'11'10 • I 1 II
860
170 IFSDC-O
[ 110
190
900
1 f ( P 110 ;iF • NE. 2) 10 0 TO 61l
PIIINT."INPUT I'DSC"
REAO,I FOSC
910 \ill TO 70
9ZU o~ lFDSC-O
[ 930
940
950
10
7S
GO TO (7a,7~),CIiT
I'III/11T,"OO TOU ItAMT TO CHAM,e SCl Olt DV"V" '-HS,Z·"'O"
IIEAD.SeLl
960 .. 0 TO (/a.ISO),Sell
970 7d PHl!H,NINPUT SCl,OYI''''-
( 910
990
IUD.SCl,DV"V
l6a( II' CDI/MY)
1000 ai
tOlD .S GO TO C?C.S~).C:'T
""IHT.-OO YOU wANT TU '"'U".; THE CO"" Sli PAlU'lETEIIS"lay(S.~·NO"
t 'IOZO
103U
IIEAO.(S.
GO TO (90.1'0),(5:1
l Fi.gu~e 11-1. (Continuedl
-t
t 4i
~""'''f'!!!-¥''''.~".4142 ....._.!I!!!&!III.)!111'!!".1!'..__4'..&......_
__j _ _"""'~-·~~"A4"""'-"""~"'."*",,"",~--j"' =. . " '". . . . . . . .«....,,'"'w"""'->_!!I!..l!Iq.U!!I. ....
..............!IO£.A.......... ~
.
4
C
uf ,,\~:,:,:
1040 9l PIIINf,"WPUf PAIA"ITfllhcwr,crwl,TII'P. 1:;1 cwreo '01 NO CIf"'(;;' IN
1050 , 111 Aon /!a01"
106,) ilEA o,uew f,U eD"'I,u r "'"
1010 If CTESTcueWT,eNT» GU ro 9U
10ltO lreuelo' .n.o.o)
GO TO 95
109U
1100
1t 10
(I'''' I.ue .. WI
CIIT .U C\, T
r., p.uU '"
i
l1Z0 9') GO TO (100 .. 91> ,eNT
'130 97. Pr.lIH."A~ IN"UT 0' ZERO C::. 1,U: ~fllr "INf GU(STII)NS INOICAru NO C
lao
1150 1:)0
1160 H 0
.NANGE."
CAlL Ct;fIICF (CNT)
CH\H~Wr.(1.0ZI.'W')/.o2t
J
1 I TOt NO'" Wi InpUT "AU"lIlIS Fell AND A(S rr"
1180 Z~U
',90
lZ00
12 lU
zn
GO ru (200,Z02 ),CNT
PIIPU .... DQ YOU WANT Tu CH ..... E n.c PAIIUICT[IIS? '.'IS,Z,I/"O"
leA o. TC I
GO TO (ZOo,Z20) .. TCI
I
'ZZO ;IJ.0 PII I:IT,"WPUT SCUICI 01 T I,C I'AI./'IfTI.S. laOIlECT rN~To02-"OOIL"
1230
1240
125U Zi)1I
OIfAO .. UTWI
GO TO (2C9,204).CNT
PItINr,"A .. IN""T 0' lEIiU \J' TNt NIIT SU QUlSTIONS INOICATES NO ell
J
lZo,", ...HI> e ...
1270 ~J9 GO TO (ZIUoOlll> .. un.1
1210 .11 C P.INT .... INpUT fT.C SIS .e lCeHT.OfLTA POWl. (OYEI !"SIC)"
1290 .e" D .. ..:1TCW. UOP".,
1]00 11 CTESTIIJTTCW .. ClH» CoO TC 210.
13 10 rr (u TTCW.£Q.O.c) .C TO Z 15
1320 TTC ",.oJ" ''''
1330 0"101 II I -U 0 PW. 1
1]4U 100 TO Z15
1150 ~12 PIIINT .. "INPUT TYPE 0' TTIC 5/S. 1-8ASIC#Z-CRTPTO .. 3-CII'PTO AND SSM.-
'HO "'A D,UTT CD
IHU IF(TEST(UTTCO .. ~NTl) G~ Tu I I I
t3IU 1'( uT rro .IE:,) .0) Gol TO ;:1 S
ll?U fTC D-UfTCO
1400215 C.LL HCCI (CNT>
1410 nu GO TO (226 .. l22 loOCNT
14.10 21 Z
1410
P.PH .... OO TOU
IlfA O. AWl
\lA'"
TO CIIA'H.e ACS PU""fTEIIS? laHS,Z-NO·
1440 GO TU C.!26 .. l40) ,AWl
1450 ZZ 0 PIIINT,·I~PUT SOURce 0' A~~ PAIIAMfTfllS l-olAeCT INPUT.laMOOIl."
1400 RE ~ D .l:A ••
1470 GO TO U 30 # 231 ) ,u" II I
Hau
15eu
ZlU
1490 211
GO TO 1232.Z11l .. CNT
PIII/H."AN IltPIlT OF ZEllu
:lfANG("
I..
THI ~Exr FOUII IiUI:STIONS INDICATES NO r.
1510 ;:J2 '''INT."INpUT ACS .T .. DELT. POIOU (J~eA 8A~IC>"
1520 ilEA 0, !.AC SW. UOPioRZ
153U IfCTEST(IIACSW.CIoTll I.U TU .:j~
15 "U lr(U"'Sw.~~.~.U) ,,0 T~ ~le
155u .'S .·~A~ s.
(Cont:1nued 1
i.... -en"*" -ali
. '. ¥' -.ec 1m f -Est - 17$5 - t "
r
r
•f
r r
r
1S00 ~rWRz-o,p.Rl
[ 1570
tHO 213
100
~o
TO Z36
TC (l36,ll4),C~T
15N .!i- PRINT,"'N 'NPuT Of lEMa cu THi UEIT THREl QuESTIONS INOICATIS NO
1600 ~C"A NG~."
f 161U Z30
16Z0C
1630 2'U
164;) ~"1.
CALL ACSCF(:NT,P'A)
:fOli \IE INPUT IPS PUA"tTE ~S
GO T? <246,242),(.T
PRIHT,"~O YOU ~'HT TO (H~HGE EPS PARA"ETtRS~ ,aYES,ZaNO·
1651:1 REA D, EPI
{ 1660
167U ZLo
GO TO <24", l 6 0) ,E' I
PRINT,"IN'uT SOURCE ;)F Ef~ t>AR'"ETERS. '''OIRECT ,NPUT,2a"0l'EL."
1610 IE AD, UF. X
GO TO (2~O,200),Ut~1
r
10llU
HUU ~~.~ PIIINT,"INPUT I:P' WEIliHT,lriH.,' SIC B"TT~IHES·
1110 REAO, EP:;w,~OL,x SC~
17lUC IIOW THAT liE HAVII ALL TH~ INPUTS,W! 00 THE C'LCULATIONS
1730 2.U ~o Te (~70,l62),UTWI
1,,"0 Zo 2 GO TO (2~4,'66,~68).TTCO
[ 1:'50 204
1760
TTC"'a49.6
OPWlll-o.0
1710 GO TO HO
1780 206 TT cw-79.b
[ 179U
1800
1510 2111.;
"'WRl -00.0
GO TO ,70
TT Co:alC;. I
1820 OP',IR1-ftO.1l
1830 27 U GO TO <lSO,l72),U'WI
[ 18100 Z72
1850
1861.1
l ' (PU.LT.O.l) GC TO L7i.
ACS wa 130.'
AWZ-151.7
1570 OP'" IIZao.O
GO TO a8
[ 1880
1890 Z74
11100
IF C flU .1. T •• 05) GO Tu ' " ~
AC:;w-151.7
1910 awl -171 • .,
1920 or.AZ-<J.C
[ 1930
1940 276
195U
Iii) TO as
AC $wal 86. 7
'.2-20b.7
1960 DPIUZ-2S .0
191U ~, t- !'!CllwT.GT.13QC.) ,cs.-a.1.
[ 1980 nu
1l1li0
OPIIR -OP",Rl • DP\iR2
If(8Y •• GT.11182) GO TO zaz
ZOCO ,RYWf·'3.U
lOla dwTr-7U.0
l Z020
...
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Figure B-1. (Continued)
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2110 GO TO 3UO
2120 291l (".Tllfp-200.0
2130 'HE".!..f.O.U) GO TO 192
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215U 29 l IAT~·Z20.0
2160 ~'''-~AT''.GpII .. ·erv.
211;" lise S-.,./1000.1l
2150 H( XSta.GI.z.o) GO TO 294.
2190 xSCII-2.U
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l210 ':iI ..
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Figure 3-1. (Continued)
50
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2700 TOT'"-A'H".'"'\O
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272U l' ( P" rL. HE • 1 ) GO TO llU
2730 PM. L+ 2
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2740
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2750 '"1+5
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2990 GO TO 307
IF ( ( 116UO. G T .IIIHII) • CA. (P" IW. GT. 7aoo.» G.n TO 320
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Figure B-1. (Continued)
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Figure 3-1. <-Continuedl
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If ( DS Cl. lE • l1> S TS C F - SC '..101 T 105 Ouo. 0
31120
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3910
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3920 CALL 'IGCST(SUII~.,SUMII
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1910 IF Cl'1I01i.U,1) GO TO·450
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]9100
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4050
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4100
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4110 ot.']) _STRW
4120 UL (" 1-" Sil
.. 130 tiL ( 5) -F'!.01
t .' Figure a-l. (Continued)
f
L
53
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; :
4140 111.(6) .,,,,,,,.
" SU ItL( "-11 10
4UO ItL (a) aU W
4170 Itl. ( 9) "'.P"
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4190 .L(11)·VO'"
4200 aL( 1 2 ).SCOII'
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4220 11.( 14).SCLIIT
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4240 01.' 16 ).1 tlU 2
U50 1011.( 17 )., LOW
4260 ItL' 18 )., \.uA T (Pili I'
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4320 III. (24 ).,,01.
4330 Ill. ( Z 5 )aC 1'\1,
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4360 plnNT,' DO "°1.
1 WANT A CU"PL(T! LISTING 0' THI "SELINI· •
.17U 1111 NT.' THIS 1.1:. 'fING IS wi WOUI HIADIN.S. ''''U .. 2-''0·
4310 .lAD.ILPl
4l9\j GO TO ,410.440),II(.P,
4400 PI INT 4Z0.ItL
4 .. lv , ~ .III.U (6' 1 D. 1 )
U20 lilt INT,- DO .,OU WlNT
4430 II&O .. TIIO.
4440 GO TO (1 ,.4 50) .. U D •
44 50 ~so STOP
446U un
4" 11) su;unuTINl Co,.('IILAG)
441U LOG' CAL TU T
4490 INTEGcl CL(9),'LAG.INPUT. TL(~).AI.(]'
4500 COlt 1II0r.J C UL/tL. TL.AL
451U TlS T ( 'NPUT, 'LA,'8INPUT .[11 .U.'NtI. 'LAG.EG.l
4520 1~00 'I,,,,T,"I,,,PUT H'GIiIST' COIII"UN1CAfIONS 'II:;UIN('. 18C1'GIII,2·<'6,H',
4530 • .su 5610HZ-
4540 IlEA I) .,NpUT
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4570
'510 1010 'IPIT,",,,,p';T HIGHIST 'UIOII LEVIL AT HlliliiSt ,rtEaUENC'."
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4620 I' ( I" I'V 1 • I \1.0) GO TO 1 u2 U
.. 3D CL(2)-"'PUT
4641.1 ,o~u 'I,NI,", .. pUT TY'I 0' "'A~~")NI)(". ,.",A"'.LATlNG,2.IIEGI 1U rtA rtNCi,3·
46)0
Figure 3-1. (Cont inued)
1
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44
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4670 IJCTUTIIN'VT,HAGllil.l TO I.)ZO
46.0 Itllr.'I;T.IO.O) '" TO IUlO
... 90 CL,!l) -I N'UT
4710
.. 720
.. no
."
4700 I)3u 'liNT ,"'NPUT NU . . II 0' A( flV( 'OWl' ..."S,\·'O O' L,ISS,Z-50 O' lUI
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4740
4750 I' ,,"-UT.III.01 100 TO lU4~
47,,0 Cl (4) ·U.,VT
4710 IJ4U '.IIII,"IN'Uf ItV"I'1 Uf OI'flll,INT "IIIVIN(Y IfANDS. ,·',Z·l,)·], .. • ..
47,U , UII "VIII"
, 4790 11.0,IN,Vf
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4110 "( IN"'T .n.O) GO fO lU50
41ZU eL,I 5' -IN,VT
4130 lUSU 'IINT,"lN'Uf .. ""IE' Of 'Cv/."IT ... TENNA SITS,\·\,2·Z 01 l,3·" TO
I 4140 1., ... 7 O' "0'1"
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41.0 1 H TF:T1 ruruT, H.G» GI) TC 10'U'
4170 lfIlItFUT.U.;U GO TO 1Uo"
4110 el(6) .IN,.n
r 4190 10,,0 "UIIT,"IN,UT 140ST CO"'L,ll ANflItN. '.TTI.I•• '·IA.TII"
.. 900 "IHT,"Z-SINGL,( S'UTI 1 ... Ga.l.U,l.SINGLE S"OTI ."<1.0"
4910 I'I'HT,..... SM ... IO: SINGL,~ 1 •• Gi.l.0.S·S M" .. EOI SlNGLI 1 ... L,T.l.0"
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4920
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4940 '.INT,",.SCANNlhi.L,(.7iW' ~9.SC."NI"G)71.·S·
4950 'I.O.I,."UT
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4970 "( II~ '" T .10 .0) 10 0 T 0 10 7C
r 4910 1;)7U ClI'IPI~,"IN'UT
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5040 IF( PII'\lT.IO.0'GO TO 1:)80
505U Clla'-IN,UT
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5060 "'INT,"l.' TO lC .. Z-l1 TO lS .. j.ZfI TCI 50,"." TO 75,5-76 TO 100,''''0
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511.0 END
50J SUIIIOIITlN( TTCC'(FL,AGI
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5170 laTEGl' H,15',H.',IN'UT., .. "/I.A"I)1
f
Figure 3-1. (Continued) •
55
'!~!1£=:t4 u£!E ill _ Y&Lb
.
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52'U 'reI NT ,"2'" TU I GI'S,3-"CIII TI4A14 I GI'S"
SZ2U ItIAO,IN'UT
SZJO I rc Tl ST ClI4'U T , HA G» GO TO ZtJuo
5140 IPC I~PlJT .1" .01 G\) TO 201\)
USU TL(I)aIIlPVf
5HU 2llIJ '1tINT,"!N'Uf TOTA~ NU"fll1 o. ,"AN!'iHS. hU, TO 1000 .. TMAII I 2·"'0"
5270 U)OU"
5ZI0 ItIAO,lhPUT
5290 lJCTI$TClPIPUT,n,I.G»GO TI) 'ZU10
5300 " (lNPuT.IQ.OIGO TO lUZU
5310 T~(Z)-IN'UT
5320 ~OZO 'IINT,"IN'UT n"l o. eU"PUNICAflGNS 'IO((SSIN_. l-NOiltl,Z-CI,HIAl.l
5330 .zn"
5340 PItINT,"3 a OISTltIIUTU"
535U MU 0, I,-,UT
5360 IPlTlsrc:N,.uT,HAGn GO TC lOZO
5370 IF(1N'''T.U.OhiC TO 2010
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5390 ZQ30 PAINT,HIN'UT PItOCISSI'" el TTIC )' UNAGI. ,a"ONI,2-u" TO 10 II,J-"
S4CO lop TO , G8"
5 41 0 PI I NT,"" -"0 II T HA.. I \ill·
5420 IIAO,INPUT
543U " (flSfClIliPUf,'~AG»IiO TC 2U30
544U I'CINPUT.lQ.Q)~C TO 2040
HSQ fL(41·INPUT
5460 Z~4C P_INT,"INPUT T'PI 0' "I",IY. 1-NONt, 2.""bNITle eOII~3aTAPI,4-VT"
5470 • lit"
541U I,AO,INPUT
5490 IF <TUTUNPUT"LAG»)GU TI. 2U4U
5500 IPIINPUT.EO.OIGO TO 2u50
551u TL(5)-I!;PU'
5520 Z~5u IETU.N
5530 lNO
5540 sueIOUTIN! AesePeH"G,''')
5550 LOCi I CAL lIS 1
55 60 IN T ! (i fl AL ( 3) , I-U T , , l Ala ~ CL C~) , TII 5 I
H ~u CO,,"ONI( UL/Cl, TL,AL
55 10 Tl S T ( IN' UT, , ~ A10 ). J 1\ PU T .1 II .0. AND. , ~ AG. fQ. ,
559Q lOOO 'IINT~-IN~UT ATTITUOI NI/EI'NCI. ,alNtlllAL 01 OTH,I,,-CILISTIAL-
56CIJ I'&D,IN,UT
5610 !fCT(STIIN'UT,HAGI)'.:l 10 3uIJu
56<:11 "C INPlJT.n .0) GC TO 3011.1
56$U ALI" -INPUT
'640 1:;'10 'IPH.-INPUT POINTING eQHIICL. '.O'll~ li)Op.Zan,OS(1) lOO~"
,.SO If&D,1',PUT
"6il I<fHSTlIIII'UT"l",n 1i0 TC jOl0
5670 In INPUt .'~,O) r..I TO .lu20
5610 &Ltl,)'''''JT
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7475 PilI "IT ,"THIS IS '~IIISION 1.1 - 4 "AIICH 19SU"
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7520 UZl ~G"
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7600 PIIINT."PIIOGIIA" I'ODE, THI "<lOlL CAN ESTI"An SUISYSTE" ~ElGHTS AND"
761U PIIPIT,"POWERS . , THET AVe .. OT GI'''IN (lAsre 014 (iENIIIAl INPUTS)"
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7630 'IIINT,""OOI UfO (H''''lii .... T ON -LL 0' THI "AIIA"ETUS. ALL WllliHTS"
7640 PIIINT, .... "1 IN PC';r10S _ND C(lLLARS I:' THOU~"HOS."
7650 PIIINT," ..
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7670 • CII. "
7Hij PII .. T." ..
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77CO PIIINT,"Ct"-CO~M COSTlN(i PlkA/IIEnl-Co,," ... r (I"CLUOING ANTENNAS)"
7710 PIIINT,"Tcp.rrc COSTU,," ~"AA~(TlII-TTC "To"
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7730 'IIINT," THtAMAL)"
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7750 1'111 NT ,"t CP' -IP COS T1f,; .. "A UH£T£II.~" SIS . , ..
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Figure 3-1. (Continud).
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p.INl, ....
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830U SUItIOurtlt( CSTSPOCYRCST-l)
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I"SOC
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15CO ISCI.·C.U
1510 IND .,
8520 IF<IS':.GT.2> INII-2
8Sla 1 F ex:> C. G T. 9) [11;- 3
SHU P1CF.(I.X1Re.Ol) •• (8 T .- 19i a.S)
8550 GO TO (8010,ssoo .. a010),pIICbF
8560 8J1U T"'''''XSC·''''C
8ST'] THscaXSCoSTSC
8580 LNC HC -1500. O· IS C
a590 'ACTO ... 2
S600 IF (PAUIiF.EQ.11 FACTOII-.l Z
8610 POO IC aCTPC.TSTSC-TPMC-STO AC) - FAC-rORf C1 HACTOII)
16lU IF (PIIOIi'.EQ.3) TNAcal.1S o TNMC
!610 ItCa TIIC-TP"C -TST SC-STCA<-P CU IC-TNIIC-I.NCHC
S$"U DO SO 15 Ia, , 3
86511 6J15 l'ACST(1"NIC!:F(I)oTNH
auo DO aozll 1·',5
867U SOZO TRCST(II.YRCST(1).RC-ACSHWO,ll
1680 DO aoJU 1·,,_,3
1690 I~ 31l TI CS TC I ).,,, C H (1 1 •• 1-"00 1C
8700 11. '•
a710 lISC P' -.SCIIL-aI.PT
872C oj 40 I-II
IBU xos CN T-XOSC
IF(IO~CUT.~T.(lSC-XSCLI)XCSCUTa1SC-XS(1.
8740
875U SU 50 S T Sica S TSC 0 ( 10 II " - • 01 I· - (" n+1- 1 9!54 )
1760 p"ICarMC .(10x1"-.01 l •• <lH H 1-19131
1770 H {)(I'scrIT.LE.15CP'IGO TI) oUol.'
17au TIC S T <I) • TIt C Sf ( 11 >lISCPT" ~U\J.u
IF 11 CST( 1 - H 'X FII CS T ( 1- 31. X 5C P 1+.2· S T S IC
e19U
sa DOl XI II ( S Tt I -()a' , 0(• 0
Ii CST ( 1- Z ) +l SC II' 4 S TSIC •• ~ 0"" I Cl
Figure 3-1. <..r:ontinued)
62
I r
-i
1
f
, ,
~_ - - .. -~ • ..i ...
...
-
1110 10SCN r •• OSCNT-ISC~"
1120 ISC~aISCL·ISC"
1110 L" <l ). ISC P Y
114U I-I + 1
IISO '0 TO 1050
r 1160 IU 6U '.CST(').'ICST(l)+.~SLNf·'SUO.O
U7U
1110
1190
IF. es T <1-Z) a.
I'.CSTI I-:H aHICST (1-])+1 CSCNT •• Z·S TS Ie
F I CS T ( ! -2 H. CH NT. ( .4. ST SI e +. 5."" Ie)
IF I CST ( 1 -1 ) - IF I CST ( 1-1 ) +1 CS CNT • ( .4 • S TSIC •• 5 - p" I C )
8900 .SC~·lSeL+.OSCI41
1910 LPT (I )"Iose Ilf
1920 1F(lSe~.Gi •• Sc) GO TO lI01\:
1930 11.11 "''''0
1940 GO TO 604iJ
r 19SU t;:)70 IF (1I0SCNT.EQ.D.0) l a l-'
196U IF (SfOIC.LT.l(;CO.) Gu TU IudS
197U DO SO!O J - 4 _ 1- 1
19~n 5Q~n TlCS1(J)ayIlCST (.I)+$TOIIC! 0-4)
1990 llaS If (I.LT.13) 1-1]
r 9000 DO 1090 Jal, I
90 10 1I0?U TIll e S f ( J ) a fA CST (~ ) • PIC 1+. f I CST ( .I )
9020 100 TO .'~lSnn
90 lu II~ uu IF EACa( HOSC+ISC) .(P"'C+S TSC)
FUC -( ",C-IFElt-l.ll.THRt> / ( ' . ' •• Fe5C.'.1l·ISC)
r 904U
9050 IC. (FUC- 1500.) -IF Os(
906U DO 1510 la1,]
907U IS 1U TleST(I)·(NRe5F(I)·TN.C+aCSF(1,1)·.C)·'ICF
90ao III -4
r 9090
910u
UC Sf (4) .UOSC.,50U .... "F
LPT (4 ) •• 'OS C
TRCST(l)aUeSf(1)+IFDSCo. ,.srSIC
9110
9120 TA C ST ~ ~) -T I CST ( Z) + IF D 5 e. ( .j,.
ST U C +. 5. Pili I C)
91.50 TAC ST (1) aU C 5 T (]) + IF ,,:iCe ( .4 0 ST SIC +.5 -"II 0
r 9140 TNC ST (S) -.075.Tue
9150 UC Sf (6)-.07S.T".e
9160 • C• IS C. ( f UC -1 511 O. )
9170 DO 15 2U 1." a,
5
r 9UO liS 2u "R C5 T'" + I)
'190
R C ST (4+ 1) H. C oR C SF (I ND, I)
flOOIC_.13·TNRC+(.1.IFDSC*.lZo.5C)·FUC
'lOO DO IS30 l a ".17
'l10 IIS10 U CS Tn
).ncST (J) +.1."00 Ie
'llU l1 a l
r 9Z1U 1540 xOSC"TaIOSC-IF05C
924u I-II
I. 9250 l' (IOSOIT .GoT. (I$C-ISCL» JUSCIHalSC -ISCL
9200 11550 5T51':_$T5(0(10l(lIo.Ol) •• tlH,,+(-19S4)
r 9270
92eu
9290
fI~ICa""'C·(1.IIA·.01)·0(~"+1-1913)
IF (X:'''CNT.LE.liC'Yl
'II C Sf (I ) ., r; CST ( () +1$ C
If"
p,. TJ IISolJ
1 50 J •
IF Ie C$ r ( I - J) U , .. CJ T ( I - :s ) '. x ~1. P , • • 2 • Sf 51 C
930U
'110 IF Il C S f( I -Z ) .1 , ReS T ( I-l ) + • SC P'. ( .4. S T $ It •• 5· PM I C )
r 9320 IF R C S f( I -\ ) al FIt CST ( 1- I ) + • SO'T. ( • 4 • 5 TSit •• ) ."" Ie)
f Figure R·-l. (Continued)
1i
f I
63
0r<:;'·
OF i
933U .os (11 fa::USC I<If-X scPY
9]40 x!C LUS' L"C SCPY
9350 LJlY'I)a'S,JlV
9360 ,-, +1
9HU ,,0 TO as 50
9310 aI·oO TIICSt'l)a'.C$T'I) •• O$~ut.'51J~.0
H90
9400
xr II C Sf( I -j) - I l l es T ( 1-5) +.
CS (tH •• l· S TSI C
IF II CST( 1.2) -x, II CS T , I-t: ) +x C:i CrH • ( ." 0 S T S 1 ( +.5· P" I e)
9410 AF II C S 1 , 1-1) ax, II es t ( I-I ) + xes CNT. ( .4. S t SIC +. 5· P" r C)
94Z:l IS(L8'SCL+xOSC/iot.
943U LJlY(I)aXOSCNt
9440 IF n~CL.GE.ISC) GO TO UCO
9450 lIa I r ."''' 0
946U III a I It. ""0
94711 "0 a.x,,,se
9480 H(I1CSC.(iT.(lSC.xSCL» X'Q1N·'
949U Tile S1 CII oaues T( III )."0," 1 ~uo.a
95(,0 LP' (111)8"".
9!110 UCLa~SCL·X'OIl
-s t SC. ( 1 •• , ••• a" .. ( IT II +l 11- 1984)
952Q
9530
9540
ST SIC
+.
PIt I C 8 ""'~ • ( 1 a
III •• I ) •• (II Y II. 1 II· I 913 )
• FII CS 1( I 11· 3 ) a X '" C S TC I 1I- j) + X, 1111 0.2 • S TS I C·
9HO Xf • CST( I 11-2) ax 'liesT ( 111- ,) +., 0". ( • " • Sf S lC +. SU'''IC )
956u IfllcsrCIll·,)·.FIICST('II-l) •• 'OIl.( ... osts" •• S.'''IC)
9570 I' (lSCL.LT. XSt) IiO TO ISS .. C
9510 ItlOO "(XOSCNT.I!Q.IJ_O) '''I-I
9590 IHlll.<oT.I> 1-1I1
96eu DO 86 '0 J • S , 1- I
961\) h lU UCST(J )a,aCST(J ).'~UU.I U-a)
9620 a
, t C F. (1 • xl ••• I ) •• ( 8 YA -1 9 15)
9630 IF ( t .LT .17) la17
90600 00 C6':0 JaS,I
96 SO 802U TIl (S TC J )., It( S T (J ) • P lC , . .
9600 lib UU DO 11105 J 8 1.',3a
CSf (J f. )
9670 IIlIOS Til'S T( naO.O
90.'" Pill'" r," ..
9690 DO SIlO Jal, I
97C'J aszu '11 PH 8&la,J,TIICST(J).I'!&(LPT(J»
9710 IG;O
9720 '"4Nl.- ..
97~0 Itf T IJA"
9740 (PIG
Figure B-1 (Continuedl
J
A--.;
COl1I'ftJh"I CAn ONS SUBSYSttM ESTIMATION
Es timates of th.. c01IIIIlUnications subsystem we1aht and D. C. power are
required to use this model. To demonstrate this, a 24-ch.annal 6/4 CHz
spacecraft communications subayst8lll is presented as an example.
Figure C-l i~ a detailed block diagram, and Table C-l is the we1aht/
power summary. The total subsyst8lll we1ah.t (256.6 lbs), total subsystem
power (73<1.2 watts) and total RF power (210 ~atts) are the basic inputs
(
for the full program mode.
r
r
r
r
II
6S
l..
f
:-=r ....I.
t.)
~
w
='
-~
to.
.. . ~
~ ---------- \-,"
J'OQI
WOo I
\~
').
i\
-.... _--------
66
, ..., r ..... I' ...., ,..-, ,~ r
..., , -, ..... --, .... ~ . - ~ , , . - , - -.,
TABLE C-l
SAMPI.E COMMUNICATIONS SUBSYSTEH WEI GilT I POWER
, , Unit
Weight
Unit
Power
Total
Weight
Total
Power 1
Total Active (Lbs.\ (Watts' ~
A. Tr~msponder
0.2 1.2
1. Test Coupler 6
0.7 4.2
2. Bandpass Filter 6 13.2 12.0
2 3.3 6.0 j
3. RCVRs/~H CNVrRS 4 0.2
2 0.1
I
4. Hybrids 1/2 o.8/Cll 20.0
5. In-Youx Olannels 25 2.4
12 0.2
b. 2/3 - 3;2 Switches
7. 2/3 -3/2 WiG 12 4.8
0.4
Switches 0.02 0.6 i
8. Attenuatoi'S 30 30.3 99.0 721.2 'i
30 24 3.3 C' r ~
9. 10 Watt PAts 5.6 "''i'"
28 0.2 . ' ,
a-. 10. Isolators o.7/CII 11.5 ,I
-I
11. Out ~x Changes 25 0.9
9 0.1 ; ~
12. Switches 2.1
13. WiG Switches 9 0.3
~'~;.
..
•
1,
172.3 139.2 (
Subtotal f'· .
.
~
14. Transponder Hisc. 0.15 x
subtotal 12.9 ~: ..
185.2 139.2
~otal Transponder
B. Antennas
1. Reflectors
2 15.4 30.8
2.
5.5 ft. dia.
Feeds
.
It 8 32.0
Ant. Hisc 8.6 ~
3.
11.4
Total Antenna
256.6 139.2
C. Total SubsysteAI
--_"""?F_*_
·,
• APPENDIX B
ADVANCES IN MULTIBEAM SATELlJTE ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY
E. W. MATTHEWS, W. G. SCOTT, aud C. C. HAN
Aeronutroruc Ford Corporation
Western Development Laboratories Division
Palo Alto, Cal1fomia
Abstract EIRP and afT; aDd second, areas where tnterferunce
is being experienced (jammJng) can be discriminated
This paper surveys the state of the art in mult1beam against by forming nulls in the net antenna pattern in
antenna development as applicable to communication those directlons, either by command or adapUvely.
satellites. It defines three baSic forms of multibeam
antennas -- those providing space diversity, polariza- n. Types of Multibeam Antennas
tim diversity, and variable-shaped beams. Tbe use of
lenses, reflectors, and phased arrays in mult1beam Three distinct types of multibeam antennas are exam-
conflguratims is described. Finally, hardware devel- ined -1en8es. renectors. and arrays. Each type is
opments in the field are surveyed, including the LES-7 discussed, their operating principles and subtypes de-
waveguide lens, more recent experimental TEM and scribed. and their relatlve merits compared.
waveguide lenses, a cl1al K-band reflector, and offset-
fed renectors for the INl'ELSAT IV-A and V satellites. A. Mult1beam Lens Antennas
Multiple beams in space may be created by focusing the
energy from a primary array of feee. horns throuib a
1. Multibeam Antennas - Forms and Functions
microwave lens. The axial symmetry of such a canfig-
uratloo allows low aberration for s1:&DDed beams, thus
Multiple beam antennas have been coosidered for nearly
resulting in low sidelobes and cross-polarization com-
a decade now as one answer to the bandwidth constraints
pooenta, which are impr)rtant coasiderat1cms for fre-
affecting multiple users of a common radiatlllg communi-
quency reuse applications. Two types of lenses have
cations system. particularly inVCIlvlng a satelllte. If the
users (or groups of users) are separated geographically, been considered for mierowave use.
each may reuse the same frequency band by accessing
the satellite through a different antenna beam. Space Refractive Lenaes. The classic solid dielectric lens
Shown in Fig. 1 was studied for multi beam use by
limitations 00 a satellite. however. call for a lingle an- Lockheed 1 and Hughes. 2 For a 30 dB sidelobe specifi-
tenna structure capable of radiating many simultaneous
cation, it wu abown 2 that random variations of refrac-
beams wbich are sufficiently isolated that individual
tive index must be cootrolled to within 0.8% around a
beams do not interfere with each other. This is known
nomJnal value of 2. O. S1nce lightweight low-IoSD mate-
as frequency reuse thrwgh space diversity. rials of this Wliformity were not available, no further
effort was applied.
Additiooally, two users (or groups of users) in the same
geographical area may both use the same frequency band
without interference by employing orthogooal polariza-
tions (right and left circular, or horizmtal and vertical).
This is known as frequency reuse through polarization
di\'ersity, and is Umited to a single reuse since only two
orthogonal polarizations exist. Space diwrsity allows
con5iderably more flexibility, being limited only by the
number of indiviul beams implemented in the anteJlllA
and by the antenna's resulting size.
A third form of multibeam antenna oeeds ~) be recog-
nized and dist1ngu1sbed fr<ml the above two; this i. actu-
ally a variable-shaped beam antenD&, such u propoaed
for the Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCS- OIILECTIII'C
nn program, as di3cussed in another Ie'sion. This MATiRIAl
antenna type may be implemented u a anltibeam an-
tenna with space diversity. but differing from the above Fig. 1 Refractl.". Lens
types in that the beams are inte rconnected to a angle
l'Ommon port. The shape of the resuldng .ingle beam Constrained Len... A constrained le-.... I!I • form of
ma\' be controlled bv means of the lnterconnection net- space-fed amy, u shown tn Fig. 2. A ray path
worlt. thus provid1ng twu ad\'ant.a;~ou5 features: ftrst, through the lens is constrained to follow an RF trans-
availabl~ power can be concentrated only in the areas mi811ioo line, interconnecting small piCkup and reradi-
actually in use at a given time, re.wting in lncreued aU.DI elements. ~t1Jnum low-aberration beam cootrol
-1-
t
-zssW r " "t5~.- a n
'"' .... ¥£?t1§?¥ _ g
J
,...
-'
.. - \\
~I"ADIATINQ CODIeqUeDt hip stdllobe levels for all contlcuraUona
.1 IJ"
LIMINTI
\
except offMt-fed types. such .. shown in 3, The..
dlslllls usually consist of a Mction of a larpr parabola,
Ft,.
\C --I wboee focal paiDt is looated such that the feed does not
/'.-4t:~ \ block dlrectb reflected raya from the .. ~Uon. Feed
.., /'
\ eDSl'I)'is CODatniDSCl to UlumiDate tbe parmoUe Me-
Uon, wlthproper amplitude taper for deaired low slde-
--- ... -:~ \ lobes. Offlet-led type. are Ie. weU kDDwn than sym-
metrically fed type. (1neludiDI ca.segra1nian), aM are
subject to rapid Jeterloratlon (If stdelobe. and \!roas-
-
\ polarization properties for off-ax1s scanned beams
'J \ unle .. special techniques are WIled to eompenlate for
MUlTIII!AM
""'" ..f\JN
/V -, \ the usual phue error., such a. reflector ahapinc and
dual-focu. deslgDtl.
.. 1101
"C KU'
El EMINTS
/
\UNI
\
---•
..... AHO ....
,""ANlMIIIION
llNl!1
Fig. 2 Constrained I 'I
is established by proper choice of llDe lenitb and element
positioning. Characterization of this lena type is pner-
ally in tenns of the type of wave carried by the RF lines,
i. e., waveguide or TEM (bootlace). The latter are non-
dispersive and aa such usually exhibit greater band-
widths; they may utilize coaxial, mlcrostrip, or similar
types of delay lines, generally much smaller in cross- .. su.t'LI! O.... SI!T- .. 10 b. DUAL O.... SlT GREGORIAN
sectional dimensions than waveguides. As a conae- REFll!CTOR REflECTOR SYSTI!M
queliC8, this type of interconnection allows more freedom
in choosing the lens optical design to achieve minimum Fig. 3 Reflector Antenna.
aberrations. The TEM lens should thus be capable of
lower side lobe perfonnance than the waveguide, although To Ulustrate what perfonnanC8 eID be expected from
it may be somewhat more lossy due to the dissipation in ID off.et-fed reflector system, calcuationa were l'UD
its Unes. for an 8 QHz dealgn with a reflector diam"ter of 8 feet
(64 waveleftltha) aDd a focal length of 10 feet, producing
B. ~am Reflector Anteooas a 1.3- half-power beamwidth. A parabolic amplitude
taper witb -28 dB edge lUuminatica was assumed, witb
Reflector-type multibeam antennu are potentially at-
tractive because of their design s impU city , inherent
constant pbaM. Scanning wu accompUshed by
placing the feed from the focal point and readjus_
cIt.-
bandwidth, ease of construction, light weight, anJ low feed orientation to m&1ntaln the same illumination pat-
cost. However. studies have shown that the usual large tern over the reflector. Patterns for scans up tD dO'
multibeam feed structures cause excessive blockage and in the pla.ne of scan are shown in Fig. ~; patterns for
-10
...
;:>
C~
....
\II
a:
()
leAN "NGlf .• t~
4
• • 10 12 '4
Fig. 4 Computed Vertical Plane Scan Patterns of <xrMt Paraboloid
-2-
ortbolOD&! and .s. cute throuch the C1D-IXi. beam. ..
":.1 ae thOle for the extreme ICU poeltioDa, are abowo
: Ftg. 5. The. fllUree ebow aldelob.. pnerally maiD- MAMW1D1l4 I......' If.
-:10
~ed below -to dB over the enUre 8C&D rlDp. with
QN-.UII /
Uttle chaDp in pin. ad a rradual broadeDiDl of thP lIT IIDILO"
maJnlobe for the ecanned beame, u ahown lD Fii. 6. .ACING
Th1e broaderdng may ACtually be more harmful for fre-
quency reuae appl1caUClDI than degnded ...delobe .. aiDee
the broadened beam will incre ... the mfnimum epac1ng
between beame required to malDtalD a liven «t.1l'M of
ilOlatiCID, which Ie roughly equal to the dlatance between -10
nulle of tbe main beame.
'ATTI"N ANGLI c~
-6 ~ oJ -2 -1 0 I 2 3 4 I 2
-3
- -ON AXIS
-SCAN liNGLE
·8.1'
\ •• SCAN ANOll'
II:
~
-JO
\,\,\ -12 o • 12
.(~'
-40
III
> leAH ANOLI ' - - '
;:: -60
c
~
III Ftg. 6 Beamwtdth Scan Brc».~
II: -60
-70 However, th1e 11&e reducUCID al.o require. the array to
.., I
ecan oYer proportiCJl'\ately wider limite, which becomes
dUficult for eartb-coverap appllcat1cm. with ay .ub-
stanUal de,"e of magniflcation. Furthermore, true
mulUbeam applicaUons (u contrasted with lhaped
beams) require mulUple pbu1ng networicll for the array
feeda . . . will be mentioJ»d in the Dext _cUon. Appar-
ANGLEt. . . . .'
o 1 2 3 4 5 ently the true Gregorian system baa recelV8d Uttle
study. although its potential for mulUple beam u_ I,
-10
- - ON AXIS attractive.
~ ICAN ANGLE· 11.1'
-
~ --SCAN AN9LE ·'0.5' In the array-fed reflector eacb feed element separately
illuminate. the reflector to pnerate a component beam
I in the far fleld. By properly excIting feed elemente,
and thua eummiDg 1Dd1vtc1lal compment beame, a de-
...red shaped beam may be achieved to .rve a spec1tlc
Il'OUnd ooverage area. Dapendlng on the feed-array
element, th1e .ystem can be opera18d for ay Unear or
circular polartzatioa. Circular polarlzation (CP) i.
attractlve for an off.et reflector when polarlzat101l di-
versity il uaed anoe an off_t paraboUc reflector doe.
not generate a ..:ro.s-polarized .ignal when the feed bu
perfect CP patteA"!l. Thua for CP beaml, 1000 polari-
b. Horlzoot&l Plane zatiOl1i80latlOll and axial ratlo can be obtalDed by p:.-op-
..rly design1D1 the element &lid array conftguratiCID.
