University of Pennsylvania

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Department of Chemical & Biomolecular

Senior Design Reports (CBE) Engineering

4-21-2020

Mixed Plastics Waste to Ethylene and Propylene Feedstocks

Promise O. Adebayo-Ige

Sarah M. Engelhardt

Matthew C. Larson

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Mixed Plastics Waste to Ethylene and Propylene Feedstocks

Abstract
Circular recycle of waste plastic holds significant environmental benefit in reducing the need for crude oil
feed to produce plastic monomers and in addressing massive global accumulation of plastic waste. A
two-stage cracking process is here explored for the reduction of long-chain polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) to ethylene and propylene. The reaction yields useful
byproducts, such as liquid fuel used to sustain the high energy demands of the process, and pressurized
steam. A feed of 70 MT/day of PE, PP, and PS is assumed to be treated first in a rotary kiln pyrolysis
reactor and secondly in a steam-cracking unit for the formation of short-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons.
41% of the feedstock by weight is converted to either ethylene or propylene. Due to the random nature of
cracking, a pilot plant is deemed necessary to better understand this conversion. Heat integration is
explored extensively throughout the cracking to employ other process products as fuel sources. A novel
separation train and refrigeration cycle are then designed to isolate the two products of interest. The
process is found not to be profitable, with an Internal Rate of Return of -4.74%, Net Present Value of -
$18.8MM, and Return on Investment (ROI) in the third year of operation of -2.12%. However, a circular
monomers facility holds significant value environmentally, and options are thus explored to potentially
reduce the cost or make the process profitable.

Disciplines
Biochemical and Biomolecular Engineering | Chemical Engineering | Engineering
University of Pennsylvania, School of Engineering and Applied Science
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
220 South 33rd Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104

April 21, 2020

Dear Professor Bruce Vrana and Dr. Sean Holleran,

The enclosed report contains a process design for converting consumer and industrial
waste plastic into ethylene and propylene monomers. The process is fed 68.9 imperial tons of a
mix of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. We
initially aimed to follow a patent issued to Plastics Energy, but eventually decided to follow
another pathway. In our design, the plastics are washed, dried, extruded, and are then pyrolyzed
in two successive rotary kilns. Light gas product is then cracked in a steam cracker and is rapidly
quenched to prevent further reactions. The resulting stream is then compressed and finally
separated to in order to recover ethylene and propylene.

The plant is designed to be built in Borneo, Indonesia. It is designed to operate on a

continuous basis for 24 hours per day, 350 days per year, for fifteen years of total operation. The
plant is comprised of five distinct process sections: upstream processing; pyrolysis; steam
cracking, quenching, and compression; separations; and a refrigeration system. Ethylene is
produced at a rate of 1410 lbs/hr, and a purity of 99.0% by mass, qualifying it to be sold as
polymer grade ethylene. Propylene is produced at a rate of 1250 lbs/hr, and a purity of 95.7% by
mass, qualifying it to be sold as chemical grade propylene. Each product is sold for $0.69/lb.

From an economic standpoint, this process is not profitable. The plant requires a total
capital investment of $27.5 MM dollars to achieve the desired conversion of 68.9 tons of plastic
waste per day. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is -4.47%. While we do not recommend
investing in this particular process, we believe that the chemical recycling of plastic waste is a
worthy area of research and development, and we offer some modifications and alternatives to
our proposed process that may result in a profitable process.

Thank you for your guidance throughout this project.

Sincerely,

____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Promise Adebayo-Ige Sarah Engelhardt Matthew Larson
[Page left intentionally blank]

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 Mixed Plastics Waste to Ethylene and Propylene Feedstocks
Promise Adebayo-Ige | Sarah Engelhardt | Matthew Larson

Project submitted to Dr. Sean Patrick Holleran and Prof. Bruce Vrana
Project proposed by Stephen Tieri

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

School of Engineering and Applied Science
University of Pennsylvania
April 21, 2020

3
 Table of Contents
Section 1. Abstract ............................................................................................................... 7
Section 2. Introduction and Objective-Time Chart ................................................................ 8
i. Introduction: Motivation and Goals ............................................................................... 10
ii. Introduction: Objective-Time Chart ............................................................................... 13
Section 3. Market and Competitive Analysis ...................................................................... 14
Section 4. Customer Requirements ..................................................................................... 15
Section 5. Preliminary Process Synthesis ............................................................................ 15
i. Pyrolysis Process and Alternatives................................................................................. 15
ii. Secondary Cracking Operation ...................................................................................... 22
iii. Self-Sustaining Fuel Considerations .......................................................................... 23
iv. Separation Process and Alternatives........................................................................... 23
v. Material Balances .......................................................................................................... 28
vi. Feed Assumptions ..................................................................................................... 32
Section 6. Process Flow Diagrams and Stream Tables ........................................................ 34
i. Block Flow Diagram ..................................................................................................... 34
ii. Section 000: Upstream Processing ................................................................................. 35
iii. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis ............................................................................ 36
iv. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quen ching, and Compression..................................... 38
v. Section 300: Separations................................................................................................ 40
vi. Section 400: Refrigeration System ............................................................................. 42
Section 7. Assembly of Database ........................................................................................ 44
i. Thermophysical Properties ............................................................................................ 44
ii. Raw Materials ............................................................................................................... 44
Section 8. Process Description ............................................................................................ 45
i. Process Description: Overall Process ............................................................................. 45
ii. Section 000: Upstream Processing ................................................................................. 45
iii. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis ............................................................................ 46
iv. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression ..................................... 48
v. Section 300: Separations................................................................................................ 53
vi. Section 400: Refrigeration System ............................................................................. 57
Section 9. Energy Balance and Utility Requirements .......................................................... 59
i. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis ................................................................................ 59
ii. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression ......................................... 59
iii. Section 300: Separations ............................................................................................ 61

4
 iv. Section 400: Refrigeration System ............................................................................. 63
Section 10. Equipment List and Unit Descriptions ................................................................ 65
i. Section 000: Upstream Processing ................................................................................. 65
ii. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis ................................................................................ 66
iii. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression ..................................... 71
iv. Section 300: Separations ............................................................................................ 75
v. Section 400: Refrigeration System ................................................................................. 85
Section 11. Specification Sheets ........................................................................................... 89
i. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis ................................................................................ 89
ii. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression ......................................... 95
iii. Section 300: Separations .......................................................................................... 111
iv. Section 400: Refrigeration System ........................................................................... 123
Section 12. Equipment Cost Summary................................................................................ 127
Section 13. Fixed Capital Investment Summary.................................................................. 130
Section 14. Operating Cost-Cost of Manufacture ................................................................ 133
Section 15. Other Important Considerations ....................................................................... 137
i. Environmental Factors ................................................................................................. 137
ii. Safety Factors .............................................................................................................. 138
iii. Global factors .......................................................................................................... 139
iv. Robustness of feedstock........................................................................................... 140
Section 16. Profitability Analysis ....................................................................................... 141
i. Profitability Metrics..................................................................................................... 141
ii. Sensitivity Analyses .................................................................................................... 146
iii. Potential Adjustments for Increased Profitability ..................................................... 148
iv. Summary ................................................................................................................. 150
Section 17. Conclusions and Recommendation ................................................................... 151
Section 18. Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... 153
Section 19. Works Cited ..................................................................................................... 154
Section 20. Appendix ......................................................................................................... 160
Appendix A: Calculations ................................................................................................... 160
Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis Unit .............................................................................................. 160
Solid/Liquid Splitter ........................................................................................................ 163
Plastic Extrusion Screw ................................................................................................... 163
Bucket Elevators ............................................................................................................. 165

5
 Screw Feeder................................................................................................................... 166
Feed Silo ......................................................................................................................... 166
Blower ............................................................................................................................ 167
Steam Cracker ................................................................................................................. 167
Quench Tower ................................................................................................................. 168
Transfer Line Exchanger ................................................................................................. 170
Distillation Columns........................................................................................................ 171
Pumps ............................................................................................................................. 173
Heat Exchangers.............................................................................................................. 173
Storage Tanks.................................................................................................................. 174
Compressors .................................................................................................................... 175
Flash Vessels ................................................................................................................... 176
Appendix B: MSDS Sheets ................................................................................................. 177
Appendix C: ASPEN Report ............................................................................................... 194
Section 200: Compressor Blocks and Streams ................................................................. 194
Section 200: Intercooler blocks and streams .................................................................... 209
Section 200: Pump blocks and streams ............................................................................ 238
Section 200: Blower block and streams ........................................................................... 244
Section 300: Separations Blocks and Streams .................................................................. 248

6
 Section 1. Abstract

Circular recycle of waste plastic holds significant environmental benefit in reducing the

need for crude oil feed to produce plastic monomers and in addressing massive global

accumulation of plastic waste. A two-stage cracking process is here explored for the reduction of

long-chain polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) to ethylene and

propylene. The reaction yields useful byproducts, such as liquid fuel used to sustain the high

energy demands of the process, and pressurized steam. A feed of 70 MT/day of PE, PP, and PS is

assumed to be treated first in a rotary kiln pyrolysis reactor and secondly in a steam-cracking unit

for the formation of short-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons. 41% of the feedstock by weight is

converted to either ethylene or propylene. Due to the random nature of cracking, a pilot plant is

deemed necessary to better understand this conversion. Heat integration is explored extensively

throughout the cracking to employ other process products as fuel sources. A novel separation train

and refrigeration cycle are then designed to isolate the two products of interest. The process is

found not to be profitable, with an Internal Rate of Return of -4.74%, Net Present Value of -

$18.8MM, and Return on Investment (ROI) in the third year of operation of -2.12%. However, a

circular monomers facility holds significant value environmentally, and options are thus explored

to potentially reduce the cost or make the process profitable.

7
Section 2. Introduction and Objective-Time Chart

Plastic has become an essential part of life for people across the globe. With a diverse set

of properties that allow it to perform myriad functions, it has become an indispensable material in

a number of industries, from medicine to consumer-packaged goods. Unfortunately, with the surge

of plastic use over the past few decades, plastic waste has become a huge threat to the environment.

It is therefore imperative that a safe, effective, sustainable solution is developed to handle the

world’s plastic waste.

More than eight million metric tons of plastic waste are dumped into the ocean every year,

which can harm marine organisms [2.1]. Plastic waste is equally harmful in an above-water setting.

Only a small percent of plastic waste makes it to a recycling bin, let alone to a recycling plant.

Countries like China that are equipped with recycling plants have stopped accepting plastic waste,

and countries such as Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand have become the primary collectors,

despite their waste management systems already nearing capacity [2.2]. Burdened with an

overwhelming amount of plastic waste, these countries turn to dangerous methods of disposal,

including dumping and incinerating waste near residents who are then harmed by these toxic

fumes.

Currently, recycling is the most sustainable option for plastic waste disposal, although it is

estimated that less than 10% of plastic globally gets recycled [2.3]. There are two main recycling

processes for plastic waste: mechanical recycling and chemical recycling. In mechanical recycling,

plastic goods are broken down mechanically (i.e. through cutting or shredding) and turned into

new products. The chemical structure of the plastic material stays the same, but the function of the

material itself changes; for example, polyethylene terephthalate, or PET, which is the material that

most plastic bottles are made from, can be mechanically recycled into polyester thread, which can

be used to make clothing. While this does reduce the number of plastic bottles being thrown into

8
the ocean, there is a limit to how helpful such a process is; the world only needs so many polyester

shirts, and the need for plastic bottles will remain. The production of plastic bottles will continue,

and it will outpace the rate of production for polyester shirts. Inevitably, many of those plastic

bottles will wind up in the ocean [2.4].

In chemical recycling, plastic goods are broken down using chemical processes. The

chemical structure of the plastic material is altered into a new material. For example, polyethylene

plastic, which is one of the most prevalent types of plastic, is a polymer. It can be treated

chemically so that it breaks down into hydrocarbons of varying lengths. There have been several

studies in which plastic waste was converted to natural gas and oil using processes like pyrolysis

and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction on a lab scale [2.5, 2.6]. Natural gas and oil have

several important uses, from making fuels to being refined into monomers that can be used as

feedstock for plastic production. On an industrial scale, these processes could be used to create a

direct path for plastic waste to be returned to new plastic products. As a result, less plastic waste

would wind up either in the ocean or in countries unequipped to handle it.

Chemical recycling is not a well-established industry practice. There are strict limitations

on what can be recycled. Current processes require plastic to be sorted into the different types

before being recycled, which is a time- and energy-consuming endeavor. Plastic waste must also

be clean before being processed. These constraints make chemical recycling financially,

energetically, and feasibly unattainable; because of this, mechanical recycling and the dangerous

aforementioned disposal processes are those most frequently practiced.

9
 i. Introduction: Motivation and Goals

In completing this project, we set out to design a robust method to chemically recycle

plastic waste in an affordable and efficient manner. The goal of our project was to convert 70

metric tons of plastic waste per day into clean plastic feedstock monomers—ethylene and

propylene—which could then be sold to other facilities producing plastic. The feed would be a

mixture of plastic types 2, 4, 5, and 6 (High-Density Polyethylene, Low-Density Polyethylene,

Polypropylene, and Polystyrene, respectively). Plastic types 1 and 3 (Polyethylene Terephthalate

and Polyvinyl Chloride) are not included in the feed because they contain non-hydrocarbon

compounds, which could produce harmful byproducts (for example, chloride from the PVC) and

would require extra processing beyond what is required for the specified types. Plastic type 7,

which consists of any plastics that do not fall into categories 1-6, is also not included, because it

is so ill-defined and would be impossible to predict how it would behave in our process.

We initially modeled our design for this process after a chemical recycling plant created

by Plastic Energy, LLC, an English company that develops solutions for recycling plastic waste

[5.7]. The process set forth by Plastic Energy, LLC boasted an ability to produce high-quality

hydrocarbon fuels including naphtha, kerosene, and diesel from a mix of all plastic types through

pyrolysis. From this point, further processing would be required to obtain the plastic feedstock

monomers desired for the purposes of this project. Light hydrocarbon oils like naphtha are

frequently used as feedstock in the production of short-chain hydrocarbons such as ethylene and

propylene monomers, and methods to do so like steam cracking are well-established industrial

processes. To successfully complete this project, we would need to unite these two processes

within one chemical recycling plant, where a feedstock of plastic waste could be converted to light

hydrocarbon oils and then processed further using standard industrial.

10
 Over the course of completing this project, we determined that Plastic Energy, LLC’s

technology was not suited to our goal in producing ethylene and propylene monomers. However,

the overall objective remained the same: to convert plastic waste into material that could then be

used to produce ethylene and propylene. Because ethylene and propylene are very short

hydrocarbon chains, it would be most desirable for the products from the initial pyrolysis to be as

short in length as possible. The products of Plastic Energy, LLC’s pyrolysis process were quite

long hydrocarbon chains, ranging in length from four to more than twenty carbons. When it

became clear that an alternative method of plastic degradation would be required, we turned to

existing chemical recycling research and identified that pyrolysis of our plastic waste feedstock in

a rotary kiln would provide us with a gas product that was well-suited for further processing into

ethylene and propylene monomers.

From an economic perspective, our initial goal was to make this a profitable endeavor.

Because our process uses plastic waste as its feed, we assumed that cities or other entities would

pay us to collect their plastic waste. An additional goal was to determine the ideal location to build

our plant; our choices were California, the Netherlands, and Indonesia. Ultimately, we chose

Indonesia as the plant location, and found that the process would not breakeven after fifteen years

of operation. The IRR for the plant is -4.47%, and the ROI in the third year of production is -

2.01%.

