Measurements

General Chemistry 1

Mae Ver H. Palencia

SHS –STEM
2022 -2023
 Describe and differentiate these two objects
Describe and differentiate the two objects

Describe and differentiate these two objects

clearly through its volume or the weight.
 Cite some situations in daily life
where a measurement is important.
 Instruction:
• Measure the length of a table WITHOUT using a
ruler, meter stick, or tape measure.
• Write your measurement on the board
• Compare the results and explain for differences
and similarities.
Question:
Why is there a need to use a common unit for measurement?
 •A means for a
quantitative
description of
a property
Measurement
Measurement
It provides information as the basis of most of the
hypotheses, theories, and laws describing the behavior of
matter and energy in both the macroscopic and microscopic
domains of chemistry.

Provides three kinds of information:

1. the size or magnitude of the measurement
2. a standard of comparison for the measurement
3. an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement.
 •are standards of comparison
for measurements
Units

•Examples:
•liters, pounds, and centimeters
International
System (SI)
• a common system
adopted by scientific
measurements /
scientists anywhere
and all the time

• the metric system

that is used universally
as a standard for
measurements
- defined as the defined by a certain
distance light in a cylinder of platinum-
vacuum travels in iridium alloy. Any object
1/299,792,458 of a with the same mass as
second this cylinder is said to
have a mass of 1 kilogram.
Temperature (kelvin, K) Time (second,s)

• Water freezes at 273.15 Small and large time

K (0 °C) and boils at intervals can be expressed
373.15 K (100 °C) with the appropriate
prefixes;
normal human body
temperature ≈ 310 K for example:
3 microseconds = 0.000003 s = 3 × 10−6
(37 °C) 5 megaseconds = 5,000,000 s = 5 × 106 s
Volume of water
- measure of the amount of space occupied by an object.

• The standard volume is a cubic meter (m )

3

• liter (L) is the more common

name for the cubic decimeter
(dm3)
• cubic centimeter (cm ) is also
3

called a milliliter (mL)

• ratio of the mass of a sample of the
substance to its volume
Density
• SI unit for density is the kilogram per
cubic meter (kg/m3).

- grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for

the densities of solids and liquids
- grams per liter (g/L) for gases
 Calculation of Density

Lead is a dense substance, but its density is not as great as that of

gold, 19.3 g/cm3. What is the density of lead if a cube of lead has
an edge length of 2.00 cm and a mass of 90.7 g?
Solution : The density of a substance can be calculated by dividing its
mass by its volume. The volume of a cube is calculated by cubing the
edge length.

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟗𝟎. 𝟕 𝒈 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑 𝒈 𝟑

𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝒈/𝒄𝒎
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝟖. 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
Check Your Learning

(a)To three decimal places, what is

the volume of a cube (cm3) with
an edge length of 0.843 cm?

(b)If the cube in part (a) is copper

and has a mass of 5.34 g, what
is the density of copper to two
decimal places?

Answer: (a) 0.599 cm3; (b) 8.91 g/cm3

Calculate
Using Displacement of Water to Determine Density

Several 5.00-kg-colored blocks were dropped into a tank containing

100.00 L water. The yellow block floats and the water level rises to
105.00 L. While floating, the yellow block displaces 5.00 L water.
The red block sinks and the water level rises to 101.25 L.

The red block therefore displaces 1.25 L water, an amount equal to the
volume of the block. The density of the red block is:

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝑳
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑳
UNCERTAINTY IN
MEASUREMENT
Measurement of the
volume using a
burette. The volume is
read at the bottom of
the liquid curve (called
the meniscus).
 ⚫The meniscus of the liquid occurs at
about 20.15 milliliters.
⚫If five different people read the
same volume, the results might be as
follows:
Person Results of Measurements
1 20.15 mL
2 20.14 mL
3 20.16 mL
4 20.17 mL
5 20.16 mL
To measure the volume of liquid in this graduated cylinder,
mentally subdivide the distance between the 21 and 22 mL
marks into tenths of a milliliter and make a reading (estimate) at
the bottom of the meniscus, the lowest point on the curved
surface of the liquid.
⚫CERTAIN DIGITS – the first three number (20.1) remain the
same regardless of who makes the measurements
⚫UNCERTAIN DIGITS – the digit to the right of 1 must be
estimated and therefore varies

Person Results of Measurements

1 20.15 mL
2 20.14 mL
3 20.16 mL
4 20.17 mL
5 20.16 mL
Measurement
•Thus, it is important to
indicate the uncertainty in
always has any measurement.
some degree
of uncertainty.
•By recording the certain
digits and the first uncertain
digit.

