Grade 12

WHAT IS LIGHT?
• Electromagnetic radiation -400 nm to 750 nm
• The speed of light in vacuum is the highest speed attainable in nature.
• A light wave can be considered to travel from one point to another, along a
straight line joining them.
• The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays constitutes a beam of
light.

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 REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
Laws Of Reflection
➢ The angle of reflection (i.e., the angle between reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting
surface or the mirror) equals the angle of incidence (angle between incident ray and the
normal).
➢ The normal in this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of
incidence.

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SIGN CONVENTION

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PRINCIPAL FOCUS:
For a convex mirror, the reflected rays appear to
diverge from a point F on its principal axis. The point
F is called the principal focus.

FOCAL PLANE:
If the parallel paraxial beam of light were incident,
making some angle with the principal axis, the
reflected rays would converge (or appear to diverge)
from a point in a plane through F normal to the
principal axis. This is called the focal plane of the
mirror

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FOCAL LENGTH OF SPHERICAL MIRRORS

Fig. Geometry of reflection of an incident ray

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 THE MIRROR EQUATION

(i) The ray from the point which is parallel to the principal axis.
The reflected ray goes through the focus of the mirror.
(ii) The ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or appearing
to pass through it for a convex mirror. The reflected ray simply retraces the path.

Ray diagram for image formation by a concave mirror

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(iii) The ray passing through (or directed towards) the focus of the concave
mirror or appearing to pass through (or directed towards) the focus of a
convex mirror. The reflected ray is parallel to the principal axis.
(iv) The ray incident at any angle at the pole. The reflected ray follow laws of
reflection.

Ray diagram for image formation by a concave mirror

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Fig. Image formation by (a) a concave mirror with
object between P and F and (b) a convex mirror
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Fig. Image formation by (a) a concave mirror with
object between P and F and (b) a convex mirror
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 REFRACTION

The direction of propagation of an obliquely incident ray of

Laws of refraction:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the
interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine
of angle of refraction is constant.

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In refraction, frequency (f) does not change but velocity (v) and wavelength ()
change
If n2 < n1 then r < i and the refracted ray bends towards the normal .
If n2 > n1 then r > i and the refracted ray bends away from the normal.

Lateral shift of a ray refracted through

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Fig. Apparent depth for (a) normal, and (b) oblique
viewing.

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ADVANCE SUNRISE AND DELAYED SUNSET DUE TO
ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION

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 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

• When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium at the interface,
it is partly reflected back into the same medium and partly refracted to the second
medium. This reflection is called the internal reflection.

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• The angle of incidence corresponding to an angle of refraction 90°, say AO3N, is called the
critical angle (ic ) for the given pair of media.
sin ic = n21
• For values of i larger than ic, Snell’s law of refraction cannot be satisfied, and hence no
refraction is possible.

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Conditions for TIR:

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 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN NATURE AND
ITS TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

MIRAGE

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DIAMOND AND PRISM

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• Prisms designed to bend rays by 900 and 1800 or to invert image without changing its
size make use of total internal reflection.

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OPTICAL FIBRES
Optical fibres are extensively used for transmitting audio and video signals through long distances.

In silica glass fibres, it is possible to transmit more than 95% of the light over a fibre length of
1 km.

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 REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL SURFACES AND BY
LENSES

➢Refraction at a spherical surface

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 LENS:

• A thin lens is a transparent optical medium bounded by two surfaces, at least

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Refraction at a spherical surface
Consider an object O on the principal axis of a spherical surface.
C is the centre of curvature.
R is radius of curvature.
I is the image

Refraction at a spherical surface separating two media

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Refraction at a spherical surface separating two media

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Refraction at a spherical surface separating two media

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 REFRACTION BY A LENS

The image formation can be seen in terms of two steps

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The point where image of an object placed at infinity is formed is called the focus F, of
the lens and the distance f gives its focal length.

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Tracing rays through (a)
convex lens (b) concave
lens.
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 POWER OF A LENS

Power of a lens is a measure of the convergence or divergence, which a lens introduces

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The power P of a lens is defined as the tangent of the angle by which it
converges or diverges a beam of light falling at unit distant from the optical
centre.

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 COMBINATION OF THIN LENSES IN CONTACT

Consider two thin lenses A and B of focal lengths f1 and f2 placed in contact with each
other O is the object placed beyond the focus of the first lens.

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REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM

As shown in fig ABC be a prism.

The angles of incidence and refraction at the first face AB are i and r1.

The angle of incidence and refraction at the second face are r2 and e.

The angle between the emergent ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ is called the angle of deviation .

In the quadrilateral AQNR

 A+  QNR = 1800 (1)

From the triangle QNR

r1 +r2+  QNR = 1800 (2)

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