In this report, we present our design of a chemical recycling plant that produces 33,600

pounds of 99.0 wt% ethylene and 30,000 pounds of 95.7 wt% propylene per day. This corresponds

to a 20.67% yield of ethylene and a 19.48% yield of propylene, which is a 40.14% overall yield.

The remaining products from the process include hydrogen and various hydrocarbons ranging in

11
length from 1 to 4 carbons, which can be used as fuel for several of the process units. We also

provide an economic analysis to determine the profitability of the plant.

12
 ii. Introduction: Objective-Time Chart

Figure 5.1 shows the objective-time chart for the completion of this project.

Figure 2.1: Objective-Time Chart for the Completion of Mixed Plastic Waste to Ethylene and
Propylene Feedstock.

13
 Section 3. Market and Competitive Analysis

Ethylene, a volatile organic compound, is the most widely used hydrocarbon in the

petrochemicals industry. Ethylene is used to form important chemicals such as ethylbenzene,

ethylene glycol, and vinyl chloride. It is also the building blocks of #2 and #4 plastics, HDPE and

LDPE. Like ethylene, propylene is a very important product in the petrochemical industry because

it is also a feedstock to many B2B and B2C products such as, film fibers, polypropylene, cumene,

and butyraldehyde. In 2019 the global ethylene production capacity was 207.58 million tons per

annum (mtpa), with North America and Asia being highest producing regions [3.1], and in 2018

the global production capacity of propylene was 120 mtpa [3.2]. The main conventional techniques

for ethylene and propylene production are steam cracking and catalytic cracking. In steam

cracking, gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons, such as naphtha and liquefied petroleum gas, are diluted

with steam and are cracked in a pyrolysis furnace. In catalytic cracking, longer hydrocarbons are

cracked in the presence of catalysts at moderate temperatures. Still, both processes produce

significant amounts of CO2 emissions, with steam cracking alone contributing to 180 – 200 mtpa

of CO2 emissions worldwide [3.3].

Due to anthropogenic effects on the environment, ethylene and propylene production is

shifting to unconventional methods to become more sustainable. This entails the use of biomass

and implementing a circular economy within plastic production. Bioethylene, or renewable

polyethylene, is made from ethanol after undergoing a dehydration process and also from

bioethanol that originates from sugar cane, sugar beet, and wheat grain. The Coca-Cola Company

uses this in their PlantBottle™ product, which is a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle made

from plants. The paraxylene used to create their PET bottles are sourced from bio-based iso-

butanol [3.4]. Dow Chemical Company has also produced AGILITY™ CE, which is a resin made

with 70% recycled LDPE. Fuenix Ecogy Group in the Netherlands also has patent to similar to

14
that of Plastics Energy; in their process mixed plastic waste is burned in two successive pyrolysis

furnaces and is then refined for further processing [3.5].

In this report we propose an unconventional process that uses a rotary kiln to pyrolyze

2,4,5,6 plastics. Our downstream process is the same of that in chemical plants that have a steam

crackers. Though our ethylene and propylene output is not as large as conventional ethylene

production plants, our process is unique because it establishes a circular plastic economy, with the

potential for scale up. Currently, there are no industrial-scale chemical plants that process post-

consumer and post-industrial plastic waste in a circular process. The unconventional methods

mentioned work for specific uses, but they do not convert feedstock to ethylene and propylene. In

addition, rather than drilling for feedstock, federal and local governments would pay for us to

collect their plastic waste.

Section 4. Customer Requirements

Polyethylene and polypropylene product specifications must meet ISCC+ standards, in

which recycling means, “any recovery operation by which materials are reprocessed into products,

materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes.” Any diesel or fuel coproduct

must comply with ASTM D975 or EN590 standards, and the minimum purity for polymer grade

ethylene and propylene are both 99.5%. For propylene, the minimum purity for chemical grade is

95.0%.

Section 5. Preliminary Process Synthesis

i. Pyrolysis Process and Alternatives

a. Goal of Pyrolysis Chemistry

15
 Existing research and operations regarding treatment of mixed plastic waste focus on the

capacity to convert solid feed into liquid fuel, comparable to gasoline, kerosene, or diesel. Limited

operations are used for the conversion of plastic waste to short-chain hydrocarbon gas product,

and most gas produced is used a natural gas substitute to make cracking operations self-sustaining

[5.1]. At present, industrial production of ethylene and propylene employs steam cracking to break

hydrocarbons to C2 and C3. Common feeds for this process are ethane, propane, and naphtha, a

light oil ranging from C5-C10 hydrocarbons [5.2]. Steam cracking using ethane or propane as

feedstock runs the advantage of cheaper, less complex plants with high ethylene and propylene

yield [5.1,3]. Additionally, it is well established that cracking of plastic waste produces a gas in

the range of C1-C6, and an oil product in the range of C6-C24 [5.1]. The exact compositions of

the oil and gas products will be discussed in greater detail in section 15. In the interest of achieving

higher product yield and greater plant simplicity, the initial cracking reaction will thus focus on

producing short-chain hydrocarbon gas product.

b. Considered Methods of Pyrolysis

Multiple vessels were considered for the primary cracking reaction in this process. As the

initial treatment of plastic waste poses perhaps the greatest barrier to circular recovery of

monomers, this stage in the process was explored extensively. The options considered as discussed

below, and ultimately a decision matrix is used to justify the choice of a rotary kiln.

Patent Provided in Project Statement

As originally proposed, the project was to make use of a patent for “Conversion of Waste

Plastics Material to Fuel” by David McNamara and Michael Murray. Their system employs a novel

pyrolysis and contactor system, modeled as a CSTR, to convert dirty plastic feedstock to

16
hydrocarbons ranging from C1-C21 [5.4]. However, due to an absence of available data and

conflicting operating conditions, use of this technology was not possible [5.4,5].

Batch and Continuous Pyrolysis

Simple pyrolysis was considered as an alternative to the novel pyrolysis in the patent due

to the abundance of data on the subject. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of long-chain

polymers to small and less complex molecules through heating to temperatures in the range of 752

– 1472 ⁰F, and is used primarily for the treatment of PE, PP, and PS [5.1]. Pyrolysis produces a

gas product, liquid oil product, and solid char product. In practice, the production of liquid oil is

often favored for use as a fuel oil due to its high calorific value, and the gaseous product is often

used as a fuel source to make the pyrolysis unit self-sustaining [5.6]. Data exist to aid in prediction

of products, and the unit is robust in ability to pyrolyze dirty plastic [5.1,6]. Pyrolysis is flexible

in manipulation of operating variables to produce desired product, does not require extensive feed

sorting, and may not require feed cleaning [5.7]. Notably, pyrolysis data is lacking in study of

mixed plastic feed and is susceptible to the random nature of the cracking reaction [5.8].

The batch pyrolysis reactor is most commonly studied in literature. Batch pyrolysis is

useful in manipulation of residence time and simplicity of unit design. However, batch pyrolysis

suffers from variable product composition, and on the scale of this project, the size of a batch

pyrolysis reactor is not realistic (estimated at slightly over 1,000 ft3) [5.9]. In contrast, when

operated continuously, greater consistency in product composition is achieved and capacity

increases significantly [10]. Both units require a residence time of 15-60 minutes, which presents

obstacles for handling large feed quantities [5.1,6,10].

Pyrolysis runs the major disadvantages of heat transfer and ease of operation. Heat transfer

is most commonly achieved via passage of an inert gas on an industrial pilot scale [5.11].

17
However, this process is to focus on the product of gaseous product, and oxygen-rich gas may not

be used due to the favorable formation of CO and CO2, nitrogen gas proposes a complex

separations problem, and other carrier gases are too expensive on the required scale [5.1].

Additionally, both types of pyrolysis require high operation cost due to oil and char accumulation,

and variable product composition [5.1].

Liquefaction

Hydrothermal liquefaction is a thermal depolymerization process that converts

hydrogenated biomass into oil-like product, often in the presence of a catalyst [5.13]. Liquefaction

is used for treatment of plastic waste due to the lower heat requirement (waste need be heated in

the range of 300-500 OC), robustness of the process to handle multiple types of plastic, and ability

to process wet and dirty feedstock [5.12,13]. Liquefaction has been shown to give high yield of oil

product (around 90% by weight of feed) and with residence times of 30-60 minutes, which is

comparable to pyrolysis. [5.13,14].

However, liquefaction requires high pressures, on the order of 30 atm, which are difficult

to achieve in large vessels prior to the production of gaseous product [5.12]. Additionally, the

liquefaction process is used primarily to generate oil product, and in the studies here considered

gives a maximum gas yield of less than 20% by weight of feedstock [5.12,13,14]. Finally,

liquefaction often requires a catalyst for high conversion rates of the feedstock to oil product,

which is undesirable for reasons considered in section 13.2.9

Fluidized Bed

The fluidized bed has the major advantages of efficient heat transfer and short residence

time [1]. Additionally, a fluidized bed has been used in previous pilot-scale work termed the

Hamburg Process for conversion of plastic waste to fuel gas [5.15]. It has the advantages of

18
moderate maintenance cost, ease of catalyst introduction, and formation of gaseous product (which

is favored in our process) [5.1,16]. However, the operation of a fluidized bed for treatment of

viscous liquid is complex and requires the bed to be filled often with expensive material [5.17].

Issues arise with plastic melt sticking to the surface of the bed material and the unit and scale up

becomes complex [5.18]. Additionally, massive amounts of nitrogen effluent are required,

estimated at by calculation, and therefore present significant challenges to achieving product

purity. Finally, the fluidized bed is primarily used to form methane gas for use as a natural gas

substitute, and conversion of methane to ethene and propene on an industrial scale is unfeasible

due to catalyst and electromagnetic radiation requirements [5.1,19].

Rotary Kiln

The rotary kiln has little data available and has rarely been used to treat plastic waste.

However, under the assumption that the rotary kiln behaves much like a continuous pyrolysis unit,

the expected product and composition may be estimated. The rotary kiln may handle large amounts

of plastic waste and offers significant control over the residence time as a function of angle. Heat

transfer in the kiln is difficult but may occur without introducing an effluent gas and thus reduce

the need for complex separation. Additionally, through a cleverly designed indirect fired kiln, the

necessary heat transfer may be achieved due to the nature of a moving liquid in the reactor. The

rotary kiln is also expected to require minimal maintenance, as the angular nature aids in removal

of viscous liquid and char.

Evaporator

An evaporator was explored as an alternative due to the desire of forming gaseous product,

and their efficient heat transfer. Evaporators are already used in the handling of hydrocarbons,

predominately in the fuel industry for removal of water from crude oil. However, the evaporator

19
is not used at the temperatures required for the pyrolysis of plastic waste, is not used in practice

for reactions, and presents challenges with transport of viscous fluid.

Spouted Bed

The sprouted bed reactor has been explored for treatment of plastic waste as a theoretically

sound option for treatment of plastic waste to address the defluidization and bed segregation issues

accompanying a fluidized bed [5.20]. It is able additionally to handle the viscous molten plastic

without need for significant operating cost associated with cleaning [5.21]. However, the spouted

bed reactor is most suitable for producing gasoline-range hydrocarbons in oil form and has a

complex design with high pumping requirements [5.22,23]. Additionally, the design requires a

catalyst, which is not favorable for industrial scale action [5.24].

Use of a Catalyst

Catalysts are commonly used in plastic waste pyrolysis for enhancing yield and promoting

gasoline-range hydrocarbons. Little work has been done to encourage the formation of gaseous

product, but H-ZSM-5 and red mud have emerged as potential catalysts to promote gas formation.

The greatest challenge with catalyst uses on the scale of this project is recycle, due to the viscous

nature of the plastic and oil product [5.25]. In the case of a fluidized bed, catalyst recycle is

feasible, but beyond this system recycle becomes complex and energy consuming.

c. Decision Matrix

Many characteristics of the mentioned systems were considered and synthesized into a

decision matrix (Table 13.1). The rotary kiln option was found to be the only option with no

apparent major design challenges and was thus selected for the process.

20
 Table 5.1 Decision Matrix

21
 ii. Secondary Cracking Operation

The gaseous product of the rotary kiln does not contain enough ethylene and propylene to

separate and sell, thus further cracking is required to obtain desired products. As it is well

established in industry and is the traditional method of ethylene and propylene production, steam

cracking was selected for the secondary cracking operation. The subsequent operations on the

steam cracking product, involving transfer line exchange, quench, and purification were

implemented. In practice, this process often uses a caustic tower for the removal of acidic gas (such

as sulfur contamination and CO), and a molecular sieve dryer for removal of steam from the

product stream. However, given the assumptions of this project, these two units are not necessary.

The chemistry of steam cracking is thankfully well known. The cracking yields were

approximated using the distribution provided by Akah [5.41] and given in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Steam Cracking Yields

To determine the distribution, hydrogen, methane, ethene, and propene were assumed inert

in the steam cracker. Ethane, propane, and butane were assumed to crack according to the

distribution of table 5.2. Butane was used to represent butane, butadiene, and all C5+ compounds

for energy balances and separations. The product composition, given as weight percent from the

steam cracker, is therefore given in Table 5.3

22
 Species % Weight

H2 and Methane 23.5

Ethane 4.2

Ethene 38.3

Propane 1

Propene 24.9

C4+ 8.0

Table 5.3 Steam Cracking Outlet Composition

iii. Self-Sustaining Fuel Considerations

The pyrolytic liquid of the rotary kiln has value as a fuel oil. The composition of the oil

and product distribution are estimated in section 15. Due to the partly unknown nature of the

compounds in the oil and the major heat requirements of the rotary kiln and steam cracker, all the

pyrolytic oil produced is used as fuel. Additionally, due to the small amount of oil produced (1181

lb/hr), a separation train to provide on-specification commercial fuel product is not economically

viable.

iv. Separation Process and Alternatives

a. Separations Goal

The goal of the separation process was to achieve a split between our final monomer

products, ethylene and propylene, and the rest of the hydrocarbons produced in the steam-cracking

unit that were to be used as fuel. Additional separation processes were also considered in

conjunction with some of the alternative pyrolysis methods that were considered.

b. Extractive Distillation

23
 In certain studies, it was found that a significant amount of aromatic species would be

produced in the pyrolytic oil. The aromatic species estimated to be in the pyrolytic oil were

benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), naphthalene, and styrene. We considered using extractive

distillation to remove BTX and the other aromatics from the pyrolytic oil, to sell them together or

separately. To do this, all products from the rotary kiln will be sent to an extractive distillation

column where a solvent would be feed from the top of the column. The aliphatic species would

exit in the column overhead, while the aromatic species and solvent would leave in the bottoms

and be fed to another tower where they would be separated. The solvent would leave in the

overhead of the second column and would be recycled back to the first column. The solvent we

considered using was Tetrahexly ammonium-bromide. We decided against this process given that

capital costs of trying to separate the aromatics further, and the hazards of having solvent in the

light gas stream flowing into the steam cracker.

c. Separation Train Design

One-Stage Flash Alternative

One method that was considered for the separation process was to include a one-stage flash

vessel as the first separation event, to remove the lightest components, hydrogen and methane.

However, because all of the components being separated are quire light and have low boiling

points, achieving this separation in a flash vessel would require either extreme pressures (on the

order of 10,000 psia) or extreme temperatures (nearing -425°F). Only at these conditions will the

desired products, hydrogen and methane, exist in the vapor phase while the rest of the products

stayed in the liquid phase. This approach was also tested using ASPEN, and the simulation

confirmed the predicted outcome. It was clear that tray towers would need to be used, which are

what is used in industrial petrochemical plants that process similar product streams.

