GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3131103
Subject Name: NETWORK THEORY
Semester III

Type of course: Passive circuit analysis and synthesis

Prerequisite: Fundamental knowledge of electric circuit sources and elements, basic mathematics
(integration, differentiation, etc.)

Rationale: Students of EC Engineering need to possess good understanding of concepts and principles of
passive circuit analysis and synthesis by applying various circuit laws and theorems. This is one of the
foundation course
which is required to understand the concepts of advanced courses and develop skills that are needed in
Electronics field.

Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total

L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks Marks
ESE(E) PA ESE (V) PA(I)
4 0 2 5 70 30 30 20 150

Content:

Sr. Content Total %

No. Hrs Weightage
1 Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements and Sources: E.M.F, Potential and
Potential Difference, Current and Current Density, Ideal and Practical Voltage and
Current Sources. Conversion from one source into other. Internal Impedance of
voltage and current source relative to load. Two-terminal Capacitance – Two- 3 6
terminal Inductance- Independent and Dependent Electrical Sources –Power and
Energy Relations for Two-terminal Elements – Classification of Two-terminal
Elements – Multi-terminal Circuit Elements, Dot Convention.
2 Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of resistive Circuits:
Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Resistors and Independent and Dependent
Sources – Source Transformation Theorem for circuits with independent sources –
Source Transformation Theorem for circuits with Dependent sources –Nodal 5 10
Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent Sources - Mesh Analysis of Circuits
with Resistors containing Independent Voltage Sources - Mesh Analysis of
Circuits Containing Dependent Sources.
3 Circuit Theorems and Their Applications in Electric Networks:
Linearity of a Circuit and Superposition Theorem-Substitution Theorem-
Compensation Theorem - Thevenin's Theorem and Norton's Theorem -
Determination of Equivalents for Circuits with Dependent Sources -Reciprocity 6 12
Theorem - Maximum Power Transfer Theorem - Millman's Theorem-Duality
Theorem-Duality between Electricity and Magnetism.
4 Time domain response of First order RL and RC circuits: 4 8
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 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3131103
Mathematical preliminaries – Source free response –DC response of first order
circuits – Superposition and linearity – Response Classifications – First order RC
Op Amp Circuits.
5 Time domain response of Second order linear circuits:
Discharging of a Capacitor through an inductor – Source free second order linear 4 8
networks – second order linear networks with constant inputs.
6 Initial conditions:
Initial conditions in elements, procedure for evaluating initial conditions, Solution 4 8
of circuit equations by using Initial Conditions.
7 Laplace Transform Analysis and Circuit Applications:
Notions of Impedance and Admittance – Manipulation of Impedance and
Admittance- Notions of Transfer Function- Equivalent circuits for inductors and 6 10
capacitors – Nodal and Loop analysis in the s-domain – Switching in RLC
circuits- Switched capacitor circuits and conservation of charge.
8 Laplace Transform Analysis and Transfer Function Applications:
Poles, Zeros and the s-plane- Classification of Responses – Computation of 5 8
sinusoidal steady state response for stable networks and systems.
9 Two –Port Networks :
One port networks – Two port admittance Parameters (y parameters)– Admittance
parameters analysis of terminated two- Port networks - Two port impedance
parameters (z-parameters) –Impedance and Gain calculations of terminated two-
8 12
Port networks modeled by z-parameters – Hybrid parameters (h para)– Inverse
Hybrid Parameters (g-para)- Transmission parameters (ABCD parameters)-
Scattering parameters(S parameters)-Scattering Transfer parameters(T parameters)
–reciprocity-Various Combinations of Two-Port network.
10 Introduction to Network Topology:
Linear Oriented Graphs (Connected Graph, Subgraphs and Some Special
Subgraphs) - The Incidence Matrix of a Linear Oriented Graph -Kirchhoff's Laws
in Incidence Matrix Formulation - Nodal Analysis of Networks – The Circuit
Matrix of a Linear Oriented Graph- Kirchhoff's Laws in Fundamental Circuit
Matrix Formulation - Loop Analysis of Electrical Networks – ( Loop Analysis of
7 12
Networks Containing Ideal Dependent Sources- Planar Graphs and Mesh Analysis
–Duality)- The Cut-set Matrix of a Linear Oriented Graph ( Cut-sets - The All cut-
set matrix Qa- Orthogonality relation between Cut-set matrix and Circuit matrix -
The Fundamental Cut-set Matrix of - Relation between of , A and Bf) - Kirchhoff's
Laws in Fundamental Cut-set formulation - Tie set -Tie set Matrix (F-loop
matrix)- Tie set schedule.
11 Introduction to Passive Network Synthesis:
Introduction of Hurwitz Polynomial, Positive Real Function (PRF), Elementary 4 6
Synthesis Procedure.
Total 56 100