Fill. 5 Vertlcal Plane Patterna for C.,tral and
Extreme Angle Scan PositiOlll C. Multlbeam Phued Array Antegpy
The Gre~orlm cbal-renector syetem. 1ho_1l lD Flg. 3b A cc:mv.ntlonal planar pbued array OOIlsi.UllC of lden-
and de.cribed by Fitzgerald, 3 represente a POl:IentiaI tlcallow-p.in. uniformly .paced radiator. can be
improvement lD off.t-fed reflector performlUlCt:, -mce adapted for multiple beam uae by providing leparate
the seccmd reflector allow. In addltiOllaI derree of tree- beam form1nC and ateering networka for each individual
dom avanable for opt1mldng off-axil .canntn.g charac- beam, ad comblD1ng their ou1pUte at each array ele-
teri.t!c.. Two ver"'CIl. have been studied -- the tn. ment, u deplcted in FtC. 7. Separate _te of networka
Gregorian with multiple indivtcl.aal di8placed feede, Ind .panted by dlpleur8 are alao required for receive
the near-field GregoriWl with a small pllnar array feed. IDd tranam1t; or dJfferent array. (or array elemente)
wbicb ec&nl the secondary beam by tlltiDg the pbue can be uaed for the two tunctiOD.l. The wetgbt and com-
front of the array feed. The advantage of the array feed plexity of such a system Incre... in proportlon to the
Is that contlnuoua control of the .canned beam II &\'&ll- number of simultmeou. beame, and become a major
able with a modest-sized array. wbo. "'ze 1. reduced factor agaiDat the choice of such a ,y.tem for any Iig-
from the radiating aperture diameter by the ratio of the nJ.acant number of beam.. The po....ble uee of a Butler
focal lengtha (mqn1flcatiCID) of the ~"O reflectorA. matrix to p&l~Yely form multiple beam. in lpace from
-3-
C ,,\.
" ~
OF PC,
Table 1. Projeoted Charactert.tios of _ X-Bud
.1. Mult1beam Array Antanna
I
1: Parameter Characteristics
Array
/ diametar, ft. 5 10
/
/ Number c:l
eJem.Dta 91 472
Beamwtdtb.
delft•• 2 1
QaJn OIl US"
i _"'Y~III,
dB 40 48
~ -6---=---';
"_NO.
..
J
*r
Maximum
sldelobe, dB
I "'-WAy ......." j
--- b
_NO .• I
On axi. 25 25
9- loan 22 23
Fig. 7 Typical Multtbeam Array Antenna System
Schematic U.b:g Four Active Beam. Number 01.
simultaneous 10 30 10 30
a common array seems appeallnc, but introduces too beam.
great a degree of inflexibility in beam poaitionblg to be
of pnerlll use, Wei&bt. !b
Transmitters 560 900 1250 2300
Another factor weighing beavHy against phased array
multibeam transmit antennu i. the need to provtde indi- ReceiveI'll 28 33 120 130
vtdual power amplUiers at each radisHng element, each 120 575 330 1640
of which must handle simultaneou. stlPl&la from all of the
multiple beam.. To avoid exce.slve lntermoGllatiOll
BFN's
Totals
-708 --
1508
--
1700
--
4170
generation, AM/PM conversion, and .iiDal .upprenioo
effects due to the preaence of the multiple sipals, '"at PoW8r, kW
care mUJIt be takl!n to avoid satl4rat101l wtth1D the .. de- TransmitteI'll 4.0 12 4.0 12
vtcea, forcing them to operate In their low1t1lciency
linear reglona. Thi. panaliz.ea tha overall traumltter Receivers 0.04 O. <715 O. 14 0.16
etlletency available by a factor of 5 to 10 dB, and thus BFN'. 0.45 1.4 2.3 7.1
further lncre...ea weight and prime power requirements
Totals
--
4.5
- -
13.5
--
6.4
- -
19.3
severely.
Aa an example of the extent of such compromise" we
quote a summary of the characteristics of several alter- rated power, with a net etf1elency of only 2. 5%. In con-
nate multiple-beam pbued array antennas CODlIgured by trast, a TE..'\i waveguide lena of the same size, with a
Hughes" for a general purpoee Armed Forces satellite. 10-beam feed network and tell 100-watt 'IWT's, would
The antenna. were to operate at Xooband (1-8 GIh), aod weigh Ie.. than 125 lb.
have the ability to poa1tioo 10 to 30 simultaneou. beam.
anywhere OIl earth from synchronous altitude (d.7· f1cld A more attractive ute for a phaaed-array multibeam
of \1ew). The number of discretely driven elements ia ant.unals In producing shaped beams, rather than mul-
determined by the minimum beamwidth required to avoid tiple s1.multaneOUll beam., as spee1i1ed (or the DSCS-m
exce.sive pUt 1088 when .cann1nl to the edp of the antenna.. A s1n&le beam u narrow u 2· 1. deaired
earth, a::rl r:: .t.1..... b1le m.Jn.ta1n1ng grating lob.,. outatde anywhere OD earth (rom synchronous altitude. or a var-
the earth. ThL~ results In a maximum element spacing Iable pattern up to full earth eoven.p, with the addi-
of about 5 incbos, \\i:.h the t\)tal number of element. re- tional ablllty to produce null. wtthin ~~a pattern to
quired for a 5-foot-d1ameter array beiDl around 91, and diacrtminatlt apinlt jammeI'll. The phued array i.
a corresponding increase to 472 for a 10-foot array. well .utted to thi. appUcaUoo, since it i. able to pro-
Other charactert.tica of the .. two sizel are summarized cmce hiib-pln low-lidelobe beam. individually or In
in Table 1, hued em an ...umed radiated power require- varlou. eomb1nat1ons merely by adju.t1na' pbau. over
ment of lOW per beam, and uslnl TWT pow r ampli- the aperture. With tspered amplitude 1llumlnatlan and
fiers with saturated power levels 10 dB greater than careful phase ec:ntrol (typical 15- tolerances), sldelobes
actually required, thUJI ... ur1Ilillnear operation. FET as lOW' u -35 dB elD be achieved. 5 Multiple pbaaing
preamplifier. at each receive antenna element were networu for multiple beam. are not required, (Unce
... umed. with 20 to 30 dB pin, and 4-blt diode ph. . oo1ya IIDI(le beam of variable shspe is to be produoed.
shifters cemsumml 0.5 Weach. Total. for e".n the n. cverall L-ray size is determ1Ded by the narrowelt
smallest 10-beam 5-foot array shaw an estimated welibt beam de.lred. relulttn&' In a 5-foot diameter for tapered
of o".r 7 00 Ib and a prime power requirement of 4. 5 kW. low-a1delobe 1l1um1nation at X-baoc1. The rwnber of
for net radiated power of only 100 W. The delign would array elementa required is a function of the grating lobe
require 910 phue shifters to form the 10 !l8parate beams. condition as ..,11 a. the lidelobe level and beam point1n&
and 91 lO-watt TWT's each operatini at about 10% of accuracy desired. The 5-foot aperture can be filled
-4-
,..,_ ..•.. ".
"-- . '. .
~
OF f'~
wltb 91 elementa, each 3 wavw_atb. In diameter, low wlpt (tbiD PC carda). blp reUabll1ty (DO cc:IlDIIC-
&rl'SZII1HIiD trtlftlUlar fuhlOD, wblch will maiDta1D 30 tor.), IIld .... 01 quUWy pnci.llm productfOll (photo-
dB 8ldelobe. for .CIIIIII1q to the edp of .arth, wbU. etchlna).
e1lm.1Dat1111 p-atmc lobel from tbe earth'. field 01 view.
CarefW coatrol oZ tile traD8m1t array power amp1!fterl The pnUmtDU")' deaip 01 aacb a leu for aSmultmeoua
OIl eacb elem_t woWd .Wl be 1II011"1T to avoid pba.. • IDd 8 Qf& operaUOIl (nC. S) baa be .. de.crtbld pre-
chaDpl with 8lpallevwla, md CODHqUlDt beam 'qulnt, 'Vtaualy.8 Eacll trtad (COIl. .* , of ODI St l"IId1ator. ClDI
but tbI problem would be eoraaldenbly eued Dce mul- microatrtp UDe. ud the corr. .pondt~ radiator) la sa
tiple UHrs iD the am. banda would DDt be preNDt. pbotoetched OIlto'the two aldel oj a thin (0.020 inch
Furtbl rmore , at leut 6-b&t d1I1tal pba.. ab1fter. would tbick) flat copper-clad ds.lectric card. Each card 1.
be Dlceeary to achfeve phuc accuradel caut.teDt "nth mated with a .. 00Dd O1'tboccmal card iDto a crotlld-
tbI low aidelobe reqIlinmeDta. on. l'. .llltiDC de.tan card ccmflprattOll 80 .. to pndIClI leD. operauClD in-
would bave a. mucb beam &Dd IIlll cCllltTol capabtUU.1 deplDdent 01 polartutiOIl. A oollectiCID ollUch card
at a 91-beam IlDlantenn&, at UOMl by correlpOlldinC pain 1. mCJUDted throuP llota fD a pCI' of drcular
calculated pattem. for the two ca.... metaWc abeeta (tbe St lbeet bem; pllllar &lid the 91
. e t epberical) ao that each radiator protndea "out-
m. Multibtam Aptepna ApollC1tiOPC ward" beymd Ita napective lbeet, which actl AI a
cround pI. . for the ndiatora. In effect, the 51 ...d Soz
A. Mull1beam 14n11' • •ta are Ilotted racka .. rv1nc to bold card pairl in eo
circular array matrix. Th!a collectiClll 01. carda I.I1d
A true mllltibeam IDterma for .t1al tr.quency reu.. CCDductiDC lbeete 1. the TEM 1.01 (n,. 9).
procl1c•• many .puate beam. fram 0118 oamDlOll aper-
ture. Typic Illy, 30 dB 8ldelobe. are DMdId and fram
II to 10 or more beaml may be de.red. U.. of a 7-
c~~'a1ent flfld chater II nece.. ary to form eacb low-
8ldel<)bI plDdl beam while retlin1Dc Ippraxtmately one-
beamwtdtb Iwltched beam poQltioDinl n801utlon. on.
',~::;~eta feed array may COlltatn 50 to 100 feed nd1a-
tori, followed by alit o17-to--l BFN'. (beam formillC
DIItworu), iI" frIo uch bum port (FtC. 8). Each BFN
may be IwltC'h,d to dtffenmt let. 01 fHd elemeta, if
dellred, tblreby provi_ uch beam with a r&IIp of
point1llC dlrect101l1 to be choeen by crouDd command.
n. excellent low-aberratiCll! optici of the TEM l.nl per-
mltl tbe excitatiOll .. ta for III BFN'a to be the same (iD-
vu1ant with beam po8ltilm). tma permltt1Dr a vaat
amplification in Cl"ClUDd oommaDd requ1remezu for low-
8ld.lobe beam polnt::lJ1l cOlltrol.
'''INTID CIRCUIT
..l CA.-OILCMlNT
~ .:. " ~ ,-- ,
1: -,' ___ )Jji'-.
_ >#;. _.,..
I \ \
A
~ FIC. 9 Prmtad Circuit Card, TEM
alii, IIld Feed ClutIre
cr n. feed array _I de8lpd to cauilt 01 small radia-
J.T tori In a Dlarly tr1anp.lar lattice OIl a spberical focal
CON,a..MAL
r:'"
'110 A"'UY Ic&D lUrlaoe. To p~ClI .-cb low-8ldelobl plIICt!
177 ILIM'NTS beam. a eymmetrtcal cluater 01 feed elemlDta wu
. . . .". 'LANA"'.1l1li
.- driven .. IaI array. ua1DC 7 elllDlllta at 6 GH& aDd 13
elemeDta at 4 GHz (Fie. 10). A computerized Iynthalta
.7ILI-..iNTI
lOYAL DILAY LIND
f ...... a .... taclmlque wal developed to calculate opt1m1%ed pba_
'IDd Impl~ exdtaUcm coetfic1e!ll1 of the tnd!.\1dual
clu eta n.
Fig. 8 MulUbeam TEM Lene Dlacnm
An electrical t. .t modal of tbtl antenna wu conltnlcted
Experimental TEM Len.. Th!1 application hat been tbe for exper1metll pattem te.ttnc at C-bmd (FIC. 11).
focua 01 ext.enalve dlvwlopment of 10w-8ldelobe TEM Tbtl model bu a diameter of 5 feet, AI well . . . 5-foot
len .. a at A.eronutroo1c Ford. The particular TEM Une focll leactb. IIld u ... 3116 card pain ill the TEM leu.
len. baa a ~ricll iDDer lSI) IUmoe aDd a plaDar It Includ.. a lll-elemeDt l1Daarly polarlr.ed feed cluater
outer (52) aurface, with alllnterOOllDeCtlon Un.. of equal OIl a mechanical mCJUDt that pl'rmU. poaltiClllfnc the
lencth. Such poI.letry prc'Vtdel exeeUeDt amaJ1-ucle cluater to aDy pcIIIil10n wltbln tbe e"rtb CIOwrap FOV.
'X&D focul1nC neoeuary to ma1ntafJl low .i«»lobel for all Either a 7-....y ~ cah baDd) or 13-way (4 Gh band)
bPam poaltiona over the len. FOV (field of vt_l. The power divider could be CImDIICIied to the ll1-eitnpent :-'ed
UM of RF printed drcu1t techniques (Iuch at open micro- c1u.ter for telta, witb uDOODDected elements terminated
.niPI for interconnect1nc 11n.. offers the advantarel of In matched 1*•.
-5-
+ w -rf"ff
.M¥1
, ..•.. {
of pc.. 'l: •. ' • • _t •
Flpre 12 show- a:.. H-plua (nlaClve to feed clulwr
polartutlOD) Mcollda.,. palWI'll mauur..s at 4. 8 QHz
with a .mile CD-u11 fINd atam_t a.rll&ed to ~oe
a butc _pt pattlll'll of tbe Ina. Aao lbowD II a
calca1....d pUIIII'll for th1a c&H. with road acn emaDt•
Ftpre 13 mowl blmilar patt.ftlII uaiq a 7-.1eaulIlt
ClllNr lard with the IIYDth. .1zed exc1taUOIlI for low
lidalobll. For beam poalda:ll over th. larth'l FOV
(0 to 8.8- 8C:.ID). thl oa-_rth adalobll ramliDed
balow -30 dB.
!U)aaquaDt teata vertft"d wtdabc'd peJ'formaDce ad
lDdlcat.d that "mallar llu ala menta waald be Decal-
IU'7 to achla".. but .lftcl.acy fur boC:h traumlt (3.7
to 4.2 eEz) l1li1 re~lve ~. 8 to 8.4 GHz) opentiCDlD
tbe cae mwttbaun ataDr.a. Cur1'llltly. luch .mailer
eiamellta an belDi d.""loped via active lmpedance
~UIll'8meDt larray t.cbD1~ ..
Fl«. 10 Feed Cluater Geometry for TEM lADl
Fl,. 11 TE M lADI Model ..
-6-
ew-
*~4"J,
,
b. Characteristics of the individual belUD8, includlng
both beam abIIpe and sidelobe levels, must be pl'qIerly
aelected. S1delobe levels of at l.ut -35 dB are gener-
- - MEA"'URI!D
ally reQ\l1red. while a steep falloff of the main beam
...... CALClJl.ATED alloWi cloaer lpacmg of IDdividual beams without
IDtarferenC8 •
c. U. of polarization diversity requires (far CP)
that axial ratiol of the Individual beams be maIDtaiMd
UDder O. 5 dB to prevent excessive leakap IDto the
20 cros,-polarized cbazmel.
,..,
T d. Feed networks that provide excltationa for IDdi·
vidual beams to achieve ..be desired shapes and low
sidelobes, as well as necessary swttcll.lng, should be
as simple as possible to avoid exceuive losles.
IJm1ts oolDterbeam leolation may be established by
any of the following ooupling criteria: (1) main beam
coupling, (2) sidelobe levels, )r (3) cross-polarized
levels. These levels must orUinarilv be below the
o· ciealred isolation level il8tween beam's. over the entire
coverage area of each beam, with sufficient margin to
allow for all oontributions to the total isolation from
Fig. 12 Measured va Clalculated 4. 9 GHz Pattern other beams. The minimum beam separation to meet
of TEM len.,. with Single Element Feed typical isolation requirements is usually established by
the null-to-null bea.a.width of the downlink (broader)
beam.
T After extensive study of calculated patterns, it was
F· 4.11 GHt establlshed that a maximum of six beams of the avail-
H-I'LANE able 61 dual~larized beams could be excited simul-
7 ELEMENT FEED
taneously while maintalning an isolation of 2:1 dB
I
Rt '·010
R2 • 8 de '+12' between beams, for a total of l2 times frequency
MEASURED
reuse. 8
CAL;ULATEO
~·o
B. Variable-Shaped Beam Lense s
{ CD
."
N An alternate use of a multibeam antenna lies in com-
'7 bining all beams through a ground-controlled RF
T
variable power combiner (or variable power divider), 9
thus producing a single composite beam whose shape
may be varied 1rom a single narrow pencil beam to a
much wider, flattop composite of up to N beams. N is
usually chosen so that the widest flattop conical beam
12'
•••
T provides f\lll coverage of the earth. Another feature of
the variable beam concept is the ability to control the
DFN so that a narrow null is placed ill a previously
established broad coverage beam in the direction of a
discrete source of strong interference, t."Iereby im-
proving an otherwise unacceptable signal-to-noise
ratio. Both waveguide and IEM lenses have been con-
Fig. 13 Measured va Calculated 4.9 GHz sidered for the variable beam application.
Patter.: o! TEM lens with 7 -Element
Feed Cluster «A)-Axis) LES=7 Lens. Dloo and Ricardi lO of MIT's Unooln
Laboratory have developed a laboratory model vari-
TEM Lena Beam IsoXadQll Characteristic" In order to able beam antenna using a 3O-lDch-diameter stewed
explore the system capabilities of the TEM lens an- waveguide lenl with a 19-horn feed array and a BFN
tel.na, a co:nputer-calculated design was devised, pro- tree of two-to-one ferrite waveguide varlll.ble power •
Viding the capability of generating 61 low-sidelobe dual- combiners. They have developed a SWill' computer
polarized beams over a 17· FOV at both 4 and 6 GHz. programll for calculating rari.uauoo patterna of this r
The general requirementa of isolation between ~ams, lens, and have studied application ot up to 61-element
as well :.s the total coverage provided by the beama, feed arraye with lenl diameters up to 50 Inch~s at
illvoke certain restrictions f..c the design of a multibeam X-ba.ne!. 12, 13
antenna. Thess generally fall illto the following areas:
The 30-inch-diameter lens model ie Illustrated In
a. Antenna beamwidths and beam separation angles Fig. 14 oonsisting of over 700 square waveguide cells
must be Choseli to provide the required lsolatim as well with cr~ ring step in tts oute r surface. The 19-
as coverage. element liDearly polarized feed array Is mounted on
-7-
f4., .¥. gJM$4iS
.. ~
AI 1 ' - - - - - - 3 t INCHI. - - -....1
I ,
I
I
I
- - - - - -+tlIH#--
iID
SICTIOHA-A
Fli. 14 LE5-7 Experimental Wavel\dde Lena Antenna Design
a flat surface centered at the leu fflcal point (flO,. 1).
Figure 15 shOWI a set of dve sinilet beams. each pro-
wced by separate excitation of one feed hom at a time.
o~---------------------------~----------------------------~
-
---- COIM'I.iTlDI
~ ~
MIASU .. ID I.I' .... '"
-
~
'" - \ /
- '
\
J
Figure 16 show. the com.}Nsite earth coverage pattem 10 f ;' .. -~ --""~~
obtained by uclform coberent excitation of all 19 feeda.
Figure 17 shows a typical compound coverage cC'ntaur
i '..\ FlED CLuSTII'I
pattem obtained by excitation of four homs, illustrating
the wide fle.'tibillty of this ca\Ct'lpt.
i'
ii
iI \ \ i
FilUre 18 ShOWI a meUUle~ earth covenge COIltour pat-
tern plot with one feed tum:!d ot! so as to create a narrow 1/ \ i\(
" I' ;\ /
deep Interference rejection nl!l1. Tbe dashed contours
30 II v '~\ \ f\/
are the calculated -6 dB and -12 dB contours for comp!.U'- I
: \
lIOn. The dotted area hu a null depth of 15 dB or
greater. A similar result is obtained when two adjacent
feeds are turned off (Fig. 19).
1
I
I
I
I
Ii
I
I
~~'~1~18~~II~~,'~~9---8~~3~0~~3---~8~g~~'~2~1~1~17
.. ~',
ANGLE(~
Fig. 16 Earth-Coverage Patterns at Design Frequency
or----------~---------------__,
3.4 3.3 3.' 3.1
10
-2C
"-30
~ . '-40
~
C_
-:0
<.J
~ - -~
... NGLlt .......
"II!O CO~.T1OH
Fig. 15 ~per1mposed H-Plane Pattern.t of Center Fig. 17 Compound Coverage Contaur Pattern
Row Beams Measured at Design Frequency (Measurements In Decibels)
-8-
bMdwidth. The uaable buu:lwtdth of the lteppedlenl II
about 5% to 10%. Thl8 X-b1Dd dilip hu 1528 wave-
IUide 01111 arranred 1D a lquare end. The 46-inch-
diameter lenl producel a 2" balf~wer pencU beam
that may be poelt1oned o~r ID IS" COIUcaJ FOV. It ex-
hibitl 20 dB lidelobl. for 81Drlet beam excitation.
For experimental telt1Di the feed array for thil IDIiHDa
W1U excited from a 61-to-l vartable BFN formed of
variable power dividera, atteDuatorl, IDd pb... ah1ft-
era. The teat model II illultrated In FI,. 20. The feed
array 11 poeltioned on a spherical lurface (Fig. 21) for
11mpWytnr shaped beam excltaUona (no phaae COITQC-
tiOllI are needed for off-al. beame, in contrut to re-
quirements for a flat array). Figure 22 lhowl the
measured circularly polarlzed patteru of five adjaOlDt
beaml, eDerg1zed and meaaured cae at • time.
Flgun;; 23 aboft • rtpt hlDd circularly polarlzed
(RHC p) measurement of the <WI-axis .melet beam at
midband. Main beam axial ratio rem&1Ded below 1.5
dB for all poeltioD8 over a baDdwldth of 5. 5%.
II 10
AZIMUTH .doI' F1KUJ'e 24 Illustrate. m .. aured beam IC&IID1DC between
adjacent I1nclet positions by (r.wal chaDp of the BFN
Fig. 18 Meuured Earth-Coverage C(1Dtall' feed1111 the two beam fMd.. FllUre 25 abo... the me.-
With Feed 22 0If lUred RHCP earth coverap pattern with all 61 feeda
equally excited. Ax1al ratio rema1Dltd below 1.5 dB
Fig. 20 Multiple Beam Waveguide Lena Antenna
-10 o I 10
AZIMUTH .doI'
Fig. 19 Meuured Earth-Coverage C<WItall'
With Feeds 22 and 32 C(f
~cent Experimental WayuU1de Len"'II. Modiflcatioll5
of tOO I)(on and Ricard! waveguide lela have bHn de-
I1gned and cmstnlcted by Lockheed (48 inch dil.Inf'ter)
and by AeronutronJc Ford (46 mch diametar), wbereln
model ant.ennu with 61 circularly polarued feed ele-
ments baY!! been tasted. In the AeronutroD1c Ford
antenna, the lenl II a man-Lx of lquAre hollow metallic
WIlveguides forming a metallic "ergerate" structure.
Sl is spherical, wlti'J thfo sphere centered at the lens
focal point (UD • 1) a. in the TEM leu.. ~ Is elliptical,
with three ring !tepa (Mtback .. } to prevent exoes8!ve
lenl ediP thickness and unacceptc.bly narrow frequency Fig. 21 61-Element Spherical Feed Array
-9-
c;,.~·:· ,
Of puOn QUi·;_11 ~
I 2 1 4,
MIASUI'IIO
10
\
1(571 (5111
i 1 1
~
It 2 0.71 0.21
I
\AI
>
20
1 0.50 050
4 0.25
5 0
021
j: IEAM
EXCIT~TION
...
C
1M
PeW!,.S
It
JO
• ANGLE(~ h)
10 I 0
"'NGLE(~
Fig. 22 Adjacent Scanned Beam Patterns.
f o ' RHCP
Fig. 24 Scanned Doublet Beam Pattern.
(5.7). (5.8). fo ' RHCP. ~ :II O·
.tciv-v" 10
MEASUReD I
I
I
I
20
I
,.
.'
I .
~
CALCULATED
,'. 30
30
~~-L '~ IS 10 5 0 5
__
10 IS
ANGLE(~
o·
ANGLEI~
Fig. 25 Earth Coverage Beam Pattern,
61 Feeds, Equal Excitation,
Fig. 23 Singlet Beam Pattern, Central Beam,
f o • RHCP, 41 .. O· fo' RHCP, 41" 45-
optimizations. This lens employs more tbaD 2200 wave-
across the 5.5% band for this cue. l.,e insertion of a guide elements in a two-zooe conflguratlon. Althwgh
deep null into the earth coverage beam was accomplished no measured data have been (:AIbUsbed, results are re-
by phase reversal and appropriate amplitude control of
ported to have been excellent. 14
one feed (Flgs. 26 and 27). For the simple turnoff and
subtraction null techniques. the null bandwidth was fcmtd One major advantage of using a waveguide lens is the
to be small (due primarily to the disper:-.ive lens defocus-
ablUty to employ unique manufacturing techniques that
ing phenomena). about 1% for a -20 dB null. greatly rr~ce the weight tolerances required to rui ld 3.
structure ~hat can withstand space applications with 110
A 30-inch-dlameter. t9-beam transmit antenna similar
degradation oC electrical properties. A considerable
to the Lincoln Labs mode 1 w~ constructed by Lockheed
amount of research bas been done on the use of a varl-
for Inltial evaluations of the antenna and its control net-
ety of carbon-composite stNctures in forming very
work. ;\Iore recently. LDckheed built a 48-tnch-diameter
strong but lightweight square waveguides.
re~h1! lens. \\ith 61 feeds and a number of design
~ • •l ~ . ;.. ~ t - - l'~'. ~ • ~;-'. • • - • • • ' . • - -
. ' , -
. •. . ... . .' .' . . t. ,,_ ". ~ . ,,_ . . _,~. ,. \... .'. ". .' _ . '.. .. . . . .• . . .
r7'f"TIT7fT.71n'-r-~~'I7"""""--""""'T'....,...-r--r-"T"T'"'I"T'1~~~~'" 1.0 CONTOUR DATA
4.0
3.0 IYMaoL dII
A -30.00
~
~ C
:Z.O
1.0 = •
C
-21.00
-20.00
:> 0.0 ::! D .1LOO
...
11/
11/ -1.0 ! ,
I .10.00
....00
-2.0 G ~.OO
-3.0 H -3.00
-2.00
J -1.00
I( 0.00
Fig. 26 Earth Coverage Null. SInglet Beam (5.7) atbtractlon Digitized Cmtau%'
Plot. Meuured at 10. RHCP
0,..-----------------, C. Mult1beam ReOector Antennas
Symmetrical Six-beam K-Band Model. Since abetT8.-
tlons due to offaet-fed reflectors generally increase as
10 the munber of beamwicitha of scan increase, it Is espe-
! clally attractive to ut1l1ze a symmetrical feed sttucture
It MEASURED'ATTEI'IN for bigber-frequency narrow beam applications, such u
~ a domestic satellite system. If the number of simulta-
~ neous beams Is Umited. feed stnIcture blockage may be
w - CALCULATED POINTS
:>
;:
tolerable without producing excessive side lobes.
< Turrln 16 has proposed a DOvel structure to m1n1m1ze
... 20
w such blockage by extending the feed horns through holes
It
in an aux1l1axy plane reflector, tbus eliminating most
of the support and feed network shuctures from the
blockage regiCID. His design was for a spherical reflec-
tor accommodating six simultaneous heams, pointing
JO within a 13- area (to cover ground stations from HawaU
to Puerto Rico), for use at both 20 and 30 GHz. The
10 o 5 10
bulc antenna layout Is shown in Fig. 28, with feed
ANGLE 1 . . . -
!'LANE REFLECTOR
!'LATE GLAS.~ MIRROR',
Fig. 'ZT Earth Coverage Null, Singlet Null 183 • 254 .~ "
Beam Pattern, (5,8), 10, RHCP
x
Lockheed also reports development of a unique power di-
vider assembly and beam-forming network which greatly
reduces the number of le~els required in the network,
thus reducing beam-forming network loss while pro-
I
T-Z ..=::z:::Ie----I. 120 cm---
viding a much greater degree of precislon in the aetting
of power at individual beam ports. SPHERICAL
SURF"CE
REFLECTOF'
Variable-shaped beam lens antennas are currently \mder
investigation by two contractors (Hughes and General PLAN VIEW
Electric) for the Air Force (SAMSO) as part of contract
definition studies for DSCS-m. "PIATUI'IE
REGION
TEM Variable Beam Lepa. An application of a TEM
lens to the variable beam concept was studied by B1nz
and Wnineo. 15 The lena was formed of multiple flat
sheeta of layered form and printed circuit boards, each
board containing a row of many balanced stripline delay
lines, pckup, and ~.~ator dipoles. Single-Iense cir-
cular polarization Is achieved from this linearly polar-
red lens by placing a fonn of sheet polarizer over the
lens aperture, which converta Unear to circular polari-
zation. Four-percent-b8Ddw1dth waveguide polartzers
baaed on ferrite faraday rotators were propoeed for use
in the 64-t.--- 1 RFN. A feature of this lens waa the cal-
culated 30 dB lidelobe level performance of the pencil
FRONT VIEW
beam formed trom a properly excited cluster of feed
elements. No test model has been reported. Fig. 28 MultlbelUtl SpherlcaVPlanal' Reflector
-11-
~ , r , r ' ~ ~ -, - - .' - - - - • ~ •
, .
" .
.. "....4 _ _ _ _ _ _ ....".-.....~~~,;__ _~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..,.~ ........... ,~ ..........._~....... -".~~_ _ "'-'- _ _ _.-_~ "-' •
Iocatfona as 1D Fig. 29. Orthogonal linear polarization.
were ueed for the two banda, obtained from a DOwl eecood of the INTE LSAT IV series of commumcattOD
linned feed horn design. A 5-foot-diameter (150 em) aatell1tea. Increased channel capacity in the IV-A la
model was built and tested. Beamwidtha of approxi- achieved by reUN of the 500 MHz t-.a:lds at both 4 and 6
mately 0.7- were obtained in both ban~, prtncfpally GHz by meana of antenna beamah&p1r J, which produces
because of different feed llJumhwtiOll taper.. Meaauntd two spatially Isolated beama cowrtng eastern and
weatern hemispherical areas, as de ··Icted in Fig. 31. 17
gain and flrst-sldelobe level. are sbown in FIg. 30 as a Both Atlantic and Paci1lc regicma are shown, with cov-
fuDct101l of beam polI.ting dlrect101l oU-axis; OIl-axia erap :u-eas determined by !ocattOllS of INTE LSA I
gains were 47.0 dB at 19 GHz and 49.2 dB at 30.2 GHz, ground staticma. Reduced coverap la alao required at
some 3 to 4 dB below theoretical maxima for a 5-foot NOoadary l'8I1cma shown as rectaqlea. The 8 GHz
aperture. Isolation ben",en beams was more than 28 dB, receive beams (UlCP) each cover an entire bemtspbere.
except for two adjacont co-polarized beama deslped to
The 4 GHz transmit beams (RHCp) are further dlvided
cover New York and Atlanta, cmly 1.3- apart. where into northern aDd lOuthern quadrant., which are indi-
isolation was 24 to 26 dB.
viduallyavailable for even- or odd-numbered channels
INTELSAI rY-A AntaPAL The most repreeentative CD command.
multibeam antennas in use today are of the offaet-fed
reflector type as employed OIl the INTEISAT IV-A, the
I ../\ PUERTO RICO
04'- (NO. V
f\,../"'
Fig. 29 Feed Horn Positions
o~~~--- _______________________________________ ~
FIRST SIOELOSE LEVELS
------
PACIFIC ."'IN
_.-D
Ii GHr
.."..- -- .,....- Fig. 31 INTELSAT IV-A Shaped Beam Coverage
The general arrangement of antenna hardware on the
IV-A spacecraft mast is shown in Fig. 32. The two
53-inch-square parabolic reflectors at the baN of tOO
n:ast form the even-odd north-south transmit beams,
~~ ---.-.--~---- ----~ while the east-west beams are pr-'rided by separate
sets of feeds for each reflector. The shaped-beam
-~~--~-----~---~~--~-----~---~--.~
o 2 3 4 !I II receive rafiector 1s located above the two transmit
ANGLE OFF .t.XIS (0..-' structures. A bicODical global-coverage antenna
Fig. 30 Single-feed ~Ieasurements of appears at the tip of the mast. Performance char-
Off-a."'ds Performance acteristics of the antenna system are summarized
!n Table 2, as extracted from the Hughes report. 17
-12-
__ ~-' _ _ 442£'-
lobe width, the beam arranpmst shawn in Fig. 33
will be realized. In this COD1ipratiCll, the .idelobe. of
t.ama 1 IUd 3 are in ph... with each other but are 180·
FUCEIVE out of pha.. with .idelobe. of the middle beam. This
AEFLECTOA
ald. !lobe cancellat100 can be maximized. yielding the
pattern shown in FlK. 33b, If the outer beam. are re-
duced in amplitude relative to the center beam. Thi.
11'IANSMIT reductiOll can be accompU.hed by a feed network power
AIFLECTOA spUtter which provides the required unequal power
level. to the feed borna.
IIAMI
I
~ I
it --
1cc:::::>l4Qilil
'
t
i -,
I
'
I
I
I
I
/'://I'~"""'"
I ' I I i I
I ' I I I I
I I I I I
/;' ! \ '" IEAMl
I , I ,
11\L'
I I I ,
I , I I , I
II II II : I I:
I I I I
TELEMETRY IEAM J ._'....,,<><:> ........,,~!
HORNS
L Compcment Beams for Three
Adj acent Feed Horns
Fig. 32 GeDeral Arrangement of Antenna
Hardware, WTElSAT'lV-A
-
Table 2. rnTELSAT IV-A Antenna
Perfonnance Characteristic s
Co~rage: All stations plus major land mus in b. Composite Shaped Beam
Atlantic and Pacific buins (FIg. 31)
Fig. 33 Shaped Beam &perpo&!tioo Concept
Frequencie s: Receive 5932 to 6378 MHz
Transmit 37 f11 to 4153 MHz
The particular arrangement shown in Fig. 33 is a cue
Pol sri zation: UICP on receive of three horns with a symmetric power distrihltion.
RHCP on transmit For appUcatioos such as WTElSAT IV-A, where side-
Ellipticity ~ 3 dB lobes OIl only one side of the main beam need be low,
I Gain: Receive 22 dB
Transmit 24 dB (sector)
asymmetric power distrihltions may be ueed. The
munber of horns may also be varied so 10Dl as the
power distributioo is reopttmized for each case. The
I 21 dB (T mode) result is a series of two-bom, three-born. and four-
I horn arnys, each with low sidelobe properties but dif-
! Sidelobe level: C/I ~ 'n dB ferent beamwidths. Several such arrays can be stacked
I vertically to achieve the coverage requirements of
i
I Slope: ~ 3 dB/degree INTELSAT IV-A, yet still retain side lobe perlormance
I
in the azimuth directioo.
The two dominant features of the shaped-beam antenna Tbe reflector associated with this feed network is also
are the multihom feed arrty and the highly offset square designed to enhance sidelobe performance. A focal
reflectors. Both features contribute to achieving the length of 50 inches wu selected to minimize phue
required Sldelobe isolatim. A feed born located at the errors and maximize sidelobe perlormance. In addi-
foca! point of a parabolic reflector produces a secondary tim, sidelobe. produced by aperture blockage are
pattern coincident with the antenna bor~sight. An iden- eliminated by using a bighly offset paraboUc reflector
tical feed horizmtally displaced from the focal point with the bottom edge cI. the reflector located 12 inches
p:-rouces a secmdary pattern disp!.aoed in azimuth from above the focal ..'ds. Finally, the reflactor cro •• ..c-
the boresight. If the reflector flD ratio is sumclently tioo i. dea1gDed to be nearly 'CJ1&re. This arra.ngement
large, these two secondlUj' patterns will have very minimizes sldelobe lnterlerence between the N\Vand
similar shapes. SE and the NE and 5W portioos of the coverap regiClls.
Three !Nch feed horns, horizontally arnyed about the A typical feed-horn array for the odd-channel transmit
focal pOint. w1l1 thus produce three secondary patterns antenna consists of 37 horn a with integral polarizers
st.altgered in azimuth about the antenna bore sight. If the (Fig. 34). This array is energized by quadrants from a
relative beam displacement Is ~ual to the nominal side- TEM transmissioo line power di\1sim network.
-13-
0:::-. ,"" f
Or F~- ..
EJ SOUTHWIIT
EJ NOATHWlIT
m _THIAIT
o SOUTHIASi
PHYSICAl. ARRANGEMENT 0' FIEO HOANIIN A,.EAruA. PLANE
Fl/{. 34 INTEISAT IV-A Odd-ChanDel T1'IU1smit
Anterma Feed System
WIE LSA T V Antenna. The INTE I.SAT V requirementa
are similar to those of INTELSAT IV-A except that
polartzation dI ....ersity is also required to provide simul-
taneoos cQVe1'11g11 of two overlapping regions In eacb
bemisphere. A configuration common to the Atlantic.
Pacific. and !ndian Ocean theaters Is desired. with a
minimum amount of switching In the feed networka to Fli. 3S Anteuna Auembly on Test Ranp
accommodate differences between areas. Steerable spot
beams for the 11/14 GHz bands are also required. This
satellite is scheduled for development for delivery in determ1Ded by near-field testing. Calculated and mea-
1979. sured hemispherical beam contour patterns by TRW
show remarkably good agTeement. good sidelobes, and
Offset-fed reflectors are also being considered for low crosi-polarized levell.
INTELSAT V, with conaiderably tighter control of indi-
vidual shaped beams necessary tc maintain low axial IV. REFERENCES
ratio. (under 0.75 dB) to achieve at least 'ZT dB isolation
between beams. Aeronutronic Ford hal built a 9 GHz 1. ''Multlbeam Antenna Study. Phase II." FInal Report
(3 ft diameter) scale model of this C-band antenna (Fig. on Contract NASS-2171l. Lockheed Missiles and
35). Phase and ampUtudes for the 48-horn feed array Space Co.. 197 3.
shown were determined by c0'fr'ter optimization to yield
the desired coverap pattern. 2. "Final Report for Advanced General Purpose
Forcel Satellite Antenna study, ., Rept. No.
A measured contour piot of the Western Hemisphere 2265.30/215. Hughes Aircraft Co •• Dec 1973,
beam from this model is showu in FI,. 36a for the prin- pp. 25-29.
cipal RHCP polarization; ground stations to be covered
are Indicated by .. • .. sign! (representing the Indian Ocean 3. W. D. Fttzgllrald. "LLm1ted Electronic Scanning
area). Pattern shaping to conform to this desired cover- With an Offset-Fed Near-Field Gregortan System."
age area Is evident, as are tile low sidelobe levels in the MIT lincoln Lab Tech. Rept. 486. 24 Sap 1971.
Eastern Hemisphere (a.ffording at leut 'ZT dB isolation
from the Eastern Hemisphere belUn). A mea8Ured cro.s- 4. "FiDal Report for Advanced General Purpose
polartzed (LHCP) ra.cUatiOl1 contour plot of the s&me beam Fon..... SateUiIle Anllenna study," SAMSO TR No.