•SIGNIFICANT
These numbers are called the
FIGURES or
SIGNIFICANT DIGITS of a
measurement.
What if you were analyzing a reported value and trying to
determine what is significant and what is not?
The leading zeros in this example are not significant.

use exponential notation and express the number as

• Rounding a few different numbers to three significant figures:

✓0.028675 rounds “up” to 0.0287 (the dropped digit, 7, is greater than 5)
✓18.3384 rounds “down” to 18.3 (the dropped digit, 3, is lesser than 5)
✓6.8752 rounds “up” to 6.88 (the dropped digit is 5, and the retained digit is even)
✓92.85 rounds “up” to 92.9 (the dropped digit is 5)
How do you handle significant
figures in calculations?
⚫1. In addition and subtraction, the answer
cannot have more digits to the right of the
decimal point than either of the original
numbers.
45.112 --- three digits after the decimal point
- 6.02 --- two digits after the decimal point
____________________

39.092 --- round off to 30.09 so the answer will have two digits
after the decimal point
2. For multiplication and division, the number of
significant figures in the final product or quotient
is determined by the original number that has
the smallest number of significant figures.

⚫ 6.9 x 12.34 = 85.146

⚫ Round off the answer to 85, which has only two significant figures.

⚫26.98/3.05 = 8.846
⚫Round off the answer to 8.85, which has three significant figures
because the smallest number of significant figures in the
operation is 3.
 ⚫Remember that exact
numbers are considered to
have infinite number of
significant figures.
Rules for Rounding Off:
⚫To round off a number at a certain point, drop
the digits that follow if the first of them is less
than 5.
⚫8.143 rounded off to only two significant figures
becomes 8.1.
⚫To round off a number at a certain point, add 1
to the preceding digit if the number that follows is
5 or greater than 5.
●7.378 rounded off to three significant
digits becomes 7.38
❖8.465 rounded off to three significant
digits becomes 8.47
❖0.575 rounded off to two significant
digits becomes 0.58
Sample Exercise
Rounding Numbers
Round the following to the indicated number of significant figures:

(a) 31.57 (to two significant figures)

(b) 8.1649 (to three significant figures)
(c) 0.051065 (to four significant figures)
(d) 0.90275 (to four significant figures)

Solution
(a) 31.57 rounds “up” to 32 (the dropped digit is 5, and the retained digit is even)
(b) 8.1649 rounds “down” to 8.16 (the dropped digit, 4, is lesser than 5)
(c) 0.051065 rounds “down” to 0.05106 (the dropped digit is 5, and the retained digit is even)
(d) 0.90275 rounds “up” to 0.9028 (the dropped digit is 5, and the retained digit is even)
Quiz 2
A. Indicate the SI base units or derived units that are appropriate for
the following measurements:

(a) the length of a marathon race (ex: miles and yards)

(b) the mass of an automobile
(c) the volume of a swimming pool
(d) the speed of an airplane
(e) the density of gold
(f) the area of a football field
(g) the maximum temperature at the South Pole on April 1, 1913
B. Round the following to the indicated number of
significant figures:

(a) 0.424 (to two significant figures)

(b) 0.0038661 (to three significant figures)
(c) 421.25 (to four significant figures)
(d) 28,683.5 (to five significant figures)
C. Calculate
A large piece of jewelry has a mass of 132.6 g. A
graduated cylinder initially contains 48.6 cm3 water.
When the jewelry is submerged in the graduated
cylinder, the total volume increases to 61.2 cm3.

(a) Determine the density of this piece of jewelry.

(b) Assuming that the jewelry is made from only one
substance, what substance is it likely to be? Choose from:
Gold (19.32 g/cm3), Silver (10.49 g/cm3), or Platinum
(21.45 g/cm3).
A chemist, is trying to identify the main component of a cleaning fluid,
finds that 25.00L of the substance has a mass of 19.625 g at 20 0C. The
following are the names and densities of the compounds that might be
the main component.
Compound Density g/L @ 20 0C
Chloroform 1.492
Diethyl Ether 0.714
Ethanol 0.789
Isopropyl Alcohol 0.785
Toluene 0.867

Which of these compounds is the most likely to be the main

component of the cleaner?
Quiz 2 Answer_Key
A. Indicate the SI base units or derived units that are appropriate for
the following measurements:

(a) the length of a marathon race (26 miles 385 yards) kilometers
(b) the mass of an automobile - kilograms
(c) the volume of a swimming pool – liters
(d) the speed of an airplane – km/hr
(e) the density of gold – g/cm3
(f) the area of a football field – m2
(g) the maximum temperature at the South Pole on April 1, 1913 - K
B. Round the following to the indicated number of
significant figures:

(a) 0.424 (to two significant figures)

(b) 0.0038661 (to three significant figures)
(c) 421.25 (to four significant figures)
(d) 28,683.5 (to five significant figures)

(a) 0.42; (b) 0.00387; (c) 421.3; (d) 28,684

 A large piece of jewelry has a mass of 132.6 g. A graduated cylinder initially
contains 48.6 mL water. When the jewelry is submerged in the graduated
cylinder, the total volume increases to 61.2 mL.
(a) Determine the density of this piece of jewelry.
(b) Assuming that the jewelry is made from only one substance, what substance is it likely to be?
Choose from: Gold (19.32 g/cm3), Silver (10.49 g/cm3), or Platinum (21.45 g/cm3).