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 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3131103
Suggested Specification table* with Marks (Theory):

Distribution of Theory Marks

R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level C Level

10 10 20 20 5 5

Legends: R: Remembrance; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C:

Create and above Levels (Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy)

*This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline for students and teachers. The actual
distribution of marks in the question paper may vary from above table

Reference Books:
1. Network Analysis & Synthesis By Franklin S. KUO, Wiley Publication
2. Network Analysis :- By M.E Van Valkenburg PHI Publication
3. Electric Circuits and Networks :- By K. S. Suresh Kumar – Pearson Education
4. Linear Circuits Analysis 2nd edition :-By DeCarlo/ Lin – Oxford University Press(Indian edition)
5. Engineering Circuit Analysis : - By W H Hayt, J E Kemmerly, S M Durbin 6th Edition TMH
Publication
6. Graphs: Theory and Algorithms By K. Thulasiraman, m.n.s Swamy, Wiley Publication.
7. Electric Circuit Analysis By S N Sivanandam, Vikas Publishing House
8. Introductory Circuit Analysis by Robert Boylestad, Pearson

Course Outcomes:
After learning the course the students should be able to:

Sr. CO statement Marks %

No. weightage
CO-1 analyse passive circuits using various networks theorems 50
CO-2 analyze and evaluate the transfer functions using classical and transform methods 20
CO-3 evaluate two port parameters for the given two port network configurations . 10
CO-4 comprehend the basics of network topologies ,graph theory and network synthesis 10
CO-5 synthesis the knowledge of Circuit theory to electrical and electronic circuits 10

List of Experiments:

1. To measure and calculate currents and voltages for a given resistive circuit and verify KCL and
KVL.
2. To verify superposition theorem experimentally for a given resistive circuit consisting two
independent sources.
3. To verify Thevenin’s theorem experimentally for a given circuit.
4. To verify maximum power transfer theorem experimentally for a given circuit.
5. To verify reciprocity theorem experimentally for a given circuit.
6. To measure and calculate RC time constant for a given RC circuit.
7. To measure and calculate RL time constant for a given RL circuit.
8. To measure and analyze (settling time, overshoot, undershoot, etc.) step response of for a given
series RLC circuit for following cases: (1) ζ =1 (critically damped system), (2) ζ >1(over damped
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 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Code: 3131103
system), (3) ζ <1 (under damped system). Choose appropriate values of R, L, and C to obtain each
of above cases one at a time.
9. To measure and calculate Z-parameters for a given two-port system.
10. To measure and calculate Y-parameters for a given two-port system.
11. To measure and calculate h-parameters for a given two-port system.
12. To measure and calculate ABCD-parameters for a given two-port system.

Major Equipments:

i. Function Generator
ii. Oscilloscope
iii. Digital Multi-meter
iv. DC Power Supply (0-30 V)

List of Open Source Software/learning website:

Multisim,SCILAB, PSpice, NGspice (Open Source Software)

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Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER– III (New) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2019
Subject Code: 3131103 Date: 3/12/2019
Subject Name: Network Theory
Time: 02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Marks
Q.1 (a) Draw Ideal and Practical Current and Voltage source 03
characteristics. In what respect practical current and
voltage sources are different from ideal current and
voltage sources.
(b) Derive current, voltage, power and energy equations of 04
two terminal elements Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor.
(c) Determine the current in 4Ω resistor using mesh analysis 07
for the network shown in figure 1.

