MX 0,8 Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals Coordinating Words Coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. Coordinating conjunctions are sometimes called the “Fan Boys” conjunctions—For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. Conjunction | Function ‘Example tor ‘Connects a reason to a result Tram alittle hungry, for ! didn’t cet breakfast this morning, ‘and ‘Connects equal similar ideas “John likes to fish and hunt nor Gonnects two negative sentences | She does not eat meat, nor does she drink milk. but Connects equal iferent ideas Tike to eat fish but not to catch them, oF “Connects two equal choices Do you preter coffee or tea? yet “Connects equal contrasting ideas | _ itis sunny yet col. ie ‘Connects a result to a reason Tid not eat breakfast this ‘morning, ¢0 | am a litle hungry. paired (correlative) conjunctions cons are always in pairs. Like coordinating conjunctions, they Correlative conjuncti fy equal elements. (Please also read the section Parallelism on ‘connect grammaticall pages 179-181.) 291292 Appendix € | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals Conjunction Pairs Example both... and Both San Francisco and Sydney have beautiful harbors not only... but also ‘Japanese food is net only delicious to eat but also beautiful 40 look at. Bring elther a raincoat or an umbrella wien you visit Seattle. My grandiather could neither read nor write, but he was a very wise person. either... oF neither... nor whether... or “The newhyweds could not decide whether to lve with hor parents oF torent an apartment Subordinating Words OO A subordinating word is the first word in a dependent clause. Common subordinat- ing words include the following. ‘Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses Time (When?) ‘after a, just as as long as betore since unt when whenover while ‘After we ate lunch, we decided to go shopping. Ast as wo ft tho house, it started to rain We waited as long as we could. ‘As so0m as the front door closed, | looked for my house key. | thought | had put it in my cost pocket before we lf ' have not locked myself out of the house since | was 10 years ol, Until was almost 12, my mother pinned the key to my coat When | turned 12, my mother let me keep the key in my pocket. | usually put the Key in the same place whenever | come home. While | searcined forthe key, it rained harder and harder.Appendix C | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 293 ‘Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses (continued) Place (Where?) where like to shop where prices are low. wherever | try to shop wherever there is a sae. anywhere ‘You can fing bargains anywhere you shop. everywhere | use my credit card everywhere | shop. Manner (How?) a, just as, ove to get flowers\) as most women do.* asit You look as it you didn't sleep at al last night ‘as though ‘She acts as though she doesn't know us. Distance (How far? How near? How close?) a8 + adverb + as | We will hike as far as we can belore it turns dark, ‘The child sat as elose as che could to her mother. ‘The child sat as close to her mother as she could. Frequency (ow often?) as often as Tcallmy parents as often as | can. Reason (Why?) a Tean't take evening classeal) as | work at night because I can't take evering classes because | work at night since cant take evening classes since | work at night Purpose (For what purpose?) eotae ‘Many people emigrate o that thelr chileren can have a better He Inordor that | Many people emigrate inorder that their children can have a bata io Result (With what result?) 30 + adjective + || was 80 tied lastnight that Io asleep at dinner that 20+ adverb + | She taks 30 soft that he other students cannot hear her. that such ateh-+ it was such an easy test that most of the students got A’ noun that ‘s0 much/many/ | Hes taking 60 many classes that he has no time to sleep, little/fow + noun + that This ban exception tote usta rule for commas, Many writers use comma before as,294 Appendix C | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals: Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses (continued) Condition (Under what condition?) i We wil nat go hiking fit rans unless Wo wi ot go hiking unless the weather is perfect. Partial contrast although Tove my brother although we disagree about ammast everthing even though | love my brother even though we disagree about almost everthing though Love my brother though we disagree about almost everything. Contrast (Direct opposites) whl Ty brother ies casscal musi, while | prefer hard rock whereas He dresses conservatively, whereas Ike tobe a ile shocking ‘Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses ‘To refer to people who, whom, | People who lve in glass houses should not throw stones: whose, that (tora, My parents did not approve of the man whom my sister married. [An orphan is a child whose parents are dead ‘To refer to animals and things which ‘My new computer, which | Bought yesterday, stopped working today. that Yesterday | received an e-mail that | id not understand, ‘To refer to a time or a place when Thanksgiving isa time when families aval great distances to be togotner where ‘An orphanage is a place where orphans lveAppendix C | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 295 Subordinating words for noun clauses That Clauses thet ‘Do you alive that there is fein outer space? 