Chapter 6.

File I/O Handling and Exception Handling

12 Marks

I/O Operations: Vishal Chavre

Reading Keyboard Input:

• Python provides two built-in functions to read a line of text from standard
input, which by default comes from the keyboard. These functions are −
1. input(prompt)
2. input()

The input(prompt) Function

• The input([prompt]) function allows user input. It takes one argument. The
syntax is as follows:

Syntax:

input(prompt)

Example:

x = input("Enter your name: ")

print(‘Hello ’ + x)

Output−

Enter your name: Kedar

 Vishal Chavre
Hello Kedar

The input() Function

• The input() function always evaluate the input provided by user and return
same type data. The syntax is as follows:

Syntax:

x=input()

Example:

x=int(input())

print(type(x))

Output−

5
Vishal Chavre
<class 'int'>

Printing to Screen:

• The simplest way to produce output is using the print statement where you
can pass zero or more expressions separated by commas. This function
converts the expressions you pass into a string and writes the result to
standard output as follows –

• The syntax is

Print(object(s),separator=separator,end=end,file=file,flush=flush)
 Parameter values:

Object(s) : It can be any object but will be converted to string before

primted.

sep=’seperator’ : Optional. Specify how to separate the objects, if there are

more than one. Default is ‘’.

end=’end’: Optional. Specify what to print at the end. Default is ‘\n’(line

feed).

file: Optional. An object with a write method, Default is sys.stdout

flush: Optional. A Boolean, specifying if the output is flushed(True) or

buffered(False). Default is False.

Example

print("hello","how are you?",sep="---")

Output: Vishal Chavre

hello---how are you?

• Some other example for printing to screen.

Example

print("Python is really a great language,", "isn't it?")

Output:

Python is really a great language, isn't it?

• To make the output more attractive formatting is used. This can be done by
using the str.format() method.
Example

a=10

b=20

print('Value of a is {} and b is {}'.format(a,b))

Vishal Chavre
Output:

Value of a is 10 and b is 20

• We can format the number output by using % operator.

Example

a=12.3456789

print('Value of x is=%3.2f'%a)

print('Value of x is=%3.4f'%a)

Output:

Value of x is=12.35

Value of x is=12.3457

File Handling:
What is a file?

• File is a named location on disk to store related information. It is used to

permanently store data in a non-volatile memory (e.g. hard disk).

• Since, random access memory (RAM) is volatile which loses its data when
computer is turned off, we use files for future use of the data.
 • When we want to read from or write to a file we need to open it first. When
we are done, it needs to be closed, so that resources that are tied with the file
are freed.

• Hence, in Python, a file operation takes place in the following order.

Open a file

Read or write (perform operation)

Close the file

How to open a file?

• Python has a built-in function open() to open a file. This function returns a
file object, also called a handle, as it is used to read or modify the file
accordingly.

f = open("test.txt") # open file in current directory

f = open("F:\\PYTH prog\\README.txt") # specifying full path

• We can specify the mode while opening a file. In mode, we specify whether
we want to read 'r', write 'w' or append 'a' to the file. We also specify if we
want to open the file in text mode or binary mode.

• The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, we get strings when
reading from the file.

• On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode to be
used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files.

The open function:

• Before you can read or write a file, you have to open it using Python's built-
in open() function. This function creates a file object, which would be
utilized to call other support methods associated with it.
 Vishal Chavre

Syntax

file object = open(file_name [, access_mode][, buffering])

The open function:

• file_name − The file_name argument is a string value that contains the

name of the file that you want to access.

• access_mode − The access_mode determines the mode in which the file has
to be opened, i.e., read, write, append, etc. This is optional parameter and
the default file access mode is read (r).

• buffering − If the buffering value is set to 0, no buffering takes place. If

the buffering value is 1, line buffering is performed while accessing a file.
If you specify the buffering value as an integer greater than 1, then
buffering action is performed with the indicated buffer size. If negative,
the buffer size is the system default(default behavior).

Opening File in different Modes:

Modes & Description-

(**if any question asked on this topic for 4 marks write only modes for text
mode and skip modes for binary format)

• r

Opens a file for reading only. The file pointer is placed at the beginning of the file.
This is the default mode.

• rb

Opens a file for reading only in binary format. The file pointer is placed at the
beginning of the file. This is the default mode.

• r+
Opens a file for both reading and writing. The file pointer placed at the beginning
of the file.