Q.2 (a) Derive the conduction of maximum power transfer for the 03
variable resistance as a load circuit.
(b) What is equivalent circuit of the charged and uncharged 04
inductor and capacitor at t=0+ and t=∞.
(c) Determine the value of I1 using superposition theorem for 07
the circuit shown in figure 2.
OR
(c) Find the current in 4Ω resistor for the circuit shown in 07
figure 3 using Thevenin’s theorem and also find maximum
power dissipation by the 4Ω.
Q.3 (a) Define the time-constant of RL and RC networks and 03
explain the significance of the time-constant.
(b) In the network shown in figure 4, the switch k is moved 04
from position 1 to 2 at t=0, steady state having previously
been attained. Determine the current i(t) for the t≥0.
(c) In the network shown in figure 5, the switch k is changed 07
from position 1 to 2 at t=0. Find values of i, di/dt and
d2i/dt2 at t=0+ if R=1000Ω, L=1H, C=0.1µF and V=100V.
OR
Q.3 (a) In the network shown in figure 6, the switch k is closed at 03
t=0, a steady state having previously been attained. Find
i(t) for t≥ 0.
(b) An exponential voltage v(t)=4e-3t is applied at time t=0 to 04
a series R-L circuit consisting of a resistor R=0.5Ω and
inductor L=0.25H as shown in figure 7 Obtain the
expression of current i(t) for t≥0. Assume zero current
through the inductor before switching.
(c) Obtain z-parameters for the network shown in figure 8. 07
Q.4 (a) Write the procure to obtain Thevenin’s equivalent voltage 03
and resistance for the different types of network.
(b) In the network shown in figure 9 the switch k is moved 04
from position a to b at t=0, a steady state existing in
1
 position a before t=0. Solve for the current i(t) using the
Laplace transformation method.
(c) Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit for the network 07
shown in figure 10 and obtain current in 10Ω (load
resistor).
OR
Q.4 (a) Find the Laplace transform of the signal f(t)=e-atsin(wt). 03
(b) Obtain the voltage across the capacitor in the LC circuit 04
shown in figure 11 using Laplace transformation
technique, if initial voltage across capacitor is 2V.
(c) Using nodal analysis determine the current I in the circuit 07
shown in figure 12.
Q.5 (a) Define (1) Oriented Graph (2) Tree and (3) Incidence 03
matrix.
(b) Define symmetry and reciprocity conditions for two port 04
network also derive conditions of symmetry and
reciprocity of the two port network in terms of Z
parameters.
(c) For the circuit shown in figure 13 draw the oriented graph 07
and obtain the (1) Incidence matrix (2) f-cutset matrix and
(3) tieset matrix.
OR
Q.5 (a) List out the necessary and sufficient conditions for 03
positive real function.
(b) Determine the inductance between the terminals for three 04
coil shown in figure 14.
(c) For the circuit shown in figure 15 draw the oriented graph 07
and obtain the (1) Incidence matrix (2) f-cutset matrix and
(3) tieset matrix.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

2
 Figure 5 Figure 6

Figure 7 Figure 8

Figure 9 Figure 10

Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 13 Figure 14

3
Figure 15

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 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–III (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3131103 Date:23-02-2022
Subject Name:Network Theory
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Define the following : (1) Oriented Graph (2) Tie-Set (3) Incidence Matrix. 03
(b) Discuss the following: (1) Linear and Nonlinear Network (2) Bilateral and 04
Unilateral Network (3) Active and Passive Network (4) Lumped and Distributed
Network.
(c) Using source transformation, find the Voltage 𝑉𝑥 in the figure:1. 07