11/ Whether Clauses whether Tean't remember whether | locked the door. whether oF not ‘whether or not | locked the door whether... ornot ‘whether | locked the door or not. oy | can't remember If locked the door. | It... ornot It Nocked the door or not ‘Question Clauses ‘who, whoever, whom ‘Whoever arrives atthe bus station fist should buy the tickets. | Which, what, wher Do you know where the bus station is? when, why, how We should ask when the bus arrives. how much, how many Do net worry about how much they cost. hhow long, how often, etc. | _He didn't care how long he had to watt Notice that some subordinating conjunctions can introduce different kinds of dependent clauses. That can introduce either noun clauses or adjective clauses, and where can introduce either a noun, an adjective, or an adverb clause. It normally is not important to know the kind of clause. | can't remember where | put the house key. (noun clause; direct object of remember) It's not in the place where | usually put it. (adjective clause; tells which place) | always put it where | will see it when I go out the front door. (adverb clause; \| tells where / put it) | Conjunctive Adverbs | ee ones NITES can spper oto being: to mks tt en ST independent clause, but we often use them to connect two independent clauses, | See ipl asain wiowtid demas tha On axjacde vat | it anindopenent clase flows296 Appendix € | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals Conjunctive Adverb| ‘Examples, ‘To add a similar idea also ‘Community colleges otfer preparation for many jobs; also, they prepare students to transfer to four-year colleges or universities. besides furthermore in addition tin addition, moreover moreover, ‘To add an unexpected or surprising continuation however ‘The cost of attending a community college is low; however, many students need financial ai. nevertheless. nonetheless stil ‘To add a complete contrast in contrast Most community colleges do not have dormitories; in contrast, most four-year colleges do. fon the other hand {on the other hand, ‘To add a result a8 a result ‘Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; as a result, most schools provide separate classes for each group, ‘consequently consequently, therefore ‘therefore, thus jithus, To list ideas in order of time meanwhile Police kept people away from the scone ofthe accident; meanwhile, ambulance ‘workers tried to pull victims out ofthe wreck. afterward “The workers put five injured people into an ambulances afterward, they found another vet. then then, ‘subsequently subsequently, ‘To give an example Tor example ‘Coors can have different moanings; for example, white is the color of weddings ‘some cultures and of funerals in others for instance + for instance, ‘To show similarities iilarly Hawaii has sunshine and friendly people; similarly, Mexico's weather is sunny and ite people hospitadle lkewis :fkewise,Appendix C | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 297 ‘Conjunetive Adverb Examples: ‘To indicate “the first statement is not true; the second statement is true” instead on the contrary rather ‘The medicine did not make him feel better instead, it made him feel worse. 3 the contrary, # rather, instead (meaning “as a substitute’) ‘They had planned to go to Hawall on ther honeymoon; instead, they went to Mexico, ‘To give another possibility alternatively fon the other hand ‘You can lve ina dorm on campus; on the other hand, you can rent a room with @ family off campus. salternatively, otherwise (rearing "i not") ‘Students must take tinal exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of Incomplete. ‘To add an explanation in other words ‘Some cultures are matiarchak in other words, the motners are the head of the family. that is that is, ‘To make a stronger statement Indeod ‘Mangoes are a very common fru; indeed, people eat more mangoes than any other fruit inthe word. infact sin fact Transition Signals Se a ‘Transition Signals | Coordinating Subordinating and Conjunctive Conjunctions ‘Conjunctions Prepositions, Verbs Adverbs and Paired Conjunctions “To list ideas in order of time betore the fist (eason, cause, fret, cause, frst of al, atter step, ete) second, unt the second thi, vihen te thea next, wile another then as s00n 3 the ist after that, since the final. meanwhile, inthe meantime, finaly, iat, last oa, subsequent,298 Appendix C | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals To list ideas order of importance first, the first... (reason, first of al, cause, step, etc.) first and foremost, .. an additional ‘second, the second more important, another ‘most important, ‘a more important more significantly, (reason, cause, most significantly, step, etc.) above all, .. the most important most ofall, the most significant the best/the worst ‘To add a similar or equal idea also, ‘and ‘another ... (reason, besides, cause, step, etc.) furthermore, both... and a second in addition, rot only ... but also. ‘an adcitional moreover, afinal 100 as well as, as well ‘To add an opposite idea however, but although despite fon the other hand, yet even though in spite of nevertheless, though nonetheless, stil, To explain or restate an idea in other words, in particular, . (more) specifically, that is, ‘To make a stronger statement indeed, in fact, ‘To give another possibility alternatively, . or ‘on the other hand, either ... or otherwise, =. . whether ... or ‘To give an example for example, such as for instance, an example of to exemplify ‘To express an opinion ‘according to to believe (that) in my opinion, to feel (that) in my view, to think (that)Appendix C | Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 299 ‘To give a reason Tor this reason, ... ‘or rebails as a result of because of due to To give a result accordingly, .. %0 the cause of as a consequi the reason for to cause as a result to resut fr) consequently, to have an effect on for these reasons, ... to affect hence, therefore, | thus, «+ alin al in brie, in short, to.conciude, to summarize, in conclusion, in summary, for these reasons, ‘To show similarities Tkewise, and ‘alike, ike, just tke similarly both... and as, just a | also not only... but also as well neither. nor 2s wall as, ‘compared with or to | in comparison with orto to be similar (to) | too | ‘To show differences aiever instead of in contrast, instead, (on the contrary, (onthe other hand, rather,