• rb+

Opens a file for both reading and writing in binary format. The file pointer placed
at the beginning of the file.

• w

Opens a file for writing only. Overwrites the file if the file exists. If the file does
not exist, creates a new file for writing.

• wb

Opens a file for writing only in binary format. Overwrites the file if the file exists.
If the file does not exist, creates a new file for writing.

• w+

Opens a file for both writing and reading. Overwrites the existing file if the file
exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing.

• wb+

Opens a file for both writing and reading in binary format. Overwrites the
existing file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for reading
and writing.

• a

Opens a file for appending. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file
exists. That is, the file is in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a
new file for writing.

• ab

Opens a file for appending in binary format. The file pointer is at the end of the
file if the file exists. That is, the file is in the append mode. If the file does not
exist, it creates a new file for writing.
 Vishal Chavre

• a+

Opens a file for both appending and reading. The file pointer is at the end of the
file if the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it
creates a new file for reading and writing.

• ab+

Opens a file for both appending and reading in binary format. The file pointer is
at the end of the file if the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the file
does not exist, it creates a new file for reading and writing.

Example-

# For different modes of opening a file

f=open("D:\python programs\Test.txt",'r') # opening file in r reading mode

print(f.read())

f=open("Test.txt",'w') # Opening file in w writing mode

Output-

Hello

Accessing file contents using standard library functions:

• Once a file is opened and you have one file object, you can get various
information related to that file.

• List of all attributes related to file object are-

Attribute & Description:

• file.closed -Returns true if file is closed, false otherwise.

• file.mode -Returns access mode with which file was opened.

• file.name -Returns name of the file.

• file.encoding -Returns encoding of the file.

Example:

fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","w)

print("Name of the file: ",fo.name)

print("Closed or not : ",fo.closed)

print("Opening mode : ",fo.mode)

print("File encoding : ",fo.encoding)

Output:

Name of the file: F:\2019-2020\PYTH prog\README.txt

Closed or not : False

Opening mode : w

File encoding : cp1252

Other File related standard functions-

• file.flush() -Flushes the internal buffer.

• file.isatty() -It returns true if file has a <tty> (teletypewriter for deaf)
attached to it.

• file.next -Returns the next line from the last offset.

Vishal Chavre
Reading data from files:
The read() Method-

• The read() method reads a string from an open file. It is important to note
that Python strings can have binary data. apart from text data.

Syntax

fileObject.read([count])

Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes to be read from the opened file.
This method starts reading from the beginning of the file and if count is missing,
then it tries to read as much as possible, maybe until the end of file.

Example

fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","r

str=fo.read(5);

print("Read String is : ",str)

print(fo.read(3))

print(fo.read())

# Close opend file

fo.close()

Output-

Read String is : Hello

Wo

rld
The readline() Method-

• The readline() method output the entire line whereas readline(n) outputs at
most n bytes of a single line of a file.

• Once the end of line is reached, we get empty string on further reading.

Syntax

fileObject.readline([count])

Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes of a single line to be read from the
opened file.

Example

fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","r")

print(fo.readline())

print(fo.readline(3))

print(fo.readline())

print(fo.readline())

print(fo.readline())

Output-

The readline() method output the entire line whereas readline(n) outputs at most n
bytes of a single line of a file.

Onc

e the end of line is reached, we get empty string on further reading.

Syntax

fileObject.readline([count])
 Vishal Chavre

The readlines() Method-

• This method maintains a list of each line in the file.

Syntax

fileObject.readlines()

Example

fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","r")

print(fo.readlines())

Output-

['The\xa0readline()\xa0method output the entire line whereas readline(n) outputs at

most n bytes of a single line of a file. \n', 'Once the end of line is reached, we get
empty string on further reading.\n', 'Syntax\n', '\tfileObject.readline([count]) \n',
'Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes of a single line to be read from the
opened file.\n']

Writing Files:
There are two ways to write in a file.

• write(string) : Inserts the string str1 in a single line in the text

file.File_object.write(str1)

e.g.

# Program to write Hello World in a file

fo = open("README.txt","w+")

fo.write("Hello World\n")

fo = open("README.txt","r")

print(fo.read())
Output:

Hello World

• writelines(List) : For a list of string elements, each string is inserted in the

text file. Used to insert multiple strings at a single time.

L = [str1, str2, str3]

File_object.writelines(L)

e.g.