Q.2 (a) Obtain Laplace transform of the following functions: (1) Unit Step Function (2) 03
Unit Ramp Function (3) Unit Impulse Function.
(b) Solve for the response 𝑦(𝑡) in the following integrodifferential equation> 04
𝑡
𝑑𝑦
+ 5𝑦(𝑡) + 6 ∫ 𝑦(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 = 𝑢(𝑡), 𝑦(0) = 2
𝑑𝑡 0
(c) For the circuit of figure:2, compute the voltage across each current source using 07
nodal analysis.
OR
(c) Determine 𝑣3 in the circuit of figure:3 using mesh analysis. 07
Q.3 (a) A parallel RLC circuit has 𝐿 = 2 𝐻 and 𝐶 = 0.25 𝐹. Find the value of 𝑅 that will 03
produce unity damping factor.
(b) For the source free series RC circuit, 04
𝑣(𝑡) = 56 𝑒 −200𝑡 𝑉, 𝑡 > 0
𝑖(𝑡) = 8 𝑒 −200𝑡 𝑚𝐴, 𝑡 > 0
(1) Find the value of R and C. (2) Calculate the time constant 𝜏.
(c) At 𝑡 = 0.15 𝑠 in the circuit of figure: 4, find the value of (1) 𝑖𝐿 (2) 𝑖1 (3) 𝑖2 . 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Consider a parallel RLC circuit having an inductance of 10mH and a capacitance 03
of 100 µF. Determine the resistor values that would lead to overdamped and
underdamped responses.
(b) In a source free series RL circuit, find the numerical value of the ratio: 04
(1) 𝑖(2𝜏)/𝑖(𝜏) (2) 𝑖(0.5𝜏)/𝑖(0)
(3) 𝑡/𝜏 if 𝑖(𝑡)⁄𝑖(0) = 0.2 (4) 𝑡/𝜏 if 𝑖(0) − 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(0) ln 2.
(c) After being open for a long time, the switch in figure:5 closes at 𝑡 = 0. 07
Find (1) 𝑖𝐿 (0− ) (2) 𝑣𝐶 (0− ) (3) 𝑖𝑅 (0+ ) (4) 𝑖𝐶 (0+ ) .
Q.4 (a) Find Laplace transform of cosh 𝑎𝑡. 03
(b) Find the Norton’s equivalent with respect to terminals 𝑎 − 𝑏 in the circuit shown 04
in figure: 6.
(c) Determine the value of 𝑅𝐿 that will draw the maximum power from the rest of the 07
circuit of figure: 7. Calculate the maximum power.
OR
Q.4 (a) 3 5𝑠 03
Find the inverse Laplace Transform of : 𝐹(𝑠) =1+ −
𝑠+4 𝑠 2 +25
(b) Determine 𝑅𝑇ℎ and 𝑉𝑇ℎ at terminals 1-2 for the circuit of figure: 8. 04
1
 (c) Use superposition to solve for 𝑣𝑥 in the circuit of figure: 9 07
Q.5 (a) For the resistive network shown in the figure : 10, draw the oriented graph and tree. 03
(b) Test whether 𝑃(𝑠) is Hurwitz 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠 4 + 3𝑠 3 + 4𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 1 using Routh’s 04
Criterion.
(c) Determine the hybrid parameters for the network in figure: 11. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) For the resistive network shown in the figure: 10, Develop the incidence matrix 𝐴. 03
(b) Test whether 𝑃(𝑠) is Hurwitz 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠 8 + 5𝑠 6 + 2𝑠 4 + 3𝑠 2 + 1 using Routh’s 04
Criterion.
(c) Obtain the 𝑦 − parameters for the circuit in figure: 12 07

Figure:1
Figure: 2

Figure:4
Figure: 3

Figure: 6
Figure:5

2
 Figure: 8
Figure: 7

Figure:9

Figure:10

Figure: 11 Figure: 12
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3
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER– III (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3131103 Date:18-07-2022
Subject Name:Network Theory
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS

Q.1 (a) Determine the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 sin5t. 03