24
 Demethanizer Column Design

The separation train configuration was modeled after standard industrial separation

processes in ethylene and propylene plants. In the industry, feeds of refined hydrocarbons with

hydrogen are sent into a demethanizer column, a type of distillation column that separates the

lightest gasses (methane and hydrogen) from heavier hydrocarbons. Demethanizer columns

require extremely low temperatures, and designing these columns is much less straightforward

than a standard distillation column that can be run at more typical operating conditions.

The separation would occur between the light key, ethylene, and the heavy key, methane;

we wanted to recover our hydrogen and methane in our distillate, and all of our hydrocarbons

heavier than methane in our bottoms product. We knew that a total condenser would be

implausible. The critical temperature of hydrogen is -400ºF, which is less than 100ºF above

absolute zero temperature. Clearly, the distillate exiting the demethanizer would be a vapor. So,

for our first pass at the design using ASPEN, we initially selected a partial condenser with all vapor

distillate and set the column pressure to 450 psia (a reasonable guess for a distillation column with

such a light distillate product, per Seider et al) [5.26].

Using DSTWU in ASPEN as a first attempt for column design, we found that the required

condenser temperature to achieve a successful split between the components (i.e., removing 99%

of the light key) was -230ºF. While condensers for demethanizer columns do operate at extremely

low temperatures, they usually hover around -130ºF; any colder and the energy requirements

become too great to be feasible. So, we increased the pressure of the column to bring the

temperature of the distillate up to a more reasonable value. Even at an unrealistically high pressure

of 1000 psia, the distillate was still coming out of the column around -220ºF; it was clear that

25
increasing the pressure of the column would not be sufficient in increasing the distillate

temperature.

One reason that the distillate would need to be at such a low temperature was that the other

components being separated from the hydrogen and methane were also very light. Ethylene’s

normal boiling point is -154.7ºF, and that is the lightest of the heavy hydrocarbons. To obtain a

split between methane and ethylene, an extremely low temperature would be needed. Rather than

increase the pressure to an extremely high number, it would be more sensible to allow some of the

ethylene to exit the column from the top of the column, which would increase the temperature

required in the condenser. This would also allow us to operate the condenser at a more reasonable

pressure of 550 psia. The downside of this is that some of the ethylene product is lost and cannot

be recovered (for the same reason that it could not be recovered in this column), but we did not

consider this to be a total loss—the ethylene that exits through the top of the demethanizer column

could be used as fuel elsewhere in the process and would be valuable to the process in that regard.

To implement this into the design, the demethanizer column was modeled in ASPEN as a

RadFrac column using a partial-condenser with vapor and liquid distillate. After some trial-and-

error to determine what amount of ethylene would allow the demethanizer condenser temperature

to reach a more reasonable value, a distillate flowrate of 1,702 lbs/hr and a vapor fraction of 0.448

was chosen. The vapor distillate also contained 539 lbs/hr of ethylene, though, to increase the

temperature of the condenser, as discussed above. Most of our ethylene product (1,437 lbs/hr)

exited the column in the liquid distillate stream, meaning that we were recovering a significant

portion of the ethylene product in our first distillation event. However, the ethylene recovery

stream still contained several other components.

26
Deethanizer

The deethanizer column would need to perform a similar function to the demethanizer

column—removing the remaining methane from the ethylene recovery stream. The same

challenges related to the demethanizer column also held true for the deethanizer column; the

condenser would need to operate at a very low temperature to allow for separation between the

very light components. Originally, a partial-condenser with vapor and liquid distillate was tested,

but upon closer examination, it appeared that the concentration of ethylene became greater lower

in the column, so a side-stream was taken off the column instead. This meant that a partial-

condenser with all vapor distillate would need to be used. Again, some ethylene was permitted to

exit the top of the column to allow for a more reasonable condenser temperature.

Depropanizer

The bottoms products from both the demethanizer and deethanizer column are sent to the

depropanizer for separations. The remaining components in the separations process were heavy

enough that a higher condenser temperature of -29.06ºF could be used. A partial-condenser with

vapor and liquid distillate was considered, but, similar to the deethanizer, taking off a side stream

resulted in better propylene yield, and a purer propylene product.

One modification to the process that could result in better propylene product yield would

be to add the two feed streams to the depropanizer column at different stages based on their

composition. In the stream from the demethanizer, there is a higher mass fraction of butane, which

is the heaviest component; it would be worth trying to feed this stream at a lower stage than the

stream from the deethanizer, which has a higher mass fraction of lighter components. Doing so

could potentially reduce the amount of energy required in the separations. Throughout the column,

the composition of heavy components increases toward the bottom of the column, and the

27
composition of light components increases toward the top of the column. A feed with more heavy

components that is fed to the top of the column will require more energy for separations than if

that same feed is fed closer to the bottom of the column, since the upper stages have to do less

work separating those heavy components. This logic also applies to feed streams that have more

light components—such streams should be fed higher up in the column.

v. Material Balances

Central to understanding the operation of the rotary kiln is determining amount and

composition of each of the products exiting the rotary kiln. As the rotary kiln model is new in the

treatment of plastic waste, data from batch pyrolysis units will be used to determine the products

of the kiln reactor. The following analysis is best considered as a theoretical template exclusively.

In practice, the cracking reactions of interest are random in product distribution, and subsequently

published data lacks consensus on product distribution. A pilot plant would be necessary to

determine the actual composition of the products of the rotary kiln.

The percent of feed converted to gas is of primary interest. The production of gas in the

kiln is dependent on pressure, temperature, feedstock, and residence time. High temperature and

long residence time are most important for maximizing raw production of gas [5.27]. However,

residence time beyond a threshold has minimal impact on gas yield [5.28], and temperatures above

700oC favor the production of hydrogen and methane, which are not useful in forming ethylene

and propylene [5.29]. Additionally, pyrolysis is not well studied above temperatures of 650oC is

not well studied [5.27]. and cracking performed at temperatures above this often use fluidized bed

reactors.

28
 We adopt the gas conversion value found by Lopez et. Al. that at 600 0C, 56.2% of the feed

is converted to a gaseous phase, as this study most reflects the pressures we intend to use and the

feed composition we propose [5.30].

The residence time is also of interest and expected to play a significant role in the

production of gaseous product in the rotary kiln. Again, studies focusing on the residence time are

inconclusive, and unfortunately only two studies have analyzed the impact of residence time on

non-homogeneous plastic waste samples and gave conflicting results. Adopting the findings of one

study and assume that being held at high temperature for up to 30 minutes continues to aid in the

formation of gaseous product, but a pilot scale plant would be required to determine the true impact

of residence time [5.29].

An additional impacting factor is the heating rate of the plastic feed. In most experiments,

a 20⁰ C/min heating rate is used. Therefore, the rotary kiln is designed such that the heating rate is

at minimum 20⁰ C/min, but it is recognized that a heating rate higher than this is achievable and

may aid in the production of more gaseous product.

To determine the ultimate amount of gas produced in the rotary kiln, the following

assumptions are made. First, the Lopez et. Al. value of 56.2% is used to determine that in heating

to 6000 C, 56.2% of the inlet is converted to a gaseous state. Extrapolating one data set of residence

time dependence, it may be expected that after reaching the reaction temperature, maintaining the

temperature for 30 minutes will give an overall gaseous yield of 65.9% by weight [5.28]. However,

in an optimistic approach, we assume that those reactions which produce gas in the initial 30-

minute heating period of the Lopez study repeat in a second 30-minute heating period, and thus

56.2% of the oil produced after 30 minutes is again converted to gaseous phase. This gives an

ultimate conversion of 80.3 % weight of the inlet molten plastic to a gaseous state.

29
 The rotary kiln is designed according to the parameters hereby assumed. Ultimately, the

assumed conversion is relatively arbitrary, but we expect that in a pilot plant, by controlling

residence time, temperature, pressure, and heating rate, that 80.3% conversion to gas is feasible.

Thus, the downstream operations need not necessarily be scaled to drastic changes in the outlet of

the rotary kiln reactor.

Gaseous product composition

The gas product exiting the rotary kiln is known to be exclusively short chain (C1-C6)

hydrocarbons and hydrogen gas. The exact composition is known to be a function of temperature

and residence time (both to a threshold) and is likely dependent on pressure and heating rate as

well. The composition used henceforth in this process design is that presented by Lopez. Et. Al.

for a reactor temperature of 6000C and residence time of 0 minutes once said temperature is

achieved (table 15.1). Several changes are made to the published distribution. As the Lopez study

includes PET in the feed, CO and CO2 are formed. As this is impossible in an oxygen-free rotary

kiln, these products are scaled out of the ultimate distribution. Additionally, the Lopez distribution

9.5% by weight of C5 and C6, which is semi-consistent with other published distributions. Due to

the availability of steam cracking data, C4-C6 are lumped together as butane for downstream mass

balances. Thus, by weight, the gas product distribution is presented in table 5.4.

0.72 Hydrogen
13.36 Methane
10.59 Ethane
19.84 Ethene
10.09 Propane
18.90 Propene
26.52 Butane
Table 5.4 Pyrolytic Gas Composition

30
Liquid product composition:

The distribution of liquid products is less understood than that of gaseous, due to greater

variation in larger carbon chains. For consistency, the Lopez distribution is again used, although

this distribution is arbitrary and only important for understand the thermodynamic value of the oil

outlet. The distribution accounts for only 78.5% of the oil outlet, and is thus scaled both for the

absence of oxygenated compounds and to account for those molecules not otherwise recorded in

the study:

Toluene 22.29
ethylbenzene 10.32
xylene 5.73
styrene 41.27
α-methyl-styrene 5.61
naphthalene 8.28
methylnaphthalene 6.50
Table 5.5 Pyrolytic Oil Composition

Using this distribution, the properties of the oil are estimated. Notably, the heat of

combustion is taken as a weighted average of the known species as 4289 kJ/mol.

31
 vi. Feed Assumptions

The availability of waste plastic is complex insofar as most plastic is sent to landfills and

is not sorted or recycled. For example, an estimated 10% of plastic waste in the United States is

recycled, meaning that nearly 27 million tons is annually sent to landfill [5.31]. This plastic is not

sustainable as a feedstock. However, there exist Materials Recovery Facilities and private

companies which specialize in treatment and recovery of plastic waste. Plastic waste is solid in a

variety of forms, potentially as curbside, contaminated waste, processed and cleaned bales, or

sorted and shredded shards. Additionally, HDPE, LDPE, PP, and PS are all available in varying

amounts. Therefore, a consistent homogenous feedstock is unlikely for this process, and the

following assumptions are made.

The composition of the plastic feed is approximated by scaling production data since 1950

to account for just the four types of interest [5.32]. The feedstock is hereby assumed to be

composed by weight of the values in Table 5.4, and properties of the feedstock are estimated as a

weighted average of the four types of plastic:

Plastic Code Plastic Type Percent by weight

II High-Density Polyethylene 23.2

IV Low-Density Polyethylene 27.9

V Polypropylene 37.2

VI Polystyrene 11.6

Table 5.6 Plastic Feed Composition

The feedstock is additionally assumed to be pre-washed, pre-dried, and pre-shredded.

Plastic waste contains an average of 7% by weight of additives, such as dyes and structural

enhancers, which are assumed to remain in the feedstock. The plastic shards are estimated to be

32
100mm flakes, as is standard for recycled waste [5.33]. The feedstock is likely to arrive in varying

amounts of each type of plastic, but this does not impact the process design or operating conditions.

As priced from a weighted average of multiple online sources, this feedstock costs an estimated

$0.19/lb [5.34-5.40]. This cost is attributed to the transport, cleaning, sorting, and shredding of the

plastic waste. The feed stock is additionally assumed to have density of 58.9 lb/ft3 and heat capacity

of 0.442 BTU/ lb ⁰F.

Plastic washing, cleaning, drying, sorting, and shredding are well-established processes for

which the required units may be purchased as needed to account for different feeds. Companies

such as Herbold Meckesheim and MG Machinery offer entire plastic treatment lines which handle

all the aforementioned waste treatment steps for industrial purchase, as well as individual line

components. Therefore, although this design assumes a shard feedstock, other units may be

purchased to account for variability in plastic waste feed.

33
 Section 6. Process Flow Diagrams and Stream Tables

i. Block Flow Diagram

Figure 6.1: Block Flow Diagram

34
ii. Section 000: Upstream Processing

Figure 6.2: Section 000 PFD

35
iii. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis

Figure 6.3: Section 100 PFD

36
 Stream Feed Waste Molten Waste Air Pdt Dirty Oil Oil Pdt Oil Feed 1 Oil Feed 2 Excess Oil Wet Char Air 1 Air 2 Hot Air 1 Hot Air 2
Phase solid liquid gas liquid/solid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid/solid gas gas gas gas
Temperature (F) 77 482 1112 1112 1112 1112 1112 1112 1112 77 77 1292 1292
Pressure (psia) 14.7 73.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 14.7 14.7 36.8 36.8
Flow Rate (lb/hr) 6429 6429 5163 1265 1003 306 20 675 262 7045 459 7594 692
Component Flow Rates (lb/hr)
Polyethylene 3291 3291
Polypropylene 2392 2392
Polystyrene 746 746
Hydrogen 37
Methane 690
Ethane 547
Ethene 1024
Propane 521
Propene 975
Butane 1369
Toluene 263 224 68 4 150 39
ethylbenzene 122 104 32 2 70 18
xylene 68 57 18 1 39 10
styrene 487 414 126 8 279 72
a-methyl-styrene 66 56 17 1 38 10
naphthalene 98 83 25 2 56 14
methylnaphthalene 77 65 20 1 44 11
water vapor 437 216
Carbon Dioxide 112 17
air 7045 459 7045 459
Carbon 84 84

37
iv. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quen ching, and Compression

Figure 6.4: Section 200 PFD

38
39
v. Section 300: Separations

Figure 6.5: Section 300 PFD

40
41
vi. Section 400: Refrigeration System

Figure 6.6: Section 400 PFD

42
43
 Section 7. Assembly of Database

i. Thermophysical Properties

The primary chemicals in this process are ethylene, propylene, hydrogen, methane, butane,

styrene, and ethylbenzene. Styrene and ethylbenzene are heavily present in the pyrolytic oil, while

the rest are present in the process streams. Note that the C4+ species in the process streams were

approximated to have the same thermophysical properties of butane. The thermophysical

properties of all chemicals were found from the NIST Chemistry WebBook and Engineering

Toolbox. Wherever exact figures were not available, approximate figure were interpolated or

extrapolated. Data from these sources were used to approximate heats of combustion, average

specific heat capacities, enthalpies, saturation conditions and more.

ii. Raw Materials

The raw materials in this process are the plastic shards that purchased. The price of the raw

materials is $261/MT, where 70MT/day is being fed to the process. The safety information for 2,

4, 5, 6 plastics can be found in Appendix C.