# Program to write sequence of strings in a file

L=["str1\n","str2\n","str3\n"]

fo = open("README.txt","w+")

fo.writelines(L)

fo = open("README.txt","r")

print(fo.read())

Output:

str1

str2

str3

Closing a File:
When we are done with operations to the file we need to properly close the file.

Closing a file will free up the resources that were tied with the filed and is done
using python close() method.
# Program closing a file

fo = open("README.txt")

print("Name of the file: ",fo.name)

fo.close()

Output:

Name of the file: README.txt

File Position: (Not in syllabus read once)

We can change the current file cursor(position) using the seek() method. Similarly
the tell() method returns the current position(in number of bytes) of the cursor.

# Program for file position

fo = open("README.txt","r") Vishal Chavre

print(fo.tell())

print(fo.read())

print(fo.tell())

print(fo.read())

print(fo.seek(0))

print(fo.read())

Output:

str1

str2

str3
18

str1

str2

str3

Renaming a File:
• Renaming a file in python is done with the help of rename() method. To
rename a file in python the OS module needs to be imported.

• OS module allows us to perform operating system dependent operations

such as making a folder, listing contents of a folder etc.

The rename() method takes two arguments, the current filename and the new
filename.

Syntax

os.rename(current_filename, new_filename)

# Program for renaming files

import os

print("Present working directory\n",os.listdir())

os.rename("README.txt","newREADME.txt")

print("Present working directory\n",os.listdir())

Output

['accept_n_add.py', 'add_two.py', 'area_circle.py', 'armstrong.py', 'array.py',

'check_alphabet.py', 'check_prime.py', 'cmp_list.py', 'combine_dict_values.py',
'compare_bar.py', 'dict_1.py', 'dict_concat.py', 'dict_text_asc.py', 'dict_unique.py',
'dic_asc_desc.py', 'display_exp2.py', 'display_message.py', 'even_no.py',
'exp6_1.py', 'exp8_4.py', 'exp9_1.py', 'ex_np.py', 'factorial.py',
'factorial_recursion.py', 'file_op.py', 'file_test.py', 'file_test2.py', 'for2_sample.py',
'for_ex.py', 'for_sample.py', 'hello.py', 'high_3_dict.py', 'incorrect_pswd.py',
'intro_python.docx', 'intro_python.pptx', 'list_concat.py', 'myfile.txt', 'mypkg',
'mypkg1', 'p1.py', 'pack1.py', 'passwd_check.py', 'pattern2_loop.py',
'pattern_loop.py', 'pkg_sample.py', 'prime.py', 'Python datatype.docx', 'python
programs', 'pyth_asc_desc_numeric.py', 'README.txt', 'sample.py', 'set1_ex.py',
'set3_ex.py', 'set_ex.py', 'set_value_dict.py', 'simple_interest.py', 'sort_ex.py',
'sub_total_avg.py', 'sum_dic.py', 'test.py', 'trial.py', 'tup_ex.py', 'version_pyt.py',
'vowel.py', 'write_file.py']

['accept_n_add.py', 'add_two.py', 'area_circle.py', 'armstrong.py', 'array.py',

'check_alphabet.py', 'check_prime.py', 'cmp_list.py', 'combine_dict_values.py',
'compare_bar.py', 'dict_1.py', 'dict_concat.py', 'dict_text_asc.py', 'dict_unique.py',
'dic_asc_desc.py', 'display_exp2.py', 'display_message.py', 'even_no.py',
'exp6_1.py', 'exp8_4.py', 'exp9_1.py', 'ex_np.py', 'factorial.py',
'factorial_recursion.py', 'file_op.py', 'file_test.py', 'file_test2.py', 'for2_sample.py',
'for_ex.py', 'for_sample.py', 'hello.py', 'high_3_dict.py', 'incorrect_pswd.py',
'intro_python.docx', 'intro_python.pptx', 'list_concat.py', 'myfile.txt', 'mypkg',
'mypkg1', 'newREADME.txt', 'p1.py', 'pack1.py', 'passwd_check.py',
'pattern2_loop.py', 'pattern_loop.py', 'pkg_sample.py', 'prime.py', 'Python
datatype.docx', 'python programs', 'pyth_asc_desc_numeric.py', 'sample.py',
'set1_ex.py', 'set3_ex.py', 'set_ex.py', 'set_value_dict.py', 'simple_interest.py',
'sort_ex.py', 'sub_total_avg.py', 'sum_dic.py', 'test.py', 'trial.py', 'tup_ex.py',
'version_pyt.py', 'vowel.py', 'write_file.py']
Vishal Chavre

Deleting a File:
• We can use the remove() method to delete files by supplying the name of
the file to be deleted as the argument.