II given In Fli. 36b; the reference level for thi. plot II 74-71. Hugbe. Aircraft Co•• Dec 1973,
30 dB below that of the principal-polarized plot. Rerulta pp. 181-195.
show that axial ratios in the Western Hemisphere cover-
age area are below the desired 0.75 dB. 5. W. A. Imbrtale. "Adaptive and Pbued Amys."
lecture notes from l'C IA Short Course on CODlmu-
Similar reSllts have been reported by TRW 19 In which a mcatioo Sallellite Antenna Technology, Mar 1976.
60-lnch offset-fed reQector with a 45~lemcnt feed was
testl!d at 4 GHz. Dual circularly-polarized cup-(\1pole 6. H. S. Lu, et aI, "A Constta1ned Lens Antl!rm& for
feed elements were used because of their inherent low Multiple Beam Satl!ilites ... presented at A1AA 5th
l.'ti31 l'3.tios and bec:l.Use of their adJustabillty tD compen- Communications Satellite Syste.ns Conference.
sate for mutual coopl1ng in an arr:lY environment. :u Loa Angeles. Apr 1974.
-14-
-20
-'~~S~
~
" I .... ~.
L-~~<Q -30"],\ \ -20
_3~l( ~_~-~-;o~~
;/t-, . .
;';'-
_~20~ t!
I~ X-~~...,-,o
~ r-3O
.('\. .'
0~~ _~,\ -30. \
o.
~
'-) -:;20\1N\\ -io -10 ~-~/,", Uy':20
'P:il\~lo -3 -~\:20~ '~':1 ~
. ~. 'JOC~20-3O, 'e ~ 0 ') .
" ~ or \ U -30 -20 20 r
'---~
a. Principal Polarization b. Cross Polarizatioo
Fig. 36. Contour Data (Frequency· 9.54 GHz)
7. C. C. Han, H. W. Bllenko, aDd.A. N. Wlckert, 14. D. W. Prlna and D. W. Krejci, ''MulUbea.m Anten-
"Computer-Aided Array Feea Deslgn for Multlplfl nas Open a New Era in SatelUte Communications, "
Bellm Lena Antenna." 1975 IEEE AP-S Symposium SIGNAL Magazine, Nov/Dec 1975. pp. 6-14.
Digest, pp. 374-377.
15. E. F. B1nz and D. K. Wa1neo, "SatelUte Mult1beam
8. W. G. Scott, H. S. Luh, aDd E. W. Matthews, Antenna Concept." AlAA/CASI 6th CommunicattolUl
"Design Tradeoffs for Multlbeam Antennas In SatelUte Systems C<mieronoe, Mootreal, Apr 1976.
Communication Satellltes," Conference Record,
Vol. 1, presented at 1976 Internatlonal Conference 16. R. H. Turrill. "A Mult1beam, SJilerical-Reflector
on Communicatlons, Phlladelphia, PA, Jun 1976. 5&1811118 Antenna for the 20- and 30-GHz Banda,"
Bell System Teclmical Journal, ~ •. 101l-1026,
9. E. W. Matthews, "Variable Power Dividers In Jul-Aug 1975.
Satellite Systems," preseated at 1976 IEEE-MT'l'
Symposium, Cherry HUl, N. J., Jun 1976.
17. D. T. Nakatani, et ai, "INTELSAT IV-A Communi-
10. A. R. Dioll and L. J. Rlcardi, "A Variable Cover- cation Antenna - Frequency Reuse Througb ~atlal
age Satellite Antenna System," Prac. IEEE, Feb Isolatlon," Conference Record, Vol. 1, 1976
1971, pp. 252-262. IntematloDai Conference on CommUDlcatlo~,
Phl.1adelphla, PA, Jun 1976.
11. A. R. DioD, "Optimization of a Co:nmunicatlon
Satelllte ~tultlple Beam Antenna," MIT Uncoln 18. C. C. Han, et ai, "A Geae ral Beam Sbapi~
Lab Tech. Note 1975-39, 27 May 1975. Technique-Multiple-Feed Offset Reflector Anten-
na Sylltem, " presented at AlAA/CAst 6th Commu-
12. L. J. Ricardi and At R. DioD, "Bum ScaDnlDg nlcatiolUl Satellite System. Conference, Moatreal,
With a Mulllple Beam Aatenna, " MIT LlncolD Apr 1976.
Lab Tech. Memo 61L-0073. 22 Oct 197••
19. J. W. Duncan, S. J. Hamada, aDd P. G. lDgeraoD,
13. L. J. Rlcardl and A. R. DioD, "Earth Coverage "Du.:ll Polarizatlon Multiple Beam Antenna for
Radiation Pattern Wlth a Prescribed Mlnlmum, " Frequency Reuse Satellltes, " AlAA/CASI 6th
MIT Llncoln Lab Tech. Memo 61L-0072, 22 Oct Communicatiol18 Satelllte Systems Confe",ooe,
1974. Moatreal, Apr 1976.
-15-
r - -~~." -, - - ~ I -- • ~
"
_. , - ----_~. -- ~~-~ --'--~- -~_._._~__ ~-.~-~..--, - -~"...~"----" ' . -. .I
iQ-- L . . L· g; n.,.- 4. .$", QL- w_· 't. ~: -¥it.L< _ . -¥Ot . --t $
APPENDIX C
INTELSAT V SPACECRAfT DESIGN SUMMARY
78-528
R. J. RUlCh. J T. JohllJOll. Dr. W. her
Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation
Palo Alto. California
Abttra9
This paper describes the technical upcctI of the Ford electrical power for the communications and sUPponinlsub-
AefOlpace .t Communication, Corporation's current dcsiln 'ystems. The solar amy area necc:uitatcs a body-stabilized
of INTELSAT V. the larlcst commercial communications spacecraft :::onfiluration with deployable. sun-oriented solar
satellite ever dcsi.ned and built for the International Tele- panels.
communications Satellite Orpnization (INTELSAT). The
spacecraft system desian concept is described. with emphuis The spacecraft three-alia-stabilized dcsilft is compelled of
on the key technoloaies utilized to conti lure the total space- a box-shaped main body 1.6S x 2.0 I x 1.77 meters. cont,ininl
craft. Key systems upects include a dcsiln summary with the electronics and propulsion lublysteml. and a truss-type
discussion of the communications. controls. telemetry. com- tower holdinl the antennu. The tower extends from the
mand and ranling. power. propulsion. and thermal subeys- earth-facin, surface of the body, The lpacecraft (Fi•. 2) is
tems u well as spacecraft-peculiar operational characteris- oriented in space with the 2.0 I x 1.77 m side facinl north and
tics. Key technologies include usc of araphite-fibcr-reinfor- south. The IOlar arrays extend from this surface approxi-
ccd plastic. contiguous band output multipliers. dual-polari- mately 7.8 m eacb side of the spac:ec:raft. The antennas arc
zation multiple-shaped antennas. dual-collector II GHz oriented with the la'le 4 and 6 GHz reflectors on the cut and
travelinl wIVe tubes. and electrothermal thr.uters. wcst lides.
Spacecraft Dcsi,n Summary
The INTELSAT V spacecraft is a hiah-capacity. com-
mercial communications satellite. Each satellite will be a IOl .." .."" .. y
radio-frequency relay. the space links in the vast INTELSAT
communications network. INTELSAT spacecraft growth is
iliustratcJ in Fig. I. As many as 6 INTELSAT V satellites
will be operated simultaneously to interconnect more than
300 INTELSA T earth terminals. Depending on the opera-
tional configuration employed at I NTELSA T. each satellite
will carry up to 12.000 two-way telephone circuits and two
color-televisioil transmi!sions.
11/1.GHr
~~~~=T ___
~~~~N.:.:A=--_-f-_ _"'-
~_~
INTfLJAT III
INTILSAT I
I' ~
1",,'111
I~I
4 GHr
t ·.';tt G"O"""
MOAN
INTILSAT II IGM,
" GM: GlO ... \.
IEACON "O"N
INTILSAT IV A HOfIN
fElEMIT'" "NO
(;O ........... O .. NTENN ..
r Fil· 2 Spacecraft confiluration.
The total spacecraft power requirements for sY!lchronous
orbit conditions are presented in Table I, The resulting power
margin is 125.95 W at end of life (EOl) autumnal equinoll
Fi,. 1 INTELSAT spacecr.. {: growth. and 172.68 W at end of life (EOl) summer solstice.
The powerful communications transmitters, sensitive The total spacecraft mass illummarizcd in Table 2, which
communications receivers. and rf upconverters require nearly indicates a total spacecraft mUI marlin of 24 q, The fuel
800 watts of electrical power. Consequently, a larle solar bud,et $ummarized in Table 3 illustrates all the individual
array area of nearly 20 sqUire meters is required to provide components which comprise the total fuel budlet for the
CoPyr11ht ~ 1978 by R. j Rusch, with release to AIAA INTELSAT V mission.
to publish in all (orms, This paper is based upon work perfor- INTELSAT V is desilned (or launch by either the Atlas- •
med under the sponsorship o( the International Telecommun- Centaur or Space Transport System (STS) launch vehaclC$.
ications Satellite Organization (I~TELSA T). Any vIews Ci(- Studia are in proercss to determme what desian chanla arc
pressed arc not necessarily thOle of I~TELSA T, required to permit launch on the Anane Launch Vehicle.
~-, - -- - . . . . • I • - • -
~~_~_-----"~'k~_~_
L 4-;;:'WA _.
OR\G\NAl pp,GE \S
Of POOR QUA'JTY
Table I INTELSAT V power lum",ary Table 2 INTELSAT V IIImmary
~""""noC.ll'O<"
LAMI
- -
I., ............ A_... " -
....1....-
712.12
......
"'tt..
7112.12
1 ••. -
7" 02
.......-.:
St,uclur.'IIWnft..
PrQlNllHlft
eun................ lk'i
CaIt-.t~
IIl.l
31.3
ITlI.--.II
11l.1
31.3
T,,_rv.
"..•
11K\f1Q1_ 141.1 14l.'
CIOfftfftIftd and ,_onQ 43.10 U.IO UIO
j""'tlXM ~''''I'dn and conl'Ql '113 74.13 ".13
c-.CI_If~
c-..1lOI01 en_
, "'.a
11.1 51.1
PrOllUI._ 0.10 0.10 0.10
T",-trY. CIIIIftIftII'd. ~,~ 21.0 21.0
EIKI"Cal_ 1.10 1.10 '.10
ContrOIl 72.' 72.1
Thor "'II CO"trol 108.51 41.11 32.11
E~cII,"t...fton 40.1 40.1
12 h....... lot. . 10.00 10.00 1.30
MtcIIen_ ,"....._ 15.4 II•. '
TOIII lold "'.... 1 and 21 1004.2' . . .24 121.54
TOIel
"tII'v d\.f9'" 1\ 7 v.... 100.72 21._ AII09""'OtO.
141.'
122.5
7'1.'
122.5
r 0111 loler II"V 10lil 1104.811 • . 23
Pro!Iuillon ,.... 172.' 115.1
ContrlCllold conl,ne-ncv II ~I 123.08 117.08
TOIII_"ft
Solll II'''' ""_ .... '.lIthlV at 7.,.... 1354.00 121100
~IOI" '''.3 1117.0
$viM'" _ "' ...." II 7 v.... 12U5 172." 53.01
'.n". DOO '0' 1.2-hou. Ki'O" 1'\1 5200
"'_m....... 2'.4 lU
Table 1 INT£LSAT V Cuel budlet
Tr.",,,r OrOlt
......... -... ...c;..._L........
,....W. . . llltl ...
STSISIUI I. .......
...... WeItM 111,1
SQ.n...,
Acto .. "u,",on ~"nt
.5 r/mt"
10 "'''' " .... cont,anl
"
~.l
NI ..
10 m,n NN COMt.,t
-4.3
AIOfIet'tlttO" 41' 1.1 l.a' 3.4
Dnh 0<11011
Am 01.-.,01' c~ecllon. 'nClud,", 85.8 mi. 21.5 12.1 mi. 40.2
cower. reor.ent.tlon
s..- . , r/m.ft 1.4 '5,'m," 1.4
Sync:lO'''''''''' orllo,
N-S 1I."onk_,n, 3475 mil 101.0 347.5 mil 101.0
E-W,gtoonktlO'"9 29.0 mi. 1\ 7 21.0 11.7
Anll~ m .. fttef'l~ 7 v ..... 123 7 ...... 12.3
"'",d..... 2.0 2.0
Tot .. 1....1 ,.qu, ........ n 172.8 lSI. I
*,mC\.lt p,n'utlftt
Communications Subsystem
The commURlCl.uons subsystem d~Tlbcd below providcs
an r( bandWIdth C3p1Dllity or 2137 MHz. which is three
tima that of its predecessor. INTELSAT IV-A. It accom-
plisbes tbis by means or extensive rrequency reuse: or 4 and
6 G Hz. ac:complished with both spatial and polarlution iso-
lation. and by introduClnl 11/\4 G Hz opcr:llion into the
IN TELSA T rrequency pian. The rrequency rewc scheme is
accomplished by a muluplic:ity or antenna coveralel. which
a1lowlthe spac:ccnft to transmIt n,ht (hemi) and left (lune)
ara;larly polanzed silnals at 4 GHl to many cut and wcst
locations at the same (requenClcs. Trus provldcs a 4: I (re-
qucnc:y rewc ractor (or these locations.
The antenna covcralCS are shown in Fip. 3.4. and S. lnd
a summary oi Sj)acccrl[t communIcations capablliucs may
be (ound ia Table -4.
II swnchlnl network Interconnects the vanoUi CO¥e!'1le
areas and allocatcs channels between beml. lone. and 1100&1
COVCl'1les. Fil. 3 INTELSAT V Atlantic <Xean coverllcs.
-"--.",.....,,.---,.-.--.-- --.-~-----~ ~--. ----.--.-.,,----
*"'
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
--.
I I
, ....
~--.-
Fil. 4 INTELSAT V Indian Ocean coverales.
= Fil. S INTELSAT V Pacific Ocean coverales.
The extremely complex and elUenaive antenna and multi· FiIUrc 6 is a aimplified block diaaram tbal illustrates
plexinl bardware required to pro¥ide tbe required coverale Sllnal now. redundancy implementation, and channelization.
rely heavily on the 11K of arapbite·fiber·rcinforccd plastiC Twenty·seven independent tnnsf'O'lder cbannels are pr0-
(GFRP) for antenna feeds. antenna tower structure. wave· vided. of wbich 24 arc allcut 72 MHz wide. Filure 7 illus·
luide, contiluous output multiplexcn. and input channel fiI· trates lbe transmit frequency plan. Inc:iudinl channelization
ters. and frequency reusc.
_..-
I
--I
-c •.••
\
..... _
-- -.
--
....... t::::=t-=-=-c.
..........
...............
...... ge.a-. , . . . . . .
L__j---"1.>-U-, . . ····
......
-.~
'
Fil. 6 Communlc:&uons sublystem ~Implified block diqnm.
- 4,- g gg
4
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
QF POOR QUALITY
Table .. Communications performance
.... _- 01 __
01. a".
........... ,...-., ......
.......
".GH. Z-
II. '3". ....
,.", aHI
G.,n - flu. cWnl,ty '0 ..' ....... QCII -75 .72 -72 Ia" ·77
t,an~. d8Wtm'. til cornmanclabl. 1-72 for 1·75 for WIII-IO.3
.n.n..,.ton .., 10 "'0 ch-" cII..-l
7·11 81
Gt" - ""0 of ,_.". ",I.nna e-,n '0
.fleelo •• "0." "moe...",•. dill(
.1'" ·11.8 -I.' E., 0
Wet,3.3
E I AP - effeel," 'tot'OIIOC ,lIii.ted 23.1 29 29 E., .1.1
_.deW 128.5 for 128 for WIlt" .•
channal. CIIannel
7-11 ei
...", ,IOII1,on. dB Nt. 27 27 33 Ionclud'nt pat.,Il"'Qn
,1OI."onl
PoI."z."on C'fCU·.' elf'Cul" CorCUl.. L,_
Sea __ ,lOIII,Qn
P........"on '1011t,on. dB 32 27 27
The east and west hemi beams are shaped to accommo-
date the appropriate ,round station locations in the cut and
fA lilT" west hcmisphcrca. respectively. U ICCn from all specified
COVIIIIAGt
satellite locations in all oceans. A sinlle cut hemi pattern
and a sinaJe west hemi pattern satisfy all thac requirements
IIIO<~L with no switcbinl.
(AIT
"1M' The required zone CO¥Cfllcs arc also specified by desi,-
nated around station locations. In this case. the difference
71 n n n:JI
between the At!antic. Pacific. and Indian Ocean distributions
l700~GYi\ is 10 !reAt that two pain of beams are required: one pair (east
altd wat) ror Atlantic and Pacific CO¥CfIle. and a second
pair (or Indian Ocean CO¥era,e. Four COIlial switches (east
~~~~
and west transmit. east and We!!! receive) rcconfiJUrc the
.:zoo } antenna feeds for the two locations.
LO<~L
The bemi/zone antenna feed consiSts of a closely packed
WilT array or 88 square wavelulde fccdhorns attached to multiple
ZON.
.:zoo layer. air-supponed stripline power division/phasin, net-
worb. The cut and lWest hemispherical beams arc formed by
71
" G"',
17 I(ACO'" ~t
a filed number of fc:cd elements. each clement belnl elcued
I CIllO 0 ~V
111'.10
'-I'
\,,~ } (AST
~T
L'''(AIII
throulh one or the two excitation porn. The antenna lOne
beams arc similarly [ormed by clUlten of clements: however.
the zone clusten utilize oppositely polarized eliCitation pons.
~1 Furthermore. each zone beam utilizes sevCflI common feed
" 17
lClllO M 0 I '"" \ " 100
WI.,.
~T clements altd several other elemenu that arc selected by
Iround command to prOVide differently shaped Atlantic/Pa-
Fi,. 7 INTELSA T V transmit frequency plan. cific or Indian Ocean zone beams.
The (oed array elements arc made up or three basic parts:
(I) stepped apenure. IWhich provides matched transition !!c-
The hemi!lone lransmif and receive anlenMJ consist of tweer. square waveluide and the radlltin, apenure; (2) sep-
larle. offlCt-fed parabolic renectors (2.44 m and 1.54 m) tum polarizer. whi.;h COftvcru linear si,nals from eacb excita-
illuminated by clUltt.n of Iquare feed horns (feed elements) tion port Into circularly polarized silnals; and (3) COIlial-to-
The foed elements are elicited ..... lIh proper amplitude and wave'liide adapter. whICh provides a convenient method of
pllUC throulh power division/phulnl ne!woriu to produce translllonin, between a rectanlular wa\'eluide and the power
the shaped hemispherical and zone beams. Both the hemi- division/phuin, network. The clements arc desilnod to sur-
spherical CO¥erale and the zone coverale beam» are ,ener- vive the space environMent. launch. al'd handlinl durin,
lied simultaneously employin, opposne ICnses (n,ht·hand manllfaC1unn, and aucmbly. The elemenu .re c:onSlruC1ed
and left-hand) of cm:ular polarIZation with low ellipticity from ,raphlte-rcinforccd-plastic (GFRP) material In order
ratio. Each antenna ,comelry (rencctor lIze. focal ien,th) 15 to miftlmize antenna IWci,tl! and mllntal" ~imen5ion.1 stabil-
chOlen to produce appropriatel~ shaped beams IWlth a sharp Ity over a Wldl temperature r.nst The InSide of eacll clement
ed,e rollor(. low sldelo~. and load IlOlallon bct'Nccn the il lined with a thin copper layer to schlcve lood elec:t nca I
CO¥era,e re,lons. conductivity.
I
An catremcly importanl part of the berni/zone Intenna by prniollllNTELSAT lpececraft. The wider beam NOIiye
dai,n il the poIlriZAtion P'lrity required to achieve the nee- antenM is fbed on the spacecraft.
cuary hemi-to-ZOM iJoIltion. The axill ratio required for
l~hicvin'l ~rricr Ig intufcrcm.:c rllio of 27 dB It the wont
Recei"" Ire impfemented with all-lOIid·llIte compo-
nenll and taM microwaft intqrated eire-llit techllC\loty. The
localion in I beam is 0( tbe order of O.S dB. Euensive devel-
6 GHz reoa1YCf beains with I four-IIa,e bipolar Implifier It
opment wu required 10 I~hieve poIarizalion puritia of Ihis
60Hz. follow.t by I low-Iou ballnced mixer. The 14 GHz
order from I elOlCly packed Imy of elemenll.
receiver employs I an,H",. 14 OHl tunnel diode am-
The 11/14 GHz spoI beam Inrennl. . re dealaned 10 pr0- plifier. fQllowed by I low-Iou balanced mi • .,. In both c:uca.
vide ~muniCilionl covera,e 10 hi.h Irlm..: IfCII. lIIin, the miller is followed by I tranlistor amplifier. The number
nlrrow bams that can be Ileered by command from the of Ill,. in tbe transistor amplifier dirrcn (or eacb of the
.round. The Intennal provide cuenlially conslint beam- ,Iobal, hemi. zone.lnd lpot varictiea of rcc:eivcn. All 6 GHz
widths It lhe downlink (transmit) frcqueneia of 10.95 to receivcn contain In intmta.e commancbblc Iltenllltion
11.70 GHz and It the Ilplink (roccive) f,..... uen~ia of 14.0 to that can rnwicle either nominal or ptra biah pin.
14.5 GHz. The tranlmit and receive beams Ire linearly or-
The inpur mu/riplucr CIOIIJiIIl of evcn·and-odd channel
IhOionally polarized. fillen that Ire ciraalator coupled. witb even and odd acts
Ea..:h lpot bam Intennl consilII of a nominal I-meler- hybrid coupled. Eacb filter ia followed by.n isolator, alroup
diameter offMt-fed renector illuminlted by a conical c:orru- delay eqllllizcr. and a ~mandlble switched IUenllltor.
.. ted feedhom. 'Ihc renCCtor is mounted on I support strue- Some channels liso include 1ft amplitude (tilt) equalizer .
lure Ihrou.h a ~wo-axis limbel to enable rcnector pivolin. The beart of each multipleller channel is In ei,ht-pole.
in IWO orthoaonid pllna. Two linear Ic:tllllon are used 10 Jreudo elliptic: fllnc:tion filter made of GFRP. It provida the
pivol the renector and thlll obtain beam ICInnin. without required out-ol·band rejection Ind inband Implitude rapon-
mavin. tbe (eed. IC. Eacb filter is wcmbled (rom preflbricated piec::a. each
The Intenna posilioner equipment conlisll of east Ind of wl,icb c:onaisu of halva of IWO cylindrical ~vitiea Ind In
wat spot beam antenna poIilioner mechlnisms (APM), an iria pI.te. Thae uniu Ire uacmbled with melalllC slip Joinu
earth coven,e Intenna posili·,'ncr mechanilm. Ind In Inten- located It low curtcnt density poinu. and bonded.
na positioner electronia (APE). The electronia il a dual The INTEUiAT V 4 GHz TWTA's are nca·ly identical
redundant unil wilh each chlnnel bein. capable of drivin. to INTELSAT IV Ind IV-A TWT daipl in terms of vac-
any of the five steerlblt IltCS (ie. Iwo onhosonal Ua (or uum envelope delip. cathode Ioadinl Ind ,un ,eomctry,
each of the casllnd wat spot APM Ind one axis for the earth delrcc of ovcrvolll.e. Ind ,eneral altai levell. One differ-
coverale APM). Far Ihe east and wat spot beam APM, the ence from earlier confilunllions is the inclusion of an Impli-
slecrin. axcs Ire rotaled 45· from Ihe spacecraft X Ind Y lude (slope) equalizer .)n the inpul 10 each tube to insure
axcs. m.xtin, the allocated 0,2 dB peak-to-peak vlrlation over
Posltionin. of any axis is accomplished by selectin. Ihe each channel. This WIS required bcc:ausc, unlike previous
daired axis. selectin, the direction o( steppin,. and ,enerat- INTEUiAT spacecrafl, I liven lube may be driven from
in, I senes of 250 ms pulsa with a 5~ dUlY cycle on Ihe several different sources. and it is therefore not possible to
APM slep commlnd. The selecled aCluator will thell ~dvlnce perform I ullique end-Io-cnd eqllllizalion of I chlnnel. Also,
one step per pulse In the desired dircc:tion. Telemetry pr0- most INTELSAT V channels Ire atlea.t twice u WIde allre
vided by Ihe APE is stilUS information plus the indialed thOle of previous .pacccraft in the sena. bul the .. me I dB
posilion of the live axes. This poll lion is submultiplCled in peak-to-peak pult.nd flatness requirement hiS been impo-
the APE. Ind the five positions plus reference Ire repel ted sed.
in lelemelry once every 4 seconds. The electronic power conditioner (EPC) for bot~ 4 GHz
Each spot beam rencctor is I honeycomb .. ndwich usin, TWTA's diffen from those of prevIOUS INTEUiAT space-
GFRP flccskins Ind aluminum honeycomb core. The WCSI craft in lhat il employs I Swilcbinl re,ulltor to Iccommodate
lpot rencctor is parlbolic in both Ihe vertiallnd horizonlll the unreluilled 26.S 10 42.5 volt bus with uniformly bi,h
planes to produce Circular (Io- dilmr'er) Intenna beams. efficiency. The heater supply volllie i~ de to minlmlZC spun-
The easl lpot renector is parabolic in the venlcal pllne but OIlS modulalion of Ihe beam by EPC l¥tilchinl Irlnsiel!u.
dlSlorted (,hlped) in thc horlzontll pllne 10 prodllce cllipu-
The II Gllz TWTA reprcscnll several fints for III IN-
al (\.S· by 3.2·) trlnsmltand receIve beams with Ihc minor
TEUiAT spacecraft: thc fint II GHz TWT A. Ihe first dUll-
1115 inclined 22.9· clockwise from true north. IIsccn from
collector TWT, Ind the finl impre,naled cathode.
lhe .. tellite.
The two earth ~,..,~ 'lIIennlS (4 GHz transmillnd 6 The tube is evolved from I 20 W dai.n developed for
GHz rec:civc) Irc clrcullrl, polarized CORial homs n,t bas- InathCt proaram. Modifications for INTELSA T V included
ic daisn for Ihe two anlernu i. idenhcal eacept thaI thc I slilhtly Imiller athodc. lower electrode voltala. Ind I
hllher pin transmltlnlennl IS dcsl,ned to coYer I I S· field lower calhode temperalure 10 insure cxtremely lon, cathode
0( view wbile the rCCClve antenna coyen a 2:"- field o( view. life.
111c ttllllmil ar.tcnn. is mounted on I sln .. le-uis Jlmbal.
which enables Ihe antenna beam 10 be steered lip to *2.0· In addition to displlyinlthe efficient re,ulltlon Illinst
in pltcb to repolilion the beam tOWlrd Ihe eanh's center bus volta,e varilllon dClCribcd lbove, the II GHz TWTA
whcncver 1M spacecrafl I. pitched In Ihe el.l-wCSI direction. EPC includes I calhode current re.ulalor thaI VI ria lnode
nl. provides I Ilobal effecuyc isotropIC rldlaled power volta.e to hnld Ihe alhode curren I consllnt should VlnallON
(EIRP) lbat II Inore lban U dB Irealer than Ihal prOVided In athode emission occur dunn, the life of the lube.
OR\G\NAL PAGE'S
OF POOR QUAUTY
A dual-collector TWT has the characteristic that the par- The complete multiplexer desian requires the use of addi-
titioning of the ~m current between the two collecton is a tional reactive cavities on the manifold to provide appropriate
function of the drive level into the tube. Operation of such a adjacent-chellnel mctancc:s for those filters that carry the
tube with larae dynamic swinp in drive level. such as impo- highest and lowest channels beina multiplued.
sed by time divisi(\n multiple access (TOMA) traffic. places Controls Subsystem
extreme demands on tile collector power supplies. Extensive The controls subsystem provides active stabilization for
measures are taken in the EPC to provide adequate energy lhr. spacecraft to keep the antenna beams fixed on earth
storage and electronic filterina for TDMA operat;on. thr{)Uahout tile mission. Fia.8 is a simplified block diagram
of the controls subsystem. In transfer orbit. tne pacec:raft is
The healer supply voltage is olC to avoid electrolysis effects
spin stabilized by means of active nutation control electron-
known to occur in the heater pottina material at the opera tina
ics. which fires hydrazine thrusters. Attitude determination
te.nperature required for impreanated cathodes. A spurious
is derived from earth sensor and sun senser data. which is
cancellation circuit suppresses the hcater-coupled EPC processed by tbe attitude determination and control electron-
switching transients. which would otherwise modulate the
ics (ADCE).
beam.
For rate rUmpin, and acquisition. the !pac:ccraft is despun
The 4 GHz output multiplexers arc an advanced contigu-
and rate damping is performed about all three axes to less
ous design; that is. fllten for adjacent channels are collocated
tt.an 0.5· Is. Acquisition is commanded in which the space-
on a common waveguide manifold. Consequently single
craft pcrfornu a series of automatic maneuvers to point the
transmit antennas are used rather than duplicate odd and
roll axis at the sun and to rotal\: the spac:ccraft at O.s o /s
even antennas. The design of the output multiplexer places
about the roll axis. The solar arrays and reflectors are de-
the 3 dB rejection points of each of the contiguous band
ployed. and the solar array drive is required to slew both
channel fihen halfway between adjacent channels. The fil-
arrays 90 0 to orientate the arrays normal to the sun line. Six
ters are each of the singly terminated design. This design
hour:; .. fter sun acquisition. the ADCS performs earth and
takes advantage of a much higher skirt selectivity than is
ya~ acquisition and the spacecraft is finally pointed at the
possible for lower ripple. doubly terminated designs.
earth centroid. The solar amy drive is enabled for normal
The filter in each of the multiplexer channels i~ a six-pole. sun trackina at IS· /h. The momentum wheel is then spun Ul'
dual-mode quasi-elliptic design with two extra couplings: one in preparation for tran~ition from stationkccping to normal
between the first and fourth resonators and the other between on-orbit control.
the third a'1d sixth resonators. This desiID wu deveioped first
and then used as the basis for the clement design values in The normal mode control logic will autCimatically cstab-
th,. singly terminated versiol•.
CATALVTIC
THRUSTERS
ArTlvE
NUTATION
CONTRO ..
ELECTRONICS
~ aAT1'ERIES
AT1'ITUOE DfTERloIlNAT'ON A"'o CONTROL ELECTRONICS
Fig. 8 Controls subsystem block diagram.
, - I "~; • • '"""'
,
,
",- , . "" - . '
lish autonomous pitch control via the ,costationary orbit in- !;raft spinup function. required when utiliLnlthe AlIu·Cen-
frared senIOr (GEO-IRS) and the nywhecl and atablish ta"r lauo.;h vehicle. Tht spinup function of ~~~h channel of
autonomous roll/yaw momentum bils control usin, GEO- tile ANC electronics is channelized to the two 'pinup thl"\.l5-
I RS roll error sipall to constrain the spacecraft motion to ten. At separation from tile launch veh~le. the sequencer
a small anile limit cycle. Small Offseti arc implt:mented by commands the spinup thrusters to fire for approlimately 9
introducin. biu commands into GEO-IRS output in rolland minutca and then automaticall" c:nabla the active nu~tlon
pitch exes. Due to external disturb.n~ torques. the nywhocl control function. .
will accumulate anlul,r momentum that fin'lly raulu in The dynamic ~irions elperie/lQld by the spacocraft
increased or dcc:rcascd wheel speed u"hl a saturation limit is durin. various mission phues. the transf.r orbit. and opera-
reached. At this point a wheel unload pulse is automatically tional orbit attitude dynamics cn~ironment must be consid-
,enerated. removinl the wheel from saturation. ered in the control system desian. Panicular attention ill .iv-
The st.tionkccpinl mode oexurs durin. corrections for en to on-orbit disturbance torques.
north-south or cut-west statio"koeer::-:- These rorrcclions Amona the conclusions reached. the follo\Win, are of par-
arc implemented by firing '.hn' ~ers it. ; :In. thus i'1ducina ticular sianificance. The solar torque modehllJ docs not ap-
disturbance torques due to t!!rust imbalan~"C ';',Id misalign- pear to be overly sensitive to either minor variations in space-
ment, In this mode. the f. vwhccl is cithel O',J~I ltional or craft optical propenies or to secondary reflection effcc:ts.
command~ to a preset speed. The usc of a body-filed magnetic torquer coil is adequate te
Pit. roll control is provilied by the apr ropri,' ~ thrusters reduce the h:gh solstice roll bod) torquca to manaacable
in response to earth sensor error~; ,:: ..1•. In addition. an acllve magnitude. Amonl the thruster perturbations. the most si,-
yaw cO!ltrolloop IS closed around the fine di,llal sun sensors nificant is the transient effect caused bv the relocation of the
(FOSS) and the nominally inactive yaw thrusters. Wh.:n the propellant mass at the beginning of stationkecpinl maneu-
electrothermal thrusters arc used for north-south control. ven.
disturbance torques are much smaller than with catalytic Table 5 summarizes the key features of the spacecraft
thrusters because of lower thrust. Maneuver time will there- solar torque characteristics.
fore increase, In this case. the roll and pilch Illis thruster
contnll systems main"in cart" reference pointin,. For yaw
centrol. the yaw thrusters arc used in the same direction as Tabie 5 Muimum values of solar torque components
the electrothermal thrusters, In the backup scheme. a pair of
catalytic thrusters providing the spacecraft velocity incre- eo-'
TOfqv.
Meen·"""
luNml 0....-
ment will be automatically inverse-modulated to provide the
PItch Iv.r-ow 0.81 SaIni':' EOl
control torque about the corrcspondin,lllls.
PItch pelk 73.10 EQv,nOk 80l
When the pitch thrusters are used for cast-west station- R('H .av."g. 18 SO Sohl",.80l
keeping. they provide the spacecraft velocity increment and v.aw ...... , . S 5S I So.>lI.,. eOl
arc off-modulated to control pit.;h torques. The roll and yaw In\tttl,1 foli "hit ' V , f . I oil i EQu,no. SOL
thrusters maintain the earth reference pointing during the
emire maneuver. For the single catalytic thruster operation
during cast-west stationkccping. the pitch. roll. and ya\W T<>rques 3fe given In body-filed ues roll. pitch. and yaw
thruster control system maintains carth reference pointing, as well as in an inertial torque frame that coincides with the
The INTELSAT V autom't;c nut;U;o" control (ANC) nominal orientation of !he body ues at midnight (t ., O. orbit
utilizes nutation senwr Signals and electronic signal condi- angle 0·).
tioning to proVide thruster firmg pulses for active control of The roli body-filed torque component reaches values of
satellite nutation durin, the spinning phase of transfer and about 1.7 6 N'm during the ~Istlce periods, A torque of this
drift c. bit. The A~C is dcslgned to operate in two different magnitude disrupts the normal operation of the on-orbit roll-
modes: large nutation an,le and end-lame. The larle nuta- yaw regulator. Qusin, excessive thruster firin, (approxi-
tion angle mode IS utilized to capture lar,e initial tipoff nuta- mately 200/day) and inefficient propellant utilization.
:ion angle. whereas the: end-game mode is utilized 10 control
small nutation anile as well as to mini nile spin axis preci- .... ccordinlly. a m..,ner;c rolllorque compenSoltion scheme
sion. Mode sWllchmg IS automatically .elected by determln- (USIn,1I dipole aligned with the spa"ce.::-:f! ~'!~ :;;.. ) has !:.een
inl the frequency cf thruster firin,s 01 the ANC system included In thc basehne dcslgn. The m3gnellc lorquer control
during satellite nutation control. equIpment consists of t\Wo magnetic torquer COils and dual
mundant curr~nt .:antrol clrculls. The magnetic torquer IS
The ANC consists of two channelized seiS. each contain- a device used to generate a spacecraft body-fixed torque
in,a nutation senwr. electronics channel, and nial thruster (about the spacecralt roll 3X1S). ThiS roll torque is nccc:uary
DlJring IUle nutallon angle operallon. both sets fire to effi- to cancel out a solar pressure-Induced bod .. -fixed torque. The
ciently redute nutation. During end-lame mode. one channel wlar pressur: torque IS CS5Cntlall~ constant over a dally peri.
(selectable via ground command) mamtaln' the nutation od and varies sinusoidall~ over II ye3f cycle with peaks occur-
half-cone angle to less thin 0.1· whl!e the SfCond .:hannel ring al the two WIMICes, The magn.:tlC tOIQuer utilizes f.
(backup) maintains the: nutation angle to a larger v1\lue 3·
·1 as a backup redundancy in case of flliure to the ptlme chan-
constant current source to genera Ie a commandable leiaht-
state) constant magnetic dipole that reacts to the earth',
!
nel.
I The .. ~C electronu:a als~' provide~ the: automatic lpaCt'·
m.,netlc field ( <100 Jammas.lt synchronous orbit altitude)
to generate the roll lorqlle. The magnetic torquer IS com-
mandable In dIKr(.c step!l with a res..,lutlon error of :6: I !.4
f
I'
.: ~-~~' " ., . "-:; " ,. '> / . ..~. ..... , . , ~
.r
.. ~
j ,. oj •
'... ..}- "
... • 2-
.
,
"" •
.
< •
.
. _ •
A . m' to a mllimum value of .183 A·rn'. The purpoae of Telemetry. Command. and Ranainl Subsistem
thi\ devi~ is to r~uce the total number of thruster firinp The telemetry. com mana. aft(! I'1na,n, (TC R) sub!lys-
and the averale ,as consumption. These functior.s are perfor- tom consists of two functionally redundant and independent
med in an open-loop manner by adjustinl the malnetiG command and telemetry channel!. The major clements of the
torque (by command) to match the average roll torque. TCAR subsystem an: shown in Fi,. 9.
With magnetic compensation the muimum constant The command subsystem provides operational around
torque translates into a mission averase of 2.19 II 10' N'm control for all Spl.CfCnlft functions throup a microwave link
over mission life. and will have an eff~ on pitch wheel consistin, of two ring-,jO\ antennas. two command receivers.
u:lIoadina reqlurements. The periodic tel'ft"s in pitch have no and two command units. A command transmission consists
significant effect. of a microwave carrier FM-modulatod by a sequence of tone
The overall 'plcccraft pointing .:rrorestimate and budget bursts at three discrete frequencies. multinl in 1. O. and
for normal operation and "peration durin, stationkccpina execute iunctions. The command receivers demodulate the
maneuvers. including erran associated with the operation of micro.ave carrier and transmit the baseband tones via the
the 4 and b GHz communications links. are the most silnifi- spaC'eCfaft wire hlmcss to the cotr.mand unit Nt detector.
cant for design purposes. Pointina erron of the 11 to 14 GHz The command unit processes these discrete tones. and for-
spot beams wih be much smaller. primarily because of re- mats and ell:c:utcs specified di:;crete pulse. relay. and propor-
duGCd alignment errors and thermlll distortions. The error tional command tvpos.The command ~cc:civers and com-
sources are diVIded into four categories as ~hown in Table 6. mand units arc ful:y .:ross-StBppcd. providina complete re-
dundancy durina all modes of operation.
Table 6 Worst case pointinl error
I'itdtl.......1 Roll 1 " " " V_I. . . . . .
Errar Sour..
Rondom
De_",,",.
..... 8iu RIftdom
De_ ....me
..... a... R....... ........
DetenllifttltJc
A.ttltUde COIlt,,,1
Em" ...."', fl:EO-,RSI
I !o 020 i tOrl3 +O.O~ +0.037 - -
Sun •• n"" I F05S1
EI.ctronlcs. effects +0030
- I -
+{I.03!'
-
+{I.030 :0030
- 0.016
+0.030
0.1.
+{I.030
MaXimum M¥'.tlon (limit c'¥cl.'. to.070 :O.OlS :0,055 +{I.01S - +{I2SQ
WhN' wobOt\! If"Id ,oj., ."IV ttfKtI !0.010 - !O. '0 - :0.010 -
Subtotll Un' to.079 !0047 to 061 :0.050 :0.035 :0.288
Th.rrnl' dIStort"'" :0.037 :0,06'
5·C IlIgnments ~:>.020 :0.0'0 :0.043
SuDtOt .. ~0079 :0 104 :OO6i :0.121 :0.035 :0.331
S, C tOtil Id"oc:t1 :0,183 :0 '88 :0366
Ort.. t WOrU case :0018 :0018 :0 100
L
"Ul.st .:~os
"fL ..... CYOs "':"'C l .... ' , ,
•• tw C"'OI
IIIINGSt..OT
TIST
"1If"1.,-"\r.:;"''':==:;+::f---lr-+t-,...I.:~l-------~~
O'G' ...... lCO .. '.. --""l~ 1'."