44
 Section 8. Process Description

i. Process Description: Overall Process

The process is comprised of four major processing events: upstream processing of the

plastic waste, pyrolysis of the clean plastic waste, steam cracking of the pyrolysis gas product, and

a separation train to isolate the desired products and hydrocarbon byproducts that can be used as

fuel within the process. Assuming a daily feed of 70 MT, the feed to the process is 6,417 lbs/hr of

mixed plastic waste, which is 12% polystyrene, 23% high-density polyethylene, 28% low-density

polyethylene, and 37% polypropylene. Upstream processing includes shredding, washing, and

drying the plastic waste, then feeding the clean, shredded plastic into an extrusion screw to melt

the plastic into liquid. Pyrolysis takes place in a rotary kiln, and produces solid char, liquid oil, and

a gas product. The pyrolysis gas is refined in a steam cracker unit, then processed to be sent through

a separation train. The separation train involves four distillation columns and yields seven product

streams, two of which are the desired ethylene and propylene monomer feedstock products.

ii. Section 000: Upstream Processing

The feed to the process is a mixture of HDPE, LDPE, PP, and PS flakes which arrive in

either railcars or shipping containers depending on availability. The composition is described in

section 5.6 Feed Assumptions, as is the variability of units in this section. The plastic shards are

loaded via a 55 ft bucket elevator into two storage silos, each with a capacity of 10500 ft3 to account

for 3 days’ worth of feedstock. The silos are kept at standard temperature and pressure. The silos

are designed to hold a combined 6 days’ worth of feedstock due to variability in waste availability,

and the likelihood that the feed comes from multiple sources. This is enough to prevent a halt in

downstream production should waste availability become a bottleneck. A screw conveyor is used

to transport the plastic shards to a second bucket elevator of 16ft, from which the shards are

45
emptied into the hopper of the extrusion screw in section 100. The feed rate is assumed a constant

6430 lb/hr through the conveyor and second bucket elevator, as the subsequent sections operate

continuously.

iii. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis

The clean and pelletized plastic waste is fed into a standard polymer processing extrusion

screw. The screw is used simply as an efficient way to melt the plastic, making use of the friction

generated by the screw to reduce heating requirements. The screw relies on an 820 hp motor, as

well as scattered heaters, to melt the plastic shards primarily due to friction and pressure created

by the screw. The plastic leaves the screw at 482 ⁰F, at which point it should be entirely liquid.

Although the rotary kiln is capable of processing solid plastic waste, the screw is used to ensure

efficient heat transfer throughout the kiln. The melted plastic is fed immediately to the rotary kiln,

where it is heated inside an inner pressurized chamber of the rotary kiln which is 42 feet long and

2.8 feet in diameter. The plastic waste remains in the kiln for 47.5 minutes, as determined by the

angle of the kiln. The plastic is expected to be heated at a rate of 68⁰ F/min to 1112⁰ F for 17.5

minutes, and then maintained at that temperature for 30 minutes. A screw conveyor moves the

plastic and liquid waste through the kiln at a constant speed of 0.0147 ft/sec. The gas buildup in

the container ultimately reaches a pressure of 5 bar, in which case a pressure cap allows the gas to

pass downstream. This pressure is expected to carry the gas product to the steam cracker at a

continuous rate of 5161 lb/hr.

At the far end of the kiln, 1265 lb/hr of a char and oil mix is sent to a small cylindrical

vessel where the liquid oil and solid char are separated. This vessel is designed to be 60% full,

with a carbon steel grating designed as a baffle positioned in the center. There is one outlet on each

side of the baffle, one which removes pure liquid oil at a rate of 1003 lb/hr, and another which

46
removes an oil and char slurry at a rate of 262 lb/hr, assuming that 15% of the oil product remains

in the slurry. Two small MOYNO pumps made of temperature may be necessary to continue to

drive the wet char and liquid products from the pressure vessel. However, in this process, it is

assumed that the pressure of the liquid is enough to force both streams to flow. Regular cleaning

of the grating may be necessary. A pilot plant will be used to determine the need for pumps,

cleaning, and the flow rates of both streams. The slurry is sent to a storage tank where it is sold for

its heating value and for potential applications in road covering for a price equal to that of

transporting it. The pure liquid product is split three ways, with 306 lb/hr sent to the heating section

of the rotary kiln, 19.9 lb/hr sent to the constant temperature section of the kiln, and 674 lb/hr sent

to a storage tank for sale as a fuel oil. The pyrolytic oil is sold for half the price of NAPTHA oil,

given its similar heat of combustion but unknown chemical composition.

To the heating section of the rotary kiln, a blower pumps in 2474 lb/hr of air at 77 ⁰F and

14.7 psia, while a second blower pumps 161 lb/hr of air to the heating section. In both combustion

chambers surrounding the rotary kiln, complete combustion is assumed due to the excess air added.

The pressures in each chamber are maintained at 36.8 psia, at which point a pressure cap permits

the gas to exit. The combustion gases exit the combustion chambers at 36.8 psia and 1292 ⁰F where

there are sold for their heating value at a price assumed equal to that of pumping the gas.

47
 iv. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression

a. Steam Cracker Unit

The steam cracker pyrolyzes gas feed into smaller carbon chains with a dominant

selectivity of propylene and ethylene. Typical feedstocks are naphtha, liquefied petroleum gas, or

ethane; though in this design, a mixture of light gases ranging from hydrogen to C4+ species are

the feed. Note that the C4+ species are estimated as butane for calculation purposes and the feed

was not burned in the presence of oxygen. A stream of 5,163 lb/hr of light gases flows from the

rotary kiln to the steam cracker at a pressure of 75 psia and a temperature of 1,112°F. This stream

is also diluted with low pressure steam upon entering the cracker. Steam to hydrocarbon ratios

depends on the feedstock. For ethane cracking the ratio ranges from 0.25 – 0.35 and for naphtha

cracking they range from 0.4-0.5. A ratio 0.4 was chosen and the flowrate of steam for the process

is 2,066 lb/hr [8.1].

Figure 8.1: Conventional energy recovery systems in steam cracker [8.2]

48
 Note that steam crackers are split into three sections: convection, radiant, and the transfer

line exchanger (TLE). Though the convection section traditionally performs the functions shown

in figure 8.1, for the design in this report, only the heating of the process steam will occur. It is

intended that the light gas feed enters the furnace close to the radiant section. Note that the process

steam is a recycled stream from the split water stream exiting the Quench Tower (QT-201). The

process steam will be preheated from 120°F to 1,112°F, the crossover temperature with the light

gas feed.

The cracking of the light gases occurs in the radiant section. The fuel requirement for the

radiant section is determined from heat needed to preheat the process steam, the sensible heat

needed to raise the temperature of the light gas and steam mixture, and the heat needed to crack

the gas into the products. Fuel for the radiant section is drawn from the storage tanks used to store

recovered hydrocarbons and from pyrolytic oil product from the rotary kiln. 10% excess air was

assumed for complete combustion and hot flue gases will flow up into through the convection

section into the stack. See Appendix A for detailed calculations.

Highly reactive cracked gas must be rapidly quenched below critical temperature within

very short amounts of time. TLEs can have residence times as short as milliseconds [8.3]. After

passing through the furnace the cracked gas flows in a co-current tube in tube TLE with bfw as a

coolant. 4,163 lb/hr of bfw is pumped to 470 psi upon before entering the TLE. The bfw undergoes

a phase change, reaches its saturation temperature of 460°F, is then superheated to 600°F, and is

finally sold as high-pressure steam.

49
 b. Transfer Line Exchanger

Figure 7.2: Conventional Furnace and TLE Layout [8.3]

A consideration that was not implemented was that the convection section of the steam

cracker could be used to reheat low pressure steam used in the reboilers of distillation columns

and elsewhere in the plant. At current capacity, there is still an abundance of fuel recovered from

separation processes that can be burned. Just as seen in figure 8.2, systems that incorporate TLEs

often have steam drums and economizers to regulate the production of steam. An economizer and

steam drum are not needed in this design because heat integration will not be conducted with the

steam, and because we assumed that all of the bfw fed to the TLE will undergo a phase change to

50
become steam. The bfw stream would also need to be tested for alkalinity levels, else it will

increase fouling in the TLE. Finally more accurate fuel requirements could have been made if

calculations incorporated the rate of heat transfer through the Inconel™ tubes in the cracker

furnace. Given the time constraints and peculiarity of the semester, we elected to not proceed with

these options.

c. Spray Quench Tower

The quench tower is the second stage of rapid cooling of the cracked gas stream. Cracked

gas and process steam will exit the TLE at 752°F and at pressure of 78 psia. 185,480 lb/hr of 90°F

cooling water will be used to cool the cracked gas to 100°F. It is assumed that the cracked gases

will not contaminate the contacting water because the gases will not condense in the tower

conditions. Given the outlet temperature of the gas is below the critical point of water, we assume

perfect mixing which results in all of the process steam mixed in with the cracked gas condensing

out. Thus the cracked gas exiting the quench tower (CG-1) will have no water in it. We recognize

that is not the case in a real tower, but we did not have enough information to carry out necessary

calculations.

187,546 lb/hr of water flows through the bottom of the tower and 2066 lb/hr, an amount

equivalent to the process steam originally fed, is split and is recycled to steam cracker to be

reheated. The rest of the water is then cooled in a heat exchanger, and finally is recycled to the

quench tower to be reused for cooling the cracked gas stream. Note that an inventory of water

would be supplied to the tower upon startup and the stream will then recycle through.

d. Molecular Sieve Dryer & Caustic Tower (Omitted Units)

Most ethylene plants will have a caustic tower to remove acidic and sulfuric wastes from

the gases. Since we are not recycling PET, PVC, or #7 plastics, we assume that no halides, acids,

51
or sulfur derivatives will enter the process. A molecular sieve dryer would be used to remove water

from the cracked gas stream, but it is not needed given the perfect mixing assumption. If molecular

sieves were required, two or more sieves would need to be operating parallel. By placing the

molecular sieves in parallel, one or more will be operating at regular capacity, while the other units

are being cleaned. It should be noted that the dehydration rates of the sieves will not be linear

because the mass transfer driving force weakens as more water is absorbed. That being said,

molecular sieves should not operate to 100% capacity.

e. Compression and Cooling

Before they can be separated, the cracked gases must be compressed significantly so that

their boiling points can increase to feasible temperature for separations purposes. Based on the

Section 200 PFD, stream CG-1 enters at 60 psia and stream CG-9 exits at 559.5 psia. Between

each compressor there is a cooler unit because the temperature of streams increases after

compression, and it takes less work to compress a cooler gas than a hotter one. Four compressors

were chosen due to its frequency in the models that we studied, but it would be reasonable to

optimize this since the output of this plant is much less than any large ethylene plant.

52
 v. Section 300: Separations

After the cracked gas is quenched and compressed, it is sent to the separations section to

isolate the two desired products, ethylene and propylene, as well as the waste hydrocarbons that

will be used as fuel for the pyrolysis and steam cracking units. A vapor stream consisting of

hydrogen, ethylene, propylene, and other light hydrocarbons is sent into this section at a rate of

5,164 lbs/hr at 142.5°F and 555 psia. Our project goal was to produce ethylene and propylene

monomer feedstock. We were able to produce 99.0% pure ethylene product, which qualifies as

polymer grade, and 95.7% pure propylene, which qualifies as chemical grade. Each of the four

separation processes includes a column, condenser, reflux drum, and kettle-reboiler, as well as

pumps for the reflux streams.

a. Demethanizer Tray Tower

The first distillation column, referred to as the demethanizer, is a tray tower that has vapor

and liquid distillates and a liquid bottoms product. The vaporous stream from the steam cracking

section is fed above stage six at a rate of 5,164 lbs/hr, a temperature of 142.5°F, and pressure of

555 psia. A partial condenser with a vapor/liquid split of 0.448 is used to obtain two distillate

products, and a kettle-reboiler is used for the bottoms product. The tray tower has a total of 17

stages, including the partial condenser with a reflux ratio of 5, 15 sieve-trays, and a kettle-reboiler.

The vapor distillate from the demethanizer is a mix of mainly hydrogen, methane, and

ethylene at -131.2°F and 550 psia. These extreme operating conditions are necessary to achieve

the desired split, because all of the components fed to the column are quite light and volatile.

Ideally, only the most volatile components, hydrogen and methane, should come off the top of this

column. Unfortunately, this would require an even lower temperature of about -230°F. The amount

of energy and refrigerant required to obtain this temperature in the condenser would be an

53
enormous expense and was not a feasible option for the purpose of this project. Instead, we allowed

539 lbs/hr of ethylene to exit the condenser with the vapor distillate, which brought the temperature

up to a more reasonable -131.2°F. This means that a significant portion of our ethylene product

could not be recovered, but we do not count this as a total loss; the vapor distillate from the

demethanizer is fed to the refrigeration system, then used as fuel for other process units in the

process. A pressure of 550 psia was selected to increase the temperature of the vapor distillate as

well.

The liquid distillate from the demethanizer, referred to as the ethylene recovery stream,

exits as a liquid at a rate of 2,098 lbs/hr and is composed mostly of methane, ethylene, ethane, and

propylene. It has a temperature of -131.2°F and a pressure of 550 psia. This stream contains all of

the ethylene that will be eventually recovered as product, but it also has residual methane that was

not removed in the demethanizer column. This stream is fed directly to a second tray column,

which we refer to as the deethanizer column. It also has propylene, which must be removed and

sent to the depropanizer so that it can be recovered as product. The liquid bottoms product exits at

a rate of 1,364 lbs/hr and is composed mostly of propylene, propane, and butane.

b. Deethanizer Tray Tower

The deethanizer column has a total of 45 stages, including a partial condenser with all-

vapor distillate, and a reflux ratio of 25; 43 sieve-trays; and a kettle reboiler. The ethylene recovery

stream from the demethanizer is fed above stage 29 of the tray tower at 2,098 lbs/hr, and there are

three streams that exit the tower: the all-vapor distillate at 120 lbs/hr, which is composed mostly

of methane and ethylene; a liquid C2 side-stream that exits from stage 9 at 1,500 lbs/hr and is

composed mostly of ethylene and ethane; and a bottoms product at 475 lbs/hr that is composed

mostly of ethane, propylene, propane, and butane. The vapor distillate, which leaves the condenser

54
at -129.8°F and 200 psia, is sent to the refrigeration system before being used as fuel for the steam

cracking unit. The C2 side-stream exits at -44.2 °F and 203.56 psia, and is fed to the third column,

which we refer to as the C2-Splitter. Finally, the bottoms product exits at 57.5°F and 207.2 psia

and is fed with the demethanizer bottoms product to the final column, the depropanizer.

A reflux ratio of 25 might sound alarmingly high, but it only corresponds to a reflux rate

of 3,000 lbs/hr. This is because the vapor distillate flowrate is quite small compared to the other

streams in the process (120 lbs/hr compared to thousands of lbs/hr). If the flowrate of the vapor

distillate was on that order, the condenser duty would be unreasonably high at that reflux ratio and

temperature, but because the distillate flowrate is low, it is feasible for the purposes of this project.

For a higher flowrate on the order of 1,200 lbs, the reflux rate would have been 30,000 lbs/hr and

would have over-burdened the condenser. In addition, the original design called for a reflux ratio

of 50; 25 seems even more reasonable set against 50!

Because the deethanizer condenser must also operate at an extremely low temperature, it

was necessary to allow some ethylene to exit the tower with the vapor distillate. This allowed for

a more reasonable condenser temperature. A liquid side-stream was selected rather than using a

partial-vapor condenser because it yielded better results. Stage 9 was selected to remove the side-

stream because this was determined to be the stage at which the ethylene composition was highest;

since the side stream is the stream from which the ultimate ethylene product is removed, it is

preferable to have the highest ethylene content possible so that the most ethylene possible is

recovered overall.

c. C2-Splitter Tray Tower

The liquid side-stream from the deethanizer is fed above stage 12 of the C2-Splitter, the

third tray tower. This feed has a flowrate of 1,500 lbs/hr, a temperature of -44.2°F, and a pressure

55
of 300 psia. A feed pump is used to bring the feed stream to an appropriate pressure; the feed

stream exits the deethanizer at 204 psia but needs to be increased to 300 psia to be fed to the C2-

Splitter, which operated at 290 psia. The C2-Splitter has 25 stages, including a partial condenser

with all vapor distillate and a reflux ratio of 10, 23 sieve-trays, and a kettle reboiler. A vapor

distillate of 99.0% pure ethylene product exits the condenser and is sent to be used as feedstock

via gas pipelines at a flowrate of 1,410 lbs/hr, a temperature of -20.6°F, and a pressure of 290 psia.