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝒈
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝒈Τ𝒎𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝒈Τ𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝒎𝒍

Silver (10.49 g/cm3)

 Density = mass
volume

= 19.625 g = 0.7850 g/cm3

25.00 cm3
 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒔

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = =𝒔
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
Accuracy and Precision
 Precision
⚫the closeness
of the results of
a measurement
to each other
 Accuracy
⚫the closeness
of the results of
a measurement
to the true value
Determine whether each measurement is
accurate or inaccurate; and precise or
imprecise.
 B. Accurate and Imprecise

A. Accurate and Precise

C. Inaccurate and Imprecise D. Inaccurate and Precise

 Suppose a quality control chemist at a pharmaceutical company is tasked with checking
the accuracy and precision of three different machines that are meant to dispense 10 ounces
(296 mL) of cough syrup into storage bottles. She proceeds to use each machine to fill five
bottles and then carefully determines the actual volume dispensed, obtaining the results
tabulated below. Check the accuracy and precision of the data.
⚫The measurement could have errors, which could
cause the result to be far from the true value (low
accuracy). These errors are known as systematic
errors.

⚫If the results seems to be different from each other

(low precision). These errors are known as random
errors.
Conversions
A ratio of two equivalent quantities expressed with
different measurement units can be used as a
unit conversion factor

For example, the lengths of 2.54 cm and 1 in. are

equivalent (by definition), and so a unit conversion factor
may be derived from the ratio,
 Unit Conversion 1

⚫A pencil is 7.00 in. long. What is the length

in centimeters?

𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎
𝟕. 𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒏. 𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟎 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
𝟏 𝒊𝒏.
Unit Conversion 2
⚫You want to order a bicycle with a 25.5-in. g
frame, but the sizes in the catalog are given only in
centimetre. What size should you order?

𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎
𝟐𝟓. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
𝟏 𝒊𝒏.
Unit Conversion 3
⚫A student has entered a 10.0-km run. How
long is the run in miles?
• Conversion can be accomplished in several different ways.
Kilometers Meters Yards Miles

1km = 1000m
1m = 1.094 yd
1760 yd = 1 mi
Kilometers to Meters
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝟏𝟎. 𝟎 𝒌𝒎. 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝟏 𝒌𝒎

Meters to Yards
𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝒚𝒅
𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟒𝟎 𝒚𝒅
𝟏𝒎

Yards to Miles
𝟏 𝒎𝒊
𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟒𝟎 𝒚𝒅 𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒊
𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒚𝒅
Unit Conversion 4
⚫The speed limit on many highways in the United
States is 55 mi/h. What number would be posted
in kilometre per hour?

𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒊 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒚𝒅 𝟏𝒎 𝟏 𝒌𝒎
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝟏𝒉 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝒚𝒅 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎

⚫Note: All units cancel except the desired kilometres

per hour.
Temperature – the “hotness and “coldness” of
an object

𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏 = 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒊𝒖𝒔 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓

𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒊𝒖𝒔 = 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏 − 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓

𝟓
𝑻𝒄 = 𝑻𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐 𝟎𝑭
𝟗 Note: 32 0F = 0 0C ; No
Negative Kelvin
𝟗 temperatures
𝑻𝑭 = (𝑻𝑪 ) + 𝟑𝟐 𝒐𝑭
𝟓
Temperature

⚫Normal body temperature is 98.6 0F . Convert this

temperature to the Celsius and Kelvin scales.

𝟓
𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 𝒐𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐 𝒐𝑭 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟎 𝒐𝑪
𝟗

⚫Thus 98.6 0F corresponds to 37.0 0C

1. Calculate.

1. Diamonds are measured in carats, and 1

carat = 0.200g. The density of diamond is
3.51g/cm .3

a. What is the volume of a 5.0-carat

diamond?
b. What is the mass in carats of a diamond
measuring 2.8mL?
2. Calculate.

(a) What is the mass of 6.00 cm3 of mercury,

density = 13.5939 g/cm3?

(b) What is the mass of 25.0 mL octane, density

= 0.702 g/cm3?
3. Convert the following Celsius temperatures to
Kelvin and to Fahrenheit degrees.
a. The temp of someone with a fever, 39.2oC
b. A cold wintery day, -25 oC
c. The lowest possible temperature, -273 oC
d. The melting point temperature of sodium
chloride, 801 oC
4. Write each number in either standard form
or scientific notation:
a. 2.78 x 10 7 f. 36.683
b.6000 g. 9.92 x 10 7

c. 3.77185 x 107 h. 5.9 x 10 8

d.0.0077 i. 0.00000587
e.4.07369 j. 0.638389
5. Make the conversion indicated in each of the
following:
(a) the men’s world record long jump, 29 ft 4¼ in., to meters
(b) the greatest depth of the ocean, about 6.5 mi, to kilometers
(c) the area of the state of Oregon, 96,981 mi2, to square
kilometers
(d) the estimated volume of the oceans, 330,000,000 mi3, to
cubic kilometers.
(e) the mass of a 3525-lb car to kilograms
(g) the mass of a 2.3-oz egg to grams