OI.OI"l
'L¥Ltl\j,' ,
"" . ~n""'III.G~.
I
;0"""·
~""fI\j
~
... ....
)\
( ..1"'"
I ,:',"'"
I .,"
Itt(' .'
pv...1f ':¥Il$
11th ..... :\10\
"'-.)" \ .... OS
Fia, 9 Telemetry. command. and rangmg block diagram.
8
".~~-"~---~"'."'.-£""'="'.""...........
,,~-.~-, ........... ....
-".,.."..,....~' ~.# .......--. ~-~ . . . . . ;
.....- - - - .•
"""'!I!'•.".....""'I",...._A"!'l.,~.I!1 , •.:
~
j
. ':',-'7':.1
~
\..-", _" - F."\G~ IS
OF POOR QUALITY
The telemetry subsystem provides two independent and The soJ.r Imy consists of two sinlle-axis sun-oriented
rceundant data channels for transmission of dialnosti~ data wing assemblies. Each UlCm~ly consists of a deployment
received from scnson, transducen, and subsystem Stll!:JI. mechanism, three riaid panels, and ~n orientation mechanism
One of the two telemetry units proc.esscs and formats all connected to the solar amy drive system. The solar array
incoming bilevel digital and analog telemetry for transmis- drive assembly (SADA) for the INTELSAT V spacecraft
sion via two phase-modulated telemetry beacon carrien. The consists of a dUll, two-channel solar array drive clectronics
telemetry unit has the capability of operating in three select- (SADE) and two solar amy drive mechanisms (cne for the
able modes: PCM. PCM dwell, and FM real time. The tele, north solar array and one for the south). The drive provides
metry digital bit strearr. is utilized to biphasc: modulate is 32 for the support and positioninl of the arrays about the space-
kHz subc:aorier, which phase modulates the telemetry trans- craft pit;::h axis and for the transfer of power and silnals from
mitt~r in the PC\{ and PCM dwell mode operation. The FM each array to the spacec:raft module.
rell-time mode is used for real-time attitudt pulses (sun sen- The SADE is a dual boll containing two redundant sides.
sor, earth sensor, and command execute) or nutation sensor Each of these sides is capable of controlling both channels
signal. Th~ occurrence of a sel'lsor pulse or nutation signal (north and south) of solar array drives. The solar array dri,·c
switches the frequency of the IRIG -:hannel 13 subc:arricr has a stepper motor with two independent motor windings for
oscillator (SeO) from its pilot tone to a frequency depending redundancy.
on the sensor pulse or nutatir.n angle. The seo output phase
modulates the telemetry transmitter. The SADA always provides drive motion at tl:e rate of one
step (O.II2S·) of each array every 27 sec:onds. This corres-
The telemetry transmitter has the caJ:8bility of two trar-s- ponds t<. an angular :-ate of IS· /5 for each array. In addition
mission modo:s: (I) via the directional antenna ior normal to this steppina rate, a slew augmentation capability is pr0-
o'l-orbit earth coverage, and (2) through one of three select- vided to speed up the 'lperation of each or both the north ar:d
able TWTA's via il dual toroidal beam antenna for omni south arrays at a slew rate consistent with dynamic c'Jn-
coverage during transfer orbit. These outputs are both avail- straints. The direction and number of slew steps are com-
able whenever pc.w.:r ::. appJic<i to the transmitter.
mandable from the ground.
Elecu ':1" Power S~bsvstem The total panel area of 18.12 m 2 is covered with 17.568
The elc:ctrical power subsystem (EPS) for the INTEL- solar cells, The solar array is electrically interfaced with
SAT V spacecraft is a dual-bus, direct-ene; gy-transfer sys- sequential shunts to achieve the I'eccssary bus voltagc r~gul$l
tem designed to accommodate a continuous spacec:raft pri- tion and is configured to provide direct battery charge cur-
mary load of apprc.ximately 1.3 kW for a 7-year equino.-: rent.
synchronous orbit lifetim~. mmary power is provided by two During transfer orbit the array is stowed so that load
separl'te ~un-oriented :,Ianar s'llar array wings. The power support and battery ci:arging arc accomplished with two out-
ou:put of each solar array wing is regulated by a separate er panels (one per wing). The array is designed to support
sequential linear partial shunt regulator. ruring periods of synchronous orbit operation at end-or-life equinox with an
insufficient solar array power for support of spacecraft loads. electrical power capacity of 1354 W.
power is supplied by two 28-ce1l nickel-cadmium batteries.
Interrelationship of the major EPS elements is illustrated in The battery configuration consists of two nickel-cadmium
Fig. 10. batteries connected to the applicable bus through the battery
+------~-~-.....;---_--.....;--~_f---- IMaIll .. I"QIIIrt. IuS I
T'
_,. ',.,."
~""' ________+ __ ""TV.~eus I
.J. "pu... IUS 2
-,
-,,,T'TIII"
~-"""-_f--~---_f--"""_f-"".A""'~" IUS 1
_ _-I-_ _ _ _ ~ 'OM.
CO'll "'Ol V""
Fig. 10 El!):lrical pow~r subsystem block diagram.
9
· ag 44.4 'WI "~. -. ..,.' . =~. ,4f •
Or.HGlf~;;L L~'~'':: !3
OF POGr: QUALITY
~i\j;harle diodes. The battery charle current is controlled by For hilh reli.bility, previously space-qualified hardw.re
de1iuued sol.r .rray soctions and battery ch.rle controllen hu been ulOd wherever possible. Propell.nt tanks .nd cJoc:-
in the power control unit (PCU)' The ch....e current is trothermal thrusteR (ETT) were development items chosen
applied sequentially to each battery on • 50% duty cycle. for their particul.r benefits to the satellite dCli,n.
Each battery assembly consists of 28 hermetically scaled Two titanium propellant tanks fore provided for storinl the
prismatic cells connected in series. The nominal discherle hydrazine propellant. The intern.l propell.nt man.aement
voltaic is 33.6 V with a capacity of 34.Q Ah. device feeds fuel to the tbrusters under zero ,r.vity condi-
tions as well as one lravity conditions in .n tank poIitions.
Opcn-circuit protection is provided for the batteries by Internal volume is 140.7 to 141 .7 litm by desiln .nd .1I0ws
diode bypass networks conncc:ted IIc:ro11 each cell. Tempert- loadinl of &reater th.n 213 ka of hydrazine. Nominally 18S
ture sensors .re utilized to provide temperatu~ control in- ka fuel is required for a shuttle launch. The eltccss capacity
puts for battery heaters throulhout the spacecraft's mission. is desilned to provide marain.lrowth, and additional omoad
The power control e/ecrJ.''.)nics (PCE) consists of a PCU capability to .ccommodate. v.riety of transfer orbit, booster
snd two shunt dissipator assemblies. A key feature of the .polee motor confi,urations.
PCE is the proYision of two independent prim.ry buses. The Expulsion efficiency is predicted to be 9fl, using au
outputs of one sol.r array win, and one battery are dedicated blowdown pressurization. Gas-free propellant delivery is pr0-
to each bus. with the capability provided to parallel connect vided under aU conditions of operation, includinl the failure
or separate the two buus by command. as required. The mode operaticns associated with recovery from n.t'spin at
output of each solar array winl is indepen«1entiy regulated to rates as low as 30 r/min with volumetric loadinp as low as
42 SO.5 V dc by use of a sequential ;;;-"":8r partial shunt 55%. The propell.nt feed system is of all-welded construction
rcaulator. to minimize weilht .nd leakage. The only mechanical joints
The PCE provides sequential battery ch.rge control and in the subsystem are the thruster propell.nt v.lve scats and
individual battery reconditioning capability by ground com- the fill-and-drain valve scats. Hi,h-strcnlth tit."ium alloy is
mand. Sinlle-part failure criticality is eliminated by use of used for the tanks. All other components and lines are :tain·
circuit redundancy, and alternate modes of operation arc less steel. Diffusion bonded transition joints are used where
selected by command. All spacecraft electroexplosive devices titanium-to-stainlcss-stecl joints are required.
(EED's) are controlled by the PCE. which employs redun- Electrothermal thrusters (ETT's) were selcct:d for IN-
dant. fail-safe circuitry for these important functions. TELSA T V because tltey potenti.lIy can deliver a mission
PropulSion Subsystem average specific impulse 1... of 304 seconds by heatinl hydra-
The propulsion subsystem works in conjunction with the zinc propellant to 4000 0 F (2206°C) prior to ejection.
controls subsystem to maneuver the satellite. It consists of The thruster .ssembly (Fig. i 2) includes a propellant
two screen-type surface-tension propcllant/pressurant tanks v.lve., thermal decomposition chamber, vortex heat cx-
that arc manifolded to two redundant sets of thrusters. Two changer, and thermal insulation. The thermal decomposition
22.2 N thrusters arc used during transfer drift orbit for orien- chamber employs a discrete spray capill.ry tube injector, a
tation. active nutation. and orbit velocity correction. Space- platinum wire mesh therm:!l bed. and redundant chamber
craft spinjdespin. cast-west station keeping. and pitch and heaten. Attached directly to the dccompositon chamber is
yaw maneuvers arc performed by 2.67 N thrusters. These the hilh temperature vonex heat exchanger consistinl of •
thrusters also serve as backup to the 0.3 N electrothermal vortelt now chamber. exhaust nozzle. high temperature heat-
thrusters. which are designed to perform the north-south er clement, and electrical feed-through.
station keeping function. Roll maneuvers arc performed by
0.44 N thrusters. Latching isolation valves separate the tanks Both components are fabricated from refractory metals.
into half systems. The plumbing is arranged so that through and all mechanical joints arc made by high temperature braz-
usc of these i~lation valves either tank can be used to feed ing or electron-beam welding.
one or both sets 01 thrusters. A layout of the subsystem is The electrotherm.l thruster heater co:ttrol electronics
shown in Fig. 11. (HCE) switches the power to the electrothermal thruster
heaters. and inc!udes interlock logic to insure that the control
silnals are applied in the correct sequence. Each thruster can
\
\IOAT •• , . .. ~ I~.
\
~~ .-,...
...: '
Fig. 11 Thruster I.yout. Fia. 12 Electrothermal thruster confilurauon.
10
7.-'-2L4&JI!!' ; t ¥.;¥¥,- ;.1JfI!!II!if _At ~,
Thermal Control SUbsttem
receive power from either selected battery bus. The power Thermal control of the IN1ELSA V spaa:craft is ac-
bus is protccted by fuses at each interface. complished usina conventional passive techniqucs. includina
selective location of power-dissipatina componcnU. selective
In addition. if the fuel control signal is removed before the
IlIC of surface finishes. and rcaulation of conductive heat
high power heater is turned off. the heater is shut down
paths. The passive dcsian is auamented with heater elemenU
automatically. for componenu blvina relatively narrow allowable tempera-
Weight savinas actually achieved by the INTELSAT V ture ranlcs. The desi," approach provides simple and reli-
spacecraft will depend upon the I", delivered to the space- able temperature control. The thermal silbsystem ia confip-
craft a5 well as the length of time the thfusten remain opera- red to provide nexibility for variation in tlIe spacecraft beat
tionallSCC Fig. 13). For a nominal 7 yean of operation at an load. including payload growth. through easily accomplished
expected mission average I., of 285 to 304 secor-cis. the modification of insulation blankeu and radialon.
weight savings is between 16 and 25 kg. In ol'f1er to offset
associated hardware weight (5.5 Itg) or bit correction effi- The thermal dcsian for the spaa:craft modules and major
ciency loss due to long burn timcs (approximately 0.5 ka) and assemblies in the operational synchronous orbit configuration
additionalatlitude control fuel rcquir-:d to offsct the expect- is presented in Fig. 14. Overall temperature control ia
ed ETT thrust mismatch (1.6 kg). the E1Ts must operate achieved by: thermal eneflY dissipation of componenu in the
•. The
with an I.., aboVe 250 for 7 yean. communications and support subsystems modulcs.
b. The absorption of solar energy by the solar array.
21
20
-li~~~;;----------7------
SAV'NG
\
I
antenna module. 'lnci main body radiators.
c. The rcemission to space of infrared energy by the
solar array. antenna modules. and main body radia-
~I
.... - __ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I lon .
.i
I
15
10
...
...q." I
I
I
I
I
High th,rmal dissipators. such as the TWTA'S, are 10-
ca:ed on the north and south panels of the main body so that
....
:;
C
%
~ , /. I
tbey may efficiently radiate their cner&y to space via beat
sinks and optical solar reflector radiators. The north and
':! I
I south panels were selected to contain the radiaton bccIllIC
'"It 0
I these panels are least affected by transient daily and eclipse
,vI'! I variation in solar incidence. However. seasonal solar flux
_"":";:';';"""""EEXXPPECTEO I
-5 ~:::::;:..-_ _- I '."'s. I variation. which ranges from zero to a maximum solar incl-
~
.,o'----~---"'----. .280. . -I~-.-JOO
~I----'
..... .... d~nce angle of 23.5 0 above the surface horizontal. must be
220 1tO :zeo 320 !lllowed for on the north and south panels. The solar flux
"'''lRAGE 's. OlL,vEFlEC - _ .... varies slow!y enough to be considered steady state at each
incident angle (time of year).
Fig. 13 Weight saving vs ETT performance.
UIIC1DtNT 10'.". u,A'llllG .....t.ES
..._OM'
~~,
I I
I a
.. _Mf.·S
'r"'''''"
/'
OP·,- I
• 0lO0IO
\
Fig. \4 Synchronous orbit thermal control.
OHI::,::~,'.~- I
OF POOR Q;·;\~.d y
The cast and west plncls. antenna deck. and aft surfaces module consists of the north and south equipment panels and
are covered with multilayer insulation to Iflinimize the effcct the antenna deck. These panels art- arranled in a C-shape
of solar heatinl on equipment temperature control durinl a and arc interconnected with two vertical webs dividinl the
diurnal cycle. Thermlll control of the tower supportinl the north and south into two sections each. The two vert:cal webs
various antenna reflectors and horn~ is acbieved by the usc Sf;rve multiple functions: (I) structural load path for support
of a three·layer thermal shield around the tower. Thermal of the panels, (2) attachment of the solar array drive. and (3)
control of the antenna renectors. positioners. feed assemblies. area for mounting the communications transponder equip-
and horns is achieved by the usc of thermal c:oatinp, insula- ment. The five major equipment IfOUpinp of the transpon-
tion. and aperture covers, u necessary. der mounted here arc the receivers. input filten, switch ma-
trices, trlveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTA's), and output
The thermal control concept indicatinl heat transfer paths filters. Tile receivers are located on the antenna deck to pro-
is illustrated in Fig. 14. vide i30la~ion from the TWTA temperature extremes. The
Redundant heater elements arc used to augment the passi- hemi and global TWTA's are located on the south panel
ve thermal control design to achieve increased reliability, while the zone and :.pot TWTA's are located on the north
performance margin. and component life. Heater clements panel; both locations arc selected for thermal reasons. The
arc employed to maintain temperatures above minimum al- input multiplexers arc located IS close a5 possible to the
lowable levels on the propellant tanks. lines. valves. apogee rcc:civers and switch matrices to minimize path losses. The
motor. and batterics. The thermal control subsystem is de- output multiplexers arc located u close as possible to the
signed to maintain equipment temperature levels that will traveling wave lUbes to maximize total output power.
ensure satisfactory performance throughout a 7-year mission
The support subsystem module consists of the structural
life.
cylinder. a horizontal deck called the attitude control SUDSYS-
tem (ACS) deck, and north and south equipment panels. The
Structural Configuration support subsystem module contains the apogee motor, the
The three main clements of the spacecraft (Fig. 15) are hydrazine propulsion system. and most of the support subsys-
the antenna module. communications module. and support tem electronics. Momentum wheels arc also mounted in this
subsystem module. The latter two modules form the main module. The location of the thrusters in two clusters of eight
~y. Each of these modules is manufactured separately. each on the east and west sides facilitates the modular con·
cept. The roll thrusters. two each located on the north and
south panels. are mounted 6" west of the anti-earth vector
about the pitch axis to provide yaw coupling. The apogee
motor is installed through the aft conical opening in the
thrust tube. and is mounted to an aluminum ring. The mo-
mentum wheels are mounted to brackets from the central
cylinder. The mounting bracket minamizes interaction with
the equipment panels.
Spacecraft Operations
The INTELSAT V spacecraft mIssIon sequence for the
Atlas-Centaur launch is schematically shown in Fig. 16 and
discussed below There are four distinct orbit phases: (I)
launch and ascent. (2) transfer orbit. (3) drift orbit. and (4)
final equatorial synchronous orbit.
Fig. 15 Spacecraft modular construction. Launch may occur within a period of more than 30 mi-
The antenna module layout was selccted to produce clear nutes each day as defined by the launch window. The mini-
fields of view for communIcations and 1.0 produce as nearly mum launch time as well as severest spacecraft mission will
as possible a static ma..s balanc:. The large 4 GHz reflector occur for equino" launches due to eclipse conditions during
hinge position has be:n selected to provide approllimately SO drift and final orbit.
mm c1earanct to the Centaur launch vehicle fairing and the Upon launch vehicle command. spacecraft separation will
4 GHz fccdboll. The 6 GHz reflector is positioned to mini- occur without ground station coverage 2 minutes after trans·
mize beam blockage by the tower and to provide a snlall fer orbit injection; this is followed. after 2 KCOnds. by spin·
offset of the uis ccnler of mass. The east and west spot beam ninl thruster firing. Booster attitude. separation mechAnism.
reflectors are IOC"-:~.:d S<.l that the rf beam clears the tower- and spinup thruster pointing errors are designed to maintain
mounted components while the height above the antenna spin on yaw axis attitude parallel to orbit normal within 8 to
deck is as 10 ..... as possible in order to minimize solar array 14". ~nd anlular velocity 40 *5 rlmin corrected to *1.5
shadowing. The east spot beam reflector is positioned such
r/min.
that no deployment is required. The remaininl antenr'as and
associat~ eqllil'ment arc n'ounted on the tower to provide a Ground station coverage commences 30 te. 60 minutes
clear rf field of view for ~ch antenna without obstructinl afler injection and is continuo~ eltccpt (or one 2-hour peri-
• lee outale.
other ailtennas.
The communications module is arranged to provide the: A reorientation maneuver to apogee motor fire attitude is
performed USinl 5 Ib axial thrusten. These same thrusters
sbortest possible microwave interconnection per channel. The
1
.... , I
, \!. .... .. ., i
VI
;"
/ "
-- - ~
--0 -----
-- -- ---
Fig. 16 Atlas-Centaur mission sequence.
are automatically triggered by the active nutation damping
systems when a 0 . 10 nutation amplitude is detected. Nuta-
tion pulses arc fired in balanced two-pulse groups to avoid
random attitude penurbations, Tracking and attitude data
accuracies are sufficient to allow apogee motor firing attitude
TRANSFER
pointing to 0.5 0 half cone angle) a. ORBIT
_.m
APOGEE
An apogee motor firing velocity vector diagram is shown A'.TITUOE
A-e 35785 Om V-ORIFT
in Fig. \7 . Nominal velocities are given for both the Atlas- STS A-C 3.OtI "m"
STS 2. _'''','
Centaur and Shuttle launches . The hydrazine fuel budget
and tank capacity have been )ized to allow velocity augmen-
Fig . 17 Apogee motor firing vclocity vector diagram.
tation cf the apogee motor if appropriate. This results in a
nominal drift orbit perigee 1400 km below synchronous and
allows launch vehicle and apogee motor pointing error cor-
rections to be accomplished with the same fuel used to raise the apogee motor firing point as possible. so that the reorien-
drift orbit perigee. tation impulse will impart orbit velocity in the direction re-
quired. To correct apogee motor dispenion errors and launch
For maintaining full TC'" R coverage throughout the drift
orbit. a spin axis reorientation to _70 0 declination and back vehicle inclina(ion errors and raise drift orbit perigcc. both
to drift orbit correction attitude can be performed at thc
5 Ib thrusters will be fired placing the spacecraft in a nearly
option of ground control. These will be scheduled as dose to circular synchronous orbit.
.-
'SPYIf"~ a7W.4L -> 9-- kLi¥% : _. __ 4444, 4¥¥M 4p¥!4;" ;
ORIGINlJ.L PAGe' IS
APPENDIX D OF POOR QUALITY
PROGRAM OF MEDIUM-SCALE BROADCASTtNG SATELLtTE
FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSE
( Tohru tSHIDA and Ken-ichi TSUKAMOTO
Artiiicial Satellite Research Division, ,Radio Research Laboratories
Koganei-shi, Tokyo 1&4, JAPAN
Masaichi HtRAI and Yah ICHIi~WA
Ap~lication Satellite Delign Group, National Space Development Agency of Japan
Hamamatlu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo lOS, JAPAN
Abstract experiment. will be conducted by Radio Reaearch
Laboratories (RRL) of MOPT for three years of the
The Japanese Medium-scale Broadcasting Satellite spacecraft delign life, with close cooperation of
for Experimental Purpose (BSE) will be launched in Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NKK). The BSE il
February 1978 fro, ETR. U.S.A., using a Delta 2914 a three-axis stabilized spacecraft weighing about
launch vehicle, and located at 110·E in a synchro- 3S0 Kg in orbit, and has large extended solar array
nous orbit. The BSE is a three-axis stabilized panels generating high power of about 1 kilowatts
dpacecraft having sun-oriented solar array for high and 14 GHz/12 CHz direct conversion type transpon-
power generation and 14 GHz/12 GHz direct conver- ders with 100 watt TWT amplifiers for two channeJ.s
sion mission transponders capable of two channels color TV broadcasting. The 12 CHz broadcalting
color TV relay broadcasting. On the orbit, various waves are radiated from the shaped beam parabolic
experiments of TV broadcasting, K-band radio wave antenna to cover whole Japan territory efficiently.
propagation and spacecraft control will be conduc- It is expected to be able to receive high quality
ted. This paper will present the mission objecti- color TV lignals throughout Japan mainland with
ves, spacecraft and ground systems configurations, Simple Receive ~quipments (SRE) with 1 to 1.6
and intended experimental items. meters dish antenna, and in its surrounding remote
islands with Receive Only Stations (ROS) with 2.S
1. Introduction to 4.S meters dhh antenna. The frequency channel
plan of the BSF is as follows:
In Japan, more than 6000 terrestrial TV broad-
casting stations are in operation at present time up-link down-link
using either VHF or UHF bands. However, 70% of channel A 14.25-14.30 GHz 11.95-12.00 GHz
these stations are so called "small power stations" channel B 14.3S-l4.43 GHz 12.05-12.13 GHz
which re-broadcast TV signals by receiving waves of
the regular "Plan stations". In most cases, their Two frequency bands of Sand K are available for
broadcasting soureces are 3 to 4 times relayed Tracking Telemetry & Command (TT&C) operations,
signals. and their servicing TV signal qualities the S-band is used at NASDA's Tracking and Control
are not satisfactory. Besides, 3% of the popula- Station (TACS), and the K-band is used at RRL's
tion, in remote islands or mountain districts, are Main Transmit and Rec~ive Station (MTRS).
still left outside of the general service area, and Major items of intended experiment inclurle
enormous costs would be required for covering these measurements of the on-board mission equipments
small percentages of population when crdinary characteristics, video and audio signals trans-
terrestrial broadcasting means are applied. mission characteristics, K-band radio wave
Recently, it is a severe problem how to overcome TV propagation =haracteristics, and invest1ga~ions
signal quality degradations in large cities due to of the effective service area. The experiments
massive buildings' shading or multi-path inter- on satellite broadcasting system operations,
ference effects. Introduction of TV broadcasting including spacecraft control, access from multiple
satellite system is a quite effective solution to transmitting earth stations and others, will also
these problems. be conducted. Improvement of reception techniques
Reflecting these social circumstances, Ministry of the broaccasting signals will be another
of posts and Telecozmunications (MOPT) has initia- important experimental item. Varioul kinds of
ted the BSE program in 1972, and has made prelimi- earth terminals such as MIRS, Transportable
nary deSigns of the spacecraft. The BSE is a Transmit and Receive Stations (TTRS) , ROSs and
medium-scale spacecraft and is used to acquire SREs will be distributed throughout Japan for the
technologies necessary for establishing future experiments.
large-scale operational broadcasting satellite
s~stems capable of individual home TV receptions. 11. S2acec rat t
In November 1973, results Qf the preliminary design
works were transferred to National Space Development Spacecraft Design Configuratio~
Agency of Japan (NASDA) for further spacecraft The BSE system parameters are shown in Table 1.
development. Making contracts with Toshiba/Gene- The spacecraft is three axis control type using
ral Electric industry team, NASDA has completed varioul' attitude sensors and reaction wheels for
the basic and detailed designs of the spacecraft painting on-board K-band antenna RF beam to a
in 1975 and is now developing a proto-flight and specified ground point. The antenna is designed
a flight model. to have adequate gain over the Japan •• e territory
The BSE wi~l be launched in February 1978 from and to cause minim'JIIl interference over neighboring
Easten: Test Range of U.S.A. by USing lj Delta 2914 countries.
launch Jehiele, and located at 110·E in a station- The solar cell array it; Lllded during transfer
ary orbit. The launching and stationing of the orbit and fully deplo~eu on-~rbit. It tracks the
soacecraft will be carried out by NASDA with sun and provides elect~ical ~~wer to the on-board
su~port of NASA, and after initial check up of the equipment supplecent~J by ~echargeable batteries
spacecraft ?erformances on orbit, various mission during eclipse periods.
-.1.-
_h-_ !!(. ¥_
1
Tbble 1 System Parameters via a throughshaft,
The equipment module which is the main structu.ll
element supports the following subsystems:
Satellite Location 110· East Longitude
Experimental Coverage Japanese Territory
a. Communications Subsyatem
Frequency Bands 14.25-14.43 GHz uplink b. Tracking, Telemetry and Command Sub.ystem
11.95-12.13 GHz downlink c. Attitude Control Subsystem
Number of TV Channels 2 d. Electrical Power Subsystem
Picture Quality SIN. 45 dB (TASO Grade 1
e. Structure Subsystem
Power Flux Density Japan 11a'.n1ard
f. Thermal Control Subsystem
(-108 dBW/m 2 ) g. Secondary Propulsion Sub.yatem
Remote Territory h. Apogee Kick Motor
(-117 dBW/m2)
System life 3 Years As shown in Figu.e 2, modularity and accessibili-
Booster Thor-Delta 2914 ty permitting parallel sub.ystem assembly and test,
Command and Control S Band and K Band from are emphasized on the de.ign.
Control Stations in Japan The spacecraft weight distribution and subsystem
power requirement are shown in Table 2.
In the transfer orbit, the spacecraft attitude The reliability prediction for subsystems and
is spin stabilized and a passive d:mper is thu overall spacecraft reliablllity after 3 years
provided to damp nutations. Synchronous orbit are shown in Table 3.
injection is accomplished by firing an Apogee The key overall spacecraft performance paramet-
Kick Motor (A~). ers are presented in Table 4, and a functional
The precession maneuver for orienting the block diagram of the spacecraft is shown in Figure
spacecraft for ~ burn, despinning the spacecraft 3.
after AKM burn, stationing and unloading reaction Table 2 Spacecraft Weight and Power SWD1D&ry
wheels are provided by a secondary propulsion
system using monopropellant hydrazine. Weight Ave. Power
The spacecraft in the orbital configuration (Kg) (Watts)
is shown in Figure 1.
Structure/~echanical 76.2
Thermal Control 21. I) 29.5
Electrical Power 73.4 11. 3
Attitude Control 26.6 n./;.
Secondary Propulsion 47.7
Apogee Kick ~otor )41.0
Tracking Telemetry [, Command n.6 29.j
Antenna 7.0
COlllDunication 62.7 626.4
Ballast 2.2
Total 670.0 719.1
Table 3 Reliability Prediction
Electrical Power Subsystem 0.994
Attitude Control Subsystem 0.902
TT'"
S-IIAHt) A"lTr~
COlllDunication Subsystem 0.852
iTtJa."4STlt..tl Tracking Tele~etry [, Command Subsyst~m 0.968
Thermal Control Subsyste~ C.9<J9
3econdary Fropulsion Subsystem 0.984
Structure Subsystem 0.999
Apogee Kick ~otor Subsystem o 996
SSE System 0. 7 25
SOtmf
M<XlSE KraYNe PA.HfL
Table 4 Spacecraft ?crtormanc~ Parameters
Antenna Pointing Accuracy ± 0.2" (3,)
Orbit Positioning Accuracy ± J.1"
Solar Array Powe. 970 ~atts (worst case
Fig. 1 Spacecraft Orbital Configuration BOL)
Earth sensor, mcnopulse sensor. and ant~nnas are Orbit Life3 years (exp~ndab1e
sounted on the earth viewing surface of the limit)
isolated by an insulated truss to minimize Re11ability 0.72S (J year misslon)
temperatu~e effects. A S-band telemetry antenna
is mounted forward of the K-band feed horns to
i_____________________
Launcn Wei,ht 670.5 Kg ..J
minimize patter.n interference from .cy other
spacecraft element. Subsvstems Deslgn Featur ••
The solar cell array which tracks the sun i,
positioned outboard of the dntenna by stand-off (1) Communications Subsystem
yokes. Completely redundaht solar cell array The Lommunication lransponder is a K-band single
drives and po~er takeoff assemblies are connected conversion rebroadcalt-transponder with prevision
-2-
\...;
/"'r.. ,...·~,· -.
•..... n: I~
Of Foan QuALITY
(
Fig. 2 Exploded Vi~ of the
Spececraft
----------------------------------------------~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ..J" ~ ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ __ I Fig. 3 Functional Block 01a,ra.
~--------------------------- .... !"'------------------- of the Spacecraft
.. p <.
.a....:..-&.
"
t :
A.U I NuTATION
• DAt-n" .
I j
_____________ : ~ ____ j L ________ J i _________ J
for frequency conversion of K-band TT'C aignal. to
operate w1th S-band TT'C equ1pm' .,t.
Tran.ponder block diagram i. shown in Figure 4.
Refering to tht block diagra., the received
signall (TV and i!~C) are routed by the diplexing
circulator to the receive multiplexer. and
,epar3ted. The TT~C signal i. dovnconverted in
one of two redundant mixers to 2.3 GMz, and
coaxially interconnected to the S-band receiver.
The 14 GMz TV signal i5 routed to one ot two
redundant receivers by the latched ferrite
.witches. In the receiver it i. amplified by
Tunnel Diode Amplifitr (TOA), and then dovnconver-
ted by 2.3 GMz in a wide band mixer. The re.ultant
12 GMt .ignal is amplified in another TOA and
separated into it. respective channel (A and 8)
components at the input multiplexer.
The input and outpct. switching a.seablies
operate 1n conjunction to route the channel A and
B (channelized) ,1gna •• through their re.pective
primary tranl.itterl. or either channel through
the redundant transmitter. Within each tran.mitter
Fig. 4 Transponder Block Dlalra.
the !'e"pectille ,:hannel ~ignals are amplified by Low
-3-
, :..;
Level TWT (LLTWT) , ".~~---------~--~~----------i
The level control electronicl . . intain. the
100-watt TWT dr1ve power at a con.t.nt level
independent of received .ign.l power coal ,ent
Ilinl or fr.quency.
The 10o-w.tt TWT output .irnale .re rout.d
through the output Ivitchinl all.ably to the output
multipl.x.r where the lilnall .r. band li.ited
and co.bined onto. co..an w.veguid. manifold vith
the TTiC tranl.it lignal. The S-b.nd tr.nl.it
ailnal il upconv.rt.d in a p.r ... tric upconv.rter
to K-b.nd. The coabined TV and TT'C tr.n •• it
lilnall are then rout.d through the diplexinl
circul.tor to the coaRUnic.tion antenn.. The
tranlponder perfor.ance il lw.aar1zed in Table 5.
T.ble 5 Tran.ponder C.pability
Pro at Sp.cecraft -82 to -96 dBW/m2
Level Control Automatic ov.r 16 dB rang.
TWT Drive Control 64 lev. I. by command
Nois. Figure Le •• th.n 8.5 dB
TWT Output Pewer 100 v.tt. minimum
Frequ.ncy Reapons.
Re.pon •• Att.nuation
tl. 0 dB in band
-50 dB b.low p••k at
50 MHz out. ide b.nd
..,_no_.,
Fig. 5 Ground Cov.rale Footprint
•
Sp.cecraft K-b.nd antenna i. a c.nter feed
.h.ped beam p.rabolic antenna which has thr.e feed
horn., and the antenna pattern studies have
developed a cover.ge footprint a. shown in Figur. S.
Thi. multibe.m pattarn provide. for a rapid falloff
to the wesew.rd of Jap.n and a wider be •• to the
e.lew.rd.
(2) Tracking/Tele.etry and Command Subsystem (TTiC)
The TTiC subayste. block diagram is shown in
Figure 6. The TT&C subsystem utilize • • redund.nt
S-band receiver-tr.ns.itter combin.tion .nd •
redund.nt K/S b.nd converter to accept uplink
command., send sp.cecraft telemetry to e.rth on
the downlink c.rrier, and proce •• a tona modulat.d
sirnal for .p.cecr.ft ranginl information.
All ~ommand and ranging .ign.l. required during
prelaunch, l.unch and tran.fer orbit ph•••• will be
received at S-b.nd through the S-b.nd ant.nna,
p•••• d through the d1plexer to the S-band receiver.
Ranlinl signal will b. detected and pre.ented to
the S-b.nd tr.nsmitter. Spac.creft deta viII be
sampl.d, encoded and formatted for presentation to
the S-band transmitter where it will b. summed with
ranging tones and tran.mitted vi. the dlplexer and
antenn•.
Table 6 summarize. the TT&C sub.yst ••
char.cteristici.
Table 6 TT&C Ch.racteriltics Fil. 6 TTtltC Block Dialra.
Ite. Telemetry Command Ranlling ~m.ntua durinl the p.riod from boo.t.r separation
through on-orbit pointing, including r.acquisition
carrier S !!and tit S B.nd tit S 8.nd tit al may b. required.
fr.quency K Sand K !and K Band Th. sp.cecraft is .pin stabil1zed in the
Modulation PCM/PSK/PM PCM/PSK/FM/PM Tone/PH tranlfer and injection mede.. On-orb1t control
II1tRate 512 liPS LOOO liPS il achilved throulh a z.romomantum, thr •• -axis
Cap.bility -300 -200 Co.-anda Itabilization .Ylt... A pa •• iv. earth •• nlor, a
Telemetry aonopul.e senior, and solar array mounted sun
point. s.nlor. are uI.d to d.rive roll, pitch and yaw
error silnal.. Proces.inl of the s.nsor lignals
allow. any two of the thr.e •• nsors to provide
() Attitud. Control Sub.y.tem (ACS)
luff1ci.nt info~tion for three-axis control.
The Attitude Control Subly.t.. CACS) block when on-It.ti~n in .ynchronou. orbit, the ACS
di.lr. . i. shawn in Figur. 7. The ACS control,
s.n.or (oapl . . .nt includ.l: an e.rth s.nlor
.pac.craft attitude, Ipac.craft linear velocity d.tectinl .pac.craft axil pitch .nd roll .rrors:
(With Secondary Propuillon Subly.te.) and spac.craft
-4-
- *'-- ___ . z -# - _'¥:gssu¥ -.., «;:4 .
OF h': (
A .anopul.e •• n.or d.t.ctin, roll and pitch error. (5) r~ermal Control Sub.y.t .. (TCS)
r.ferenced to the RF be .. c.nter: a~d .nalo, .un The function of the Thermal Control Sub.y.t ..
•• naor. for. vhich y.w .rror il .'tr.cted. Nor.al (TCS) i. to . . intlin .11 Ip.cecrlft c~onent
op.ration 1. the utiliz.tion of the .ttitude taperature" "nd taperature ludienta IIithin
information fro. .ny tvo of th.ae tnre • • enaorl. da.im limlte for .11 .i.alona. The TCS whlch
( b.a been da.lmed to Ichieve thia objectlve
conai.ta of p•• aive el...nt auppl ...ntad by baatera,
IOI.U AI"CT
DAT"TOTTIC
INUh"~1
DAWlII tharmolt.t., and helt pipe.. The pa •• ive el ...nt.
conai.t of multilayer lDaul.t1on bl.nketa. tberaal
control coatinla. Ind tn.ulltion atlndoff •.
The priaary be.t rejection lurf.ce of tha
Ip.cecraft la the tranlponder (north) penel. The
eneraY di •• lplted on the north panel tlnd, to be
concentratld in di.crete loc.tionl on the panel
auch aa below the TWT bodiea. In order to
di.tribut. thi. enerlY uniformly over the p.nel .nd
prevent "heat .pot ... , beat pip"" are Uled.
lec.u.a of the l.r,e v.rl.tlof in power dl.11p.tlon
on the north p.nel. thera .r. cospen •• tlon he.ter.
loc.ted on the p.nel.
The aouth p.nel hI. much 'e.a paver di •• ipation
than the north p.nal ••nd t., power dl •• lp.tion
on thia p.nal i. more con.tant tb.n on fhe north
pInel. Th.refore. no heat pipe. are requlred
on thl aouth p.nel.
Th.re ar. "vlr.l ~~onant. vhich require
.pacial tharmal control: Theae ere the batterie ••
tha Secondary Propul.ion Subay.t.. (SP5). the
.arth .enlor. the monopulle len.or. the IF oven,
the AXH, and the .hunt lo.d p.nel ••
Launch, In •• rtlon and Orbit Stctioni~1
Th • • equenci of .. jar event. fra. leunch throulh
_T,,,"T orbit .tltioning i. depicted 1n Fieure 8.
Of'.ul
The ap.cecrlft viII be launched fraa the United
State. ta.tern Te.t lang •• Florid. by Thor-Delta
2914 launch vehicle into 95-d.,ree flilht Izimuth.
( (~I Electrical Po_r SUb"YlOt'lII ,EPA)
~I'Electrical Pov.r Subay.tem (EtS) provide.
The ,plcecr~ft viII be injected lnto a na.inal
166.7 X 35786.2 Ka. 27.20 delree inclination
the .l.crical power for all mod •• of Ip.c.craft tranlfar orbit.
op.ration frll1ll launch throuah p.rkina .nd Th. third IPog.e i. ,.lected for nomlnal orbit
tr.nlfer orbit •••nd for thr •• ye.ra 1n the injection to Illow tiMe for preceiae orbit
.ynchronoul orbit. Th. pov.r lub.yat .. utiliz •• det.rmin.tlon and Ipac.craft attitude adju.taent.
a .ol.r .rrlY for paver lener.tion and batt.rie. Aft.r attitude .tabillz.tion to the .arth. orbit
for ~n.r,y Itora,.. A .olsr array conliatl of velocity adjuataent. are aade to correct injectlon
four p.nel •• tvo p.r Ipc.craft .ide. Ind bltt.ria. .rrorl .nd to optimi;. the drift to the fin.l
con.i.t of three 4-Ah leal.d nick.l-cadmiu. orbital .tatlon at 110· ta.t Lonlitud., normally
batterie.. The batt.ry provid •••nergy for 30 d.y. aftar .ynchronou. orblt injection .
• pac.craft load. during launch. aacent .nd
tran.fer orbit iujection until the folded Irr.y '1- Ill. Earth Stltlon •
••mbli.. Cln b. ill~t.d. Aft.r the launch
vehicle .hroud 1. re.aved. 50% of the .ctive The conltltution of averIll lSI expar1aeut.l
.urf.ce of the array ia expoaed. The array ia .y~t .. i •• hovn in Filure 9.
r •• tt.in.d ln a folded po.ition durinl l.unch and Feature. Ind charlcterlttic. of various earth
throuahout the tr.n.t,r orbit. t .. rwlnala of :he liS! prolrea are de.c rlbed here.