A liquid bottoms product that is 94.5% ethane exits the reboiler and is sent to a tank to be stored

and used as fuel for other units in the process at a flowrate of 90 lbs/hr, a temperature of 17.3°F,

and 296 psia.

d. Depropanizer Tray Tower

The bottoms products from both the demethanizer and deethanizer are sent to the final tray

tower, which we refer to as the depropanizer. The depropanizer has 42 stages, including a partial

condenser with all vapor distillate and a reflux ratio of 42, 40 sieve-trays, and a kettle-reboiler.

Both feed streams are fed above stage 23. Three streams exit the C2 splitter: a vapor distillate of

96 lbs/hr at -11.3°F and 150 psia, a liquid propylene side stream or 1250 lbs/hr at 69.2°F and 154

psia exiting at stage 15, and a liquid bottoms product of 495 lbs/hr at 149.1°F and 157 psia.

Similar to the deethanizer, the reflux ratio may seem alarming at first glance. However, the

same logic that applies to the deethanizer applies here, too: the reflux rate is 4,032 lbs/hr, which

does not cause the condenser duty to be too high. For a larger distillate rate of, say, 1,000 lbs/hr, a

reflux ratio on the order of 1 might be selected instead (say, for example, 3); this would correspond

to a reflux rate of 3,000 lbs/hr. So, while the reflux ratio does seem quite high, when considering

the reflux rate (which is what dictates the condenser duty), it makes sense how such a large reflux

could be sustained without causing extreme financial burden.

56
 vi. Section 400: Refrigeration System

The condensers of the columns in the separation section of this process operate at extremely

low temperatures. To achieve these low temperatures, a refrigeration system is used. Since the

vapor distillates of each column come off at very cold temperatures, too, a plate-fin heat exchanger

is used in the refrigeration system to “recover” this cold. Apart from the cold distillates that pass

through the plate-fin exchanger, the refrigeration system is a closed loop. Ethylene refrigerant

enters the refrigeration system at a flowrate of 66,000 lbs/hr, a temperature of 85°F, and a pressure

of 30 psia. The refrigerant passes through a condenser, where it reaches 2000 psia, before being

fed to the plate-fin exchanger. The refrigerant is then flashed in a flash drum, and vapor product is

sent immediately back to the plate-fin exchanger. The liquid product is split into two streams. The

first stream, which has a flowrate of 19,000 lbs/hr, a temperature of -29°F, and a pressure of 252

psia, is sent to the condensers of the C2-Splitter and the depropanizer column, whose operating

temperatures are -30°F and -10°F, respectively. The second stream is sent to a second flash drum,

and the vapor product is sent immediately back to the plate-fin exchanger. The liquid product flows

to the demethanizer and deethanizer column at a flowrate of 24,925 lbs/hr, a temperature of -

143.7°F, and a pressure of 21 psia.

The condenser duties for the demethanizer and deethanizer columns are -5MM BTU/hr and

-605,000 BTU/hr, respectively. A refrigerant flowrate of 24,925 lbs/hr at the given conditions

satisfies the condenser duties of both columns. Then, because the vapor distillates of these columns

are so cold (-131°F and -129°F, respectively), they are sent back to the plate-fin exchanger to help

cool the refrigerant coming from the condenser. The condenser duties for the C2-Splitter and

depropanizer columns are -1.97MM BTU/hr and -702,000 BTU/hr, respectively. A refrigerant

flowrate of 19,000 lbs/hr at the given conditions satisfies the condenser duties of both columns.

57
 A plate-fin exchanger was selected as the heat exchanger for this process because it is

capable of handling many streams at a given time. As the name implies, a plate-fin exchanger is

made of several plates with fins to facilitate heat transfer. In this plate-fin exchanger, several

corrugated stainless-steel plates, which serve as the fins, are stacked between flat stainless-steel

plates that separate the different streams passing through the exchanger. This plate-fin exchanger

handles fourteen streams in total: seven inlet streams, and seven outlet streams. The duty of the

plate-fin exchanger is -5.2MM BTU/hr.

For startup, since there would not be cold streams from the column condensers to cool the

ethylene after compression, refrigerant is required to supply this duty. This refrigerant can be used

to supply the initial -5.2MM BTU/hr of cooling duty in the plate-fin exchanger. Refrigerant at -

30°F can be purchased for $4/ton-day. One ton-day is equivalent to 12,000 BTU, so 433 ton-days

are required. This corresponds to $1,732/hr worth of -30°F refrigerant for startup. Startup is

assumed to take 5 hours—this corresponds to a total cost of $8,660.

58
 Section 9. Energy Balance and Utility Requirements

i. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis

The rotary kiln unit is self-sustaining in energy requirement and does not need fuel oil for

the heating requirement of the plastic waste. The extrusion screw demands significant energy input

with an 820 hp motor. Use of extra pyrolytic oil or steam from downstream in the process was

considered, but polymer extrusion screws are not designed for this type of heating. Alternatives to

make use of the oil and steam for melting were considered, but due to the nature of solid processing

and need for a continuous feed, the extrusion screw is most appealing.

ii. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression

Utilities required in the overall process are cooling water, low pressure steam, boiler feed

water, refrigerant, and electricity. In the steam cracking portion, boiler feed water and cooling

water are used to rapidly quench hot gases, as well as other streams in that section. In the separation

train, low pressure steam will be used to heat the reboilers and refrigerant will be used in the

refrigeration cycle. Electricity will be needed for pumps, compressors, and blowers throughout the

plant. The following tables will provide information on the quantity of utilities being used in the

plant.

a. Fuel Requirements

Fuel to fire the steam cracker furnace will come from recovered fuel from the separation

processes and from the pyrolytic oil product from the rotary kiln. The fuel requirement of the steam

cracker was completely satisfied with the recycled fuel streams. The fuel that was burned in the

steam cracker consists of hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, and

pyrolytic oil which is mostly styrene. The duty of the steam cracker is 34.24 MM BTU/hr.

59
 Table 9.2 Fuel Specifications
Compound Amount (lb/hr) % of Furnace Duty LHV (BTU/lb)
Hydrogen 607 27.6 51,628
Methane 599 47.7 21,433
Ethene 582 32.3 20,525

Table 9.1: Utility requirements for units in Section 200

Utility Description Total Power Quantity Requirement

Chilled Water** HX-202: Cools 5.61 MM BTU/hr 80,112 lb/hr

down to 90°F
Cooling Water HX-203: Cools 544,300 BTU/hr 11,198 lb/hr
down to 224°F
Cooling Water HX-204: Cools to 545,899 BTU/hr 11,224 lb/hr
226‡F
Cooling Water HX-205: Cools to 523,772 BTU/hr 9,073 lb/hr
192°F
Cooling Water HX-206: Cools to 500,378 BTU/hr 10,627 lb/hr
143°F
Cooling Water* Quench Tower: 5.62 MM BTU/hr 185,480 lb/hr
Cools to 100°F
Boiler Feed Water HX-201: Cools to 3.68 MM BTU/hr 4,163 lb/hr
752°F
Low Pressure Steam* Process Steam to be N/A 2,066 lb/hr
mixed with light gas
High Pressure Steam Vaporization of N/A 242,180 lb/hr
BFW. Sold as credit.
Electricity B-201: Blows 34 kW 5,161 lb/hr
CRACKED GAS to
compressors
Electricity P-201: Increases 134 kW 242,180 lb/hr
pressure of BFW to
450 psi
Electricity P-202: Pumps spray 5 kW 185,480 lb/hr
water recycle to top
of Quench Tower
Electricity P-203: Pumps 0.16 kW 2,066 lb/hr
process steam to
convection section
*The utilities are only required for start-up purposes.

** The utility comes from unit E-303.

60
 iii. Section 300: Separations

a. Energy Balance

In the separations part of the process, there are four distillation columns, which each have a

condenser with cooling duty. The cooling for each condenser is achieved by streams from the

refrigeration cycle. The following table shows the energy balance on each condenser:

Table 9.3: Energy balance on the condensers of the distillation columns.

Demethanizer Deethanizer C2-Splitter Depropanizer

Condenser Duty -5,002,048 -603,978 -1,68,988 -702,413
(BTU/hr)
Condenser Temp -131.2 -129.8 -20.6 -11.2
(°F)
Coolant Source DM-DE DM-DE C2-DEPROP-REF C2-DEPROP-REF
Flowrate of coolant 24,926 24,926 19,000 19,000

Each column in the separation part of the process also has a reboiler with a heating duty.

Low-pressure steam provides heat to the demethanizer, deethanizer, and depropanizer reboilers,

while 60°F cooling water provides heat to the C2-Splitter reboiler. The following table shows the

energy balance on each reboiler:

Table 9.4: Energy balance on the reboilers of the distillation columns.

Demethanizer Deethanizer C2-Splitter Depropanizer

Reboiler Heat Duty 3,599,122 749,516 2,194,171.38 597,034
(BTU/hr)
Reboiler Temp (°F) 205.2 57.5 17.3 149.1
Heat source 50 psig steam 50 psig steam 60°F cooling water 50 psig steam
Flowrate of heat 3,946.4 821.84 109,709 655
source (lbs/hr)

Calculations to determine the required flowrate of heat source are found in the following

section.

61
 b. Utilities

The reboilers of the tray towers each require a utility to provide heat. For the demethanizer,

deethanizer, and depropanizer, low-pressure steam is used to provide heating. For the C2-Splitter,

cooling water is used to provide heat, because the temperature of the bottoms product is very low

at 17°F. The following table summarizes the steam requirements for each column based on the

heat duty of the reboiler:

Table 9.5: Low-pressure steam requirements for the reboilers of the demethanizer,
deethanizer, and depropanizer columns
Demethanizer Deethanizer Depropanizer
Reboiler Heat Duty (BTU/hr) 3,599,122 749,516 597,034
Reboiler Temp (°F) 205.2 57.5 149.1
Steam Pressure required 50 50 50
(psig):
Latent Heat (BTU/hr): 912 912 912
Required Flowrate (lbs/hr): 3,946.4 821.84 654.64

Because the reboiler temperatures are all relatively low, low-pressure steam is required to

provide heating.

Interestingly, the reboiler of the C2-Splitter requires cooling water to provide heating. This

is because the bottoms product of the C2-Splitter is 17°F. A stream in the range of 60-70°F would

be ideal to provide heating, but something hotter would run the risk of causing film boiling. Thus,

cooling water was selected as the utility, since it is in that temperature range. The reboiler heat

duty is 2,2MM BTU/hr. Since the specific heat capacity of water at that temperature is 1 BTU/lb-

°F, the flowrate of cooling water needed is 109,800 lbs/hr.

Whence the cooling water has passed through the reboiler, it will be at a temperature of

40°F, qualifying it as chilled water. Some of this chilled water will be sent to the quench tower at

a rate of 80,200 lbs/hr, and the remaining 29,600 lbs/hr will be sold as chilled water.

62
 In addition to the condensers and reboilers in the separations part of the process, there are

five pumps that are powered by electricity—four pumps that are used for the reflux streams for

each column, and one pump that is used for the feed to the C2-Splitter. The following table

summarizes the utilities required for each pump:

Table 9.6: Utilities requirements for pumps in the separations part of the process
Demethanizer Deethanizer C2-Splitter Depropanizer C2 Feed
Reflux Reflux Reflux Reflux
Net Work 0.297 hp 0.5194 hp 0.3695 hp 0.5079 hp 1.22 hp
Electricity 0.2215 kW 0.3876 kW 0.2731 kW 0.3791 kW 0.914 kW
Requirement

iv. Section 400: Refrigeration System

a. Energy Balance

The refrigeration cycle consists of a compressor, plate-fin exchanger, and two flash vessels,

each of which has an associated cooling or heat duty with it. This part of the process has immense

energy and utility requirements, and contributes significantly to the annual cost

The compressor compresses 66,000 lbs/hr of ethylene refrigerant from 85 psia to 2,000

psia. Electricity is used to achieve this pressure change; 4,333 kW are needed to power this unit.

The plate-fin exchanger involves 14 streams. It recovers the cold from the vapor distillates

from the demethanizer and deethanizer columns, as well as the vapor streams from both flash

vessels, and cools the ethylene refrigerant before it goes to the flash vessels. The plate-fin

exchanger has a cooling duty of -22.3MM BTU/hr.

The first flash vessel reduces the temperature of the refrigerant from -1.2°F to -29.06°F by

dropping the pressure 2000 psia to 252 psia. The Joule-Thompson effect is responsible for this

temperature drop. The gas is allowed to expand through a throttle. During this expansion, there is

no change in energy, which means that the duty of the flash vessel is zero. This is because for all

63
non-ideal gasses (i.e. gasses other than hydrogen or helium), enthalpy is a function of temperature,

so if the enthalpy remains constant, the temperature will, too. Since the gas in the process is not an

ideal gas (especially since it is at an extremely high pressure), constant enthalpy does not equal

constant temperature, so the temperature of the gas drops significantly when the gas is throttled.

The second flash vessel reduces the temperature of the refrigerant from -29.06°F to

-143.7°F by dropping the pressure from 252 psia to 21 psia. Similar to the first flash vessel, the

Joule-Thompson effect is responsible for the temperature drop. There is no change in energy

during throttling, so the duty of the flash vessel is zero.

b. Utilities:

In the refrigeration cycle, the compressor uses 5,810 hp of work and requires 4,333 kW of

electricity for power. This amount of electricity is one of the costliest utilities in the entire process,

with over $2.5MM being spent annually. For comparison, the second costliest compressor is in the

compression cascade of the steam cracking process, and costs $162,000 per year.

For startup, 433 ton-day, or $8,660 worth, of -30°F refrigerant are needed for the plate-fin

exchanger; afterwards, the cold streams from the demethanizer and deethanizer condensers are

used for cooling.

64
 Section 10. Equipment List and Unit Descriptions

i. Section 000: Upstream Processing

Storage Silos

Unit ID: T-001; T-002 Temperature: 77⁰F

Type: Solid Storage Bin Pressure: 14.7 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Diameter: 16.5 ft
Costing: Table 12.1 Height: 49.5 ft
Calculation: Appendix A

The function of T-001 and T-002 is to store three days’ worth of feed shard each to prevent

production halt. The temperature and pressure are not regulated and are therefore said to be

atmospheric. The volume of each silo is 10500 ft3, found using an assumed shard density of 58.9

lb/ft3 and a 25% void fraction due to packing. An aspect ratio of 3, common for storage vessels, is

used. Each silo has an upper cylindrical section and lower conical section. The purchase cost of

each silo is $45,707. No specification sheet is included.

Bucket Elevators

Unit ID: E-001; E-003 Width: 12 in

Type: Solid Handling Equipment Height: 55 ft (001); 16 ft (002)
Costing: Table 12.1 Work: 0.626 hp (001); 0.206 hp (002)
Calculation: Appendix A

The function of the bucket elevators is to move plastic shard from the transport units to

storage silos, and again from the screw conveyor to the extrusion screw. The units consist of chains

of buckets, 12 inches in width and 1.5 feet apart, which move the plastic shard vertically. Due to

the nature of the plastic shards, there is no concern that waste sticks to the bucket, and high speeds

are usable, but 150 ft/sec is estimated. The speed and bucket volume more importantly depend on

unit availability for purchase. The 55-foot bucket elevator has a power requirement of .626 hp, and

the 16-foot elevator 0.206 hp, which account for both the mass flow rate and vertical distance

65
travelled. The purchase cost of the 55-foot elevator is $23,534, and that of the 16-foot elevator is

$11,642. No specification sheet is included.