• To remove a file, the OS module need to be imported.

Syntax

os.remove(filename)
# Program for removing files

import os

print("Present working directory\n",os.listdir())

os.remove(“myfile.txt")

print("Present working directory\n",os.listdir())

Output

Present working directory

['2_area_perimeter_square.py', '2_area_rectangle.py', '2_cylinder.py',

'2_kb_gb_tb.py', '2_square_root.py', '2_swap.py', '3_dollar_rupees.py',
'basic_array_numpy.py', 'built_in_package.py', 'class_ex.py', 'class_method.py',
'composition_ex.py', 'constructor_ex.py', 'constr_rect_area.py', 'const_circle.py',
'creating_constructor.py', 'for_ex.py', 'hello.py', 'inherited_methods.py',
'list_cmp.py', 'reshp.py', 'sample.py', 'sets1.py', 'Test.txt', 'trial.py', 'try_except.py',
'tuple_interchange.py', 'user_defined_except.py', 'user_def_example.py']

Present working directory

['2_area_perimeter_square.py', '2_area_rectangle.py', '2_cylinder.py',

'2_kb_gb_tb.py', '2_square_root.py', '2_swap.py', '3_dollar_rupees.py',
'basic_array_numpy.py', 'built_in_package.py', 'class_ex.py', 'class_method.py',
'composition_ex.py', 'constructor_ex.py', 'constr_rect_area.py', 'const_circle.py',
'creating_constructor.py', 'for_ex.py', 'hello.py', 'inherited_methods.py',
'list_cmp.py', 'reshp.py', 'sample.py', 'sets1.py', 'trial.py', 'try_except.py',
'tuple_interchange.py', 'user_defined_except.py', 'user_def_example.py']

Directories in Python:
• If there is large number of files to handle in python program, we can arrange
the code within different directories to make things more manageable.
 • A directory or folder is a collection of files and sub directories. Python has
the OS module, which provides us with many useful methods to work with
directories.

Directory Related Standard Functions:

Create New Directory:

• We can make a new directory using the mkdir() method.

• This method takes in the path of the new directory. If the full path is not
specified, the new directory is created in the current working directory.

e.g.

import os

os.mkdir("testdir")

Get Current Directory

• We can get the present working directory using the getcwd() method.

• This method returns the current working directory in the form of a string.

e.g.

import os

print(os.getcwd())

Changing Directory:

• We can change the current working directory using the chdir() method.

• The new path that we want to change to must be supplied as a string to this
method. We can use both forward slash (/) or the backward slash (\) to
separate path elements.
 Vishal Chavre

Example-

import os

print(os.getcwd())

os.chdir("F:\\2019-2020")

print(os.getcwd())

Output:

F:\2019-2020\PYTH prog

F:\2019-2020

List Directories and Files:

• All files and sub directories inside a directory can be known using
the listdir() method.

• This method takes in a path and returns a list of sub directories and files in
that path. If no path is specified, it returns from the current working
directory.

e.g.

import os

print(os.listdir())

Removing Directory:

• A file can be removed (deleted) using the remove() method.

• Similarly, the rmdir() method removes an empty directory.

e.g.

import os

os.rmdir("testdir")

PROGRAMS

# Program to create a simple file and write some content in it

print("Enter 'x' for exit")

f=input("Enter file name to create and write content: ")

if f=='x':

exit()

else:

c=open(f,'w+')

print("\n The file ",f," created successfully")

print("Enter sentences to write in the file:")

sent1=str(input())

c.write(sent1)

c=open(f,'r')

print(c.read())

print("\n Content successfully placed in the file")

Output:

Enter file name to create and write content: file123

Vishal Chavre

The file file123 created successfully

Enter sentences to write in the file:

Hello

Hello

Content successfully placed in the file

# Program to open a file in write mode and append some content at the end of
a file

print("Enter 'x' for exit")

f=input("Enter file name to append content: ")

if f=='x':

exit()

else:

c=open(f,'a+')

print("Enter sentences to append in the file:")

sent1=str(input())

c.write("\n")
c.write(sent1)

c=open(f,'r')

print(c.read())

print("\n Content appended in the file")

