NCERT Solutions Class 8 Maths Chapter 12 Exercise 12.

Q1. Express the following numbers in standard form.

(i) 0.0000000000085
(ii) 0.00000000000942
(iii) 6020000000000000
(iv) 0.00000000837
(v) 31860000000

(i) 0.0000000000085

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
Usual form

What is unknown:
Standard form

Reasoning:
How to use – a.b 10n

Where a is a whole number, b is a decimal number and n is an integer. Small numbers are
expressed with negative exponent i.e. n is negative integer.

Solution:
To convert this small number into standard from we need to move decimal to its right by
12 steps.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5

85
0.0000000000085 =
10000000000000
85 8.5 10
= =
10000000000000 1013
= 8.5 10−13 101
= 8.5 10−12

 Standard form of given number is 8.5 10−12

(ii) 0.00000000000942

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
Usual form

What is unknown:
Standard form

Reasoning:
How to use – a.b 10n

Where a is a whole number, b is a decimal number and n is an integer. Small numbers are
expressed with negative exponent i.e. n is negative integer.

Solution:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 2

942
0.00000000000942 =
100000000000000
942 9.42 102
= =
100000000000000 1014
= 9.42 10−14 102
= 9.42 10−12

 Standard form of given number is 9.42 10−12

(iii) 6020000000000000

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
Usual form

What is unknown:
Standard form

Reasoning:
In this question a big number has to be converted to its standard form. In this case n is
positive to represent this number as a  b 10n and the decimal will be moved to its left to
represent this number in its standard form as below.
Solution:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6020000000000000 = 6.02 1015

Decimal has moved by 15 steps so standard form of given number is 6.2 1015

(iv) 0.00000000837

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
Usual form

What is unknown:
Standard form

Reasoning:
How to use – a.b 10n

Where a is a whole number, b is a decimal number and n is an integer. Small numbers are
expressed with negative exponent i.e. n is negative integer.

Solution:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 7

837
0.00000000837 =
100000000000
837 8.37 102
=
100000000000 1011
= 8.37 10−11 102
= 8.37 10−9
 Standard form of given number is 8.37 10−9

(v) 31860000000

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
Usual form
What is unknown:
Standard form

Reasoning:
In this question a big number has to be converted to its standard form. In this case n is
positive to represent this number as a  b 10n and the decimal will be moved to its left to
represent this number in its standard form as below.

Solution:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

3 1 8 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31860000000 = 3.186 1010

So, decimal has moved by 10 steps to its left

 Standard form of given number is 3.186 1010

Q2. Express the following numbers in usual form.

(i ) 3.02 × 10 –6
( ii ) 4.5 × 104
( iii ) 3 × 10−8
( iv ) 1.0001 × 109
(v) 5.8 × 1012
(vi) 3.61492 × 106

(i) Evaluate 3.02 10−6

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
Standard form

What is unknown:
Usual form

Reasoning:
As we know standard form of any small or larger number is a.b 10n ,Where a is a whole
number, b is a decimal number and n is an integer
For small number n is negative and for large number n is positive. So, to convert a small
number to its usual form we need to move decimal to its left by number of steps given as
exponent values.
Solution:

(i) 3.02  10−6

 Its usual form is
3.02
3.02 10−6 =
1000000
= 0.00000302

(ii) 4.5 104

Now to convert a big number to its usual form we need to move decimal to its right by
number of steps given as its exponent.

4.5 104 = 45000

 Answer is 45000

(iii) 3 10−8 = 0.00000003

(iv) 1.0001109 = 1000100000

(v) 5.8 1012 = 5800000000000

(vi) 3.61492 106 = 3614920

Q3. Express the number appearing in the following statements in standard form.

1
(i) 1 micron is equal to m
100000
(ii) Charge of an electron is 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,16 coulomb.
(iii) Size of a bacteria is 0.0000005 m
(iv) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m
(v) Thickness of a thick paper is 0.07 mm

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
Usual form

What is unknown:
Standard form

Reasoning:
How to use – a.b 10n

Where a is a whole number, b is a decimal number and n is an integer. Small numbers are
expressed with negative exponent i.e. n is negative integer.
Solution:
(i) 1 micron is equal to
1
1000000 m
1
= 0.000001 = 1 10−6
1000000

(ii) 0.00000000000000000016
16
0.00000000000000000016 =
100000000000000000000
1.6  10
=
1020
= 1.6  10−19 coulomb

(iii) 0.0000005m
5
0.0000005 m=
10000000
5
= 7
10
= 5  10−7 m

(iv)
1275
0.00001275m =
100000000
1.275  103
=
108
= 1.275  10−5 m
(v) 0.07mm
7
0.07mm =
100
7
= 2
10
7  10−2 mm

Q4. In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20mm and 5 paper sheets each of
thickness 0.016 mm. What is the total thickness of the stack?

Difficulty Level: Easy

What is known:
5 books of 20mm thickness each.
5 paper sheets of 0.016mm thickness each.
What is unknown:
Total thickness of the stack

Reasoning:
First find the total thickness of 5 books then find out total thickness of 5 paper sheets.
Now find total thickness of stack by adding these two.

Solution:
Thickness of each book = 20mm
Number of books per stack = 5
Thickness of 5 books = 5  20 = 10 mm
Thickness of each sheet = 0.016 mm
Thickness of 5 paper sheets = 5  0.016 = 0.080 mm

Total thickness of stack = 100 + 0.080 = 100.080mm

= 100.080 = 1.0008 102 mm