Screw Conveyor

Unit ID: E-002 Length: 40 ft

Type: Solid Handling Equipment Work: 0.958 hp
Feed Rate: 81.9 ft3/hr
Costing: Table 12.1 Calculation: Appendix A

The screw conveyor is selected for transport of shards due to its ability to regulate volumetric

flow capacity and handle particles of small size. The feed rate of the screw is 81.9 ft3/hr, which

roughly correlates to a 6-inch diameter 50 rpm conveyor. The length of transport is estimated as

40 feet, which is to account for the space occupied by the silos. The power requirement is 0.958

hp, which assumes no elevation change. The purchase cost of the feeder is $2,883. No specification

sheet is included.

ii. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis

Rotary Kiln

Unit ID: R-101 Temperature: 1112⁰F

Type: Reactor Pressure: 73.5 psia
Material: Carbon Steel, Alumina Length: 42 ft
Oxide Refractory
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 2.8 ft inner, 7.74 ft outer
Costing: Table 12.1 Calculations: Appendix A

The rotary kiln is the first of two cracking units in the process. It degrades the molten plastic

waste to a short-chain hydrocarbon gas and a pyrolytic oil product, with the presence of some char.

The rotary kiln is considered as two concentric pressure vessels. The inner vessel is 2.8 ft diameter,

and feed molten plastic continuously at 6430 lb/hr. The plastic is moved through the inner chamber

at a constant rate of 0.0147 ft/s as governed by a carbon steel screw conveyor. The inner chamber

is maintained at 73.5 psia, at which point a pressure cap, fitted to not rotate with the kiln, permits

66
gaseous product to exit from the highest point in the kiln. The molten plastic is heated first in the

kiln over a length of 15.5 ft a rate of 68⁰F/min to reach 1112⁰F. The plastic is then held at a that

temperature for the remaining 26.5 ft. The gaseous product is said to form at a constant rate in the

kiln. Over the entire length of the chamber, the energy demand to heat and maintain the plastic

temperature is 3.66 x 106 BTU/hr. The inner chamber is made from a 0.25-inch-thick layer of

Carbon Steel, which is the thickness as estimated for the pressure vessel, surrounded by 8.4 inches

of alumina oxide refractory, which is selected due to its high thermal conductivity, strength, and

ability to be exposed to temperatures up to 3000 ⁰F. A thermal conductivity of 10.4 BTU/h ft ⁰F

is used to estimate the wall thickness to achieve a desired ∆T. Due to the thickness of the refractory

layer, the temperatures which carbon steel is exposed to should not cause any deformation of the

shell.

There are two chambers outside the alumina oxide refractory, which are separated by a

refractory wall, which are used for combustion. Both chambers are operated at 36.8 psia and 2732

⁰F. The feed rate to each chamber of pyrolytic oil and air is dependent on the energy demands of

specific section, assuming 40% thermal efficiency. Not-rotating pressure caps are again used to

remove the gaseous product. The combustion chamber is 6 inches, with burners located primarily

beneath the inner shell to concentrate heat near the molten plastic.

The outermost layer of the rotary kiln is 14.4 inches of alumina oxide refractory covered

with 0.25 inches of carbon steel for structural support. This layer should prevent the exposed

surface from exceeding 200 ⁰F for safety concerns. The reactor is set up at a 1.1⁰ incline from the

horizontal. Due to the complex nature of cracking reactions and unknown intermediates, the

reactor was not modeled in Aspen except for energy balance purposes.

67
 The electricity demands are estimated as 80 kW to power the rotary kiln, per online

estimates, accounting for both the rotation of the vessel at nearly 2 rpm and the screw conveyor.

The costing is roughly estimated as summing two horizontal pressure vessels, giving a purchase

cost of $167,171.

Extrusion Screw

Unit ID: E-101 Temperature: 482⁰F

Type: Solid Handling Costing: Table 12.1
Equipment
Work: 820 hp Calculations: Appendix A

The extrusion screw is purchased directly from a third-party seller. A twin-screw extruder

is likely necessary due to the high mass flow rate. The molten plastic is said to be heated from

room temperature to 482⁰F, which is 50⁰F greater than the melting point of polystyrene (which

has the highest melting point of all three types of plastic involved). The work required is 820 hp,

and per online estimate the purchase cost is $500,000. No specification sheet is included, but a

brochure for a potential module is included in the Appendix.

Blower 1

Unit ID: B-101 Temperature: 77⁰F

Type: Centrifugal Pressure: 36.8 psia
Material: Aluminum Work: 26.1 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11
Costing: Table 12.1 Calculations: Appendix A

The blower adds air to the first combustion chamber which supplies heat to raise the

temperature of the plastic waste in the rotary kiln. It raises incoming pressure from atmospheric to

36.8 psia. The temperature is said to be atmospheric at both the inlet and outlet of the blower, and

thus the blower is made from aluminum. It requires a net work of 26.1 hp due to 88% efficiency.

The flow rate through the blower is 539 ft3/min, and the purchase cost is an estimated $8,820.

68
Blower 2

Unit ID: B-102 Temperature: 77⁰F

Type: Centrifugal Pressure: 36.8 psia
Material: Aluminum Work: 3.8 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11
Costing: Table 12.1 Calculations: Appendix A

Nearly identical to B 101, except a lesser volumetric flow rate of 35.1 ft3/min is used,

creating a work requirement of 3.8 hp and efficiency of 83%. The purchase cost is an estimated

$8,820.

Solid Liquid Splitter

Unit ID: E - 102 Temperature: 1112⁰F

Type: Storage Tank Pressure: 73.5 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Length: 10.5 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 2.09 ft
Costing: Table 12.1 Calculations: Appendix A

This unit is largely hypothetical, and a pilot plant would be necessary to determine the

feasibility. To remove the char from the liquid oil as best as possible, the solid/liquid slurry flows

into the vessel at 1265 lb/hr, driven by the pressure in the rotary kiln. The size is approximated

considering how much oil/char mixture enters the unit over the course of one residence time (47.5

minutes), and an assumed aspect ratio of 5. The splitter is said to be 60% full, and still at a pressure

of 73.5 psia. There is a fine carbon steel mesh, which is oriented as a baffle, near the center of the

vessel. There are two outlets, which have volumetric flow rates of 1003 lb/hr (oil product), and

262 lb/hr (slurry). The ratio of outlet sizes of the tank reflects the ratio of flow rates. The pressure

is assumed to be sufficient to drive the operation of this unit. It is possible that MOYNO pumps,

capable of low flow rates and sustaining very high temperatures, would be required to drive the

flow. The purchase cost is an estimated $10,628.

69
Oil Storage Tank

Unit ID: T - 101 Temperature: 1112⁰F

Type: Storage Tank Pressure: 14.7 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Height: 21.9 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 7.3 ft
Costing: Table 12.1 Calculations: Appendix A (sample)

Given a flow rate of oil for sale of 674 lb/hr, an assumed density of 58.3 lb/ft3, and a desired

capacity to store 6 days of product, a total storage volume of 925 ft3 is required. Using an assumed

aspect ratio of 3, the dimensions of this unit are 7.3 ft diameter and 21.9 ft height. The oil product

enters the storage tank at high temperature of 1112 ⁰F and pressure of 73.5 psia, but no effort is

made to maintain these conditions. The tank is designed as a conical roof storage vessel, and a

nitrogen blanket is used to maintain safe oxygen concentration. The purchase cost is an estimated

$24,728.

Slurry Storage Tank

Unit ID: T - 101 Temperature: 1112⁰F

Type: Storage Tank Pressure: 14.7 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Height: 19.5 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 6.5 ft
Costing: Table 12.1 Calculations: Appendix A (sample)

The same approach is taken here to modeling the tank as the pyrolytic oil storage tank,

although the inlet flow is now 262 lb/hr. The purchase cost is an estimated $3404.

70
 iii. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression
Steam Cracker

Unit ID: F-201 Temperature: 1472°F

Type: Pyrolysis Pressure: 43.5 psia
Furnace
Material: Carbon Steel & Area:
Inconel™
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: 34.24MM BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

The steam cracker takes paraffinic light gas mixed with steam and dehydrates, or cracks,

the compounds into ethylene and propylene. The steam cracker also preheats 242,480 lb/hr of

boiler water and 2,066 lb/hr of water to be used as process steam. Fuel to fire the steam cracker

comes from oil product from the rotary kiln, and recovered fuel from separation processes. The

steam cracker has severity of 0.66, which corresponds to a 1 second residence time in the

furnace. The steam cracker has a convective section and radiation section. The exact dimensions

of the steam cracker were not calculated, but a private consultant provided costing data based on

its ethylene output.

Transfer Line Exchanger

Unit ID: HX-201 Temperature (Hot 1472°F

Fluid):
Type: Tube in Tube Coolant Flow 4,163 lb/hr
Heat Exchanger Rate:
Material: Carbon Steel Area:
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: 3.68MM BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

The transfer line heat exchanger rapidly quenches the cracked gas to prevent more

propagation reactions from occurring. The transfer line exchanger is modeled after a BORSIG

tunnelflow exchanger. Hot gases will flow through the tubes and boiler water will flow

71
concurrently in the annulus of the tubes. Within the TLE, the boiler water will undergo a phase

change and become high pressure steam.

Quench Tower Heat Exchanger

Unit ID: HX-202 Temperature (Hot 120°F

Fluid):
Type: Shell and Tube Coolant Flow 80,112 lb/hr
rate:
Material: Carbon Steel Area: 772.4ft2
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: 5.61MM BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

The heat exchanger in the quench tower recycle system is a shell and tube heat exchanger, and

it cools the recycle spray water stream from 120°F back down to 90°F. The chiled water

experiences a temperature change from 40°F to 105°F. Flow in the heat exchanger is

countercurrent.

Intercooler 1

Unit ID: HX-203 Temperature (Hot 324°F

Fluid):
Type: Shell and Tube Coolant Flow 11,198 lb/hr
Rate:
Material: Carbon Steel Area: 47.26 ft2
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: 544,300 BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

The intercooler is modeled as a shell and tube heat exchanger on ASPEN. It cools the stream

after COMP-1 from 324°F to 224°F. The gas stream experiences a temperature drop of 100°F in

all four intercoolers. The temperature change in the cooling water is 80°F to 120°F, which is the

same for all four units. Inter-stage coolers are needed because it takes less work to compress a

cooler gas than a hotter gas.

72
Intercooler 2

Unit ID: HX-204 Temperature (Hot 327°F

Fluid):
Type: Shell and Tube Coolant Flow 11,224 lb/hr
Rate:
Material: Carbon Steel Area: 46.6 ft2
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: 545,899 BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

Intercooler 3

Unit ID: HX-205 Temperature (Hot 292°F

Fluid):
Type: Shell and Tube Coolant Flow 11,061 lb/hr
Rate:
Material: Carbon Steel Area: 54.8 ft2
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: 523,771 BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

Intercooler 4

Unit ID: HX-206 Temperature (Hot 239°F

Fluid):
Type: Shell and Tube Coolant Flow 10,627 lb/hr
Rate:
Material: Carbon Steel Area: 84.3 ft2
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: 544,825 BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

Compressor 1

Unit ID: C-201 Outlet 324°F

Temperature:
Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 159 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 369 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Efficiency: 0.81
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

73
 Compressor 1 is a centrifugal compressor used to increase the pressure of the cracked gas

before it undergoes separation. The gas enters the series of compressors at 60 psia and leaves

at 559.5 psia. The pressure of this stream needs to be increased so that the boiling point of

certain compounds will shift to temperature to a more feasible one for separation. All

compressors in Section 200 were modeled on ASPEN. The isentropic efficiency was assumed

to be 0.81.

Compressor 2

Unit ID: C-202 Outlet 327°F

Temperature:
Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 274 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 175 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Efficiency: 0.81
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

Compressor 3

Unit ID: C-203 Outlet 292°F

Temperature:
Type: Reciprocating Outlet Pressure: 389 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 111 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Efficiency: 0.81
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

Compressor 4

Unit ID: C-204 Outlet 239°F

Temperature:
Type: Reciprocating Outlet Pressure: 560 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 110 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Efficiency: 0.81
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

74
Blower 1

Unit ID: B-201 Outlet 129°F

Temperature:
Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 73 psia
Material: Aluminum Net Work: 234 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Efficiency: 1
Costing Data: Section 12 Calculations: Appendix A

Blower 1 is used to move fuel gases from the storage tanks to the steam cracker furnace. It

was modeled as an isentropic compressor on ASPEN. It is sized to move 606 lb/hr of hydrogen,

599 lb/hr of methane, and 582 lb/hr of ethylene.

iv. Section 300: Separations

Tray Towers

Demethanizer Column

Unit ID: D-301 Temperature: 142.5°F

Type: Distillation Pressure: 550 psia
Column
Material: Carbon Steel Functional height: 42.5 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 5.4 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Calculations: Appendix A

The demethanizer separates a significant portion of the hydrogen and methane gas produced

in the steam cracking of the pyrolysis gas from the light hydrocarbons and the heavy hydrocarbons.

The feed to the demethanizer is 5,164 lbs/hr of cracked gas, which enters the column at 142.5°F

and 555 psia.

According to an ASPEN simulation, 12 theoretical stages are needed to achieve the desired

separation, with the feed stream entering above stage 4. Assuming a tray efficiency of 0.7, this

means that fifteen real stages are needed, with the feed stream entering above the sixth stage. Given

75
eighteen-inch spacing between each tray, a height of 22.5 ft is obtained. One 3-foot manhole at the

feed stage and an additional 3-foot manhole every ten trays are included, as well as a 10-foot sump

and 4-ft of height at the top of the column, resulting in a functional height of 42.5 ft. Including a

skirt height of 15 ft, the total demethanizer height is 57.5 ft. An L/D aspect ratio of 8 was chosen,

yielding a diameter of 5.3 ft.

A reflux ratio of 5 is required. The vapor distillate rate is 1,702 lbs/hr, the liquid distillate rate

is 2,098 lbs/hr, and the bottoms rate is 1,364 lbs/hr. The selected material of construction is carbon

steel. The temperatures of the columns are extremely cold. Carbon steel is the material of

construction for many cryogenic units, including cold boxes, which operate at temperatures similar

to those in this process. So, carbon steel is an appropriate choice of material for the columns.

The reflux drum for the demethanizer condenser was sized so that fifteen minutes of

accumulation would result in the drum being half-full. Given a volumetric reflux rate of 682

cuft/hr, the reflux drum would need to have a volume of 341 cubic feet for fifteen minutes’ worth

of accumulation to fill half of the drum. Using an L/D aspect ratio of 4 for a horizontal vessel, a

length of 36.2 ft and a diameter of 9.05 ft were determined.

The kettle reboiler for the demethanizer column has a heat duty of 3.6MM BTU/hr, as

calculated by ASPEN. Low-pressure steam must be supplied at a flowrate of 3,950 lbs/hr.

Deethanizer Column

Unit ID: D-301 Temperature: -131.2°F

Type: Distillation Pressure: 200 psia
Column
Material: Carbon Steel Functional 84.5 ft
height:
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 8.45 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

76
 The deethanizer results in three outlet streams: a vapor distillate, which contains the remaining

hydrogen and methane, as well as some of the ethylene product; a liquid side stream, which

contains both ethylene and ethane hydrocarbons; and the bottoms product, which contains all the

hydrocarbons heavier than ethane. The feed to the deethanizer is the 2,098 lbs/hr ethylene recovery

stream from the demethanizer, which enters the deethanizer at -131.2°F and 550 psia.