Output:

Enter 'x' for exit

Enter file name to append content: test123

Enter sentences to append in the file:

World

World

Content appended in the file

# Program to open a file in read mode and print number of

occurences of characters
count = 0

char = input("ENTER CHARACTER : ")

file = open("Test.txt","r")

for i in file:

for c in i:

if c == char:
 count = count + 1

print("THE CHARACTER {} IS FOUND {} TIMES IN THE TEXT

FILE".format(char,count))

Output:
Vishal Chavre
ENTER CHARACTER : o

THE CHARACTER o IS FOUND 2 TIMES IN THE TEXT FILE

Exception Handling:
Introduction-
When we execute a python program there may be a few uncertain conditions
which occur, known as errors. There are three types of errors.

Compile Time Error- Occurs at the time of compilation due to violation of syntax
rules like missing of a colon.

Run Time Error- Occurs during the runtime of a program due to wrong input
submitted to the program by user.

Logical Errors- Occurs due to wrong logic written in the program.

Errors occurs at runtime are known as exception.

• An exception is an event which occurs during the execution of a program

that disrupts the normal flow of the program’s instructions.

• An exception is also called as runtime error that can halt the execution of
the program.

• Python has many built-in exceptions which forces your program to output
an error when something in it goes wrong.
• When these exceptions occur, it causes the current process to stop and
passes it to the calling process until it is handled. If not handled, our
program will crash.

• For example, if function A calls function B which in turn calls

function C and an exception occurs in function C. If it is not handled in C,
the exception passes to B and then to A.

• If never handled, an error message is spit out and our program come to a
sudden, unexpected halt.

• For handling exception in python, the exception handler block needs to be

written which consists of set of statements that need to be executed
according to raised exception.

• There are three blocks that are used in the exception handling process,
namely try, except and finally.

try Block- A set of statements that may cause error during runtime are to be
written in the try block.

except Block- It is written to display the execution details to the user when
certain exception occurs in the program. The except block executed only
when a certain type as exception occurs in the execution statements written
in the try block.

finally Block- This is the last block written while writing an exception
handler in the program which indicates the set of statements that are used to
clean up the resources used by the program.

Vishal Chavre
Exception Handling in Python:
‘try : except’ statement-
• In Python, exceptions can be handled using a try statement.

• A critical operation which can raise exception is placed inside the try clause
and the code that handles exception is written in except clause.

• It is up to us, what operations we perform once we have caught the

exception. Following is the example.

# Program for execption handling only using try:except block

import sys # import module sys to get the type of exception

randomList = ['a', 0, 2]

for entry in randomList:

try:

print("The entry is", entry)

r = 1/int(entry)

break

except:

print(sys.exc_info()[0],"occured.")

print("Next entry.")

print()

print("The reciprocal of",entry,"is",r)

Output:

The entry is a
<class 'ValueError'> occured.

Next entry.

The entry is 0

<class 'ZeroDivisionError'> occured.

Next entry.

The entry is 2

The reciprocal of 2 is 0.5

Catching Specific Exceptions in Python

• In the above example, we did not mention any exception in

the except clause.

• This is not a good programming practice as it will catch all exceptions and
handle every case in the same way. We can specify which exceptions an
except clause will catch.

• A try clause can have any number of except clause to handle them
differently but only one will be executed in case an exception occurs.

• We can use a tuple of values to specify multiple exceptions in an except

clause. Here is an example pseudo code.

Example pseudocode-

try:

# do something

pass

exceptValueError:
 Vishal Chavre

# handleValueError exception

pass

except (TypeError, ZeroDivisionError):

# handle multiple exceptions

# TypeError and ZeroDivisionError

pass

except:

# handle all other exceptions

pass

Example:

# Program to handle multiple errors with one except statement

try :

a=3

if a < 4 :

# throws ZeroDivisionError for a = 3

b = a/(a-3)

# throws NameError if a >= 4

print("Value of b = ", b)

# note that braces () are necessary here for multiple exceptions

except(ZeroDivisionError, NameError):

print("\nError Occurred and Handled")

Output:

Error Occurred and Handled

Output: (When value of a is set to 5 in above same program)

Error Occurred and Handled

# Program for use of try except statement

n=10

m=0

try:

n/m

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Divide by zero error")

else:

print(n/m)

Output:

Divide by zero error

Vishal Chavre
try-except statement with no exception:
• We can use try-except clause with no exception.
• All types of exceptions that occur are caught by the try-except statement.
• However, because it catches all exceptions, the programmer cannot identify
the root cause of a problem that may occur. Hence this type of programming
approach is not considered good.