Aft.r injection lnto .ynchronoua orbit the
array 1.' rel •••• d. fully .xtended lind oriented to Main Tr.n.. t: .n4 !lecdv. St.tion (!!!!S)
the lunline. During the .unlit portion of the
orbit. energy ia tranaf.rr.d dir.ctly fro. the KTlS i. the key .tation for the ~SE pro I'"
aolar array to the load. and durinl p.rioda of expert_uta and nov undlr cOOltruction .t ltaabiaa
Irray .clip., the batterie. are diacharled IIr.nch of lUlL whlch 11 located about 100 Ka
throuKh • boo.t r'lulator to provide power north-e •• t of Tokyo. HTIS i. u.ed for the 14 GHII
r.quir.d for .pac.craft load.. Th. EPS perfor.- 12 CHz TV bradc •• tinl expr1aant • •nd TT.C opar.tionl
ance characterl.tic, are ahown in T,bl. 8. in the! . _ frequ.ncy bInd. dur1na the .1I.iOll
txperl_nt period. The over.ll functional block
T.ble 8 EPS P.rforaLncI Char.cteria!.~. ciia,r .. 11 .how 1n Fiaure 10. The llltenna 11 I
13 zater. dl.h near-fleld Ca"'lrlin type of
Soler Array Area 9,58 Matera 2 Al-E! 8OUDt. and in.ta~lad on the roof of tbl
Kin11llum Array Power - ) Ye.ra 780 W.tta three at~~l . . . . in control bu1ldlnl 'r--eteric.lly
M.d-. Ullt' Load - ) Ye.rs 748 Watt. IIith the It-b....:! alltet.':' for lxplr1aantal eo-.n1ca-
lelulation at EPS Terain.l. 28 Volt. ! 1% tiOD S.t.llitl Prolra..
( Kaxlaua Depth of Dt.charl'
(includlnl ~ battery conditlon)
60% lau&hne •• of tha .. to reflec~cr .urflc, viII be
Itept "Hh1~" t 0.3 _ raa. and four rafl .. .:tora
·5-
OF
®. ___ nOII
F1,. 8 Launch-to Orblt Statlonln, Sequence
BSE Experi.ent Overall
Syatel'l
1''f'MU" •
~\1'G1
St.tlOG
~tj,1 '_I
..., n ••. in S....nJ. n ••. s ••......,;. .tn.. l .... al (&e.1a s_
.: ..... _lU'" t~~\ •. " ' _ , IIJI~
.... 1 : .... ...... 1:.....
antenna structure. In thll confiiuration. feed~nl
losa reduc.ti.o'l an·~ maintenance simplification are
achieved. The featute of the antenna i • • hown in
Filure 11. The antenna i. whole-aky Ite.rable. and
a higher mode (niol 6. fE01) type auto-trackin,
functlon i. facilltated. The tracking accuracy
v111 be better than 0.01° rma at -125 d! .. recelver
input level. In the duplexing wavelu!'d~ .....bly.
a polarization auto-trackinl sachanism i. allo
e~uipped. and the 11near polarization wave will be
received vith matchin, accuracy within t 1.1°.
The typical electrical characterilticS of thll
antenna Iyate. i • • a follow.:
0
Syate. CIT above )2.0 dSoK (12 CHz. 40 El)
Trana.it E1RP 78.5 - 91.5 dBW (vari,blel
Freque;tcy band 14.0 to 14.5 CHz for tranl.it
11.7 to 12.2 CHz for receive
Cain w1 th feed lou 62.0 dB at 14.25 CHz
61.0 d~ at 11.95 CHz
Fil. 10 Functional Bloc:':' 01a,ra. of the !'lain Noiae te.perature below &~·K (12 CHz. 40·Cl)
Trana.it and Receive ~tatlon (MTRS) with feed 10 ...
Cro •• -plarization expected )0 dB (l2 CHz. linear)
be . . waveauide fe.dinl syate. i l adopt.d. The di.cri.ination
pri~ry radialor of corru,ated conical horn and Thee, are three .ets of 14 GHz tran •• itters, two
dup1 eXln a wav.lu~de a.se.bly toaetherwith th~ ot whlrh are tor TV .llnala tran.mlAslvn 4nd the
,ranaRittera and receivers Jre !lxed In the other one i. f~r ca..and/rer~1n~ signal.
build1n, roo. separated fro .. t',e nat of the
-6-
(
Fig. 11 Feature of the K-band
Antenna of the Main
Transmit and Receive
Earth Station (MTRS)
transmission. They consist of 140 MHz/14 GHz are equipped with one channel TV transmitter of
up-converters, 14 GHz high power TWT amplifiers and maximum output power of 2 KW 2 TV channels
a transmitter output switching diplexer. Output receiver of 9l0oK in system noise temperature
powers of the TV transmitters can be set at any in~luding 1 dE rainfall attenuation effect.
level from 100 wPtts to maximum 2 KW by use of There are two kinas of TTRS, type A and B:
the pin diode attenuator in the level control the former is intended to be used in many places
units, and the output power of the command throughout Japan includin3 the surrounding remote
transmitter is set at fixed level of 200 watts. islands, and the latter is limited only in the
The received 12 GHz signals both of TV and mainland. The type A has a 4.5 meters diameter
telemetry/ranging are fed :rom the antenna antenna which is designe·i to be easily transported
subsystem and down-converted to 400 MHz IF signals and assembled, and the whole transmitters and
by low noise mixers of 600 0 K noise temperature. receivers are housed in one shelter. It will be
( che mixers ,. t · ' image comprear. type and their
maximum bandwujeh is 180 ME. . :.a down-converting
installed in any place on the ground or on the roof
of existing buildings after transportation. Step
mixers of the same type ffj" "". antenna pOinting track antenna pOinting device is provided to
and polarization angle autu-tracking receivers foilow ~he satellite motion. In the output high
are also installed. In order to keep phase power amplifier, a newly developed air-cooled
coherency of these signal~, output of the common klystron with 50 MHz bandwidth at 14 GRz band is
X-tal oscillator is distributed to each mixer as uSri!d.
their local signals after frequency multiplication The type B is fully mobile, and all subsyst:!m,
and amplification by a Gunn diode amplifier. including a power suoply generacor, are installed
The 400 MHz IF signals are again downconverted in a van. The antenna pointing is manually
co 140 MHz band 2nd IF sign~ls and fed to controlled. The antenna whose diameter ranges
modulator/demodurator sections through IF signal from 2.5 to 3 meter, is mount~d on the rear end
switching board. of the van. The functions are almost the same
There are two wide band 140 MHz FM modulation/ as those of type A except its mobility. Figure 12
demodulativn equipments, various bane pass filters, shcn.ls the feature of the TTRS Type A.
a~erage and clamped types AFC amplifiers,
dispersal and emphasis circuits as well as various
videc/audio signals baseband equipments for
experimental purposes. The TT&C subsyst~ l
consisting of command Signal generator/modulator,
lelemetry signal demodulator/decommutator, ranging
equipment, Tosbac-40C computing systems with
various peripheral devices and others are
installed. Ground communication networks
clnnecting this .tatio~ and other organizations
"Jc:h as RRL HQ, NASOA' s Tsukuba Space Center,
~:liK and other earth teminals will be f!stablished
~v 1977 fiscal year.
Other Earth Stations.
Transportable Transmit and Recei'Je Stations lig. 12 Feature of the Transportable Transmit
(TTRS) are used for TV signal transmission and and Receive Station (TTRS Type A)
rec~ption at many places throughout Japan. They
(
-7-
't¥iJ. !Gil A¥. @
Receive-only statioll' (ROS) are used for Expar tmen ts
evalu;at1on of ·;o_un1ty reception of satellite TV
signals in the remote islands. Sometimes, ROS will 1. Expe~imentl on basic technolokies in the
be us.d at placd. not preferable for geographical broardcastins satell~te system
or weather condition.. The diameter of an antenna
to be used in the ~inland i. le •• than 2.5 meter, (1) Evaluation of the broardca.ting service area:
and 4.5 meter in the remote islanda. The 2.5 meter At many places in the Japanese territory and it'
antenna pointing is maually ajjusted, and the 4.5 circumference, fie.'d ,trength of the radio wave
meter antennl ha. a program tracking davice. The fro. the BSE, carrier to noi.e power ratio (C/N),
system liaise temperature of the.e receiver. i, 1.,. TV II1gna) q\llllity and their variation. with time
will be mea.ured. Effective servics area will be
than 660·\{.
Simple Receive Equipments (SRE) have been evalu.ted comparina with that preestimated from
developed by NHK Technical Researh Lab~ratories the design data on ~ntenna radiation pattern,
aiming at application to the futur. individual transponde~ output power, attitude Itabilizatien
TV satellite system in K-band. The receiver accuracy, etl. The reception of TV si~nal will
features SOO'\{ system noise temperature over 180 MHz also be conducted on Ihips.
of bandwidth, using a simplified dOWll-convert.r as
well as a .implified direct FK-AK modulation conver- (2) Experiments on rv transmission; The character-
ter. With this technical breakthrough, low cost, istics of radio signal transmission through the
high sensitive 12 GM: receivers suitable for mass satellite are mea.ured in item. of signal level
prodl'': tion and adaptable to the existing ho•• TV diagram, up-link and dOWll-link path losses and
sets have been realized. Figure 13 shows the their variations with time, carrier to noise ratio,
feature of SER. ~ink budget. of typical circuit. signal amplitude and phase characteristics with
in the SSE system is shoWll in Table 9. frequency, amplitude lineality, frequency stability
and so forth. Turn -around characte'(i.oJtics of
video/sound signals are also measured varing
Fig. 13 Feature of the Siolple Receive modulation parameters.
Equipment (SRE) rhe transmission parameters pertinent to the
color TV broadcasting are as follows.
System NTSC standerd (525 lin.5,
)0 frames/sec)
Sound subcarrier
rrequency 4.5 MHz
l10dula t ion FK. Freq. deviation
!25 KHz (O-p)
Modulation FM, Freq. deviation
12 MHz (p-p)
Souno/vldeo ratio 1/6
Emphasis CeIR Rec. 405-1
Of interest are advanced methods of TV tran~i5sion.
These are techniques of multichannel ,ound
multiplexed transmission (roM type subcarrier
system, roM/TOM combination type subcarrier system.
TOM system or independent carrier svstem), Y/C
rable 9 Link Budget sigtlal separate transmission, TV signal digital
transmi,sion, still picture, broadca,ting and
Up LiDk (Kashima to SSE) others. A distributing technique of time and
TX powe= \aBWich) 20.0 frequency standard signal accompanied with the
LX feeder loss (dB) -3.5 TV broadcasting signal wil: also be evaluated.
rx antenna gain (dB) 62.0
Free space loss (dB) -207.2 (3) Experiments of radio wave propagation; Sta-
ax antenna gain (dB) 39.5 tistical studies of 14 GKz and 12 CK% radio waves
ax feeder loss (dB) -0.5 propagation ch~racteristlcs, ~specially rainfall
NoiSt. pover (d8W/25 MH:) - 122. & attenuP",on and site diversity effects, will be
elN 32.9 made by collecting data obtained at various earth
terminals and u,ing spacecraft telemetry data.
Down Link Detailed studies will be made about the effects
Service .rea ~inland Remote 11s of scintillation, depolarization/polarization
An cenna 0 f iUl 1.6me' 4.Sm' plane angle variation, atmospheric absorption and
rx power (dBW/ch) 20.0 20.0 dispersion in addition to the study of the rainfall
LX feedar loss (d8) -1. 7 -1.1 attenuation by utilizing rain gauges, radiometers
TX antenna gain (dB) 37.0 28.0 and specially det.igned weather radar.
Fr.e space lOll (dB) -205.8 -205,4
ax antenna gain ~JB) 43.S 52. 5 (4) Exp~r1ments on frequency sharing; Interfere-
Received Carri.r (d8W) -109.7 -109.4 nce between the satellite and terrest,ial
Noi.e paver (dBW/Z5 MH:) -126.4 -126.-- broadcasting TV signal, in 12 GKz band will be
19.4 19.8 investi~ated by changing distance between, and
elK
antenna direction of receiving earth terminals
19.2 19.0 ag~inst a terTe~trial TV broardcasting station.
Total CiN (dB)
Threshold fiN (dB) 9.0 9.0 In this experi.ent, ~'. experimental stat1~n
Rain attenuation (dB) -7.0 -7.0 for 12 GKz terrestrial broadcasting w111 be
(99.99% of any month) incorpora ted.
Unk ur ~n (d8) 3.2 3.6
-8-
.
" ~ ~~ ! • - • ~ ~ • • - •
, \
, , ~ , - ... - - ". - ~ - . - ~ ~ - - . ~ .. ~ ~. .' ~ . ~" .
(5) Hea.urements of spacecraft equipment "
characteristics; ChiracteristicI of the on-board C·,· ,',\.' .",\ "-
K-band antenna will be measured respecting its
radiation pattern in 14 GHz and 12 GHz, cross
polarization, effectl of th&rmal distortion by the
( sc.' ar radia tion and tranlient responses of t!,e
antenna beam pointing durin~ spacecraft pOlition
and attitude maneuvering.
The characterictics of the transponders will
alIa be measured by use of test signals related
to the experiment item (2). The measurements
will be conducted periodically. Mnd performance
degradation with ti.. will be investigat.d making
reference to the prelaunch data.
2. Experiments on control and operation of
satellite broardcasting system
Spacecraft control t.echniques such as orbitd
adjustment, spacecraft attitude maneuvering, etc.,
will be studied. Co:I>jluter softwares fo< these
operations are being developed.
~xperiments of automatic and manual control
of gro'lnd transmit ter power will be condu~ted to
iteep the satellite receive sigr.al level optimum
against the up-linit rainfall attenuation.
Techniques for multiple access to a satellite from
mUltiple transmitting earth stations are alse
developed. Relating to the exchlnge of the
broadcasting TV sig~als from multiple stations,
switching control signal transmission procedure,
carrier on/off timing control technique and double
illumination or signal breait-off effects will be
investigated.
3. Evaluation of received TV Signal qualities and
improvement of receiving techniques
( Evaluation of received TV signal qualities will
b<. made exter.ding over a long period or time at
ROSs and SREs which are located at many places of
various geographical and weather conditions.
Local states of r&dio wave interferencs or
jammings, effects of natural features on the earth
or effects of massed buildings, power-transmission
lines and towers, o,erhead railways and other
various constructil)os will be investigated.
The reception techniques regarding easiness of
equipment installation, maintenance and initial
satellite ~uisition will be iDlproved.
Techniques of re-broadcasting at i~RSs or ROSs
will be developed through these experiments.
Acknowhdgment
The authers wish to acknowledge the helpful
discussions and contributions made by ~OPT. ~~K,
NASDA and RRL staffs. The authers are also
indebted to Dr. O. Ogawa, NHK for ?re~enting of
valuable informations on the ground facilities.
"
(
·9·
SO'()569 EXPERIHDrr lU:SULTS OF JAPANESE BSE PROCIWt III THE FIItST YEAIl
Nobuo IHAl
ladio It ••earch Laboratori •• , Ministry of POlt.
\ t'.
-....... ~. ,-,. - '.~
and Telecommunicationa
l<Dpnei-.hi, Tokyo 184, Japu
Sho j i SONODA
Hippon HoIO Xyokai (NHK: Japa~ Broadcasting Corporation)
Jionan, Shibyya-ku, Tokyo 1~0. Japu
Yoh ICHlltAWA
National Space Development Aleocy of Japu
~tlu-=ho. Hinato-ku, Tokyo 10~, Japaa
Abstract Simple Receive Equipment. (SiEI).
Since the beginning of experiments. most part.
The Japanese Medium-scale Bro~dcasting Sate- of experimental items planned in the 1St progr. .
llite for Experimental Purpose (BSE) was launched have been carried into operation.
successfully on April 8. 1978 JST. 1St wa. ~~in experimental items of the BSE progr . . ara
stationed on April 26 at the predetermined geostat- experiments on the evaluation of broadcasting
ionary orbit position. 110 degrees east longitude. service area, experiments on TV signal transmission.
Afte~ the initial check of the satellite function, experiments on radio wave propagation, experiments
various kinds of satellite broadcalting experiments on frequency sharing. experiment. on satellite
started on July 20. 1978. The experiments will be broadcasting signal reception, experiments OD
conducted for three vears in order to obtain the control and operation of satellite broadcasting
technical data n.ce8~ary for e,tablishing future system, and so on.
operational domestic satellite broadcasting systems. Details of re.ults of these experimeDtal it...
Host pans 0: experimental itelllS planned in the 1St will be described in the following sections.
plogram have been carried into operation._ This
paper will present the results of ISE experiaent.
,.,hich have been obtained heretofore. along· with a 2. Experiments on the evaluation of broadcasting
brief description of future experiment plan. service area
The service area can be evaluated by measuring
1. Introduction the field strength and received TV signal quality at
many places throughout Japan. The satellite antenna
The Japanese Medium-scale Broadcasting Sate- has a suitable radiation pattern for providing higb
llite for Experimental Purpose (ISE) was launched quality color TV broadcasting services to the whole
successfully on April 8. 1978 JST from the Eastern Japan territory. Fig. 1 shows the ISE antenna
Test Range of USA, using a Celta 291~ launch vehicle. radiation ,at tern and locations of the various eartb
After several precession maneuvers. Apogee Kick terminals which participate in the SSE expert.eDts.
Kotor (AKM) was fired at th~ third apogee ADd put plotted on a map of JapL~.
into the drift orbit. The Main T~ansmit and Receive Station (MTRS) i .
On April 26. BSE was stationed at the predeter- located in Kast a, which provides not only TV
mined geostationary orbit position. 110 degrees east signal transmissicn and reception, but also Xu-band
longitude. The ISE is held within the accuracy of TT&C operation for experimental purposes. The
± 0.1 deg. and ~ 0.2 deg. in orbit poSition and receiving stations (ROSs and SItEs) usually receive
anten~a beam pointing respectively. TV Signals which are transmitted from HTRS or
:he SSE is a three-axis stabilized spacecraft TIll.·.. For IV-reception tests, additional SREs of
weighing about 350 Kgs in orbit. about thirty are further incorporated.
It ~5 two sets of Xu-band (lb!l2 CHz) trans- The . .asurements of the received carrier
ponders With 100 watt outp·.. t power, and a uniquely level. video signal-to-noise ratio. and TV Signal
shaped beam paraboloidal antenna for color IV quality assessment have been carried out by HTRS,
broadcasting. T'tIlSs, ROSs and SItEs. One example of measurement
On July 20. 1978. the Radio ReSearch Laborato- results is shown in Table 1.
ries (?3L) of the Ministry of Posts and Telecomauni-
cations (MOPI) and the N1P?on Hoso Kyokai (NR[:
japan Broadcasti~; :~rporation) started various 3. Experimeats on TV signal transmissioD
kinds of satellite broadcasting experiments. Tha
ex?er~ents will be conducted for three years in 3.1 Satellit~ transponder characteristics
order to obtaiD. tbe technical data necessary for !o measure initial performance and tiDe varia-
establishing future operational domestic satellite tion of satellite transponder characteristics. tbe
broadcasting systems. NASDA is responsible for the inittal check and periodical checks per every half
control and maintenance of the BSE during tha year have b~en performed. Heasured it ... are
experimental period. input-output characteristics (linearity, ACe
. The earth terminals whir.h perttcipate in the c~aracteristic. etc.), output characteristics
BSE experiments are Main Transmit and Receive (intermodulation, mutual modulation. spurio~~
Station (~ITRS). two types of Transportable Transmit em!.sion, etc.), amplitude characteristic., delay
and Receive Stations (TTRSs. Type A and B), three characteristics, frequency stability, noise charac-
types of Receive Only Sations (ROSs), and .any teristics. and so OD.
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The ....ur.-.nt re.ult. of all th••• ch.r.ct.r- Fi,. 7 .h~. DC and DP charaeterilt1c. of
i.tic. v.r • •ati.factory. fi •• 2 snOWI the variction overall link, vhich were measureJ at the sam.
of I.tellit. output power from July 197a to ~~rch p.riod as r1a. 6. It i ••••n fro. ;h. . . . . . . ure-
1979. The output level of satellite va.
obtain.d by ..nt re.ult. that the SSE link. hav• • xc.ll.n[ R1
cODvertina the r.c.iving lev.l at ~S. Each point trans.i •• ion characteriltics a. tel.vi.ion tran.-
live. a monthly av.rage of .v.ry 4&y value. which 1I1s.10n 110.....
• re ....urad in a fixed ....ur ...nt .. tbod at the
__ t1lH 1D the IIIOrnin&. (2) ..aeband trans.is.ion character~.tic.
AI a whol., l.vel variation of ± 0.5 dB is Mea.urementa ~f baseband tr~n.mis.ion charac-
ob.erved. t.ri.tic. have been performed for many ite... For
video .ilnal., th.y includ. modulation characte'4s-
3.2 Standard TV signal tran.ai •• ion tic., &lllPl':'t~~de .nd delay 'hara.:t.ristic~, ",.ve:onl
distortion, linearity (DC,DP). SIN and subjective
(1) Radio frequency tranlaillion characteri.- .......ant of picture quality. For sound limal.,
tic. they ar. modulation characterlstics, .mphasi.
To cla~ify the RF trana~ •• ion charact.ristics charact.ristics, frequency charact.listic •• diltor-
of .atellite trans~ission li~s. var10U$ eharact.r- t~on, SIN, and subjective assessm.nt of .o~nd
i.tic. have been c.asured at tne :ain 5:atioo. quality, and Iv on Th. BSE ex?riments have been
they ar. lev.l diaara~ of satellite li~, transmit- cond'.lcted under the .ara. parameter satting, as.uming
tinC pow.r and its variation in u? .ud Gown links. FH tr.n•• ission of conventional ~tSC-M color te~evi
e/N aDd SIN in up, down and ov.r.ll l~, frequency .10n .ianal a •• t~ndard. Sinca Jauuary of 1979,
char.ct.ristic. (amplitud •• d.lay, DC, DP). tr.ns- dispersal lignal has be.n added.
pond.r input-output .nd frec;uene v stability, It is se.n from these :easuremenr res~l~. that
.purioUl and intermodul.tion cnar.cteri.tics, ~d '0 ba.eband cha.acteristies are.almott detlnlin.d by
on. tho •• of the main station. and ar • • c.rac.ly influ-
Here s.veral repre.entativa enaracteri.tic. enced by the .atellit. transponders.
will be d.scribed. As l.vel dia&racs are tbe mo·t
fundamental cha~acteristics. t~ey ba~e been mea.ur.d 3.3 Advanc.d TV Sroaucasting SysteM
fro. the initial check period a~ to tbe pr.,ent. V.riou. kinas of signal transmis.ion exp.rl-
AD axample of radio frequ~ncy link l.v.l. ..ats bave been c.rri~d Out with the purpose of
between the MTRS and the BSE is SDown in rable 2. developing advanc.~ TV Broadcasting technique or nev
Th. r •• ults show good corr •• pondence witb c.lculated application of s.t.111te bro&~ca.ting system. Amana
desilD values. them are PCM-!V tran.mission. r.~,ing system using
At the main .tation, CIS is us ....lly very higb TV synchronous 'ign&l, standara tl~e and frequ.ncy
coapared with other sat.llite links. So e/~ CAn be dis.emination systtm vi~ aatellit., ~iah-definition
....ur.d over very wid. range in the BSE links. TV trlDami.sion .Dd so 00..
ria. 3 aiv•• measurem.nt results of CIS in up and
overall 11nk... en; in uplink can be estic&ted frOll (1) High-definition televiSion ~rc:~mileion
!IU of the main station ••nd &1..0 froa tel_try A higb-d.finition television syst.m param.ter
data of the satellite. Both esti.::ated ClS values tentativel)' specified lly ;,n;; technical Research
coincide within tolerances of 1 to 2 dB ~hich Laboratorie. is shown in Table 3.
corr•• pond to t.l.metry q.... ntization errors. Fig. 8 sbows the ~~erim.ntal system for the
riC. 4 aives the r.l.tion between CIS .ud SIS. h1gh-definition TV transmi.sion with tha BSE. A
.....ured v.lues coincide f&irl~' w.ll Vith calculated unlque feature of this system is that the luminance
curves, and the iJ:Iprovement effect. by emphasis (Y) and chrominanc. (e) Signals .re transmitted
(2.9 dB) is also .ppar.nt. through the lep.rat. r~dio frequency channels.
Us1o& LeE (L.vel Control Electronics) .ettings Necessary RF band widths i. 80 MHz and 25 KHz for Y
a. paramet.rs, CIS in up, do~~, and overall linkS and e signals, respectively. Kajor advantag.
vera ...sur.d to get nOisl figures of trans~onder obtainea by the lIe separate transmission over the
Vith varyinl EIRP of tb. =aiD .tatioo. Fia. S bives conventional compo.it~ color slgnal transmission is
DOise figures for channel AI trans?Qnd.r. Tbe noi.e a great improv~nt, .pproxiQltely 10 dB. of the
.uppres.ion eff.ct c~used by Hl- ••• ·s (100 W ~lA) signal to noise ratio. In oth.r words. the s.te-
nonlinearity is apparent. llit.· transmitting power can b. d.crea.ed to 1/10 of
It i. fundamental to ~ne the frequency tbat r.quired for the conv.ntional tranl.is.ion
characteristics of &m?litud •• dalay, differ.ntial method.
cain (DC) and differenti~l ?Case ~JP) to kDow the In Novemb.r 1978. the first transmiSSion
sat.llit. links characteristics for tranam1ttina FM experiment through the BSE wa. carrie1 out at ~~:
tel.vision signals. ;echoic.l R.... rch Laboratories for four day!'!. .~
In the satellite loop-back e&aSure:ants, the .ianal sources, a color print of land.cap. Ic.ne
charactari.tics of both the ~atellitl transponder and a strip from a 70 _ .,vh w.re picked up b~' tho
IDd the e.rth station are =ixed1y ~sured. The return b... Sat icon camera and the .pecial t.leein.
charact.ri.ies of satellite trans?Qnd.r are o~tained equipment, r .. p.ctivcl~l. Q....Uty of the receive<l
by .ubtractin& the char.cteriltic. of earth .tation picture va. quite .ati.factory so that on. can
fraa th. cbaract.ri.tics measured in satallite bardly tell the dearadatioD .fter the nUllit.•
loop-back. tran.misl10n ~.pt • v.ry .light increas~ of noi.e. ."
To traosa!t FM t.l.vi.iDn s1~1. faithfully, Table 4 Ihows the c.rr!.r-tl)-noile ratio (e~1I.)
it i. n.c .... ry to bave flat a=plltud. and d.lay ....ured on the Y and e chann.l.. Al.o an a'IIrage
cbar.ctaristics in pal'-~. fib' 6 sbow, ~.ured picture S~~ is Ihown in T.ble 5. At the slcond
a.plitude and delay char.ct.ri.tics of ovarall link. transmisslon exp.rim.nt held ln Marr.h 1979, a hiah-
!qu.lliz.rs in the main senien are affectivi in definition TV reception was succelsfully d.monstr~t
lmprovina ov.rall ~plitude and dela~ c~ract.r .d at the Mini.try of Post. and t.l.co_unLcationl
iatic.. Fi,. 6 aives thl mealur~t r.sult. in dcwn town 1n Tokyo.
Harch 1979. Ihovina littlw ~~a~i. iroa th. c~rae Th. channel plan to be applied to the 12 CHz
teriltic. meanured in July of 19:~. broadca.ting latellite IYltea oreratad in the l~
, .)
' - ' . ' . '11..- '
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Regions 1 and ) has been decided by the World even in the hard rain time. So it is thought that
Ad~ini5trative ~dio Conference held in 1977 (~AAC- l~ and 14 CKz propagation characteristics co not
85). Since the plan is baled on the conventional give ani .evare influence on the time and frequency
tV l"ltem sucn a. NTSC, PAL or SteAK, it i . evident di ..ell1nation.
that' the high-definiti~n TV delcribed here doe. DOt
conform with the technical Itandardl Ipecified by (3) Multi-channal still picture broadcastina
the plan. From the technical point of vi.v. syst..
ho~ever, the experiment Itill remainl to be "'nin&- Exper1llents on the transmission. of appron.., ...
ful becaule the effectivenels of the Y/C leparate ly 50 st111 p1cture signals each cons1.tin, of a
transmi •• ion .. th~d is proved through the actual serie. of still color p(cture accoapanied by di&ita-
satellite path, iD con.iderinl it. application to lly coded .ound Signal were conducted using ooe
the 22 CKI and higher frequency band. allocated to talevision channel axclusively.
the broadca.ting service. The basiC transmission paraaeters of the ~till
picture broadcasting syst .. such a. the very low
(2) Preliminary experi.ent on the di....i- frequency transient characteristics and the pula.
nation of time and frequency code transmission characteristiCS were ~eaaured by
The di.semination of time and frequency the tran.mission test via satellite.
stacdard by ~ans of TV signals from a broadca.ting From these test results it vas concluded that
satellite has a great advantage in the point that the still picture broadcasting system could be
one can utilize such a .Ylte. at any place through- realized which is compatible ~ith the satellita
out the country, usinl a simple receiving .Yltell broadcasting of standard televiaion aYltem.
vith the same type of calibrating apparatua. But
.uch system suffers from the frequency doppler (4) Multi-channel sound multiplexed television
Shift due to the satellite orbital position varia- syst. .
tion. It is, therefore. necessary to take some The sound multiplexing system vas designed to
preventive measures against this sort of frequency tran~mit several sound signals USing two sub-carri-
shift in order to disseminate the bighly preci.e ers 4.S MHz and 5.0 MHz. The 4.5 KHz sub-carrier
frequency standard. wbich carries main sound Signal is compatible with
In the doppler shift measur~t system. Rb tbe terrestrial television broadcasting. The 5.05
(rubidium) and Cs (celium) atomic frequency stand- KHz sub-carrier is capable of transmitting up to
ards were installed respectively at the SSE main four 5 ICHz sianals.
station (at Kashima) and tbe RRL headquarters (at Aa a result of transmi.sion test via satellite.
!;Dganei), about 100 .:m apart each other. The two the compatibility witb the standard transmis.ioD
frequency standards are precilely syncbronized iD system was confirmed and the cross talks beeveen
frequency to 1 r 10- 12 , via TV syncbronizing signals each sound channels and the cross effect fro. souad
in the terrestrial tv signals. At both places the 'channel to video channal were found to have no . . jor
sa=e rvpe frequency synthesizers (HP SlOOA) a!"e problems.
used to generate reference color subcarriers. At
!;Dganei, a simple receiving equipment with 1 •• (5) PCK-rH sound tran.aission
antenna vas used. and received composite Yideo The purpose of tbe experiment is to provide
signal vas used to "CENLOCK" a sync-generator. of. data to establish sound program broadcastiDg as a
vr.ich 3.58 MHz output signal vas u.eG to measure- means of broadcasting high quality stereophouic or
the frequency doppler shift averaged over 10 minutes multi-channel sound progr....
by vay of reading the phase comparison racord. The experiment was conducted witb PCH tr~
ine experimental result is shown in Fig. 9. mission of 'stereo sound signals of 1.544 M bit/.
Curve a gives m.aS~lred doppler values at KDganai. using four phase PSK modulator.
together vith calculated ones at Kashima vhich were Aa a result of experiment, the relation beeveen
estimated fro~ ?redicted orbital values. Measured CIN and the Bit Error Rate vas quantatively cleared
values coincide ~ith calculated ones fairly vell and th~ result was very near to that of tbeoretical
vithin th~ ~.. s~rement e.ror of 10- 11 in tbe phase value.
difference recordinl, although the doppler shift
aaounts to ± 4 • 10 9 which is comparatively large (6) Digital TV tran5llission
value due to tne fact that the measurement period to .earch the possibility of digital tV brnad-
~as JUSt before SSE orbi,al correction maneuvers, casting, a series of experiments on the digital
and also just at a new moon time meaning much transmislion of tv signals have been conducted in
influence of heavenly bodies. both KrRS and TTRS of t)'fe B.
Curves band c show respectively the values of Measurements were performed to obtain funda-
doppler Shift. relative to the value at Kashima. at mental data such as transmilsien characteristics of
;;a;'~nai and Okinawa, ;.he farthermost locations in satellite link, Bit Error ~te characteristics for
tne countrv. These tvo curves shov variation 4- or 8-phase PSK transmjs.ion in satellite links.
ae?li~udes' of ± 2 x 10-lv. This means that it is 4-phase PSK transmiSSion of DPCK coded color TV
pOlsible to receive Itandard frequency With the s1gnala.
°.
error Vithin 2 x 10- 1 everywhere in the country
if lome mea,ure, are taken to cancel tha doppler
shift as received in Tokyo area. That vill be 4. Experiments on radio vave propaaatioD
realized by the phase (frequency) control of tb.
transQitter by USe of the preciction value or the The frequency band of 12 GHz allocated to
servo control 10Jp. satellite broadcalting has been applied t~ tbe
Fu~th.r, it can be expected to ,et preciSion down-link in this exp~-1ment, together With 14 CBs
better than 10- 11 b~ the method of avera,iDg over to the up-link. Since these frequenCies are wore
24 ,lOUrs or utilizing zero doppler sbift ti_ ..sily affected by rainfall and snow than 4/6 CB&
calculated from orbital prediction value. of the C-band. it il necess.ry to investillt.
~ for the influence of transmission patb. propagation characteristics in various kind. of
there va, little influence on the phase comparison climate in Japan, in order to know how .uch
-13- •i
p.rc.ntal. of time ~. luarant ••d for the .at.llit. vh.r. the maxicum and minimum rainfall. occurred
bro.dcastinl· r •• pectively during the ob •• rv.tion. In T.bl. 6
K.r ••• v.ral propagation ch.ract.ri.tic. rain att.nuation and r.infall rate ar. ,iven tor 1
obtained at various lo~ation. in J.pan, cocarn~ng and 0.1 % of the time at each loc.tion, which w.r.
14 and/or 12 GKz along the .atellit.-earth path for r.ad from the .bov.-m.ntion.d d1.tribution.,
p.riod. up to about on. y.ar will b. de.crib.d. tOI.th.r witb the corr •• pondinl ob •• rv.d time. The
ob •• rv.tion of .tt.nuation hal b.en limit.d due to
4.1 D.ta acqui'ition and processinl the ce••• of tr.nsmis.ion on S.turday and Sunday,
the locations of the stations conc.rn.d with b.sid.s at niihtt1:e in t~e b.i1nning of the
the propagation .... urem.nt. ar. alr.ady .hown in .... ur ...nt.. ~e r.infall rat •• in Tabl. 6 .re
• F11' 1. At the HIRS, the K-band beacon lev.l (11.7 diff.rent from the one Lo c. read in Fig. 13,
Ctlz) 11 received for IH4suring ra1n .ttenuation and b.cau•• the r.lnfall data in the figure are employed
d.polarization. Th~ other .:at10n. uaually rec.ive only during the ob •• rv.tion of att.nuation.
the TV .ignal whir.h i. transmitt.d troD the HTRS or In Fig. 14 are plotted point. at which att.nua-
TIRSa. tion and rainfall rate occurred for the sam. percen-
Th. . . . . ured data at the MlRS ar. proc •• s.d tag. of tim.. Froc the fiiure •• ff.ctiv. p.th
and .dited by an on-line com?uc.r. In parallel length i. about 5 ~, ~hich is almo.t COincided
vith the measurement of radio signal from the with the on. in CCIA R.port 564-1 .nd tbe r •• ult by
aat.llite, several kinds of observation. have b•• n tb. ETS-II. Eff.ctiv. path lengths w.r. al.o
conducted in the HIRS, u.ing a n.twork of rain-
_ual•• , a rain rad.r of the C b.nd and oth.rs.
Conc.rning with ~HK, the transmission of data
the v.lues for typical loc.tions .re
derived from the m.asurecents at the ROSs, of which
given in Tabl.
7. In comp.rison .i~~ the abo.e-m.ntioned value at
.... ur.d and temporarily m~morized at the TTRS and Kashima .nd the on.s quot.d in the .ame t.ble from
ROS4 is performed d.ily through tel.phon. lin•• or the CCIR R.port, the values in the t.bl. are
via ch. BSE in-band talk chann.l, and finally ch. consid.rably sborter for •• v.r. r.inf.ll rat.s.
d.ta ar • • dited on Mls. Although thi~ =ay be a.crib.d to diff.renc. of
One of the most important pointa of proc.ssinl met.orological conditions between tb. m.a.uring
i. how accurately and tfficiently to extract addi- locations, more data are n••ded to draw. conclu.ion.
tional attenuation due to rainfall frum giv.n data. Th • •naly.is of tbe propag.tion mea.urement.
Th. rec.ived pow.r can be fluctuated With influ.nc~ hal reve.led prel~ry but int.r •• ting re.ult. on
of such factors as attitude and orbital pOSition of statistics of raia attenuation at various loc.tions
the .atellite and pointing error of a r.ceiving of Japan, wbich would lead to final fruitful r.sult.
ant.nna.. The computer proc •• sing proc.dur. ~o at tbe end of the experiment {or the expected full
eliminate the influence of other factor. than r.in three y.ars, b.sides an efficient method for elimi-
vaa d.vis.d and it oprate. f.irly well. nating non-prop.g.tioD eff.cts from obtain.d data.
4.2 Results
In Fig. 10 is shown an uampl. of comp.rison 5. [xperu.nt on fresu.::C\· sharing
between rain atten~tions of the up- and do_~-links
on • rainy day at ~shima. The plotted data are In order to lay dovu basis for shartng criteria
.cattered a little for small attenuations. The b.tw.en up-liuks to broadc.sting satellite (BS) and
r.tio of attenuation of the up- to the down-link in betw.en up-links to BS and to co_unitation .ate-
decibel i • •bout 1.4 which is .lmo.t equal to the llite (CS) using tbe same frequency band at around
tb.or.tical value. As this relation was kept for 14 GHz, exp.rim.nt on evaluation of interference
otber various rain events. it is pos.ibl. to convert criteria was carri.d out using the SSE.
tbe .tatistics of the down-links to the on.. for In ~is .xp.ricent, interferenc •• betw.en the
the up-links. following siDul.t.d links have b•• n considered.
Fig. 11 .how. cumulative distribution curve. [ll BS m't-!\') .. IS (nt-n')
of att.nuation of the BSE beacon signal ('1.7 GHz) [2l IS (FM-n') .. cs (nt-TV)
a. well as the ones from the propagation 'xperiment l3l CS (FDM-~) .. BS (~-TV)
with the L~bineering Test Sat.llite type II (ETS- [4l BS (~-T\') .. CS (fO~-n!)
II), which was performed dur~ng May 1977 to April Transmisaion parameters us.d for each uplink
1978 using 11.5 GHz. As the frequency in the EI~-II are ShOWD in Iable d.
is near the one in the SSE, the statistical curve Th. TTRS type ! was transported to b. u.ed
of the EIS-II can be applicable also for the down- mainly a. interf.ring station at the Kashima Sranch
link of the BSE. of the RRL wh.r. the MIlS is loc.t.d, to eliminate
Fig. 12 presents cumulative distributions of error to be g.nerat.d by .atellit • • ttitud. drift.
r_inf.ll rat. at the main .tation. Corr.lation
betw.en the curve. in Fig. 11 and those in tbi. 5.1 [valuation of int.refernee to the wanted FM-TV
figure are not good. S.cause the di.tribution of .. iIDal! ::'ro:l the ::~-!\' .no fC~:-FX si.snals
rainfall covers 100 : of the time .nd that of rain (c . . . . [11 ~ [JI 4bove)
att.nuation covers only about 70 % due to varioua Subjective a •• es.m.nt of the want.d fM-TV
troubles of the system. signal int.rf~red with FM-TV and FDM-FM .ignals, by
The •• statistics have to b. tak.n at various varying .n offset acSle of un_anted station antenna,
locations and th.n rec.iving system param.t.rs .uch w•• conduct.d to obtain prot.ction r.tion requir.d
a. antenna size can be d.termined. required for and various marlin which eight n ••d to compen.ate
pr.ctical .ervice. when a certaln amount of rain ~e diffel'ence b.t"'een theoretic"l and actual values.
att.nuation is given for • • pecified p.rc.ntagp. of I.bles 9 and 10 co~,tain results ootained fro'..,
the time. experiment. \'iewin~ condition used for this experi-
Cumul.tiv. distributions of rain .tt.nuation ment is so different that vie_ers stand in front of
and rainfall rate were d.rived from the data pictur. monitor to !acilitat. them to det.ct inter-
obtained at the ROSs and the TTRS during August to ference to oh~ain ?rotection ratio for hi&h pictur.