According to an ASPEN simulation, 30 theoretical trays are needed to achieve the desired

separation, with the feed stream entering above the twentieth stage. Assuming a tray efficiency of

0.7, this means that 43 real stages are needed, with the feed stream entering above the twenty-ninth

stage. Given eighteen-inch spacing between each tray, a height of 64.5 ft is obtained. One 3-foot

manhole at the feed stage and an additional 3-foot manhole every ten trays are included, as well as

a 10-foot sump and 4-ft of height at the top of the column, resulting in a functional height of 84.5

ft. Including a skirt height of 15 ft, the total demethanizer height is 99.5 ft. An L/D aspect ratio of

10 was chosen, yielding a diameter of 8.45 ft.

A reflux ratio of 25 is required. The distillate rate is 120 lbs/hr, the side stream flow rate is

1,500 lbs/hr, and the bottoms rate is 475 lbs/hr. The selected material of construction is carbon

steel. The temperatures of the columns are extremely cold. Carbon steel is the material of

construction for many cryogenic units, including cold boxes, which operate at temperatures similar

to those in this process. So, carbon steel is an appropriate choice of material for the columns.

The reflux drum for the deethanizer condenser was sized so that fifteen minutes of

accumulation would result in the drum being half-full. Given a volumetric reflux rate of 107

cuft/hr, the reflux drum would need to have a volume of 53.5 cubic feet for fifteen minutes’ worth

of accumulation to fill half of the drum. Using an L/D aspect ratio of 3 for a horizontal vessel, a

length of 7.6 ft and a diameter of 2.5 ft were determined.

77
 The kettle reboiler for the deethanizer column has a heat duty of 750,000 BTU/hr, as calculated

by ASPEN. Low-pressure steam must be supplied at a flowrate of 822 lbs/hr.

As discussed in the process description in Section 8, a reflux ratio of 25 for the deethanizer

column might seem alarmingly high at first. The distillate rate of the deethanizer column is only

120 lbs/hr, and the reflux rate is 3,000 lbs/hr. This corresponds to a cooling duty of -604,000

BTU/hr. This duty is far less than that of either the demethanizer or C2-Splitter condensers, whose

reflux ratios are much smaller (5 and 10, respectively) but who have much higher cooling duties

on the order of MM BTU/hr because their distillate flowrates (and, thus, their reflux rates) are

much higher, even at a relatively low reflux ratio. Clearly, the value of the reflux ratio is not the

best indicator of condenser duty, but rather the reflux flowrate is.

C2 Feed Pump

Unit ID: P-301 Temperature: -41.3°F

Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 300 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 1.22 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Head: 477.0 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

The side stream that exits the deethanizer to enter the C2-Splitter has a pressure of 204

psia. This is below the operating pressure of the C2-Splitter (290 psia), so the stream must be sent

to a pump to increase the pressure. A head of 477.0 ft and net work of 1.22 hp were calculated

using ASPEN.

78
C2-Splitter

Unit ID: D-303 Temperature: -44.2°F

Type: Distillation Pressure: 290 psia
Column
Material: Carbon Steel Functional 54.5 ft
height:
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 5.45 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

The C2-Splitter separates the recovered ethylene from the other components that exit the

deethanizer column in the side-stream. The feed to the C2-Splitter is 1,500 lbs/hr, which enters the

column at -44.2°F and 300 psia after passing through the C2 feed pump.

According to an ASPEN simulation, 23 theoretical trays are needed to achieve the desired

separation, with the feed stream entering above the twelfth stage. In the industry, C2-Splitters

typically have an efficiency of 1.0 or even greater than 1. Assuming a tray efficiency of 1, this

means that 23 real stages are needed, with the feed stream entering above the twelfth stage. Given

eighteen-inch spacing between each tray, a height of 34.5 ft is obtained. One 3-foot manhole at the

feed stage and an additional 3-foot manhole every ten trays are included, as well as a 10-foot sump

and 4-ft of height at the top of the column, resulting in a functional height of 54.5 ft. Including a

skirt height of 15 ft, the total demethanizer height is 69.5 ft. An L/D aspect ratio of 10 was chosen,

yielding a diameter of 5.45 ft.

A reflux ratio of 10 is required. The distillate rate is 1,410 lbs/hr, and the bottoms rate is 90

lbs/hr. The selected material of construction is carbon steel. The temperatures of the columns are

extremely cold. Carbon steel is the material of construction for many cryogenic units, including

cold boxes, which operate at temperatures similar to those in this process. So, carbon steel is an

appropriate choice of material for the columns.

79
 The reflux drum for the C2-Splitter condenser was sized so that fifteen minutes of

accumulation would result in the drum being half-full. Given a volumetric reflux rate of 567

cuft/hr, the reflux drum would need to have a volume of 283 cubic feet for fifteen minutes’ worth

of accumulation to fill half of the drum. Using an L/D aspect ratio of 3 for a horizontal vessel, a

length of 30 ft and a diameter of 7.5 ft were determined.

The kettle reboiler for the C2-Splitter column has a heat duty of 2.2MM BTU/hr, as calculated

by ASPEN. The bottoms product of the C2-Splitter exits at 17°F, meaning that a heat source

around 60°F would be ideal. Cooling water at a temperature of 60°F must be supplied at a flowrate

of 110,000 lbs/hr. This cooling water exits the reboiler at a temperature of 40°F, meaning that it

can be used as chilled water in other parts of the plant, and the remaining water can be sold as

chilled water (which is worth more than the cooling water that would need to be purchased to

provide heat to the kettle reboiler).

Depropanizer

Unit ID: D-304 Temperature: 103.3°F

Type: Distillation Pressure: 150 psia
Column
Material: Carbon Steel Functional 80.0 ft
height:
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 8.0 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

The depropanizer separates the bottoms products from both the demethanizer and deethanizer

into three products: a C2-fuel, the 95.7% pure propylene product, and impure butane to be used as

fuel. The feed to the depropanizer is 1,839 lbs/hr, which enters the column at -103.3°F and a

pressure of 150.0 psia.

80
 According to an ASPEN simulation, 28 theoretical trays are needed to achieve the desired

separation, with the feed stream entering above stage 16. Assuming a tray efficiency of 0.7, this

means that 40 real stages are needed, with the feed stream entering above stage 23. Given eighteen-

inch spacing between each tray, a height of 60.0 ft is obtained. One 3-foot manhole at the feed

stage and an additional 3-foot manhole every ten trays are included, as well as a 10-foot sump and

4-ft of height at the top of the column, resulting in a functional height of 80.0 ft. Including a skirt

height of 15 ft, the total demethanizer height is 95.0 ft. An L/D aspect ratio of 10 was chosen,

yielding a diameter of 8.0 ft.

A reflux ratio of 42 is required. The distillate rate is 96 lbs/hr, the propylene-product side

stream flowrate is 1,250 lbs/hr, and the bottoms rate is 90 lbs/hr. The selected material of

construction is carbon steel. The temperatures of the columns are extremely cold. Carbon steel is

the material of construction for many cryogenic units, including cold boxes, which operate at

temperatures similar to those in this process. So, carbon steel is an appropriate choice of material

for the columns.

The reflux drum for the depropanizer condenser was sized so that fifteen minutes of

accumulation would result in the drum being half-full. Given a volumetric reflux rate of 145.5

cuft/hr, the reflux drum would need to have a volume of 72.7 cubic feet for fifteen minutes’ worth

of accumulation to fill half of the drum. Using an L/D aspect ratio of 3 for a horizontal vessel, a

length of 10.3 ft and a diameter of 3.4 ft were determined.

The kettle reboiler for the depropanizer column has a heat duty of 600,000 BTU/hr, as

calculated by ASPEN. Low-pressure steam must be supplied at a flowrate of 655 lbs/hr.

As discussed in the process description in Section 8, a reflux ratio of 42 for the depropanizer

column might seem alarmingly high at first. However, the same reasoning that is applied to the

81
deethanizer column condenser is relevant here. The distillate rate for the depropanizer column is

only 96 lbs/hr, and the reflux rate is only 4,032 lbs/hr. This corresponds to a condenser cooling

duty of -597,000 BTU/hr. This duty is far less than that of either the demethanizer or C2-Splitter

condensers, whose reflux ratios are much smaller (5 and 10, respectively) but who have much

higher cooling duties on the order of MM BTU/hr because their distillate flowrates (and, thus, their

reflux rates) are much higher, even at a relatively low reflux ratio. Clearly, the value of the reflux

ratio is not the best indicator of condenser duty, but rather the reflux flowrate is.

Reflux Pumps

The reflux stream that exits the condenser of each column must be pumped back to the top

of the demethanizer tower. The pump is not at the same elevation as the condenser; in chemical

plants, pumps are placed on the ground to allow for easy access for maintenance. As the reflux

stream flows downward to the pump, it gains some pressure. Then, the pump increases the pressure

of the stream further to allow it to travel back up to the top of the condenser for reflux. The head

of each pump was calculated using the methods discussed in Appendix A.

Demethanizer Reflux Pump

Unit ID: RP-301 Temperature: -131.2°F

Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 579 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 0.297 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Head: 116 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

82
Deethanizer Reflux Pump

Unit ID: RP-302 Temperature: -129.8°F

Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 247 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 0.5194 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Head: 203 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

C2-Splitter Reflux Pump

Unit ID: RP-303 Temperature: -20.6°F

Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 325 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 0.3659 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Head: 143 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

Depropanizer Reflux Pump

Unit ID: RP-304 Temperature: -11.3°F

Type: Centrifugal Outlet Pressure: 297 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Net Work: 0.5079 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Head: 199 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

Storage Tanks

Storage tanks are needed for both monomer products, ethylene and propylene, and the

hydrocarbon streams that will be stored and used as fuel. Since the products of the steam cracking

process are all light hydrocarbons that are gasses as atmospheric pressure, each tank is designed

to hold one hour’s worth of product. For the ethylene and propylene products, the streams will

then be sold and transported to plants via pipeline to be used as monomer feedstock. One hour of

storage is needed in case the purchasing plant needs to shut down; in that case, there would be a

buffer to allow for gas to stop flowing to the shut-down plant while still being produced until our

83
plant could be properly shut down, too. In such an event, the rotary kiln would be shut off upstream,

and the product would accumulate in the storage vessel; one hour is sufficient time for the

remaining material in the process to reach the storage vessel, so one hour’s worth of storage is

needed to contain that material.

Ethylene Product Storage Tank

Unit ID: T-301 Temperature: 70°F

Type: Storage Tank Pressure: 30 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Height: 59.0 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 19.7 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

The 99.0% pure ethylene product exits the C2-Splitter at a flowrate of 1410 lbs/hr at

-20.6°F and 290 psia. At the conditions in the tank, ethylene has a density of 0.079 lbs/cuft, and

134,193 gallons of storage are needed for one hour’s worth of product. This gas is then transported

to the purchasing plant via gas pipeline.

Propylene Product Storage Tank

Unit ID: T-303 Temperature: 70°F

Type: Storage Tank Pressure: 30 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Height: 59.0 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 19.7 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

The 95.7% pure propylene product exits the depropanizer at a flowrate of 1250 lbs/hr at

70°F and 154 psia. At these conditions, propylene is a liquid. However, at the conditions in the

tank, it will be a vapor whose density is 0.118 lb/cuft. This means that 85,704 gallons of storage

are needed to hold one hour’s worth of propylene product. This propylene is then transported to

the purchasing plant to be used as feedstock via gas pipeline.

84
Fuel Storage Tank

Unit ID: T-302 Temperature: 70°F

Type: Storage Tank Pressure: 30 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Height: 77.0 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 25.5 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

Five streams are sent to the fuel storage tank to be stored and used as fuel. One hour’s

worth of fuel is stored in this tank. Because a mix of several different hydrocarbons are stored,

each with a different density at these conditions, a weighted average was calculated to determine

the density of the gas in the fuel storage tank (which was 0.0645 lbs/cuft). Any streams that exit

the column as a liquid will become vapor at these conditions.

v. Section 400: Refrigeration System

Refrigeration System Compressor

Unit ID: C-401 Temperature: 85°F

Type: Compressor Pressure: 30 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Work: 5810 hp
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Flowrate: 452,497 cuft/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

The compressor in the refrigeration system must compress 66,000 lbs/hr of ethylene

refrigerant. The ethylene refrigerant comes into the compressor at a temperature of 85°F and a

pressure of 30 psia. The compressor uses electricity as its utility and does 5,810 hp of work. The

refrigeration system is a closed cycle; the ethylene is compressed, cooled and flashed, and then it

is sent to the appropriate compressors to provide cooling, after which it is sent back through the

plate-fin exchanger so that it can return to the start of the cycle.

85
Flash Vessel 1

Unit ID: F-401 Temperature: -29.06°F

Type: Flash Drum Pressure: 252 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Height: 5.51 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 1.84 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

Flash Vessel 1 is used in the refrigeration cycle to lower the refrigerant temperature so that

it can be used in the condensers of the columns in the separation section of the process. 66,000

lbs/hr of refrigerant are fed into Flash Vessel 1 at 4.6°F and 2000 psia. 8,3971 lbs/hr exit the vessel

as vapor and are sent back to the plate-fin exchanger. 57,603 lbs/hr of refrigerant exit the vessel as

liquid and are split into two streams: the first stream goes directly to the condensers of the C2-

Splitter and the depropanizer, and the second stream is sent to the second flash vessel to lower the

temperature further.

The Jules-Thompson effect is responsible for the temperature and pressure change

experienced by the ethylene refrigerant. For all gases other than hydrogen and helium, a decrease

in pressure due to gas expansion reduces gas temperature.

The vessel was modeled as a vertical pressure vessel. Assuming a residence time of 5

minutes, which is a standard residence time for flash vessels, and given a volumetric flowrate of

2,631 cuft/hr through the vessel, this corresponds to a volume of 1,640 gallons. Using an L/D

aspect ratio of 3, this also gives a height of 13.6 ft and a diameter of 4.5 ft.

86
 Flash Vessel 2

Unit ID: F-402 Temperature: -143.69°F

Type: Flash Drum Pressure: 21 psia
Material: Carbon Steel Height: 2.06 ft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Diameter: 0.69 ft
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

Flash Vessel 2 is used in the refrigeration cycle to further lower the temperature of some

of the liquid outlet of the first flash vessel so that it can be used in the condensers of the columns

in the separation section of the process. 38,603 lbs/hr of refrigerant are fed into Flash Vessel 2 at

-29.06°F and 252 psia. 13,677 lbs/hr exit the vessel as vapor and are sent back to the plate-fin

exchanger. 24,926 lbs/hr of refrigerant exit the vessel as liquid and this stream is sent to the

separation section of the process to be used in the condensers of the demethanizer and deethanizer

columns.

The Jules-Thompson effect is responsible for the temperature and pressure change

experienced by the ethylene refrigerant. For all gases other than hydrogen and helium, a decrease

in pressure due to gas expansion reduces gas temperature.

The vessel was modeled as a vertical pressure vessel. Assuming a residence time of 5

minutes and given a volumetric flowrate of 1,380 cubic feet per hour through the vessel, this

corresponds to a volume of 860 gallons. Using an L/D aspect ratio of 3, this also gives a height of

11.0 ft and a diameter of 3.65 ft.