# Program for try-except statement with no exception

while True:

try:

a=int(input("Enter an integer: "))

div=10/a

break

except:

print("Error occured")

print("Please enter valid value")

print()

print("Division is: ",div)

Output:

Enter an integer: a

Error occured

Please enter valid value

Enter an integer: 3.5

Error occured
Please enter valid value

Enter an integer: 0

Error occured

Please enter valid value

Enter an integer: 5

Division is: 2.0

try..finally statement:
• The try statement in Python can have an optional finally clause. This
clause is executed no matter what, and is generally used to release
external resources.

• For example, we may be connected to a remote data center through the

network or working with a file or working with a Graphical User Interface
(GUI).

• In all these circumstances, we must clean up the resource once used, whether
it was successful or not. These actions (closing a file, GUI or disconnecting
from network) are performed in the finally clause to guarantee execution.

• Here is an example of file operations to illustrate this.

Example

try:
Vishal Chavre
f = open("test.txt",encoding = 'utf-8')

# perform file operations

finally:

f.close()
 • This type of construct makes sure the file is closed even if an exception
occurs

# Program to check for ZeroDivisionError Exception

x=int(input("Enter first value: "))

y=int(input("Enter second value: "))

try:

result=x/y

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Divison by Zero")

else:

print("Result is: ",result)

finally:

print("Execute finally clause")

Output:

Enter first value: 5

Enter second value: 0

Divison by Zero

Execute finally clause

Enter first value: 10

Enter second value: 5

Result is: 2.0

Execute finally clause

raise statement:
• In Python programming, exceptions are raised when corresponding errors
occur at run time, but we can forcefully raise it using the keyword raise.

• We can also optionally pass in value to the exception to clarify why that
exception was raised.

Example:

# Program using raise statement to throw exception if age is less that 18

condition occurs

while True:

try:

age=int(input("Enter your age for election: "))

if age<18:

raise Exception Vishal Chavre

else:

print("You are eligible for election")

break

except Exception:

print("This value is too small, try again")

Output:

Enter your age for election: 15

This value is too small, try again

Enter your age for election: 20

You are eligible for election

User Defined Exception:
• Python has many built-in exceptions which forces your program to output an
error when something in it goes wrong.

• However, sometimes you may need to create custom exceptions that serve
your purpose.

• In Python, users can define such exceptions by creating a new class. This
exception class has to be derived, either directly or indirectly,
from Exception class. Most of the built-in exceptions are also derived from
this class.

• User can also create and raise his/her own exception known as user defined
exception.

Example:

# Program to raise user defined exception if age is less than 18

#define python user defined exception

class error(Exception): Vishal Chavre

"""Base class for other exceptions""" #empty class

pass

class AgeSmallException(error):

"""Raised when the input value is too small""" #empty class

pass

# main program

while True:

try:

age=int(input("Enter your age for election: "))

if age<18:

raise AgeSmallException

else:

print("You are eligible for election")

break

except AgeSmallException:

print("This value is too small , try again")

print()

Output:

Enter your age for election: 15

This value is too small , try again

Enter your age for election: 20

You are eligible for election

Program to guess the number entered by the user matches with

the defined number.
# define Python user-defined exceptions

class Error(Exception):

"""Base class for other exceptions"""

pass

class ValueTooSmallError(Error):

"""Raised when the input value is too small"""

 Vishal Chavre

pass

class ValueTooLargeError(Error):

"""Raised when the input value is too large"""

pass

# main program user guesses a number until he gets it right you need to guess
this number

number = 10

while True:

try:

i_num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if i_num< number:

raise ValueTooSmallError

elif i_num> number:

raise ValueTooLargeError

elif i_num==number:

break

except ValueTooSmallError:

print("This value is too small, try again!")

print()

except ValueTooLargeError:

print("This value is too large, try again!")

print()

print("Correct number")
 Output:

Enter a number: 5

This value is too small, try again!

Enter a number: 15 Vishal Chavre

This value is too large, try again!

Enter a number: 10

Correct number

Vishal Chavre
Vishal Chavre