(b) How the following elements will behave at t=0 and t=∞. Draw equivalent 04
network as well. A) Inductor B) Capacitor.
(c) Determine the mesh currents i1, i2 and i3 in the network shown in fig.1 07
using mesh analysis.
Q.2 (a) Determine z-parameters in terms of y-parameters. 03
(b) Define 1) Tree 2) Connected Graph 3) Co-tree 4) Sub-graph 04
(c) State and explain maximum power transfer theorem. Also derive the 07
condition for maximum power transfer to the load for DC and AC
circuits.
OR
(c) For the network shown in fig.2, the capacitor is initially charged to a 07
voltage V0, with the polarity indicated on the diagram. The switch is
closed at t=0. Determine the particular solution for the current in the
circuit.
Q.3 (a) State and explain Superposition theorem. 03
(b) Reduce the network of fig.3 into an equivalent network across 04
terminals AB with one equivalent current source.
(c) In the network shown in fig.4, the switch k is closed at t=0. For the 07
element values given, determine the values of va(0-) and va(0+).
OR
Q.3 (a) Derive the condition for network to be reciprocal for ABCD 03
parameters.
(b) Explain characteristic of an ideal current source. 04
(c) In the network of Fig.5, the switch k is closed at t=0, a steady state 07
having previously been attained. Find the particular solution for the
current.
Q.4 (a) State and explain initial value theorem of Laplace transform. 03
(b) Find the Thevenin’s equivalent network across A and B terminal for 04
the fig.6
(c) Derive relationship between incidence matrix (A), fundamental tie- 07
set matrix (Bf) and fundamental cut-set matrix (Qf).
OR
Q.4 (a) What is network synthesis? 03
(b) Obtain step response to R-L series circuit using Laplace 04
Transformation.
(c) Find the current in the 5ohm resistor using Norton’s theorem from the 07
fig. 7
Q.5 (a) Determine the inductance of the individual winding shown in fig.8 03
and the equivalent inductance when mutual inductance is 8H.
1
 (b) Briefly explain Positive Real Function (PRF). 04
(c) For the network of Fig.9, determine z-parameters. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Define fundamental loop and cut-set. 03
(b) Derive the condition for network to be symmetrical for g-parameters. 04
(c) Obtain the general solution and the particular solution for the current 07
i(t) in the fig. 10 .Also, obtain the value of current at time t=0.1sec.

2
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3
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE- SEMESTER–III (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2020
Subject Code:3131103 Date:05/03/2021
Subject Name:Network Theory
Time:10:30 AM TO 12:30 PM Total Marks:56
Instructions:
1. Attempt any FOUR questions out of EIGHT questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

MARKS

Q.1 (a) Determine the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −3𝑡 cos4t. 03

(b) Explain the terms: 1) Tree 2) Bilateral 3) Oriented Graph 4) Linear 04
(c) In the circuit of Fig.1, switch k is closed at t=0. For the elements 07
values given, obtain the general solution and particular solution for
current i(t). Obtain the value of current at time t=0.1 sec.
Q.2 (a) Determine y-parameters in terms of z-parameters. 03
(b) How the following elements will behave at t=0 and t=∞. Draw 04
equivalent network as well. A) Inductor B) Capacitor.
(c) State and explain maximum power transfer theorem. Also derive the 07
condition for maximum power transfer to the load for DC and AC
circuits.

Q.3 (a) What is time constant? What is its significance? 03

(b) Briefly describe Millman’s theorem. 04
(c) For the network of Fig.3, find the current through R=1ohm by 07
applying Thevenin’s theorem. All resistances are in ohms.

Q.4 (a) Derive the condition for network to be reciprocal for ABCD 03
parameters.
(b) Explain characteristic of an ideal voltage source. 04
(c) In the network of Fig.4, the switch k is closed at t=0, a steady state 07
having previously been attained. Find the particular solution for the
current.
Q.5 (a) State and explain final value theorem of Laplace transform. 03
(b) Determine the current in 1ohm resistor of the network shown in Fig.5 04
using source transformation method.
(c) In the network of Fig.6, the switch k is closed at t=0. Find the values 07
𝑑𝑖
of i, 𝑑𝑡 and d2i/dt2 at t=0+, if V=100V, R=10ohm, L=1H and C=10-5F.

Q.6 (a) What is network synthesis? 03

(b) Obtain step response to R-L series circuit using Laplace 04
Transformation.
(c) Derive relationship between incidence matrix (A), fundamental tie- 07
set matrix (Bf) and fundamental cut-set matrix (Qf).

Q.7 (a) List advantages of Laplace transformation method over classical 03

method.
(b) Briefly explain Positive Real Function (PRF). 04
(c) For the network of Fig.7, determine h-parameters. 07

1
Q.8 (a) Define fundamental loop and cut-set. 03
(b) Derive the condition for network to be symmetrical for g-parameters. 04
(c) In Fig.8, the switch is in the position 1 long enough to establish steady 07
state conditions and at t=0 is switched to position 2. Find expression
for current in the circuit.

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