Dee.mber, 1978. ln Fig. 13 are shown the distribu- qu.lity, Which !:lAY be applied for up-linr. inter-
tio'ns for two typical locations. Owase and Kesennuma ference evaluation.
-14- OF .i r
sa = Mid r ?~R $
OR~:;:': -~'. •
..1
,/
OF r :c·:(
Althoulh additional .xper"l.ent i. r.quired, the .fter the autumn.l .quinox in i978 and b.for. the
follow1nl pr.li=in3ry conclusion could b. d.rived: v.rnal .quinox in 1979 in .. ny earth t.rminala.
BS/Ftt-TV • BS/nt-TV: prot.ct10n r.tio - J8 dB It is veIl known th.t the .un tr.nlit. in a
• BS/nt-TV" l;S/FM-tv: It .. • II dB b... of • ground r.c.tving antenna tavard the v.rnal
• CS/FDH-FM" BS/FM-TV: ... JS"'J2dB and autumnal .quinox•• , if the antenna point. to the
(flO'" 972ch) ,.o.t.tionary orbit. A harmful interfer.nc. CID ba
h.ppea.d to r.c.ption of aat.111te broadc'ltin, .t
5.2 Interfer.nc. from broadca.tins sat.llit. that ca.e. Incr •••• of noi •• wa . . . . . ur.d at
.ervlce (.arth to .pace) earth .tation into I.v.ral location. vith antenna. of different
fixed service s.tellit. di._t.r.
Interference from nt-TV into FtlH-nt va. Fl,. 17 Ihows lncr .... of noi •• pow.r due to
.... ured u.1n1 the 14 GHz band for up-links, Chanl- the aol.r noi •• lnterferanc. at • recelv.r, of vhlcb
inl varioul parameter •• uch •• the ratio of di.ired- noi.. tellperatur. i. about 600 K.
to-und •• ir.d .ign.l pow.r (OUR), TV video .ilnals fia. 18 Ihow. duratlon t1m. of the poaalble
(color bar or color t •• t ch.rt), .n.rlY dilp.r.al aolar int.rf.r.nce per d.y and nuab.r of d.y. of ita
(with or without) .nd fr.quency d.vi.tion. The occurrenc.. In comp.rilon of th •• e re.ultl'vitb the
signal-to-interfer.nce noi •• ratio w•• proportion.l rain att.nu.tion Itati.tlc., 1t i. und.rltood that
to DIU a. shown in Table 11 .nd was not .ffected by th~ .olar nol.e lnterfer.nce affectl •• t.lllt.
TV video sign.ls .nd enerl~' dilper ..1- broadcast in, .. rvice only for much .maller p.rc.nt-
The .ignsl-to-nci •• ratio w•• al.o m...ured, a,. of the t1me th.n rain attenuation do •• , and
changing the ant.nna dir.ction anile of BSE .arth moreov.r occurrence t1m. and int.naity of the
.tation. Experimental results aaree vith the interfer.nc. can be prudict.d with pr.ctic.l
c.lculated valu•• a• • hown 1D Fia. 15. accuracy. The _~lar noi.e interf.rence was r.all."
to affect .atellite broadca.tina .ervice only for
mu .. h smaller percent.se of time than r.in attenua-
6. Experiments on satellite broadca.tins .ilnal tion do •••
reception
6.1 R.ceived paver and its stability 7. Experiment on control and operatlon of •• tellite
It has been confirmed by the ....ur . .aat. broadcM.ting .y.tem
carried out Simultaneously at 39 loc.tion. allover
Japan that received powers were ,.nerally coincided 7.1 Range measurement of broadc.st .atel11te
with the corresponding predict.d on •• a• • hova 1n utilizing televi.ion sync-pul ••
Fig. 16. Deviation of the received power. from the The l'anse between the ground tr.n.mit and
prediction weu vithin 1 dB for 75 % of the .... ure- receive station and the .ateillte c.n b. . . . . ur~J
•• nt •• usinl the television .ync-pul •••
Comparatively long term variations of received TV Ranging Equipment wa. developed to .v.l .... te
power were me.sured at the ROSs. At the b... eda. the accuracy o! the sy.t.. with the BSE and TTlS
of the satellite tran.mitting ant.nna, vh.re the Type A.
ROSs Situated on the isolate~ isl.nds, the variation Th. expected error has -1.0 II .... n and 0.56 •
.howed a maximum and reached up to about 5 dB, standard deviation. This value calles lI&inly fr~
WhlCh included pointing error 2 dB in.vit.bl. to round-off error aDd hiSh .ignal to no is. rat10
the s1mple trackinl .ntenna equipped there. cau.e. only 0.3 II error cOllponent.
Qu.l1t~· of received picture has been •••••••d Fig. 19 show. the ch.nge of the r.nge :1a a
subjectively, whicn was almost IU:cellent at e.ch short sp.n. The re.idual fitting with fir.t ord.r
10cat10n, uSinS color-b.r and sp.cially prepared function i. 0.72 m in this ca.e, .nd th1s value 1• •
VTR &11nah. little great.r than expected. The ev.l .... tion in a
from the TV-reception te.tll, In antenna .iz. long .pln is achieved u.ing a high accurat. orbit
has been derived which w~s required to obtain elements, and it w.s c~ncluded th.t the error 1.
weighted SN ratio of picture of more than 45 dB for les. than few meter. that is er.ouah for orbit
99 : of the time at e4ch location. The required det~'"IIIination.
diameter is about 1 m around the center of the b...
of the tran.mitting antenna, about 1.6 m for the 7.2 Automatic televi.ion signal qualitv 1 •• essreDt
fringe are~ of the mainl.nd and 2.8 m to 4.5 m for (VIIS measurement)
the isolated isl~~:s. Tne,e ..et approximately the Tr.nsmission characteri_tics mea.urement equip-
initial deailn .pecificat10n. lIent including \'ITS (Vertical Interval Test Sianal)
By ~he TV-reception te.t., 1t ha. been inserter and disital data processor va. developed to
con~~rmed that rece~ved power w.s sen.rally coin- .. asure and examine the .tability of TV .ianal
clded ~lth the predicted values and also that transmi.sion.
excdl .. nt GIl.lity of picture wa. obtained at each An example of the received televisioD .1anal
locatlor allover Japan. Influence of snow, characteri.tic. is shown in Table 12.
especially fall of wet .now on a receivinl ant.nna
cause. severe degrad~tion of reception. It 1. 7.~ Access to the .atel11te from the .ultiple grouad
needed ~eenly to clarify its ~echln1.m and stat is- stations
tlCS and to develop a method for improveseat. Program Iwitching test~ vere performed via
The field teMt' in thr urb~n and rural areas satelllte betveen the HTRS and the TTRS mav1",
have alao been conducted to investi~~te the influ- around .Japan USing multiple-access control equipment
ence oi building •• nd topography. The influ.lnce of fitted vith profsgation time dissolution 10l1c.
high-waYI, rapid railways, and airport., .tc. on AI a result of subjective evaluation te.t, the
the reception quality of TV stlnall frail the BSE .witching function wa. found to be l.ooth aDd to
have been iave.ti,atad. have no visual probl ....
6.2 Solar noise interfer.nce
The lolar n011e interf.r.nces vere .... ur.d
-15-
,«Ewes M¥ .-..--
I. Concludon who participated in the ISE e.periment •.
The auther. wi.h to expre.. their .incere
The ISE e.perim.nt. have beeo conducted favour- thanlLa to the peraon. concerned of R1.1., KKK, and
ably line. July 19;8. Molt of experimental it... NASDA. Al.o particular thanks are due to the .taff
planned in the 1St prolra. have been carried into of HOPT ,or their luidance in tha ISE prolr ...
operation. lut there are leveral e.partmental ite..
vhich oUlht to be conducted here.fter, luch a. the
i~ve.tllatioa of Icatterinl phenomena especially in Reference.
tt·e up-Unk path of 1.4 GHz, the regular experimentl
ou Itandard ti.e and frequency .ignal. di ••••ination (1) H. IeAneda et a1., "E.xperimenu with the
by ...n. of TV .ignal., the experi.ent. on .imulta- Japane.e BSE Prolr.." ArM Paper 78-753,
nfOU. a.plification of multiple .ound signala for April '78.
tte pUlpo.e of sound broadca.ting, and on. Thay .0 (2) 1. T.uu.oto at a1., "Tachnical AlpecU of the
Japane •• Broadca.Ung Saullite Exparill.nt."
vill be conducted in the latter half experimental
period. It ia expected that all the experimentl in IEEE Tran•• Broadca.ting, vol BC-24, No.4,
the ISE project will be performed with .ati.factory Dec. 1978
re.ulu. (3) N. lmai at aI., "Experilllental Result. of the
The operational broadcaat.ing satallite IS-2 11 Japan••a BS£ Proir.." 1Af Paper lAf-79-F-2&O,
nov under con.ideration. It j•• expected to be Sept. 1979
launched in 1983 Hlca' year "ith an on-orbit apare (4) T. Ishida et al., "Pr...nt SituaUon of
lataUite. Japane.e Satellite Broadca.ting for Experimen-
According to the propo.al, the BS-2 and it. tal Pur po •• " , IEEE Tran •. Broadclltinll.
Ipare aatellite will be .imilar to the preaent 15£ vol BC-2~, No.4, Dec. 1979
latellite with re.pect to their Icale and functiona. (~) Y• ..ltl;' et .1., "Propaiation He •• ura.ont. and
The experimental r •• ultl of the 15£ prolram will be TV-R.ce~'tion Te.t. with the Japan... Broadca.t-
reflected to the Iyste. configuration of both space ing Sate. Ute for Experimental Purpo ..... , IEEE
and Iround .egment •. Tran•• Bro.Q~a.t1nl. vol BC-25 , No.4,
The experimental re.ults de.cribed in this Dec. 1979
papar are due to the endaavour. mad. by many people
i
:
-59.-------------------::::1" i
~
i1-60 I..
i.
! ••
•u
::
i
--::•,
-6·~J-u~1-J--Au~'-.---s.·p-.--Oc~c-.~~O~y-.~c~.-c-.~J-&n-.--~r.~b-.~Ka~r~.
un un
..
....... c:,..
.. -e ...-e~ ,,_
{ ",,--4. ."'......4 'r ...
,r:, 01 MTtS
t~..." . . . .leU;,.
2' dBl - - - - ' • __.4_'" C;H
"...ara
OcJa.a
• MflS 1).
• TTas 4.S.
"lOS 4.5 •
II. lOS 4.5 • tl.l","ll!":~'·!
.~
• ~ll (rart .f .~.yt 30) 1-1.' •
•
Fi9- 1 The BSE ant<!~n& radiation pattern
,Uld &~ound Ita~:\"'In location
(' ,
-16- I.
. Of f '~',-,,, \; ... ~ai 'i'
.w.s - ttl it Qed .e 'n
tan ".' tS
Ide,
UMo ..............
12 I .~._ _ -I
____ I~
...z ____ I I-n
I
f I I~"
...
~
6 I 1- -I~cf
1-1;--1
~a
____ (Slo)..,.
2
, Ii"
-12 -I -4 Olde,
(Odl:- 56.,7dl..,
Fill. 5 NF ch.ract,ristics of tn:1spondtr
- Fig. S Hilih·ellfinition TV Qxperim.nt systlm with the ElSE
""--
,. Curve a Curve b
- 1.~10-9 - ........ l'Ieasurea doppler value at Kogonel Lurve 10c
c:....... Calculated doppler value .- " ."...-.. ""10-
~ 2 Lat Okinawa· ".' O~C;:CUlated doopler value at leaShl,...- ...·2
... __- __ -o"'O"'~ . . . - - . - - _ ... ~~
.... .#~ V"'2,PC ~-_
~.? I..
' c: _ _ _ _
p..
"~~I(~ ft-:;;0~.., ...!"- -_____
0... 0
0-0""0""....... --- • ~_o-- ..,0
Calculated ~Pler value ~ -,"" -2
-4 at lIakkOnol ~ -4
(10131) 18 o(11/11 6 12 18 0(1112) 6JST 1978
t11111!
.: Calculated frea. Shift _nen compensated at the transmlttl~g side so as to
cancel dOPDler Shift at kogonel calculated by arblt detennlnotlon progrQl
Fl1. 9 Doppler frequcncy by IS!
-17-
~ ;
(u.~UTY
, __ AIlS ',II-J ..
..... ',. . . '7' '7t\
_
_
..... ',.
let 'J'
"I (l1.7 GIll)
i _ 0.. ',.
~
! .-.
••
••
110
!
.........
,
'\. ..... _
\::"
_ *, '''-a,. ',. }rn-u
Ven, _c~
Ill.'':'"
(Aaa • J7)
~f.'
2
it
'! i.
.. I
~'\
0.;::
!
.. ., ,
=to c
"•
1 ~
.I•. • tit1atp.... D~____~~----~------~--~~
...
"~I
.001 .01 .1
!
~
o___ 11..... t _1 _ &ion 2 1
Ida) Ill. tiTS GR.) '''' 11 ..... " .. _ _ ot .al8 - -
.. xalU_
1··"1. ,. AeyU_ kt . . . . m... "r.tI atu ....ti . . .
., . , ......... Uu. •• XaaloUna
" .... -Dec. 1111
_ u m IU.OUS
i.•
QIz)
0; -- ~n. •
:!
'O~~~~--~--~-------~------~
Nt 'u
_ AMI "II-J_ . " I
:S
_
_
. . . . I ll-oOcl t 7.
.... ·71
_ ... 1.., '7. .. .JI
::
......•
SO
...... t;)ct'l.
... ErS-U ..• ..
~
c
.. • a
.:: JO
• I.' .1 .4
. .neftt.,. of t i " ordinate
i 10
_1_ 1......KM l\l
,..'3 .....,.,
_ _H_ ......
. . .at nilllaU
...,. ........
.... .try 1_ _ _
'L-__ ________
~ ~~:---~----~
.00;; .Dl.l 10 , ,,
~c..t. of u.. ordJAau. ".1_ 1. ucaecIad \ I ,. ,
I
I
,
predicted curve I,
I,
I
I
PIt. 12 w_ •• _ .. • t • ....u ....
\J •I
\J
I
~
calculAted from II I
the tr.n.1D1ttin~ II I
antenna n:lttern I' ,I
\
\
\
,
.. Xu ....... ,. II
'I in aziCluth I 1 I
60 \ direction of I \1
I TTltS-1 Iprcdicted value
u.S~----~----~--------------~
.... l!71 - JwIa l!7t V i I tor ca.e of DO
r ~ :interterence
----..........-'1-- ----'r-,..:-
lA. .
-.
.., ,, /'I I
Ii
•-
--...
+
q
7.S ~___~----i-----!~:"---!""7'--- ~O
lDeasured curvc
~
!.
: -..,
;&
on FD~H"I 972ch
Uat tone freq.
."I •.
c ..
u
J!
.hift
)886kH& .lot
802kH~ rIDS
...•• EllP·1l2dBat
:a 40 r.i-TV
color bar,
diapersal off
20 JO .a __--..:~-_(D/U)ain.lOdll
aaLat&ll r.~. l..;hl
,,,14 U-u- .. ~ Ie .... eM&i_d
.. xa.-
prcdicted verst
S/1 value
30
-) -1 o 2 1
\lci&htPd s/:: .,('.,."rcd in ch .. n[.in~
Fig. \5
HT':'<; .;Intton" dlf~ctlon
I
-18-
I
,......--
'.'
c.... ~.lIul (T_- 12000'&)
• . .••• ~.. I. Oct. 1.71
. . . . .u~. . I. II.,. 117.
\
AU9. 21 aad 22 1.7. ".'wn .,M '........ It
Total .... 1.. 1.
!
I
""'....
: 30
i•
1
10
IN
o
10 •
....•
j a
...
0
•
•
•• s
z:•
Mea.u~ed/l:aleulat.d 'da' .I
'i.. 16 n."'.Uoa of rac.l ...d pow.r Ir_
calc..lat.d value
0.7 1 4 , )0
Dia. . t.r of .atanna Ca)
1Or--,--------______~
- t .... uUcal I - tJoear.clca1
Fit. 17 I_raa.. of DOl •• at nc.l .... r la,..a
..... to .olar ."'•• Int.rl.r. ..
....."r" S. Oce.l"l • ...... r ... 1. Oct.1171
• _ .... n4 ,. Ka ... un • ...... r ... 1. MIIr.1'7I
~ .. a.v.
!" 15
,.,
•
'a
=
g., 10
I:
.....
o
j
\II "'\14...._
" .
... "
" ,,'1aa...
=5
& • '
&uh1_
Diamet.r of &at.nna Cal Di ... t.r of ant.nna Cal
lal Duration per day Cbl Nuaber of day.
F~ 18 DuraUon aacI OCcurane. of .ow ...... r .... ' • • r .... ,," Tel .. , . . . . . . ._1
_I •• lIIt.rf.r.lIC. Tabl" 1 CUraccerlall ••
!,.tau .. 1•• 'el.IIII,"
&";8.1. .
,
1 ••••
.
! II:M . . . . . CarrU"
I D........ ' real","! a'''''
.n,,'"
,
r...,.,
)I • • , .. , . . .
...
I
I
, ....
1/•
-.
,
..
_ ~\Il •
U
l&"""~ I
WTU , -AO 1 I
-a'.......... I
..,
nlIi ' •. 1 -M,'
• A-I, . . I
......... -
T.a,. -n
l~,. ~ 1,1 -' •. 0 '" .f.
-fl,.
....
-".1
I I
I
2,1
" -II ,2
.!
-........ -- -72,'
a. •• 8 _ _ IIc. I
:
1.1 I -'1 • \0 . , . . .
: I.' -n .•
376S2720 -71.2
'" -1'4 I
I I
-- ... ...,••
-71
3;6H710
1.1 -fO.1 ... .. ."
. . . , •• ,1
I I.' -'P .• -M 1
,
-................ -- ...
'" --71 '
37652700 '---""'--......._--'-_ _L - _...._
30 31 )2 )) )4 35 aLa. I ..... ' . ! J I -'1.1 -fl"
" . ' •. 1
, .'clock (ute) I' AUI. '7. I
I I -u" 1- 71 ,.
.. -'1,1 I ••
Fli. 1, R.n,. elYn •• 1a a .hort .pa. , , I -n,1
••
- ...
-,., I
" .'F• •
.... -
I' . . . ,
Daile 1 ! -u, I -fl.'" ..,. I.
,). I I ••• • .0.' -II
" -12 1 ••
-19-
',-
\
Table 3 Provisional \tlndard of hith·definition TV
Table 2 15£ link budpr
--
U,...illk IMTI'S til IU) -- A.-ctr...e
UneintHl_
1121
3:J
2: I
MT"S.I.I.I'-'. Cdlllftlc") 112.2 Field ,...,.,_ fre.-..cY =t-!:
F,.. .... I _
" ..... !·nn......
Cd)
Idll
-20U
".1
Vw.. fr~~ ~d1.'"
l.&III\i"_ IVI ,~tI"
. 20MHI
"-ill .....·,., Cd8m/25 Mlhl -OU
=:
1"",1 0.& MH,·
U,.IillkC/N
De_·link
s..... _
------- Idll
-F-~-
MTRS Mainland
3U
Ovornin...ce lei
L.int ~"."II.I . .
,.",..... elf "Jr. 1m' . 10.0
13.0 1.1 I 4.5
T •. ,....,.
T.......... 1oft
(d:>M/chl
idOl .t.7
Table. CItri.-tDoftOili ,.tio
-'Of,'" ',.to
Y ancI C chWWWI,
,... .....
T•. ln1~nn& ,.in
Frft 'p ..... I_'
,,_ ....tann' •• ;n
(dr.)
(dO)
(11111
37.5
·20!;!)
51.i
37.0
·2018
Cl.O
21.0
-205.
U.S
0 .... IN ... lGl1l
1'_ "owt\l I 11ft
II;tO ""
'O:OJ 11;_0
Rc.... c." ie, powr" lue ..,1 -58,1 .n.~ .756 ......
CN" 1431
'I., - ,1.4 11.1 llG
Neila~
o.-·hnll tIN
IdBmJ;t" ••;~:"
Idill _ -!lS.4
.
3B.3
-1l7.3
1'18
.1:1.0
21.0
elfl. 21.7
-
21.2 Dol 21.7 Dol
1 • \aI ClN
-
T V 'i....1 Q ...lttv - IdC) 33.9 '9.7
. 20.9
FM impro ..... "t f.ctor (dO) 18.6 Tibia 5 Picture lip·t(\410i~ rlLO for Y and C channels
f • •il impro.....,...' fecl~ I~III 2.0
ftf"""
SIN (oJOI !is.4 I 41.2
1 42.4
eN" Idlll
1 V.1l.
tl.1
Cd\,
21.2
I
_III "_11,
1'..
SNA IdBI j 40.1 41.2 Unvlel~~ttd
Table.. Wauuremeeu 01 attemaatiaa . . . ralllfaU rate at ~CSa a.4 TTJt.S
• (lZ.06U CHa. Ml'Ut to December 1'71)
J
~
Attemaaticm .xu.dedl Ita illbt.U J' ate a.e~tioD Time
for Ih'eD .,. (db) for pveD'" (mmlhl, I (lOO~ miJ!)
Location 1 0.1 1 0.1 i ~.::uatioD I Jlai ..laU
Oau a...r a
MiMaudatio 0.8
11/
1.3
1.1
,3 19
15
19
)7
IZ
91 Z)
TOD&cuN 2.3 5.S 6 39 34 59
!CGaeruswna 0.3 1.7 4 11 sa 160
o...e 0.1 6.5 13 52 41 164
)Uteu. 1.2 3.0 1 15 40 161
AlhiRrl 1.1 3.3 6 11 S9 1~
I&l&hAza ,1l ,I) 1 10 3Z 161
OIIalea 1.6 3.9 5 11 34 16'
Nate 1) No .1l'oUficaDt data due to trOllbl. of equipmaat.
2) ObserySticm tUDe Ncoma. abort.r due to failure of rai.D~a,e.
TaW. 1 EUecU ... palla l ••,Ua obtai .... at ralay
. . . . . ,.., locationa
- T.bl~ 8 Trana=1.a10n p.~a~atera ot up-link 11&nal
Leeali_ ,t.....
EU.ct'''. paUa l.nltA (01'
r---'
I!
fllal&U riU. (lenl BS/r.(-TV vid.o al&r.. l chl,-lat1.on 12l'IHz
0....
10 mm/la
4.l ,..
lS mm/h SO JDtI\/la
I.'
e=phu1.s
ener&y ~~.~.r•• l
Cell hc
600:tltt
405-1
•At..,. (5.J) (4.7) (J.II CS/nt-TV video 'i&nal d.vlatlo"
_phull
21.5~:~z
ecn hc. 40~-1
Aalllnri 1.0 I.' I.' .ne:'1Y d1apcnal 1Khz
I raa., . (t.1) 14.5, (J.71 CS I fD)i- FM noi.so-Ioae.", with the follo-Jir.&
~.~iatlon
x.u. __ '.1
te.t-to~.
..., C'.Jl
I I 972ch ; S02lt..'U/cft
6(1eft ; 2iOIl.Hz/ch
..... n. _1,... LA ( I are d ... t_4 u_ \
n,. I .t CCUl .... ,. S'-4.1 (ToIry9 arta,
-20-
't •• le' Prouct10!! tt.:1C! re~"in. r.r
lnt.rf.rence fr .. ~-TV IllDAl
11111 .. 10 ProucUOtl r.tio r~dr'" for
l.terferenee troo FDM'~ atltlll
oChot l.borec • ..,.
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.\In,.ntll oCh.t
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as!r.-!-!'; SS/r.<i-T\· Hell 37.UI
CS/FmI-nf U/r.:-TV 26.4e11 2l.UI lS.SdI )2.441
&S/""-T\' CS/r.1-'tV 29.341 lUI
(te.t plct.. r. : color b.r)
(t.lt plc!.. r. color bar) • I •• 1.... vorl 11.1t •• b, .llDAl-c.... l •• ratio
• .f r.calv••• 11DAl
T~b1o j 1 .ntorfonnco froo nt-TV 1nto FtJH-nt 1n tho . -
frequoncy cha~nel
capacity S/I* d/U** tCI' conditioQ
43dB 17. ~dl' with the porollctero for tho Ioulsot
972ch ~OdB 24.~dB 972-chonn01 carrior
60dB )4.SdB nt-TV (color uoro) vithout enor!!.y diaper.a1
43dB 8.~dB tOlt-tone doyl~t10n 270kHz I'M
60ch 50dS 16.0d8 cmph.lSh off
60dll 2!>.SdB nt-T'I (color bar.) vith~ut one"IY diapenal
• : ailna1-to-int'l·f.ren~e noi •• rotiu in tho won.t channol duo to
intetrerencct froll a" .1'.10luO FM-TV tr.,:.;a~ •• ion
00 the ratIo of "anted-to-uf\vantcd ol,nul povor . , tho a.,.lUtt')
input
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MODEL 790 Satellite Television'. Re.ceiver '.
FEATURES
o LOW NOISE 500K (= 4.3 dB NF)
o 5·CHANNEL SC:...ECTION
o BASEBAND AND NORMAL. VHF TV CHANNEL
OUTPUTS
o LOW POWER CONSUMPTION 11 WATT AC
o COMPACT ANTENNA AND TERMINAL EQUIP·
MENT
o SIMPLE INSTALLATION
o MAINTENANCE FREE
o LOW COST
GENERAL
NEC. as a pioneer in space·age comrr.unications has
lon9 predicted direct satellite reception for broadcast
applications The genesis of this concept occurred in
1973 as NEC and NH K (Japan Broadcasting Corpora·
tion) began joint development of such a receiver. By t "
1915 NEC had supplied single channel receivers for I
NHK for field testing of the CTS (Communication
I !
Tp.chnology Satellite). The results were exrellent and
well pl.!blicizeci
NEC now proudly introduces the second generation
of d:rect receiver ... the Mo-:lel 790. This new. five
chailnel model, has been in! tailed and extensively
U
tested by NHK on the Jilpanese SSE Satellite
(Medium'scale Sroad ...ast Satellite for Experim2rtal
Purposes). A 4 G Hz v~rsion of this product has been
developed as a system for Domsat use,
S'JSTEM DIAGRAM
ANTENNA
NORMAL TV SET
CJ~
1
lOW NOtSUONVERTER
CO~XIAl 7 ABLE
ff-----~
I FM·At> CONVERTERI
r--c----
t:-~ §
----------...;...-~------B-a-se-b-an-d-O-u_tP_u_t
.
J
FAC 0
__h ........- ....................--......:..
...... _____
",,'
...,
~.
LINK DESIGN
An example of link - .. ' 1 is given for the BSE. As mentioned in Tables, when the satellite EI RP is
55 dBW, the Video SIN becOI"':; 4? dB and threshold margin is 7 dB.
TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS
OF JAPANESE BSE LINK CALCULATION
ITEM PARAMETERS PARAMETERS
ITEM
Satellite EIRP 55dBW VIDEO S.:lJND
Polarization linear Satellite EIRP dBW 55.0 -
Video parameters Path loss (at 12 GHzI dB -205.8 -
Television standard eelR system M Ground station GfT dB/I( 13.5 -
Top baseband frequency 4.2 MHz Down·link CfT dBW/1( -137.3 -
ModulatIon FM BOltzmann'S constant dBW/I</Hz 228.6 -
D..,iation 12 MHz p.p Bandwidth (27 MHz) dB Hz -74.3 -
ModulatIon polaroty Sync. neglItlve elN dB 17.0 22.2
Energy dIsPersal 600 kHz p-p FM improvement dB 18.9 19.3
Prl.'~phasis eCI R Rec. 405 Weight"'~ factor
dB 12.8 11.6
IncludIng emphasIS
Sound parameters
Sound subcarrier onto S/~ dB 48.7 53.3
TransmissIon system
J
yldeo baseband
Modulation I
I
FM
Threshold ma'gln dB 7.0 -
Top bas<eband IreQuency
Sound $ubcarrier frequency
13ICHz I
4.5M"'
OeYiatlon of RF carroer by subcarroer ±1 MHz Peak
Deviation of subcarrier by sound 125 k H.~ Peal<
Pre-emphasls 75~sec.
_~ liON FOR 625 LINE SYSTEMS (OPTION)
.
_.IA TELEVISION SYSTEM B.G.H I D.I(
-
Top VIdeo rreQ;;ency 5 MHz 5.5 MHz 6 MHz
SOli nd subca'fler freouency 5.5 MHz 6 MHz 6.5 MHz
i
ITEM VIDEO SOUND VIDEO SOUND VIDEO SOUND
s... l,te EIRP dBW 55.0 , - 55.0 - 55.0
I -
Pat h loss (at 12 GHz) dB -205.B - -205.B I - -205.B -
Grou nd statl:)n ~fT dB/I< 13.5 - 13.5 - 13.5 -
Dow n·l,nk CiT dB .... /K -137.3 - -137.3 - -137.3 -
Bol umar.'I·S constant dBW/K;'Hz 228.6 - 228.6 - 228.6 -
8~nd wIdth (27 MHz) dB rlz 74.3 - 74.3 - 74.3 -
eIN dB 17.0 20.5 17.0 19.7 17.0 19.0
FM ImprOveme'1t dB 16.6 25 ., 15.4 25.3 14.2 25.2
ohtH'O flictor
dB 16.3 c 12.9 9.2 lB.l 9.2
udlng ~mphasis I
SIN 08 49.9 55.0 45.3 54.2 49.3 53.5
Thr eshold margin dB I
"
7.0 - '.0 - 7.0 -
:No!e Abo\ie Itnk calculatIon for 625 I;r...... ,><MnS i~ made or. thl! assumptIon of the same sPeCifications as thOS<e of Japa"ese SSE .alul.' )
-3-
ORt8~~·~ ~;~ :--~.'~.~~ 13
OF PC'~,,;. Q- ;.. ~.JTY
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE ',.
'.
General performance
Frequency range 11.950-12.130 GHz. olher freQuency OOlion.1
Tunin; 5 C"Il~nl'l. O\ish·bullon selecl
_A_n_t_e_n_n_a_s_il_e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I..;.2~,.,. Olher SIZes avatiab,e
Outputs Bas~nd (Video. sound) & AM (VHF TV CHI
Antenna characta"st'Q
Gain 41 c3 1112.0 GHz
Polarizalion Llrear. CirCular available
Adjustment ~z - ..lIn ±So E:evatlon: 20 0 _55 0
Wind sUnllYl1
0.61 " 1.25 m'
Weight 38 11;; apprOl(.
Noise temperature 500 K tYOica' (a4.3 dB NF)
St.ndard input level· -nOIl9\\'
Baseband output V,d;!lO: 1 V p·pl7Sn
50.. -.0: 0 d8m/600n
VHF output Vision carrier· 80-85 de .vl7sn
So'-lnd carrier: 14-10 d6 down to VIsion carrier
1 h\" IPP'Ox. AC 50-60 Hz
Operating to:mperature LNC; -20'-+40 o C
F~C; C"-+40oC
Walght (approx.! 8. Dimension LI\C: 1.3 kg. 49(H) ,,92(W) x 289(0) mm
FAC: 3.1 kg. 70\H) .. 230\W) l( 18610) mm
IF cable; 2.0 kg. 30m lon9
.,
RECEIVER CONFIGULATION ~
Receiver consists of j
0 Antenna 1 >
!
A
0 Low nOise con\·erter 1 i
0 FM-At-.1 convener 1
0 IF cable (30m long) 1
0 Output cables for video 1 .i
Sound 1
VHF 1
0 Instruction manual 1
"j
·'1
The ;nformltlon. dra... n§". or any Other dltl ..,cludtod her.,n .re subject to change WIthout notic •.
Cat. No. HTD·E-4144
NEe Nippon Electric Co ltd NEe America, Inc.
r . .JOt.•• ~.:" ~"". o, .. ,'~
NEC Telecommunication Europe Co.Jtd.
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UDC 621.397.62.029.6:629.713
12 GHz TV Receiver for Direct Reception from
Broadcasting Satellites
By Hiroshi YOSHIDA*, Hiroshi WATANABE·, Katsuaki TOMODAt and Yasushi KUROKAWAt
AllSTRACT This report deals with the performance of a TV receiver for dirl'c! reception of VHF signal output
irom a broadcasting sateHite which will be launched from Japan in March 19;8. For probable mass
productilJn in the future. the design of Ihls TV rec~iver is simple, compact, stable and lightweight. With a 1.2
meter diameter anteMa typical receiver CiT is 13.5 dB and NF is 4.0 dB. It features in a circuit which eliminates
the energy dispeisal signal in a 600 k~p_p <!eviation. Its power consumption is as low as 11 WAC.
1. ~TRODUCTION 2_ SSE SYSTEM
Active studies are now being conducted worldwide SSE was scheduled to be launched into geo-
on satellite broadca~ting. In 1977. the technical stand- synchronous orbit at I10 0 E longitude. Its purposes
ards for satellite broadcasting were adopted by WARC- are to test TV signal transmission characteristics and
BS of the ITU Radio Conference. A Medium-scale run experiments on satellite broadcasting system con-
Broldcastw.g Satellite for Experimental Purposes (BSE) trol, thereby rmding better ways to meet various
was scheduled to be launched in March 1978 from broadcasting demands_
Japan (I). With full cuoperation of Technical Research Of SSE earth station facilities, several stations are
Labor:ltories. Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK), related to TV signal transmission. besides the receiver
the wnters have been working on the ~evelopment and for direct reception. They include the main transmis·
realization oi a direct receiver since 1973 [2]. TV sion reception station, tr:msportabl.: transmission!
receivers for direct reception from a broadcasting reception stations and receive-only stations. A system
satellite. developed and delivered to NHK. have been diagram is shown in Fig. I.
quite successfully operated in field tests on a Com- The radiation pattern from a spacecraft transmitting
munication Technology Satellite (CTS) [3] . antenna has already been made public, as shown in
The writers wish to report on the 5-channel re- Fig. :2 [1]. Since the output power from the 1WT
ceiver, which has been particularly developed for loaded on the spacecraft is determined as 20 dBW,
Japan's SSE. This receiver is designed for direct TV S.1tellite EIRP is estimated as over 55 dBW throughout
reception from a broadcasting satellite, with considera- the Japanese mainland, covered by the inside zone
tion glven to Simplified circuits and mass production.
When compared with conventional microwave equip-
ment. its :eature~ are simple configuration and low
price.
A. brief exposition will be made in this report on
the BSE. which is to be used with this receiver, its
expeflmental system and various transmission para-
meters. Then the system and operation of this receiver
will be detailed, together with typical performance
charJctens!l.:s, as well as measured value distributions
for 'ome of the characteristics.
Recel.,er tor M~ln
T'Ml~t.Ib ..
dirk' T • & R. h & R.
r\!'C~!jtlon 11.'00'" ".110n
°Br(\J-;lc.,t E.qulrment DIVISIOn ....
+:-;C'" :-;Ippon IJcctnc Co .. ltd. Fig. 1 SSE teleVISIon tnnsmisslon diignm.
-5-
c:,. .. ', . j
• >.
12 GHz TV Receiver for Direct Reception Irom iloadcasting Satellites
compact and simple, compared with satellite communi·
of the 37 dBi contour.
cation equipment. This receiver is designed for direct
The expected signal.!o-noise ratio (S/N) of this TV
TV signal re~eption at anyone's home from a satellite.
receiver is shown in Table I; while the video weighted
Its antenna and L'IC are shown in Fig. 4, and an FAC
SIN could be 48.4dBp-p/rms, if as much as 13.5 dB
mounted on a TV set is shown in Fig. S.
receive~'s GIT can be attained. Modulation parameters
lhis receiver employs the double. heterodyne sys·
are assumed to be those listed in Table U.
tern. l11e 12 GHz signal, received by the antenna, is
shifted down by LNC to the lst IF in the UHF band.
3. RECEIVER SYSTEM
and transmitted to F AC via the IF cable. The CHF
signal, which is related to the required channel through
This receiver is composed of an antenna, a
the 1st IF chanTlels, is agaifl converted by the FAC
low.noise frequency converter (LNC), and an FM·to·AM
rni."<er into 130MHz 2nd IF. Then it is FM·
converter (F AC), connected by an IF cable. Unit
demodulated and its output is remodulated into an AM
dimensions are shown in Table ilL Receiver structure is
• signal.
The frequency allocations for both the 12 GHz
band and lst IF (UHF band) are shown in Fig. 6, in
which the 1st L'IC local frequency is selected as
11.66GHz. The FAC output, as mentioned above,
consists of the VHF·A.\! signal. baseband video and
sound signals and AGC vvltage output.
Th~ VHF·AM signal is derived from the baseband
signal by remodulation. This signal can be con·
nected from the F AC directly to the antenna termi·
nals on ordinary TV sets. Therefore, satellite broad·
casts can be received by a si:"ple TV set.
Baseband outputs can be fTleasured to obtain data
on output characteristics vs satellite broadcast data,
simply by connecting the outputs to video or sound
monitor equipment or to test equipment.
1
1
1
j
~
Table 11 Modulation panameler.
Modulatio"
Fic.2 BSE 12 GHz a~tenna gain. Video HI
Sound HHM
Eller&>' dispersal trianglllaz ...·aveform
SHF d~l·ilttto"
Table I BSE link calculation. Video J 2 MHz r'p
Sound subcaIfler 2 ~IHz pop
Satellite EIRP 55 dBW
Energy dispersal 600 kHz pop
Path lou -lO5.8 dB
13.5 dBfJ( :iound subcllrritr dnlllrio" 50 "Hz O>-P
Ground r~("eiver Gir
-137.3 dBW/K Emp/ta5i,
CiT
228.6 "R\i{/HzlK Video CCIR Rl:c. 405
Boltzmann's const~t
dBHz Sound 15."scc
Band ...·ldth (27 MHz) J
C/lV 17.0 dIS BaJtN"d [,rqu,,,c-y 'I"'"
Video 60 H1 - 4.~ '1Hz
F'ot Improvement 18.9 d:l
Sound 50Hz-13 kHz
Wel&hlinll faCH)f 125 dB
~TSC ,\11
We~hted SiS (video) '8 ~ dB
-6-
444. ,'",,,-.W;,, Q. -% .'-$
',,-,i· .- -.,'\.h·~ t~~,,"lf"\:"~ f'l
NEe RESBRCH " DEVELOP'IENT· So. so lilly 1978
The ACC voltage output represents the SHF input parabol'c :1lltenna is set at I.: meters in order to
level. Consideration is given to its setting for probable ensure ..bout 13 dB receh'er G'T. Its horn is designed
antenna direction adjustment upon installation of the for m:Lximum pin. Its pin at I: CHz is 4L! dBi and
receiver and for measuring satellite wave intensity after 58 K noise temperatwe. Antenna patterns are shown in
the installation.
4. tJNIT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Antenna
The antenna that receives the satellite waves consists
of a parabolic antenna :md its support bay to secure 1
OutdOOf
the antenna on the ground. The diameter of this
Table III Typical ft!ceiver performance clwacteristics.
Video output clraract~ristics
Output level 1 Vp.p /7S0
Gain/frequency response *0.5 dB r- -
t
----------------,I
V~
DG 2% (APL SO%) I
I To mOOllOf Ot :
Dr I" (APL 50%) I
I
Sour.d } lesl eqUIpment I
I
I I
Sound outpur cllaracuristia I I
I I
Output level OdBm/6000 I I
I Ace I
Gain/frequency response ±l dB : vc·t~e .......",..--_-J' I
I RecOfder I
I I
Harmonic distortion 1% I I
L ___ ~~.!':P!"~~~~I_~_____ J
VHF outpur characterisria
Carner frequency stability ±lOOkHz
Fig. J 5.alellile rea:iver system dUar:lm.
Output I~vel 83 dBpV/7SD
Frequency response *1 dB
920 kHz I~f product -so dB
DG 4% (APl 50%) 0. <; . . . AS
OP 2" (APL SO%)
Sound carner level respect -11 dB
to VIdeo carrier level
OperatinK temperature ranKe
lNC
FAC
Dimensions
lNC 49(H) X 92(W)
X 289(0) mm
FAC 70(H) X 23()(W}
X 186(0) mm
LNC 1.3 k.
rAC } ! ItS
AC pOWfr COflrumplion 10.7 WiAC:100 V.
so - 60 Hz .. Fie .. AAlenna ;lnd l"C of reC"elver.
-7-
12 CHz TV Receiver for Dire::'! ReceptiOn from ~roadClstinl Satellites
"
Fig,7. installed.
The bay that supports the antenna must be Antenna elevation setting is changed by either
equipped with both coarse setting and fine adjustment closing or opening the pantograph legs supporting the
mechanisms, since the elevation and azimuth of the antenna, as shown in Fig. 8. Support leg positions are
satellite will vary, considering the latitude and longi- chosen along holes P bored in the sides of the support
tude to tre point where the receiving anterma is base. Hole separations represent I o~ elevation steps.
I 2S I 25 I I 25 : 25 ! :'J I
SHF 1~11A21 I Blls<! e3tc~'J'~
-1
1
inc! IF
130
Fig. 6 Inpul SHF. lsI IF and 2nd IF frequency
Fie. 5 F AC on TV set. .~Iocations.
tOO o 180
Angle (de; I
F"II· 7 1.2 meter ante,lna pattem.
-8- •
_ _ r-
,tIc 1IiIiIIIIfIi- Y-n 4
-.p¥ 9
_ i
NEC RESEARCII &. O[VELOP~IENT . No. SO Jllly 1978
noise figure of LNC. Employing the low·noise bipolar
Desired elevation ior the installation location is deter-
transistor V219 (NEC) enables obtaining a noise figure
mUled. Antenna support bracket leg positions are
of about 1.5 dB and a gain of about SO dB within the
scinored open or closed to the desired configuration.
290 MHz to 480 MHz frequency r:\nge. lO 1 uses the
TIlen the support bracket legs are bolted into place.
4 GHz transistor oscillator and a win of varactor
Following this coarse alignment. fine adjustment is
diode tripier, aiming at easy adjustm:-nt and stability.
made in the antenna alignment within a ±5° range
TIle 11.66 GHz local power can be produced by LO 1.
!.ISIng a fUle adjust scr~w. The 4 GHz oscillator employs a dielectric resonator
The azimuth is designed to be adjustable with the
in its feedback loop. This oscillator and the multiplier
fine adjust screw within ±S' range after the antenna
are both composed of stripline circuits.
bay is secured at the precalculated azimuth. Both the
. The aver3ge lNC performance attained by the
antenna and its bay are designed to withstand wind
above configur3tions indic3tes about 4.0 dB noise
velocity 0f up to 40 m/sec. figure and about 47 dB gain. Noise figure frequency
characteristics examples are shown in Fig. 11. The
4.2 LNC cutoff frequency of the Schottky-barrier diode, used in
As shown in Fig. 9, L"IIC is composed of a 1st
the above examples. is 635 CHz. Figure 12 shows
mLxer t~llX I). which shifts SHF input down to the
linearity characteristics for the LNC input versus
1st IF signal in the UHF band. an IF amplifier (IF A)
output power. From Fig. 1:. it is apparent that the
to amplify the above UHF signal to a sufficiently
two-tone intennodulation product ratio is a satis·
,t rong level, and a 1st local oscilla tor (LO 1), which
factory value of -73 dB considering the fundamental
supplies the local power to MIX 1. Figure 10 shows the
output at a standard -110 dBW input level point. C/N
LNC appearance. by channel intermodulation is calculated as 67 dB,
For its main purpose of a low.priced and stable
even if 5 channels are simuitaf'eously applied to LNC.
receiver. lfiis 'receiver does not use my parametric
Therefore, satisfactory linearity can be ensured_
amplifier or FET amplifier. yet it is capable of low
noise pe:formance by optimization of noise figures for
!he aiorementioned mixer. ~HX 1 is an image.shorted
cir.:uit employing a GaAs Schottky-barrier diode 1.5S II
(~EC) with high cutoif frequency. It is made with a IF output
SHF &
pl.lnar cir,::ult mour.ted in waveguide (PCMW) [4] [5]. Input baas Input
It IS thus effective i., actuevUlg as low conversion loss
as 3 dB or lower.
The IF:\. noise figure also seriously affects the total
Fis. g LNC block di:lcriJl\.
. '-,
,
.
,. '
(:~.-~. "
~/
:~
p .. r". 10 lNC.
-9-
--- -_ ... -,.
.-,~",. ~a;. . . _ .... _•. ..;,. •.. __ ~ __ • __ .. _ _ . _ .......... .
12 OHz TV Receiver for Direct Reception from .Broadcastln. »tellites
5 circuit has been developed to compensate for distor-
iD 600 ~
~ II
500 !i tions for the vertical synchronization period. Figure 14
~ 4 ii
400 shows a block diagram of this video clamping circuit.
....j. !
3 JOO ~ The high·pass nIter (HPF) of RC attenuates the
I :..
~
200 .80
z
L. 1195
11.90 1200 12~ 12.10 12.15 12.20
ItIDUt Signal FreQuency IGHzl
20 lrd order
intercept POint
+4 dam
Fie. 11 Noise r"we characteristics.
a
E
II) -20
43 FAe :!:!
A block diagram of this F AC is shown in Fig. 13. t0
~
-40
The channel selection for this direct recei\er is achiev-
2
ed by FAC under the control over the 2nd local
oscillating frequency in the varactor tuning. Any
0
'5
-00
1
,
~
channel can be selected out of 5 channels within the I
1st IF band (290 MHz to 470 MHz) by presening the j
tuning voltage. The 2nd IF is 130 MHz. A bandpass -80 ]
l
mter (BPF I) is inserted before the MIX 2 so as to ]
bring the image rejection of the 2nd conversion
performance to 20 dB or more and the IF rejection to
30 dB or more. SIN deterioration, caused by noises
-100
,
1
inflltrating from t.he MIX 2 image band, can thereby be
suppressed below 0.05 dB.
-140
Input Power (dBWI
--60
,i
BPF 2 is a filter, which determines the receiving
bandwidth of each channel. The 3 dB bandwidth is set Fie. 12 LNe output power YI input power.
]
to 27 MHz. The cutoff characteristic~ hold at-
tenuation at over :5 dB at ±29.7 MHz to elimi-
nate interference from adjacent channels. Both
BPF I and BPF 2 are the 2·pole 3-section lst F
Tchebychev fliter3. onput
AGe is a forward AGe using a bipolar
transistor. Its output variation is limited to less
than :to. I dB, within the standard input range
flO dB. It is thus capable of supplying SIgnals to ~--------------_____J
the limiter in the next section at an optimum
\' jeo
input level. The limiter is a seriai limiter using a
silicon Schottky·barrier diode. It is capable of
AM suppression over :!5 dB against input level
fluctuation witltin ±IO dB, in conjunction with
the AGC in the pre\10US ~ection.
The FM-dlscrimlJ'lator is a Travis type. Its
S<urve characteristlcs are 70 ~IHz in pe:lk·to·
peak value. DG 3r.d DP for this discnmUlJtor
proper are 1'( :l1ld 1° or less. respe;:!j\·ely. The
elimin:itmg cirCUlI for triangular waH Signal for
energy dlSP~Is;U IS of the clamp system. AnI.' . . . Fic· 13 nl·A~t .:onverter block d~.
-10-
NEe RESEARCH 4. DEVELOPMENT· No. SO July 1971
fundamental component of the 30 Hz triangubr wave provide simpler circuits. The bandpass falters and
to approximately 10 dB. The clamping circuit is an notch mters employed in these circuits for lOund
ordinary diode clamping circuit that is given h.i&h.pass suhcarrier are ceramic filters. thereby obviating any
characteristics. This clamping circuit is enable to funher adjustment. Obtained DG and DP values for
attenuate the 30 Hz fundamental components to 35 dB the amplitude modulation circuit can be as much II
in ali, in conjunction with the previous HPF. 2% and 3°, respectively.
As the vertical synchronizing signal is also diffe!en· Adding to the above FAC configuration, the fonow.
tiated by the s:ud high·pass characteristics, and thereby ing three requirements were taken into consideration in
produces cenain distortion, such a vertical synchroniz· the design of this block:
ing signal is separated by the synchronizing separator (1) Low noise.
circuit. and then applied to the above clamping circuit (2) Low price.
to compensate for the distortion in the vertical (3) Low power consumption.
synchronization. AFE at the next section is an For the low noise value, particular attention has
amplitude·frequency equalizer composed of Re. and been paid to the Ie .'. 'jjrupam, cutoff characteristics of
compensates for the distortion in the field blanking BPF 1 and BPF 2, AM rejection by the limiter and
intern!' This eliminating circuit is effective to suppress balance in FM-discriminator, etc. As a result. the
the triangular waveform signal for energy dispersal by residual value of the video signal.to.unweighted noise
approximately 40 dB. Figure 15 shows video signal ratio (unweighted SIN) is found to be more than
waveforms before and after the eliminating circuit for 60 dB, while a value approximating the ideal value can
triangular waves, that are equivalent to deviation at likewise be obtained for t'.:::.l;U~ SHF carrier level
600 kHz ~, value. versus SIN. Figure! 8 show~ t'1es.! characteri~ics. For
The 1Il'..,plitude modllation circuit, sound sub carrier low price. the most component circuits of this receiver
amplifier (SSA) and sound demodulator, as shown in are already in use, and are quite instrumental in
Fig. 13, are all composed of integrated circuits to reduction in parts prices, in conjunction with the
simple adjustment·free circuits made of integrated
circuits and ceramic filters.
Low power consumption can be manifested by
FAC, including LNC, which consumes about 4 W DC
power in all and about 11 W AC power. It can be
expected to reduce the AC power consumption to 5 W
FIeld II .... or so by means of switching regulators. It may aiso be
rvnc put. feasible in the future to use solar batteries, if available
at ch~aper prices. in the head-end of the unattended
Fie 14 Video cloimpll11 ClCcuit block diaaram. ca!Jle system, by joint operation with DC battery.
5. PERFORMANCE
,J, ......
5.1 Noise Figure Distribution
The noise figure for 5 receiving chaMels has been
measured for an LNC unit. Results are show., in
Fig. 16. together with the noise figure data distrii'u,
tions observed in 13 L'lJC units for a total of 65
channels. It is apparent, from this figure. that the
average noise figure IS 3.978 dB (:435 K). and the
standard dev!.1tion is 0.375 dB. Thus, the noise figure
values for approximately 84% of all test ch.annels are
better than the SU .. I oi 3.978'" 0.375 = 4.353 dB
(:= 50S K).
rlJ 15 Video sljlrul v.3\tfOmH of Input (upper) lIId • 5.:! Local F~uency Stability
OU!pu: 'Ivv.tr I 'Ideo clJmpl11g (I(nUl BecalJse of Its outdoor IllstaU;ltion. the variation in
-11-
------. ------------------------------
y; . p--
,
1
"
12 CHz lV Receiver ror Direct Reception fro~ Broadcastinl SateUites
'.
ambient temperature of the 1st LO is :Juite substantial, Point C Is equivalent to tht. point where the CiT
and frequency characteristics VI temperature changes deterioration is 1.2 dB in the rain for 1% of the time.
should be regarded seriously. Distribution in the $lid Point 0 to the point when the CIT deterioration is
characteristics is shown in Fig. 17. The tempe rature 2.6 dB in tilt :-ain for 0.1 % of the time. and point E to
change coefficient is counted in a +0.32 to the point when the CIT deterioration is 8.3 dB in the
-14.7 ppm/oC range. rain for 0.01 % of time (5).
Point A is equivalent to the point where the C T
5.3 Signal·T~Noise Ratio (SIN) in crem eni amount!. t\) 4.7 dB. assuming the same
Figure 18 shows unweifllled SIN performance for power flux density oi -) 03 dBW Iml as the 3rd region
video and sound signals together with the SHF input ~f the WA RC-BS techniCllI standards is given. From
carrier power (C) or an input equivalent carrier·to·noise pictu:-<: relevant 10 each point, it can be understood
temperature ratio (Cln. where C denotes T" 560 K. that this receiver can be properly operated for 99.99,
or the value in fUle weather. of time.
Point B of the above figure is the same point when All other baseband characteristics are integrated into
CIT is equal to -137.3 dB, as shown in Table!. Table III. These values that can be weU acc~pted. not
only for direct TV reception from a satellite. but also
for community reception and rebroadcasting pUflloses.
15~-----------------------------' 6. CONCLUSION
The present study on the 'IV recei,·er. which Ius
been developed particularly for BSE openuion. has
<Amer p~ Ie) 1\ T- 560 I( id'B\\)
-120 -115 -110 -105 -100
3.0 3.5 40
Notte F911" IdB) 60
Fia. 16 Node fllllre disuiblltion. ii
~
.2
i
•
~
i
50
;/
A
X
!
2
i- 40
J
i
... 0
:>
2
!p 30
~-' -1
Ih BW· 27 Ml"lz
..I
11
II:
-2
20
-3
-150 -14~ -140 -135 -130 -12~
-40 -20 0 zo 40 eo
CIT IdB\\,/~1
Arnt. ..... ' T_.,u'. t'CI
FI& 17 local rr"qurnC) deuallon ran~ by amb~nl
rl& 18 Video and JOUnd ",nll-Io-Unv.rl,hlrd nOI"
rillo n l"lpule,'T.
tempnllure
-12-
4¥ *' .
NEe R~SEARCH ol DEVELOPMENT· No. so July 1971
Technical Research Laboratories, NHK for his advice.
shown performance sufficiently suitable for practical
They are also grateful to many NEC personnel for
oper:uions, despite its simplified structure. Findings
their cooperation in the course of this work.
include:
( 1) Noise figure distribution for this receiver showl
REfERENCES
84% of the samples are approxima~ely 4.4 dB or
less. Further, this receiver is capable of receiving {I J M. Hir3i, "General Characteristics of Sattllite BroadclItinl
BSE over the Japanese mainland with a 99.99% System," preS<!nteG II ITU &miTllln on Sdttllirt BroIId·
reliability . ontin" Sept. 10-18, 1976.
(2) A new circuit has been developed, which can (21 H. WaL:natK and H. Yo~hida, "12 GHt Re«iver for
Satellite Broadcast Usc," Proc. of th~ 11th ISST'S. pp.
eliminate the 600 kHz pop energy dispersal sign4ls,
653-658,1975.
according to the requirement of the 1977 WARC·
(31 Y. Koni'hi. "Earth Sqmcnt·Receivinl System," prnented
BS technical standards. ,t lTll Snnwn on Sdt~lII" 8rOlldCtlltinl. Se!)t. 10-11,
(3) Solar batteries can likewise be employ:.i in this
1976.
receiver. for its DC power consumption is only (41 Y. Konishi, et aL, "New Microwaye Components with
about 4 W. M.>unted Planar Circuit in Wavel'llde," NHK LAboflltontt
Noft. No. 163, March 1973.
(5) Y. Konishi. "12 GHz FM Broadcast S'teUit,~ Receiyer,"
ACK..~OW LEDGMENT
.'fiero_v, J.. 21, pp. 55-62. January 1978.
The authors wish to thanJc Dr. Y. Konishi of the
Rtctivtd Mal'r.h 27, 197~
• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
KatN3~:i TO"ODA WI$ borr. on
Hiroshi YOSHIDA received the B.S. March 12, 1°37. He received the B.S.
dqree an .' ~ctronics from the Tokyo dCJTff an elec (!Ical eftlanccrinl frOM
Institute <:.: fechnolOlY in 1961_ FukUI Umven'ly in i959.
He joaned Nippon Electric: Co., Ltd. He JOIned Nippon Electric Co., ltd.
in 1962 and is now Eftlineerins Man- in 1959. ~nd is now AUllunl Manaler
I,er of Tnnsmnllnl Equipment E"li- of Enllfleeranl Dep'l!tment. 1 elevision
neerln, Department. Br03dcast Equip- Oiv~lon. New NIppon Electric ro., Ltd.
ment DiviSion. He has been en,.se d in
He ~$ been engaged U\ relurch and development of television
dnl~n 01 the mlCTO"'ave TV reby equipment. recel,.lfte equipment and tr~ HC()ca.,ted technololY.
'11. Y oml<U IS ] member of the Inslltute of TeleYlsion
"Ir. Tomada is a member of tho: Insll!ute of Television
E"llneen of Japan.
En&inffrl of J &pan.
• • • • • •
Haroshi WATANABE wal horn on
Y:uulhl KUROKAWA w~s born en
c: ~
March 14. 1942. He receIved the 8.E.
December 16. 1943. He receIved the
. delree In electracal enr'J\eulfIl from the
.. ~
;
'
limveully of Tokyo. Tokyo. Japan. an
B.S. deeree In electrical enltnffrinl
(rom Wa~dl unlversaty in 1968.
J96S. He JOIned Ne .... Nippon Electric Co .•
He jOlfled Nippon Elrctric Co.,
Ltd in 1968. and \I now Supervisor of
Ltd. In 1965 a .d II now Supervisor of
Enraneertn, Department of Television
Transmttllnl EqUipment E~anffrt:l.'
O"I\1<,n. He h:a. been en.J,ed in rc-
Oe;lJPrnenl. Broadc3st EqUipment DIVlllon. He has been
~Jrch and deHlopment of lelevulon recelvlnl equipment and
r",JFd In destin and development of the mICrowave l~leVlsaon
the assocaated technololY.
rei.) qUlpmenl. Mr. Kurok.,.,. u a member of the Inltllute nf TelevlPOn
\I{ \\1tanabe is a member of the lru"'ute of ElecuonlCs •
E~lnccn of Japan.
H'.d (olT:murucathln ErIIlfteen uf Japan.
.. . . . . . .. . . . . .
~
-13-
r ~ -~ ~ -. ~ ,. ~ ,0- "_ t ~
-.... ~ "t_'
uf r-:.··. II \ ~-"'.,. ,
....
UDC 621.396.14.029.6:629.7113
14/12 GHz-Band Mobile-Type Earth Station for
Jap~~n~se Broadcasting Satellite Communication System
By Fujio YA~IASHITA·. lkuro SATO+, Hiroaki SHI\IAYA~1At, Kouichiro YOSHIZUMI+
and Noriyuki YA~IASHITA+
ABSTRACT Jap:lOese experimental medium·scale broadcasting satellite was launched on Api! 8, 1978. The
broodcasting utellitl' communication system is expected to operate in the 14/12 CHz frequenc)" bar.d
and be capable oi simultaneous transmission of two color television chaMels. t\EC has supplied XHK with a
mobile-type eanh station accrossing to the Japanese broadc;;sting satellite. This repon describes function ar.d
performance of unh sution system and subsys'~ms. designed for using ~er carrier frequencies, and station
constru~tion lor mobile use.
I. ~TRODt:CTIO:"O areas where receptiC'n is poor. The broadcasting satel-
lite communication system consists of an experimentaJ
The Japanese medium-sc:tle broadca:.ting safe Ili te medium-scale broadcasting satellite to stay on a geo-
was launchC'd in April 197!). The experimC'ntal system stati~lUry orbit (above the equator) at longitude
is intendC'd for cmducting \"arious experiments on the IIO"E and associated e3Tth station facilities. Figure I
transmissi(ln of lele\ision sig.:uls using the 14/1~ CHz shows the configuration of the entire broadcasting
tlands. 'fC'3nwl'.i1~. '':lrious earth terminal facilities have satellite communication system.
been prep:ued ready for ~. The Radio Research This system employs the 14 CHz band for.he up
Uboratory (RRU of th-: Jap:lnese 'tinistr)' of Posts link and the I ~ CHz band for the down linK. The
and Telecommunic:ltI<Jns t"PI) has provided the main satellite proper is a 3-axis control type, incorporating
nnh station equipment ha\ing tr.1cking 3nd c;ontrcl two working nvr systems and one stand·by TIVT
capabilities. Jap3nese Broadcasting Corporation (XHK) system. each us.ing a high-efficiency 100 W TWT. It is
ha~ prep:ued a mobile-type earth station. a trans- designed to allow simultaneous transmission oi !wo
portable earth stalion. lUld simple rtceive~nly termi- tele\'ision channels. In 1971, the WARC·ST determin~d
nals. (requ.:ncy assignment to broadcast satellites. The fre·
quency allocation granted to the broadcastmg s3teillle
2. BROA[)(AST[\"G S.-\TELLlTE COW.tUi\'!CA- ::omrnunic;atic.n system by the WARC·ST is shown in
TIO:-' S'aSTDt OL'TLl'~E Fig.~. In thi~ frequency alloc:Hion. telemetry I
cotruTWld signals an: allocated in tile luwer
The broo.:1c:JStin~ !>JuIL,<' cOm1Ourucation system pOTtlOn of the SOO ~IHz bandwidth and five
... ill be used 10 condu,t tr..."lSm~il)n tests on television tele\;sjoll channels (Ah A" 8 1• B, and B,) and fOUT
sign:l11 and soud by using a s:;tellite commum~3tlon ordtrwue channels are allocated In the up!"er 180 ~IHz
~·stem. It is dt~i!,-d to esubbh optTaung techruques bwdwidth portion. For signal transmISsion. the m3in
(or the brOld.::asting utellite c;C'mrnunicatiun system as C2frier will be fTtQuency·m0(1ula ted with a baseband
:l step 109.-~d (utwe lau!'ldtin~ of t~l!esc-ale bro;;:dcast sjgnal containing TV Video. 4.5 ~1H1 sound suhc3nler
S3ttUlte\ wlu.:h ,.,ill allOIA' thtse TV sig.n~ls to b~ and the ordcrwirt signal will be frequency·modub ted
ie.:!'i\"ed ~Pl!"2ttly br simplll~d receiving equipment. with I voi.::e f~equenc~ signal. The s;allon reponed
thll~ 10 ,o~ ,.,'nh domt'i~c broad.:.~! dt'ntands and hereUl u transpoft:i.ble e3ith ~t3tion Type B, sho ..... n in
conhibutt to edll.::ltion a"ld the red~IC!lon of (rine;e Fig. I. which allows transmissi0n Jnd receptron of "IV
sjgnals and order ...:ire slfl1Jis by mtJns of a ~.S rr.6 Of
°lUdlu Gr.:'JP 3.0 mo antenna.
. J
t\II.-:o\01\( lnl! 5..:tllJ:t C",,-,ml,;:-U:11I>.)n, DI\I\lOn
~s"ltllllt (.'mrnu.ru..-al ..."" 5) llt:%" [)I\-.Slon
- J."".
- ----.---------.. . . .----..-L-...a....~, . ~.
NEe RESEARCH &. DEVELOPMENT' No. SO July 1971
As shown in the system configuration of the
mobile.type earth station in Fig. 3, the
14/11 GHz bands are employed to aDow
simultaneous transmission of one TV channel
(CH Bl ) and two orderwire channels, as well
as reception of two TV channeis {CH A, and
B l ) and three orderwire channels - all at one
time.
The appearance of the broadcasting satellite
mobile-type earth stadon is shown in Photo I.
The antenna and receiving low·noise fre~'lency
converter are mounted at the rear of the
S.me'le RKe..... ,,'......:0-••
rr ......... 01'\ • .~ .. Y'.
r,.....,..,~. ,.....
",."sm·.,01\ TrICking vehicle. All other equipments are 3.ccommo-
rPCeI'YIn.~ only .--- or· -,.." , re.,l,on a.~tr?l
stat;ons ..... <.. r ..·,...,
IT~ .. station
StillOft dated in the van. The following consideration
eal"IIPment IT . . . . •
S band~, l~ given to this mobile·type system.
M4ny Sliltons Several Sc!Yera l Several K band at
on Japan stations "tltoons Nllons Kash.ma Kltsuurl & (1) All functions necessary for an earth sta·
maInland throughOut thrO\q\Out U'ttoughout RRL OkInawa
Japan .Japan J_" NASCA tion are mounted on one vehicle with due
consideratiof'l for mobility and operation
ease_
Fig. I Broadcasting satellite communication system
(2) Since RF frequencies in ~ ue high and
conflgUIation.
the antenna beam width is very narrow,
the vehicle strength and stability are in·
creased so as to rrunimize the pointing error.
(3) The electron tubes of the power ampli.
Command
-J
:z
A
14.0
22'5 MHz fiers and associated waveguides need not be
dismounted when driving the vehicle from point to
point.
(4) The antenna can be assembled and stowed in a
short time.
(5) The antenna is designed to reduce radiation side
lobe level.
(6) Each equipment is designed to be compact, light·
14.35 14375 i4.4 14 4216: ~: 1443 GHI
weight and shockproof, and for low-power con·
IReceIVIng freQuency IS lower than
144279= : sumption.
14428i:
"an,m.lllng freQuency by 2 3 GHz) 14.4265 (7j Human engineering concept is adopted to ensure
operation ease and personnel safety.
Transmission during rain is described by the link
Fia.2 Transmit cartier frequency arnngemmt for
br('ladcast s:ltellite communication system. budget in Table I. An overall system carrier·to·thermal-
noise ratio (C/N) of 19.6 dB is obtained for the
Japanese mainland by this mobile station. To obtain
the e.i.r.p. (effective isotropicaliy radiated power) of
3. BRDADCASTING SATELLITE MOBILE·TYPE
79 dBW, with as small an antenna as 2.5 m9, a
newly-developed 2 kW klystron tube high·power ampli·
EARTH STATION SYSTBI COlSFIGIJRATION
fier was used. 11tis earth station ej.r.l'. 'Jvercomes the
AND PERFORMANCE [II
3 dB rain attenuation and keeps the total receiving
1ne broadcasting satellite mobile·type earth station signal.to.noise ratio of 45 dB for receive-only earth
is des;g"ed to incorporate all the equipment necessary sta tion having 4.5 m 9 antenna 'at any place in Japan.
The 12 GHz low·noise down converter of a 4.5 dB
for con.:tructing a satellite communication earth
station on & vehicle. That is. it incqrporatfs the noise figure is used on the front end of the receiver
antenna, communications equipment, test equipment, because of the small diameter antenna. To achieve such
monitorIng equipment and power ~upply equipmt.'1lt. a !ow·noise figure, a recently-de\eloped planar circuit
ror Japanese BroadcasOna Satellite Communication
14/12 GUz·Band Mobile-Type Earth Scation
"
. System
14/~2 GHz
1_ 3~
100 V 200 V
~
I
I
I
12 GHz
r---l
I
Power
_______ .JI 5kVA
1.25 GHz 50/60 Hz
r ----:
I
I
I
2 kW HPA: 2 kW hiah·power amplifier OEM: Demodulator
100 W PA: 100 W power ampWlcr D/C: Down converter
EX: Exciter COMB: Combiner
U/C: Up converter DIV: Jivider
FlL: Filter CONY' Converter
MOD: ModuL1tor LN ("ONV: Low·noise converter
BOU: Baseband distribution unit OW: Orderwire
f •. 3 Mobile-type carth station blocJc dialfam.
mixer, mounted in a wave-
guide (2)[3][4], is employed.
The TV video signal in the trans·
mit system is frequency·modulated at
140 MHz into a 14 GHz·band signal.
which is amplified b5' a : kW klys.
tro~ tube power amplifier to be fed
. to the antenna. The orderwire signal
~ amplified by a 100 W n\lT and
combiner! with the TV sign:ll at a
10 dB coupling. In the receivlflg
system, the 12 GHz receiving Signal
from the anterma is converted to :I
1.25 GHz sign3.1 by a receiving low-
noise frequency converter. Aflar
being branched, Ihe TV Signal is
Photo I Brl.l~dQsllnJ glcllitc mobile-type c3rth st3t10n.
-16-
c NEC RES[ARCH .l DEVELOPMENT· No. SO Jllly /918
-. i, {
fr~quency·modulated at 140 MHz and the orderwire Table I Dlculatcd link blldpt (TV·vldeo chili"'/).
sisnal at 10.7 MHz. (/) Up I.m!; (14 CN:)
The antenna is a c:assear:lin type, which can be Mobil, S,.riolt
ml)unted on a vehicle, in e"her :2.S m 9 or 3 m9
Transmit power 33 dBW (1 kW)
antenna forr.!. The antenna is designed aivina particular
considel'3~ion to the low le\'el side lobe characteristic.
Feed., loss 3 dB
When the vehicle is driven from point to point, the Antenn. pin 49 dB (l.$m_)
antenn:: is kept vertical on the \·erude. Such main EIRP (on uil) 79 dlW
rellector portions that extend over the width of the hth loss lOB dB
vehicle are divided into :2 or J pieces so they can be Rain loss 3 dB
stowed ~"pafltely. I.2 dB
Satellite poinllllJ 10$$
"Iter adjusting the antenna to pcint the satellite
Total lou 211.7 dl
roughly at the site, orientation adjustment can be
etjected manually while monitoring the receiving signal S4ttllitt
level in the vehide. A translator for use in loopback Antenna lain 38 dB
test and test equipment for monitoring IV video Feeder loss 0.5 d8
signals are mounted to ensure operation and mainte· Noise temperature n.) dBK (lI:!O K)
run,;e ease. To furnish powe~ for operating tltis system,
CIT 4.2 dB/K
a compact ~5 kVA capacity engine generator is used.
CIT -n!.5 d8W(K
(ontinuous operation over long periods of time, is
assured. since the generator uses diesel fuel which is A: -U!.I> d8W/X·Hz
aha useE by the vehicle. The major overall perform. J 73.6 dB/Hz (23 MHz)
ance of this system is given in Table 11. Up link clN 26.5 dB
(:) Do ..." Lmk (11 GN:)
4. EACH SUBSYSTEM S4ttllitt
Transmit rower 2~ dBW (100 Wl
4.1 AnteMI
I The antenna for the mobile·type earth station is Feeder loss
Antenna lain
EIRP (on ilxis)
1.5
37
55.S
d8
dB
dBW
20S.! dB
I
Path lou
.'.-~ Rain lou dB
Satellite pointlllJ 10" dB
.~ Total loss 207.! d8
l • ."obil, Stlltio"
,
... ~
Antenna ,ain 475 dB 12.5 m!+)
. ,-
•·· ....4 - - NOise tempeuture
CIT
296
119
dBK (910 Kl-
dB/K
CIT -134.4 dBW/K
k -2286 dBW/K·H,
B 736 dBHl (23 MHll
Down link C.'N 20.6 dB
S~stem C/N 19.6 de
Thr~shold margm 9.6 dB
.'..
, /
~.:..::,
• ~~A..
", --_.
..J
FM ,ain
Wel,hlm, flctor
. 183
128
dB
dB
'. Tl"JI Slv ~O 7 .18
""">'0 1 Rectl\lIl, low·nolse f~quenci converter • Thli v:aluc: InchJoSc:, the noue ttmpctalurc Irll:re~nt
,l~('1 uut.lUed bch'J'd antennL .. ,ttl I .18 ram lou.
-17-
".~. J.._._.....
J¥C4'_ L-
Of I,'
,'., i
14/12 GH1·&nd ~lobilc·Type Eanh Stali.)n fOI Jolpanc5eSroadc:as.un. S,lIellite Communit'mllon System
-:
designed to achieve .compromise performance in gain. equipment. shockproof and hghtweight features due to
Mise temperature and side lobe characteristics. with as the nece'~sity for being mounted on a verucle. in
small a diameter as 2 - 3 md. In particular. the side consideration of these design requirements. a compact
lobe peak value of the anteMa was designed to meet high-efTiciency cassegrain anteMa. with a shaped reIlec-
the standard pattern (32 - 25logl}) recommended by tor. is adopted so as to obtain a uruform aperture
CrIR for interference calculation. It has been con- illumination distribution and low level side lobes.
sidered rather difficult for such a small-diameter A corrugated hom. with corrugations on the inside
antenna to meet the (TlR standard pattern. surface of the corucal hom. is used as the pri:'!I:lTY
Mechanically. due consideration was given to the radiator. By making the depth of the corrugati(lns
J./4-l/2, EHII mode is produced and maintained. By
radiating an ideal Gaussian beam having a low level
side lobe and by being symmetrical with respect to its
Table II Major overall performance. axis to the sub reflector. efficiency degradation and
generation of undesired side lobes due to spill-o"er
Operating rrequenc~' ranges
power are controlled.
Tr3nsmission: 14.25 - 1443 GHz For improving the side lobe characteristics. a shield
Rect'plton: 1 1,95 - 12.13 GHz plate furrushed \\ith a radio wave absorber is employed
Effective radiallon around the periphery of u-e main reflector. so as to
TV: more th3n 79 dBW control spill-over power. In addition. a subretlector
support was selected experi. .nentally to minimize radio
Ordcrwin: more tbn 54 dBW
wave dispersion scattering. A wa\"e absorber is u~d on
TransmISsion cap;lI:Ity
its surface to reduce unwanted dispersion scattering.
Transmission: 1 TV channel + 2 orderwirc channels The main reflector is dhided into three portions. It
Reception: 2 TV channeb + 3 orderwire chmneb is made of FRP. as in the ca~ of the subreilectvL The
Recel"in~ S) ~tcm noise temperature: reflector face is coated with metal spray. The retlector
below 6411 ~ (Attenuation by precIpitation: 1 dB) surface accuracy is maintained sufticient-for use at
Antenna characterisllcs (2,5 m9) 1-1/12 GHz.
The feed section of this anteMa is composed of a
Gain (TransmiSSIon/reception): 50.0/48.9 dB
polarizer [5] used for rot31mg the polaIlZ3tion piJ."Ie
Noise temperature (E\cv:ltion: 40 0 ): below 40 K
and an orthomode transducer for branching the trms-
Side lobe charactemtics: u per 32-2:; 10Sii! mit and receive signals. The broadcasting s:lteUile
Movable range: polar~tion system is a linear polariz3tion. where
AZ; _45 0 _ +4$0 transmit signal and receive signal polariutions are
El; _50 - 50" paraUel to e3ch other. in order to combine and
separate those transmit and receive Signals in :an
Video ch:uactcmtlcs (E.lrth station RF loopback)
anteMa feed. a diplexing mter has been ccn\enuonally
Frequcnq' ran~e: 60 Hz - 4.18 MHz
used. However. the desi~n of the diple;>;ing filter
low·frequency lane frl'quency distortion. ICC introduces difficulty in obtaming :1 new filter wluch
2T sin: wave response: Raung factor K < 1 can handle tugh power up to ~ kW. Therefore. m the
Signal-to-noise r4tio: morc than 65 dB anleMa feed design to solve the above deiects. :1
Differential l!:un and dlfferenllal phase. speCific polarizer using a 0/::- phase shifter. wlu.:h has
been newly de\'eloped to \\ithst:l.nd up ',) :: kW po ..... er
DC; \.2':";
and which reduces the loss in the ameMa feed sect ion.
DP; 1.3 0
is employed in trus system. The pourizer is a rotary
AudiO characten<tics type. which provides a rell ti\'e phase difierence of 0;
bequenq ran~e: SO Ifz - 13 lHz in the 14GHz band and 180' in the I~GHz band. As
shown in the Fig. 4. when the transmltl1ng and
receiving linearly pol:!!Ized waves. wlu.:h are orth,)~0n.ll
to e3ch other. are applied to the orlhomod~ lrar.s·
hcqu~nc\' rJn~c 300 III ~ 3 4 lH1
ducer. the 1:: GHz wa\'e causes. polJriLJtlOn r"(lileln
Sll!naJ.to-n"I ..... rail,). more thJn 5b dU
and the 14 GHz wave causes no rotation of
-18-
I"'\""f" ''I , ~.'
. '-~'{
.,{ ) ... 1.11
NEe RESEARCH .. DEVELOPMENT· No. SO July 197.
poLulUtion plane. allowing transmission and reception measW"ed anteM3 noise femperatW"e, as shown in
of parallel·linearly polarized waves. A.x.ial rotation of Fig. 6, exhibits an exceUent characteristics in spite of
the feed section en3bles easy adjustment of its polari. the use of a radio wave absorber.
~ti\)n pbne to that of the broadcasting satellites. An
ex:unple of test data obtained from the wide-angle side 4.2 Receiving Low·Noise F~uency Converter
lobe measurement of the 3 m,,; cassegrain anteMa thus This equipment is designed to be coMected directly
designed is shown in Fig. 5. These data suffiCiently to the 12 GHz output of the anteMa feed~ and is
meet the required performance specifications. A hcused in a waterproofed cabinet case. The receiving
12 GHz band signal is converted by tt-is equipment to
the 1.:5 GHz fust IF signal having a bandwidth of
,
180 MHz. This equipment is desigr.ed to minimize
I
0/. Ph_ $1\.11.
Or!tlorTo.:>de tr..oo .....
noise figure with a simple circuit configuration. For
this purpose, the RF section is constructed by a
To
horn
CQf ru 94t'" ¢o
•/ ~ ~ ,,-",~,-
~ amphl.er
microwave planar circuit [:] (3] [4]. A lov••noise
GaAs FEr (2SK-85), manufactured by NEe, is employ...
(J cd for prearnplifiwil)n {'If the 1.25 GHz band, obtain-
RotJl't JOIn I To Iow-oo•• fr~
CDnWfIer
ing an exceUent ovenUl noise f~ure of less tharl 4.:5 dB,
/'4GHI_ as shown in Fig. 7.
.... ,2GHI_
.'
Fia· 4 Pd-J'iution rotation It O/rt phue shifter.
~
60
!!'
:l
o ~ 50
:, ~
-10
, .1
1 l . i
·20 14.25 GHI I ~
S
40
j j I - (;
...
-30 I z
32-251091 l-
,I ~ ill c: 30
/ 1 c:
f-
,l 1'( i 1 ~
I
I I zol2 .
'''''
-50 F
5 10 20 lO 50 00
.~. "1 ' I
~:' }' ! fl't I~ ~t ··~rl.1~'
-70 Elevation Angle ldegl
~~:,,-.., : ~" . . ,~Y'V ,jhl'll~.r
IUd '0
'. 36 0 36 72 108 Fig. 6 Antenna noise temperalwe.
I~I
O'------------------,----~--~
-lOr,----~--~~__~--------+_~~
11 9!> GHI
·-20'-'---------+----~---~-....__i
I
I
-JO,.-,- - - -_ _~'---,
J2 - 2!>109'
~or~-----------~~~~.----+_~__i
iii
51
45f'-..- A
I I
~ ~ _ _.,---- I
-~i I ...
.~ 4t------___-+________---I
i , ~ i ~~ i I
-~ J., ~ll'~'I-1 r \.'\/\ I
u-
I. 12040 MHz
oS 3';
-'Or~/;11+!~fL-:---~' ---1, i Lf '~f&J: Z
100 72 J6 0 36 72 1(13 :9~O----6~O~--~3~O---"~.---.~3~O---.60~--.~~
IcH9l
'. Frequencv IMHI)
Fla· 5 ADten/\,} uduuon pattern (} mfl>.
..
.
Fia· 7 Noise (iaute .:h~Jctcrislic of LNC.
j -19-
., 4·, #.$& L4 ;
~-.- ..."
: ...... , .... 1' .... 4
l: .. ,
Qi' h.,oJ::
14/12 C::;Hz·Band Mobile-Type Ea.th Station !Of hplncsc>8foadcutin, S.lellilc Commurucation System
"
4.3 High·Power A~plificr accommodated in separate cabinets. each measuring
This " a high.power amplifier in the 14 GHz·band 700 mm wide, 7S0 mm deep and 16S0 mm high.
teleVlSion signal. It uses a 2 kW klystron tube. This The 100 W TWr power <!mplifler bay incorporates
equipment, designed for use on a vehicle, has compact, an output microwave circuit, which comprises a two
lightweight circuits whose power consumption is low, monic nIter, a waveguide SWitch. a 1 k\\' dummy load
involving, particularly, less rush current upon switching and an automatic power control circuit which stabilizes
on the high voltage power supply. the TV signal carrier output power. These power
A negative·resistance GUM amplifier is employed in amplifiers are de~igned to asswe easy transportatiun
the excit~r stage. All circuits, ~xrept for the klystron and operation for use on a vehicle. (onsiJer3tion is
tube, are solid state, assuring high reliability. The 2 kW also given to shockproof property. requiring no coupl-
klystron tube LD-4198 (6) has been newly developed ing disconnection in the waveguide system when the
( through jOint research with NHK's Technical ReS';arch vehicle is moved from place to piace.
l Laboratories. This klystron tube features compa'tness,
I igh gain, high efficiency, forced air cooling and a :ong 4.4 TV Tnmsminer and Receinr
service life. The tuning range of the klystron tube is This eqUipment. incorporates modulation. de-
14.0 - 14.5 GHz. A 3-chiM!!1 preset tuner with a modulation and frequency conversion functions for
SO MHz tuning bandwidth (I dB bandwidth) is provid· one 1V trar.smit channel and two TV receive channels
ed by using five cavities. An external view of the 1 kW in a bay. In the TV transmit modulator, the TV video
klystron tube is shown in Photo 4. signal is, after pre-emphasis (as per CCIR 405·1),
A 100 W 1WT is used for orderwire signals power passed through a low·pass filter and combined with the
amplification. A 10 dB directional coupler is employed 4.S MHz ,<;Qund subcarrie:, then frequency·moJul:ued
for combining the orderwire signal with the TV signal. by 'the 140 MHz band modulator.
Photo 3 shows an external view of the power amplifier. The FM modulator conducts reactance modulation
The power amplifier seen on the right is a 1 kW by a variable capacitance diode and employs two kinds
klystron ~ube power amplifier. That on the left is a of digital counter type AFCs for frequency stabiliza·
100 W power amplifier with an associated output tion. The AFC system in use incorporate", in addition
waveguide circuit. These two power amplifiers are to a conventional average type AFC circuit, a keyed
AFC circuit for simplified receiving stations using
FM-AM converters. Either of these rwo Me cirr.uits
can be selected .
.... .,.--
o
."If .-.
• ~i ~.
~
1-
U
'I
. .
) ".
•
,,..
J
J!
t
~
1·
• f I i
.•• :_.,_.0
Pholo 3 I" GUl band 2 .. \\ 3nd lOG W power OImpli-
r.rrs. Photo" 2 kW klystron tube.
..
14/11 CH:.Band Mobile·Type tarth Stltion for Japanese IkQldcasllns Sucllite Cummuniaalion System
C
"
stability is maintained with jacks. The jacks are
hydraulically-operated and can be operate. sln&ly.
(3) An engine generator (39. 200 V, 25 kVA) is
included for use at locations where commercial
power is not available. Continual operation fOI ten
hours is allowed at 35°C at 1000 meters altitude.
The diesel engine in use was made by the
manufacturer of the vehicle engine and assures ease
of maintenance.
(4) An 8400 kcal/h cooling capability airconditioner is
used to maintain equipment oper:.tion. including
the large heat dissipation high·power transmitter at
optimum temperature. The interior temperature is
kept below 17 ·C, even at an outdoor temperature
of 35°C, which is the average high temperature in
Japan.
(5) Careful consider:ltion is given to measures against
pollution, such as noise and exhaust gas frona the
engine generator and to operation safety by
providina an lTV for monitoring the road at the
rear of the vehicle while it is being driven.
1'1I0to 6 14 CHz·band power amplifier insblled in
vehicle.
I ~
0 Antenna
0 Dehydrator
@ Low·noise ~~Iver (requency-converter
0 TV ~~jver
0 2 kW politer ~mphrltr
® 100 \\' power amplifier
0 TV tta nsm iner
0 Orderwire equipment
® Monitor
® Ena:tnc ,tncrator
€I P,;wer dl\tllbutlon t>oard
® Aircondl!lOrltr
",011) S \Ionllol, OW tumml! " r~~I\e equlplTlfnt.
and l\' ~ccl.e tqulp~nt m't~u(d III 'chide.
Fia, 8 EqUIpment b)'out.
-21-
~-
________ __==-_____
~ ..
~d_ _ _.~'.t~ ~:W~. . . ._~
__ ..· __.....
~=
.... . . . .cm
~M~'s~t~ ....
__••~t. .·.tt~ _n__. . ....
,.. .··~". . . .n.R~.= ~M........·~~.~...
NEe R[S[AR('II &. DEVELOPMENT· No. SO lui)' 1971
In the keyed AFC. the frequ~ncy of the IF signal AfC circuit for meeting the less than 5C kHz specifica.
corresponding to the backporch portion of the video tion requirement in equivalent noise bandwidth. Ac·
signal is counted down and phase-comp3fed with a cordin&!y. a PLD (phase lock rno1ulator) having fre·
reference frequency by the crystal oscillator to pro- quency tracking capability is.adopted. The PLD equiva-
duce a voltage in proportion to the frequency differ- lent noUe bandwidth is approximately 30 kHz.
ence. The voltage is fed back into the modulator to
maintain a frequency corresponding te the backporch 4.6 Test EquipMent
portion at a constant 137.6 MHz. A 14/12 tc=st translator U\d a monitor are employed
In the average AFC. the average of th~ modulator as the mobil~-type earth terminal test eqUipment. The
output frequency is controlled to a frequency of 14/11 GHz test tlanslator picks up a por~ion of the
140 MHz. 14 GHl-band high-power amplifier output by a direc-
The IF signal is converted to a 14 GHz-band signal tional coupler. This output is frequency-convert~d to a
by a frequency converter, which is fec! to the hi~· 1:: GHz-band signal to be fed 10 the receiving low-noise
power ampliJier. frequency converter. By this translator. the transmit
In the TV receive demodulator, the 1.~5 GHz signal is looped back to the receive side to allow
receive input signal from the low-noise frequency various performance measurements. The monitor
conver,ei IS branched, <,btaining 140 MHz signals in the consists of a video distribution amplifier. video/sound
respective channels (channels A and B). which are then switcher for monitoring. varicus types of measuring
Ht demodulated. In the TV sound sub carrier transmis- instruments for video and sound. and a spectnun
sion system used for satellite transmission. 6.2 or analyzer. The switcher for monitoring allows selection
6.8 ~tHz is generally employed as the subcarrier fre- of transmit signal, receive signal. or ioopback signal,
quency ...ln this broadcasting satellite communication wluchever is desired to be measured. The monitor is
system. however. the subcarrier frequency is made furnished with an antenna control panel used for
4.5 MHz in consideration of future individual recep- manual control of the antenna position and indication
tion. Since the frequency difference between the of aZimuthielevation of the antenna. Photo 5 shows
maximum ndeo signal frequency (4.18 MHz) aJld sub- equipment installed in the vehicle,
carrier frequency is very narrow, severe performance is
required for the filter used for separating and combin- 4.7 Vehicle
111g the~e twe frequencies. ntis low-pass filter for TV Features of the vehicle designed to mount the earth
signal use also conducts delay equalization in II stages, tenninai are as follows. Photo 6 shows the engine
meeting the reqUITed characteristics specifications. generator and high-power amplifiers installed and Fig. 8
stows the interior layout in the vehicle.
4.5 Orderwire Transmit and Receive Equipment (I) To allow movement to desired locations thrOllgh.
In this broadcasting satellite communication system. out Japan, the vehicle is designed to be compact
a 1.5 MHz band is prm1ded in the channel Bs high and have advanced traveling performance. For this
frequency range for orderwire transmission. Four purpose. a ~-axis chassis having a 4.7 meter wheel
orderwire frequencies are assigned at intervals of base is used.
3eO kHz in the 1.5 'tHz band. This equipment in- However, since the standard engine with this class
corporates order.lIlfe transmit/receive funclions for two of chassis is somewhat small for the net weight. a
transJnll channels and three receive channels in a bay. high-power engme is used to provide a margin in
VanDUS operallng modes can be selected by depress111g power per urnt weight. In order to increase the
pushbuttons. Orderwue signal is frequency-modulated traveling performances, the weight balance of the
by a 140 ~lIu·band modulator with hIgh frequency vehicle is improved and a method of mounting the
stability into a 14 CHz·bJnd signal. The receive signal ante"\na was dev;.sed so that its center of gravity
IS frequency-converted to a 10.7 '1Hz sl~nal and then could be loweled. The equipment layout allows
F\t demodulated. Smce the ordecwlre carner frequency sys!emal1c signal transfer betw~en equipment.
Jrlft IS more than 100kHz due to the frequency Vehicle specifi~3tlons are given in Table III.
uncertainty of the local osciUator in :hc' satelhte (~) The d1.1ssls is reinforced to allow operation even
t rJn~i'l1nder. [)'lppier shift anu th~ frequency ·un· under a wind velocity of :5 meter 'sec with the
certainly of the receive local oscillator. I\~ of ' an antenna beam angle detlecI!un being within
lHdu1Jry F\1 d.:rr<'du:JIl'[ WIU requlfc adoption of an iO.:!S·. During equipment operation. vehicle
-22-
__~".&d"__~~."f~.".C_ ••w-•M~.Sb".h~"""""~--~""~~""e.~
.""·~#_ • ......~b..ao~.w~.....D~'......ct~'. . . . . . . . . .~.«u·.~
..
(.r- ,-'-
.vEC RESEARCH ... DEVELOPMENT· No, SO July 1978
Table 111 Major y,-hid, ~cifJ(','tjonL S. CONCLUSION
V.. hide: After beina supplted to NHK In Much 1977. tNs
8040 (modifaedl manwactureil by rNlU system has been used for many experiments. After the
Total enainr displacement: launching of the Japanese experimental medium·scal.
12.023 lit,," broadcasting satellite, this system will be used for
Vehicle dimrnsions:
valieties of experiments, putting the broadcastina satel·
- i
IL9S 111 Ll '.f, 0 •• 4/\ I:\(W) . 3.3S mOD
lite into practical use.
In terior dim"nsiar,·:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
4.0\1 m" , 'f ,.' !n(W) X .. 90 m(HI
The authors wish to express their sincere g!'ltitude
to those concerned in the NHK Headquarters of
Technical Administration & Construction, and the Tech·
U9~J t, nical Research l.lb')ratories for their continued \:0.
operation and guidance.
Fr0!1\ wheel b_ ~1."1 rati.:. .1> loaded condition:
35.6<;
REFERENCES
MaxiMum stable inclination:
(1\ H. Hayashida. .t &I., "A Mobil: Earth Station (or the
Ilii/lt: 30·20'
Medium.Scaie Broadcastin, SattUite (or i::xperimental Pur-
Left; 30· 20' pose," NHK Ttch. Rtp., 20, pp. 231·239. 1977.
~aximur,1 speecl: (2\ Y _ KonishI. "SHF Rec~iver for SateUite BrOidcastina. ~
NHK Ttch. Rtp.. 16. pp_ 409-414, 1973.
110 kmih
(3\ Y. Konishi •• t Ii .. "The Dtsian .)f Planu Circuit \tounted
Ma:umum ~adClbililY: in WlvquicSe and the ApplicHlun to Low Noue 12 GHz
sUI' ·0.304 Conven.r." 19i4 IEEE ~-.\tTT Int. Micl'O_ Sy,"p.•
Dilest Tech, Papers. pp. 168-170. 1974.
MU\imum turnm, rld.iw:
(4\ Y. Konllhi. "1~ GHz F~f Broadcast Satellit. Receiyer."
8 meters •.,iCfOWflI't 1.. 21, pp SS-6j. 1978.
ML\imum engine horse power: (S\ I. Sato, S. Tam:l/13wI and M.lida. "Ol~ Radlln Polarizer,"
Nal. Conv. Rtc.. IEeE ll1ptln. OpticS tI1Id R1zdio I"~I,
260 PSf~SOO rpm
191. Oct. 1976.
(6\ H. Sail. et al.. "14 GHz 2 kW Earth·Station Klystron,"
NEC Rts. .I lH1,tlop_. 44. pp, 6·9, Jan. 1977.
Rutil'N April 10, 1978
•• • • • • • •• • • • • • •
~~~ ______
. ____
....._-h_.__
. _______
·-_-_2_3-___ -_~_-e_c__________.________._e~L J ..
(" "'" •.1"" _,. • ..... _.r,.-: _,)
0;', i', ';:.i..i rv
., ':..: ..
APPENDIX F '.
GROUb'JD TERMINALS FOR
MED~UM-SCALE BROADCASTING
SATELLITE FOR EXPERIMENTAL
.
)
By: Japan Broadcasting Corporation(NHK)
Yoshihiro Konishi, Sakari Hoshina,
and Michikiyo Takahashi,
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MElCO)
ShOlO Nishimura, and Akira Amano
~lvnTSUBISHI ELECTRBC CORPORATION
. ,artt. ~"'.t,"T! i ':rl"ii"als set .r i~: ·... ricl>~ ~ints or the
I. INTRODUCTION rJ' ...... J:.r. ,.'ar. (lfi'.Io" , i' remote H,:,.II1ds) and (2)
Japarl's first u~rirnental brc:.dcsstiJ'lg sa.ellitl'! ,:.~ !~ ;1" ,( ~~;( ,:.(. _"'ether it is poniblc to com·
w.s launthed into its stationary orbit abov.: (h~ '.:.IJ~., r \' ' .• ' if ;.. l~tUfcrj,. :eldinf, the receive vioeo quality
at long. 11Oo E. i~ April 1978. For tarryirg Oll !,tci· ",; .. :::;.rming ~", thl. ("UY' h.oJd,J,st:na quality standards
lite broadtasling servite, it was ;:ssign-;:d the f .. ,- III by direc!··.'" .Iome recclv~r with inservice hme .vaila·
bands of 12GHz (down-link) and 14GHl (oJP" .,' 1/', ~;':~:I ,#.f (.. ~ l:;~v:ard.
using these band~, full·nedge:l experiments are cur •.:;;~:y • " ~INord), these objectives call for tht:
condutted to ISSUle the feasibility of c"lor TV HJn!- fc:!owma:
missior- system by the Mediurn-s,;,\!e fk·•. ·: ..'.· ~i:::.. Sat'!!·
Ute for Experimental PlHpo,e. ~~ I bl·:I}lishment of techniquell on FM system reo
j
The earth station terminals of th:~ tA.P" : quired ((or enablin; the majedty of the TV audio .~
tor~ receiving the TV signals from the s.tellite to
satellite broadcasting system c('~·?ri:.t ;/le fl:
~uoEe the picture qualitl rated IS TASO 1 (Excel·
(I) Main Station (Kashima Branch of R"UIO R···.~; , lent) on setting up a netw')fk to secure the rated
Laboratory of tht Ministry of nost aJl,; leI·. SIN ratio of 4SdB with the above time availability.
communications).
t 1) Research on operational scheme.
(2} Transportable Type·AStation(Transporiable typt'
',3) Development of new techniques for the ground
o (3)
(4)
Tr!tnsportable Type·8 Station (Mobile type).
Various types of TV receive-only stations. (4)
terminals.
Collection of prop.gation data for tile 14/12GHz
band covering the entire mainland of Japan.
(5) Direct-ta-home type Receivers.
The link frequency spettra of the bro.dcastin&
The numerouS R&D efforts have b,~en made on utellite network are shown in Firure 2. As can be seen
these termir~a1s to enable them to be the mos. suitable from these spectra. tw!.' transponders are used to form
ones for the experiment obj:ctiv,~s. "old th~. ''',oe al· A-i:hannel Uld B-Channel. And each of these channels
ready been installed :n various sites ill Japan. ve divided into five subchannels. AI. A2. BI. R2. and
Most of n,owly "~,,t";q,,: t~ ".:", " . .>; .. oli:ned B3. which are allOCited atcordin& to the expenment
through the above K&'O e~; , '.~ ; ',' )UCI! new objectiVes. The pound terminals are designer. on the
concept" in the RiO .::na.its of;.. " , ' j " .. ,., .nal. ~uip' basis of hav\ng A and B Chann:l. tegether cover
menU on the 14/11(;."'- II" ,,'" ',,' :' .i·le 10""loise 180MHz b.nd.
converter to be ar;',II!Ver' r, ," ,; a ,;',.ner ';Ircuit
mounted in t.I)1! wa\~!,Jlue. "." ' .. ,1 . J. " tr,:,II~mllter. Tabl. 1. Transmission P.rlmete" of Broadclsting
Satellite System
the antennii, am: ~h·: tiue r :.': ',J" rt.. '.~. for the
FM TV ';irr... \ls. 1. Television Si",aJ
Video Frequency 60Hz-4.1IMHI
,1,,) ~ ;'J';f . '/'!S .he con~p"",C:. ,nt' .>erform·
o Frequency Deviation 12M~p"p
ance~ of tt.< .•. ~; ',I, _':,,~:e Type. ~ "('" st~t:on term i .
Emphasis celll Rcc. 405-1IS2S/60)
nll.!. the moc';e TV ! ~ ,;tiloc·mly e;I.:~ 51?'. Jr. terminal. Pocitiyc
Modulation Polarity
and direct-lo·home iec~ivers that were researched and
Enerl)' Dispersal 600kHzP:p
devdoped by Mit~\;b!;.1U Electric Corporation {MELCO) (SymrMtry t"ln\lUlar with
under 'he sur~, ~ior: 'If Japan Bro3dr:asling Corporation .... veform syncllronwnr
the rleld b1&nk.int! Intcrval)
(t\HK). and :.ar.uf.l,,:tur:d by ME' , ') for bemg inte-
Transmit AFC DC IVfllCC/keyed AFC
crated in the tOl:oJ :,:. q "j.. It gives alsn tJ::- summary of
l. 1" Sound Si",aJ
the experiment.:J satellite brv",dc"~;'"e 5' :;tem.
Sou nd F reqllCnc y 50Hz-15kHz
Subcarrier Frequency 4.5MHz
Subcarrier Fre<\\lency t25kHl
2. SUMMARY 01 ~ '::~fk.\tErnAL SATELLITE
Deviauon
BROADCASTI!'lj~ SYS n~.t
Subcarrltn RF Frcquency tlMHz
,,"ianon
The expenment11·'tel'.ite broadcasting system
Emplw1S 75u.
wes the 14/1 :.!GHz boll!: ..... I(.·se I ransr.-.lsSlon parameters
are shoY!" in Table I. The medium-scale broadcasting 3. RF Allocated Bandwidth
1V0I~nd 23 MHz
satellite and ,.'. :IS experimental ground termmals com·
4. Ordcrv.,rc (0""1 Siplll
prising the "'\.t't'· ~I~ ~hown In Fi~re I.
Voice Frtquency
The experiment objectives are to confirr.l (I) the T"t Tont Frequency
f'lIi:lamentaJ performances when televls.ng the TV pra- ~1.Uon
pams via the utelhte from the VillOUS type transmit Occupied Iland""dth 20kHz
. .~
.; . .-44 m
-
o:~~ ~ _ ' '"" .
,~
l' ~
Of FG ,:::'~ (; ,;il•.JT(
Down·UnJt
• Rtc.... OnIy
1. Type or StadOM Trans- Reee,"
~rtlbl.. A Only Stltioa
tation Station (Ramot.
(MIin- (En eire lIland)
land) Territory)
AntlMaDia : 4.5m_ Um_ 4.5..,
Sy.tem N_: 910l 660l MOlt
Temperacure
Earth Station: 22.9dIfK 14.Wl/l 24.,dB/K
GIT
1. SateWte Transmit/Down UaIt
SattlUte 55.Sdl. 55.548. 46.SeII•
• "'..
1IiIIIOt'"I'
.T ....
.TIIINIfIIIOIIII'..... EIIl'
IllAtN...,.O INT... • ..,.". , ..T... CAIHIM.. UTIUUIIIA 'oindnl Error 1.0dI 1.0eII 1.0eII
,,""'.To-" , .... ,0-. ",,114'0lIl" Of
......eM ....0 205.1d1 105.4e11
... " OIl ....... 'ath Loa 20Udl
Rain 148/7d8 lell(748 lelll7e11
Figure 1. System Block DilVram of Satellit. Lou (99.K)
Receiv, 0.5el1 1.0dI
BfO~Ca5tjn!l System.
Antenna
Tf8C killl
Error
Down-Unit Z5.548/ 16,9dll 16.3481
eNR 11.5411 9.948 9.3111
n
lt1'
11
"......
I
"I
-
m
"I
·m
III III
..... , ..... rmn'
I'
'\
112 0 1 I"l
u.., I
~
I
10
I I
-'1-00-
,.
LINt(
It,l IGH.I
Over:ill Link
RectiYin,
-------_.----_._._------
Lewd
-6 fJ ,G.\3ml -79.3dBm/
-.~[. ',;iBm -~.34Bm
-10.4dlm/
-17.448m
1n.,. ""..
'lll ... 'OOO" •
...... "IQOI!ItII "IU'I , UOIHU"")
I Total CNIl
.11,
. ...
m ,110"
. 1(1 I'
-1-'"
l'e (Transmit 24.5dll \6.7el1l 16.241/
~
11IIif'i.
'~ ~' -.~
J!J:J:J
fromMai& II. 3 ell j.9dB 9.JeII
,.~ .,. , land)
.. , '...
t t l LIMe
~., 11'.~ IGMt. Transmit 23.6. ;,s/ 15.9.'i\/ 15.4 ell/
1'··1"I ,••,. (rom Remote li . ..!~f.l 9.7dB 9. I ell
COM¥AHO'
".~"/UI ,. ""
,,,.,I :•.»21","::'
...,U
Island)
Figure 2. Link FreQulncy Spectra of Bro.cteasting
The design of the satellite link c:alls for the para-
Satlll i tf' Network. meter; J ",ding Ihe weiihted SIN ratio of 4SdB based on
a station in the mwiland of Japan having an antenna
of 1.6m diameter and a receiver of 600K system noise
terr.perature. The performance requirements for these
small stations including direct·ta-home receiven are re-
o J
Table 2. Typical Link Pafamtt.rs of Broadcasting laxed IS much u possible. fUl'ldamentally the same
Satellite Link concept IS for the ordinary TV broadcasting service
Up· Link network to make th~m economy.
The fixed group delay charactt ristics including
1. Type of Sl&tion~ Transportablt-A T ~ansportabl~1I
S:£uon ("'lUI" Slaoon (Remote those of th~ satellste transponder are to be all equalized
land) Islan4s) at the transmit station. Table 2 shows a tYPlCa! link
Antenna Di.a 4.5m; 4.5m; plirameters of the Broadcuung Satellite Unk.
EIRP (999':<) Ild8w/l4d5w IldBw/84dBw
2. Up-Linkl5a!.Uilc Receiv,
Pllh Lou 207.3d8 206.948 3. TRANSPORTABLE TYPE·A STATION
Ram Lou O48/3d8 048/3dl (TRANSPORT ABLE ON KNOCKDOWN BASIS)
(99 'no)
S"fllil. Rrc~", : nOdI 30.048 The fundamental requirements of the transport·
Ant,"n" Gun able Type·A earth station terminal (hereinafter called
POInun_ Error l.OdI l.O48
Ihe l'ype·A station) are IS (ohows. .
helier Loa o.S41 0.5411
$YSlrm Nouc 3l6dlK 31.6dBK (I) Arty one subchannel of its five subchaMels of AI.
Tfmperanue A:. B1. B2. and 03 be seleclable and u$lble for
up-Unit CNR 31 5411 22.9dB
transmWlon of telecasts.
-2-
:::::::1. --
"
fi~\He 3 shows an external view of the Type.A
·'tltion. which was developed and desi,ned to meet the
.bove requirements; and Figure 4. its overall block di:a·
p.m. As can be seen in the tiJUres. the station Cln be
rou&hJy divided into two main components, i.e .. the •. 5
m dia antenna and the equ;pment ~elter. All of the
I •• transmit and receive equipments Cex.cludinl the low·
noise converter) and the antenna control equipment can
be accommodated in this shelter.
The high·power amplifier (HPAI employs a 5·
cavity klystron or :!kW saturated output power. and
I
covers the 180MH.: band spread over two channel~ by
means of a 3-S\I:>p preset tuning mechanism. Its exter·
Figure 3. Ext.rnll View of Transportlble·" Ellth
nal view is shoW'\ in Figure S. When transportin@ the
shelter. the only thinp th:H need to be done :arc to
Stltion. remove the klystron and the traveling· wave tube of the
OW·HPA.
The antenna is of a cassegrain type. and is sup·
o (2) Anyone 1ubchannel in each of A and 8 :hanne\s
be usable simultaneou5ly for reception of telecasts.
ported by an X·y type mountin&. For yielding trans,
portability over the entire mainland of Japan. iI Wi>
desicned to enable it to be set up Cl5i1y and pointed 3t
(3) Transmission to or reception frorn the main sta· the satellite without ~recise adjmtments. And it
tion (Kashima Branch I ~r a transportable stltlon possesses the function of automaw.:a1ly trackhg the
of audio and dala transmission sl~nals be poulb1e satellite in 1S· steps by means of the step-trl/eking
via the FM orderwire circuit (OW) in the 83 sub·
channel.
sxstem .
When carryin& on high·power transmission with
(4) The station be of sm:all size and light weight. this type of small·diameter antenna. tht: wide·an~le SIde·
enabling its setting up in a short time and ease of lobe characteristics of the antenna become extremely
wilhdra .... al (remoyal) and transportation. And important from the standpoint of cau$ing interference
upon once being set up. it be usable for a stable to other trrrestria! networks. preventintcffective utili·
operation over a lon& period. zation of the satellite orbit. etc. So good perfOml:lOCe
I
I [ ~--------------~
-4-+O~~'¥ Il100 ~c~
r:
,.--------------~
I
I
I
t'¥ ..........
"'.
n·."
•
.c-.. . .
nr VIOIO
t.
"'.0 &OU.. O
'v MOO'''' C()II., '1· ...,. ~
-'" r-------------,
IWV"" &110 outf'VY,
Of 011 ,t(i.III~
, -1 [JItr llIOo "to-.", I
t I
ITO "'.. o,.ow ()II
'''Il10'' I I
~~-~:~~=·-3,-,J
'&At ... '
.~.
I
-+-:-
~------"'7"7-
I ht M_ CIQwIw C.o-v
,-
~R'
.00_'
TV .... 0..0 JOUIIO
001..... "
'" W'" 0 AIItO IQuIliIO
""'..".
~
I ~--- -_._,
r----' AGe ,0,,:
.. ~oao.-.OU'''''''''Of_--1~_·-iPOM. ':',: ~~-l'o 'I~?'" t I
MIllOY, ..,..vrtl.)ll·
fIOM"Ot't"lO'ItOll
Of'
,'.
" •• '. ftQtJ
~ J,QP1
• .... v,
.. -
cr::::=l L --- - - - - J
~)e""""'1 --t-+---~l. ____....-~
.A
FI~,Jre 4. Ov,ral Block DIagram of ·rr.nspottable·A E.r\1l Stltlon .
•-_._-
,'.· ,d.'"
>
G• a '- • \... '. ".....
f"'"I"'r:'
Il ii ,"...
(r;
~ .,
Of PGC;', c.<-... ~:', 'I
chara~tl!ristics w~re obtained by taking various counter· Table 3. Performance of Transportable,A Earth Statio.'t.
measures su.:h as the ad')plion of a corrugated horn.
I. Frequency Ranp
optilllizatiol; of the diameter ratio between the main
Transmit 14CHz. one of TV
rctlc.:tor and subrdlector. reduction of unneceSiary channel in AI, At or
scattering by uS(.' of a shaped ret1eclor and a specially BI. B2. and BJ
OWch 1....4
shaped tripod of ;,... brdlector. These characteristics
Receive 12GHz. one of TV
were reported in CC!R{S~-4) of May 1976. channel in AI or Az,
and one in B1 or B2
The front end oi the receiving subsystem adopts or B, OW ch 1....4
the low·noise converter that consists of a planner circuit :. Tiiiiiiliit El~D
mounted in the waveguide. converts the receive signal TV Tran..omit 81dBw (+3--1OdB
into that of the 1.~5GHz b3l1d. amplifies it, and dis· Variable)
tributes it to the respective receiving channels. By use
of this converter. the receiving performance with the
OWlruwnit
3. System Noise
S6dBw/ch (o-iOdD
Variable)
Less than 910K (at IdB
,
.
system noise temperature below the specified limit Temperature rain drop attenuation)
and the 180MHz wideband characteristics are simulta· 4. Transmit Stability > \
neously obtained. EIRP Less than a. SdBldl)'
4
The modem for the TV signal has an IF frequency Frequency Better than I x 10
in the 140MHz band. which is converted to a !4GHz S. Overall Loop Perfonnance
Signal by the up-converter of the transmit system. For
demodulation TV signal the 1.:!5GHz receive signal is
(l) TV Video
Baseband-to-
Baseband GaUt/
Within ±O.SdBI60Hz-
4.18MHz
o
converteJ to a 140MHz ~:gnal by the down-converter of Frequency
the receive subsystem. Response
Baseband-to- Within tJOnsI3.S8MHz
The OW modem also has an IF frequency in the Baseband G oup
140MHz band. and performs the FM modulation and Delar Response
SNR (Periodic Noise)
demodulation of the FM·SCPC' signals for four channels More than SOdB (p-p/p-p)
each of transmit and receive. The demodulator has a (Random)
:: 150kHz pu.!!·in range and adopts the PLL type thresh- More than 60dB (p-p/nns)
old extension demodulator, and aims to improve thresh- OC-.DP Less than 3%, less than '1!'
old characteristics. Wavefonn \Line Time) within ±l~
Distortion (Field Time) within ±1%
The overall performance of the Type·A ~tation (21 sin l Response) ~
equipped with the above equipments is given in Table 3.
. (2) TV Sound
Ba:lr.b2nd-to- Within ±O.SdBISOHz-
&aseband Gainl 13kHz
Frequl'ncy
Response
I
......
r-'" ,.- :~ SNR
Cross Talk SNR
Better than 60dB
Better than SSdB
• • .[\ (nnslnns)
Less than I~
.
Distortion
.. I (3) Orderwire
Baseband-to- Within ±ldB/300Hz-
i c::::I c:::1 c:::!
Baseband Gain/ 3.4kHz
~
1 •.• .......... .
I • -~~
Frequency
Response
SNR Better than 4SdB
1
I • L" '"',: Distortion Less than SIJ, \
I ~~;~"~ 6. Antenna
Gain (Transmit) better than
• .
l'fru'tUl
I
J
(54.0+ 2010g/(GHz)114.2S)
dB
--------------------. (Receive) better than
(S2.5+201o&f(GHzl/II.,S)
dB
Sidel"be (1st Sidelobe) lower than
-14dB
• t~~:..~
. .
. .' .
• . ;L.
,
.
~:.*' .~ ,","'1. ~
:. ... , (1°-48°) lower than
(32- 25108 0 )dBi
(48°_180°) lower than
ILL_. . _ . . ... . . . . . . . . ._.~._. . ._.~~. ._
r'.,
~r -IOdBi
:========~~~~
~.-------- ---- "
Noise Temperature
Polariution
Lower than 70K (E1:40'"
~:u
Figure 5. 2kW Klystron High Power Amplifier fHPAI, • Trackinl Slep lrlockin,. accuracy:
Better (han :!:O.OSo
._._b_n____ ~.......""""'""'' ' '..'"'... ~ z' ..... ""'"_n...•...~ ...' ...·-.....'...t ......_ ..... ~ $_H_..........""'.........._"t ......_~....
_ ........._ ' "... dllii,A.·.~·<
"'............
A. X",,-,," __ .-._, ._N .... ---"""~ ___ 'i,*",,**,_'5!!i~:¥O::::;Si"FoiW$L·_. ·'4fEiB£---.$-t ....&Q:,.4tAE"*t'- w 4 _·~fii¥."._ .: 4.__ ¥-E!!J4!4SJ?".4QNJ",2W_tM i¢Lli!iiIliiI
,
, "
4. TRA!'..:SPORT ABLE TV RECEIVE-O:,\L Y "5. DJREcr·T~HOME RECEIVER
STAnON "
: The dircct-to-home receiver was researched and
The transportable TV receive-only earth station designed to serve as a model for receiving TV prvgrams
f tenninal (hereinafter called the TV receive-only C
station. or TVRO) was designed and developed mainly
to be hauled to nrious areas of the mainland of Japan,
by either a common receive terminal or a home TV
receiver. It C!Jl be divided mainly into the following
two elements.
and be used to augment the data obtained by various
I kinds of TV recei\'e-only stations. measure their trans-
mission characteristics. and perform receive video quali-
(1) The antenna of about 1m diameter to whose rear
is attached the Outdoor Unit (low-noise converter).
ty evaluation. A great stress was placed on its receive
Th~ Indoor Unit to be used in combination with a
~I
flux density measunng iunction especially in view oi (2)
its gre.lI mobility and the role of data collection at conventional TV set.
various p la.:es.
Figures 9 ane 10 show the external views of the
The TI' I~ei\'e-only C station consists of a 1.6m indoor and outdoor units respectively.
dia antenna of a 4 section precast ty~. a low-nois\! The outdoor unit converts the 12GHz band signal
converter. and a receh-el in-door unit that is installabie from the sat..lIite to a 400MHz signal. Then. of the five
on a maintenance ]~ep a\'ai13ble at each NHK station.
I 0
The enlir~ 3.).Serr.bly of equipments can be loa tied on
one jeep. haulo!d to any desiro!d place, and imme...iately
subchannels AI, A2, BI. B2. and B3 formed in the
indoor unit, the desired subchannel is selected by push-
ing of the selector buttons. Then, the signal of the
applied to various Unds of measurements. selected su!>channel is demodulated by the FM derr ,du-
j
j The external view of the TV receive-only C Jator built in the indoor unit and output as video and
station is shown in Figure 6; and its overall block au1io signals. And at the same tim~ it has the function
diagram, in Figure 7. of extracting the signals cO'lverted to the usual terres·
trial broadcasting VHF frequencies of the No.1 or No.2
The antenna subsystem is of a 4-section precast
f type. and kuures a iront-feed type panbola antenna
cttannel upon their. passing through the built-in VSB·AM
modulator.
mounted on a tripod support structure. it has the
mechanism for easily adj'lsting the AZ and EL angles of Accordingly, if the output is to be directly fed to
the anto!nna by hand. and the repeatability of dle a home TV set, it would constitute a direct reception
antenna's gain perforT""'.nce upon assembling of the of a satellite broadcasting program. and the equipment
subsystem is within O.J~. would be a very simplified one compared with that for
I The low-noise ~OD\'erter is of the type having a
planner cirC'Ji! in tho! wa\-eguide. the same as that of the
reception via a common receive terminal.
It should be added here that preceding the NHK's
Type-A station. And its IF frequency band is 290 to satellite broadcasting experiments. MELCO's direct-to-
-( 470~1Hz. and its periormance characteristics are as home receiver was used in the U.S.A. and Canada in the
shown in Figure 8 and Table 4. .crs receiving experiments. And that the clearness of
r o The recej\'er in-door unit consists of a channel
dhider. an HI demodulator. and a pilot signal receiver.
It is capablt oi simultaneously receiving on one sub-
channel each of the A and B Channels (total of two
video obtained therefrom was the object of attention in
various countries.
sub.:hannels) and of measuring the pilot signal's receive
flux density.
The TV r~eive-only C station has the function of
sending and ~peating the re.:eive signal from the satel-
lite to the IF st3£t oi the existing TV broadcasting
tra.tWator. So in ad.iition to the abGve equipments. it
incorporates a \·S8-A.'t modulator. a TV nOise-ioading
test set. I wa\'eionn monitor. a color ..ideo monitor. a
recorder. etc. The performance of the TV receive-only
C station as constituud by these equipments is shown in
Table S.
Figure 6. External View of TV Receive Only-C Station.
-- ,_ _ _ _ _.-_ _.....Ji...-Iiii·.-_~iiI·.
, , __ .9"""'?" . '!f¥ 44#44£4'(1 ;:os;;:a
I ........ 't· ,.
..,;t"'-'
(
•
,.I
c
Figure 7. Block Diag(am of TV Receive Only·C Sntion. Figure 10. External View of Out·Door Unit.
Table 4. Performance of Low Noise Down·Converter
For Transport· For TV Receive Only ad
able-A Oirect·to-!iome Rcceiver
Input Frequen- I 1l.95-12.13GHz I 11.9S-Il.13GHz
cy
'_(111 T .. ....cJIIIT ....... A' IF Frequency 1. 16-1.34GHz 290-470MH.;
'- ---_._.-.
----.,-------_._"
..
•• -11'!11".....
- Local Oscillator
Noise Fi~re
10.79GHz
Less tha S.OdB
11.66GHz
Less thm •. Sc1B
l'o..T\t'ttI')..O
Converter Gain More than 4Od8 More th;ut SOdS
Frequency Within ±1ll10" Within t2.6"IO~ (TVRO)
.... .... 12' l' lJ 13
Stability
or Local
Oscillator
(Mul.iplier with
Xt:l1 OSC)
Within ±4.2l1;I0-4 (Direct-
to-Home Receiver)
(Stabilized Gunn OSC)
Environmental _20°...,+0400C _20°-+400C
Conditions 100% 45-90'l0
Figure 8. Noise Figure of Low Noise Down Converter.
Table 5. Performance of Transportable TV Receive
.J
Only Station
C)
Item Performance ,.
Antenna
I
I
Frequency Ran~ II. 9S-12.13GHz
Gain
Sidelobes
Better than 43dB
10S+2S1Q!Iit'¢o or 100ogGo
(~; 3dB be:un an~le. Go; pin
at beam center)
I
Less than SOK (EL 40°,
1
Noise Temperature
Receiver
Inpu t F requcncy 1I.9S-12. UGHz
Level Ranae -8S--6SdBm
Noise Figure
Output Level
Less than 4.SdB
TV video! vp-p/7Sn unbalanced,
positive polari ty
I
TV sound OdBm/6000 balanced
.' IF Center Frequency
SNR
27MHz/ch
TV video: better than 3ldBp-pl
rms (unweighted)
I
Figure 9. Externoll View of In·Door Unit ••
TV sound: better than SOdB rmsl
rms
I
L -6-
• ..-_.~._-~~_ _ ri"- iwF£;;/;"wK~.-...u.iloU:i tat -gjr·I8~
j
J.iitIJij
Table 6. Performance of Direct-ta-Home Receiver '6. C.ONCLUSION
'.
Item Performance :'The satellite broadcasting system by Medium·scale
Broadca.\ting Satellite for Experimental Purpose and
Frequency Range 11.95-12.13Glh related ground terminals have been presented.
lst IF F rr:t!u~.'lCY 290-470MHz
The full-fledged experiment using these terminals
2nd IF Frequency 130MHz
was commenced in July 1978. TIle data obtained there-
lst LO Stabili ty Within ±4.2xl0" (±SOOkHz)/-20o-
from will no doubt contribute to establish essentihl
"'Ooc technical standards to be applied to and to rellect in the
Modubtion FM (TV video) fM-ft,( (TV sound)
Lower than 4.SdB hardware of the next generation satellite broadcasting
Noi~ Figure
27MHz/ch
system using the 14/1:CHz band and to bring up
Rr:c:eiving Bandlloidth
-8SdBm
practical operation technique; i.e., the multiaccess.
Threshold uvr:l
AGC Clwac:teristics Within IdBp-p over input range And with introdu~tio'l of new semiconductors,
-90 to -60dBm
whose performance is being improved by leaps and
TV video Output u\'el 1Vp-p/7S0 unbalanced. p<>Sitive
polarity bounds, smaller size and lower cost equipment with
TV sound Output Level OdBm/6000 balanced better performance for practical use will De developed.
VSF AM Output More than 80dB)!V. 91.25MHz or The authors express their appreciation to the
97.2SMHz
engineering staffs in the NHK's Technical Research
o Power Supply
Power Consumption
Dimensions
IJId Welghu
AC l00V
40VA
Out-Door Unit: 98(W)x98(H)x
240(D)(mm)
laboratories and Headquarters of Technical Administra-
tion & Construction and also thank those within
MELCO for all the advice extended to them in the
Uk, development of the system and devices.
fn.Door Unit 280(W)x85(H)x
240(D)(mm)
3.9q
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