87
Plate-Fin Exchanger

Unit ID: H-401 Temperature: 100°F

Type: Plate-Fin Pressure: 2000 psia
Exchanger
Material: Carbon Steel Area: 6789 sqft
Spec Sheet: Section 11 Duty: -4774835.37
BTU/hr
Costing Data: Section 12 Design Appendix A
Calculations:

This plate-fin exchanger is based on a model by a Stewart-Warner South Wind plate-fin

exchanger. Several corrugated stainless-steel sheets are layered between flat stainless-steel sheets.

Seven inlet streams and seven outlet streams flow through this heat exchanger, allowing for the

refrigerant to be cooled by the cold distillate streams from the separation section of the process.

This model of heat exchanger is very efficient at transferring heat, because there are many

opportunities for heat transfer among the various inlet and outlet streams. The refrigerant is then

sent to the separation process to be used in the condensers of the separation columns. The duty of

the plate-fin exchanger is -4.78MM BTU/hr.

88
 Section 11. Specification Sheets

i. Section 100: Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis

89
90
91
92
93
94
ii. Section 200: Steam Cracking, Quenching, and Compression

95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
iii. Section 300: Separations

111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
iv. Section 400: Refrigeration System

123
124
125
126
Section 12. Equipment Cost Summary

The following table highlights the purchase costs and bare module costs of all equipment

in this process. Design specifications of equipment were determined from ASPEN simulations and

hand calculations. Equipment costs were calculated using equations presented in Chapter 16 of

Seider et al. The total cost of equipment is $21.35MM.

Table 12.1: Summary table for process equipment and machinery

EQUIPMENT TYPE PURCHASE BARE MODULE BARE

DESCRIPTION COST FACTOR MODULE
COST
RP-301 Process Machinery $4,555 3.30 $15,032
RP-302 Process Machinery $5,370 3.30 $17,721
RP-303 Process Machinery $4,546 3.30 $15,002
RP-304 Process Machinery $5,038 3.30 $16,625
P-302 Process Machinery $5,667 3.30 $18,701
P-201 Process Machinery $4,770 3.30 $15,741
P-202 Process Machinery $4,581 3.30 $15,117
P-203 Process Machinery $11,393 3.30 $37,597
B-101 Process Machinery $8,820 2.15 $18,963
B-102 Process Machinery $8,820 2.15 $18,963
B-201 Process Machinery $14,604 2.15 $31,399
C-401 Process Machinery $2,226,011 2.15 $4,785,924
C-201 Process Machinery $392,000 2.15 $842,800
C-202 Process Machinery $61,447 2.15 $132,111
C-203 Process Machinery $35,079 2.15 $75,420
C-204 Process Machinery $34,706 2.15 $74,618
H-401 Fabricated Equipment $512,053 3.17 $1,623,208
C-301 Fabricated Equipment $22,835 3.17 $72,387
C-302 Fabricated Equipment $13,243 3.17 $41,980
C-303 Fabricated Equipment $172,944 3.17 $548,232
C-304 Fabricated Equipment $15,630 3.17 $49,547
E-301 Fabricated Equipment $14,990 3.17 $47,518
E-302 Fabricated Equipment $17,589 3.17 $55,757
E-303 Fabricated Equipment $13,175 3.17 $41,765
E-304 Fabricated Equipment $16,489 3.17 $52,270
HX-202 Fabricated Equipment $16,302 3.17 $51,677
HX-203 Fabricated Equipment $12,001 3.17 $38,043

127
HX-204 Fabricated Equipment $12,370 3.17 $39,213
HX-205 Fabricated Equipment $12,459 3.17 $39,495
HX-206 Fabricated Equipment $12,613 3.17 $39,983
HX-201 Fabricated Equipment $16,302 3.17 $51,677
F-401 Fabricated Equipment $136,099 4.16 $566,172
F-402 Fabricated Equipment $36,129 4.16 $150,297
R-301 Fabricated Equipment $152,261 4.16 $633,406
R-302 Fabricated Equipment $14,068 4.16 $58,523
R-303 Fabricated Equipment $82,433 4.16 $342,921
R-304 Fabricated Equipment $18,686 4.16 $77,734
R-101 Fabricated Equipment $167,171 4.16 $695,431
QT-201 Fabricated Equipment $20,329 4.16 $84,569
E-102 Fabricated Equipment $11,246 4.16 $46,783
D-301 Fabricated Equipment $227,850 4.16 $947,856
D-302 Fabricated Equipment $385,971 4.16 $1,605,639
D-303 Fabricated Equipment $183,872 4.16 $764,908
D-304 Fabricated Equipment $307,482 4.16 $1,279,125
T-301 Storage $199,996 4.00 $799,984
T-303 Storage $159,328 4.00 $637,312
T-302 Storage $295,879 4.00 $1,183,516
T-101 Storage $83,332 4.00 $333,328
T-102 Storage 4.00
T-001 Storage $45,707 3.21 $146,719
T-002 Storage $45,707 3.21 $146,719
E-002 Fabricated Equipment $2,883 3.21 $9,254
E-001 Fabricated Equipment $23,534 3.21 $75,544
E-003 Fabricated Equipment $11,642 3.21 $37,371
E-101 Fabricated Equipment $500,000 3.21 $1,605,000
HX-SPARE Spares $16,302 3.17 $51,677
P-SPARE1 Spares $4,770 3.30 $15,741
P-SPARE2 Spares $4,581 3.30 $15,117
P-SPARE3 Spares $11,393 3.30 $37,597
B-SPARE Spares $14,604 2.15 $31,399
TOTAL $21,349,818

128
A breakdown of costs is shown in the figure below:

13%
33% 7%
Section 100

Section 200

Section 300
45% Section 400

Other

Figure 12.1: A breakdown of equipment capital costs of the plant

58 units were accounted for in Table 20.1, nine from Section 000-100, 15 from Section

200, 25 from Section 300, four from Section 400, and five units in other. Section 400, the

refrigeration cycle, has the least number of units but accounts for 33% of total equipment costs.

The compressor (C-401) in the refrigeration cycle is the most expensive unit in the plant and its

bare module cost is $4.79MM. The compressor is that expensive because it compresses 66,000

lb/hr of ethylene gas from 30 psia to 2000 psia. Even though temperature only increases from 85°F

to 100°F, ethylene will still be a gas. Section 300, separation processes, accounts for almost half

of the total equipment costs. The most expensive units in Section 300 are distillation columns and

the storage tanks. All the columns are made of carbon steel, the cheapest material, and they can

withstand pressures of up to 15,000 psia. We considered having more storage tanks in a previous

design, but we opted to store all recovered fuel in a storage tank.

129
Section 13. Fixed Capital Investment Summary

The total capital investment for the project was determined to be $27.5 MM. This value

was calculated using the method from Chapter 16 of Seider et al. The calculation sequence can be

seen in the table below.

Table 13.1: Relationship bare-module investment, direct permanent investment, depreciable

capital, permanent investment, and capital investment

Total bare-module costs for fabricated CFE

equipment
Total bare-module costs for process CPM
machinery
Total bare-module costs for spares Cspare
Total bare-module costs for storage and Cstorage
surge tanks
Total cost for initial catalyst charges Ccatalyst
Total bare-module costs for computers and Ccomp
software etc.
Total bare-module investment, TBM CTBM
Cost of site preparation Csite
Cost of service facilities Cserv
Allocated costs for utility plants and related Calloc
facilities
Total of direct permanent investment, DPI CDPI
Cost of contingencies and contractor's fee Ccont
Total depreciable capital, TDC CTDC
Cost of land Cland
Cost of royalties Croyal
Cost of plant startup Cstartup
Total permanent investment, TPI CTPI
Working capital CWC
Total capital investment, TCI CTCI

The costs of certain factors such as site preparations and service facilities were not as clear as

others. The table below shows the assumptions that were made in calculating the total capital

investment.

130
 Table 13.2: Assumptions made to calculate require fees in the total capital investment.
Cost of site preparations 5% of Total bare-module costs
Cost of service facilities 5% of Total bare-module costs
Cost of contingencies and contractor fees 18% of Direct permanent investment
Cost of land 2% of Total depreciable capital
Cost of plant start-up 10% of Total depreciable capital

Table 13.3: Further analysis on total capital investment and working capital.
Investment Summary

Total Bare Module Costs:

Fabricated Equipment $ 11,773,287
Process Machinery $ 6,177,421
Spares $ 151,531
Storage $ 3,247,579
Other Equipment $ -
Catalysts $ -
Computers, Software, Etc. $ -

Total Bare Module Costs: $ 21,349,818

Direct Permanent Investment

Cost of Site Preparations: $ 1,067,491

Cost of Service Facilities: $ 1,067,491
Allocated Costs for utility plants and facilities: $ -

Direct Permanent Investment $ 23,484,799

Total Depreciable Capital

Cost of Contingencies & Contractor Fees $ 4,227,264

Total Depreciable Capital $ 27,712,063

Total Permanent Investment

Cost of Land: $ 554,241

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 Cost of Royalties: $ -
Cost of Plant Start-Up: $ 2,771,206

Total Permanent Investment - Unadjusted $ 31,037,511

Site Factor 0.85
Total Permanent Investment $ 26,381,884

Working Capital

2023 2024 2025

Accounts Receivable $ 570,231 $ 285,116 $ 285,116
Cash Reserves $ 437,430 $ 218,715 $ 218,715
Accounts Payable $ (377,519) $ (188,759) $ (188,759)
Ethylene & Propylene
$ 76,031 $ 38,015 $ 38,015
Inventory
Raw Materials $ 15,800 $ 7,900 $ 7,900
Total $ 721,973 $ 360,986 $ 360,986

Present Value at 15% $ 627,802 $ 272,958 $ 237,354

Total Capital Investment $ 27,519,998

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 Section 14. Operating Cost-Cost of Manufacture
i. Variable Costs

Annual variable operating costs were calculated to be $5MM and this includes the costs of

raw material, general expenses, utilities, and revenue generated from byproducts. The following

table summarizes the variable costs for this process.

Table 15.1: Summary of Variable Costs

Variable Costs at 100% Capacity:

General Expenses

Selling / Transfer Expenses: $ 462,521

Direct Research: $ 740,033
Allocated Research: $ 77,087
Administrative
Expense: $ 308,347
Management Incentive
Compensation: $ 192,717

Total General
Expenses $ 1,780,705

Raw Materials $0.288846 per lb of Ethylene & Propylene $6,453,981

Byproducts $0.314617 per lb of Ethylene & Propylene ($7,029,792)

Utilities $0.170033 per lb of Ethylene & Propylene $3,799,211

Total Variable Costs $ 5,004,105

The raw materials in this process are LDPE, HDPE, PP, and PS plastic shards. The total

feed rate is 70 MT/day or 6,430 lb/hr. Unlike the other monomers that are produced in the rotary

kiln, styrene does not proceed through the process as it is the primary component of the pyrolytic

oil. Ethylene was also purchased as a raw material for the start-up of the refrigeration cycle.

133
 The byproducts from the process are 450 psig steam, chilled water, and pyrolytic oil. High

pressure steam is generated when boiler water undergoes a phase change while quenching cracked

gases in the transfer line exchanger. Chilled water is generated in the reboiler of the C2 splitter

column (D-303) as cooling water is used to heat the boil-up stream Some of the chilled water is

sent to HX-202, while the rest is sold as a byproduct. Pyrolytic oil that was not burned in the rotary

kiln was sold as a byproduct as well.

Utilities used in the process are boiler feed water, cooling water, low pressure steam,

refrigerant, and electricity. Boiler feed water was used for quenching the cracked gases in the

transfer line exchanger, cooling water was used as a coolant in heat exchangers and in the quench

tower, refrigerant was bought for start-up purposes in the plate-fin exchanger in the refrigeration

cycle, and low pressure steam was used to heat reboilers in the demethanizer (D-301), deethanizer

(D-302), and depropanizer (D-304) columns. Electricity is the most expensive utility in the process

and it is used in pumps, compressors, and to power units in Section 100.

Table 15.2: Summary of Raw Materials, Byproducts, and Utilities in the process

Item Ratio Required (per Unit Annual Annual

lb of Ethylene and Cost Demand Cost/Sale
Propylene)
Raw Plastic shards 0.0011 MT $261.54 24,500 MT $6.41MM
Material Ethylene 0.00295 lb $0.70 66,000 lb $46,200
Byproducts 450 psig steam 1.56 lb $.008 34.97MM lb $279.788
Chilled Water .00752 ton-day $1.50 168,021 ton-day $252,031
Pyrolytic Oil 0.254 lb $0.70 5.67MM lb $3.97MM
Utilities Cooling water 57.85 gal $0.0001 155.96MM gal $15,496
50 psig steam 2.046 lb $.06 45.71MM lb $274,250
-30F, 0.0001 ton-day $4.00 2,165 ton-day $8,660
Refrigerant
Electricity 2.232 kWh $0.07 49.89MM kWh $3.80 MM
Boiler Feed 0.188 gal $.02 4.19MM gal $8,385
Water

134
 ii. Fixed Costs

Fixed costs were calculated to be $8.03MM per year. This includes the costs for operations,

maintenance, and operating overhead as well as property taxes and insurance. We assumed that

we would need four working shifts with five operators per shift. There will be four teams, one

working a 12-hr day shift and another working a 12-hr night shift, while two teams are off over a

four day period. The rotating work schedule will be 4 days on and 4 days off. At the plant there

will be two consoles, each with one operator, and there will be three process technicians in the

field. The technical assistance to manufacturing costs account for two process engineers and two

process control engineers that work regular 40-hr weeks. This work schedule was recommended

by an industrial consultant. The following table presents a summary of our fixed costs.

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Table 15.3: Summary of fixed costs estimated for the project on an annual basis.

Operations
Direct Wages and Benefits $ 1,664,000
Direct Salaries and Benefits $ 249,600
Operating Supplies and Services $ 99,840
Technical Assistance to Manufacturing $ 1,800,000
Control Laboratory $ -

Total Operations $ 3,813,440

Maintenance
Wages and Benefits $ 1,247,043
Salaries and Benefits $ 311,761
Materials and Services $ 1,247,043
Maintenance Overhead $ 62,352

Total Maintenance $ 2,868,199

Operating Overhead

General Plant Overhead: $ 246,541

Mechanical Department Services: $ 83,338
Employee Relations Department: $ 204,872
Business Services: $ 256,958

Total Operating Overhead $ 791,708

Property Taxes and Insurance

Property Taxes and Insurance: $ 554,241

Other Annual Expenses

Rental Fees (Office and Laboratory Space): $ -

Licensing Fees: $ -
Miscellaneous: $ -

Total Other Annual Expenses $ -

Total Fixed Costs $ 8,027,588

136
 Section 15. Other Important Considerations

i. Environmental Factors

The main motivation of this project is to reduce the amount of plastic waste that gets disposed

of in harmful ways, such as being dumped into the ocean or being incinerated dangerously close

to habitation. One obvious way in which our project meets this goal is that it takes plastic waste in

as its feed and prevents that plastic waste from reaching the ocean or incineration facilities. Given

a feed of 68.9 tons of plastic each day, this corresponds to an annual 25,150 tons of plastic waste

that are saved from dangerous disposal. This is only 0.3% of the 8 million tons of plastic waste

that get dumped into the ocean each year— one plant will not be enough to eliminate the world’s

plastic waste problem. However, if similar plants were built around the world, it is conceivable

that a significant portion of the world’s plastic waste could be dealt with in a more sustainable

manner.

Another important metric of success for our project is how well it can reduce the need for

additional plastic to be created. Of the 68.9 tons of plastic waste entering the system each day,

40.14% is converted into ethylene and propylene by mass. These monomers can be used to create

plastic resin through polymerization—ethylene can be polymerized to polyethylene, and propylene

can be polymerized to polypropylene. These resins can then be used to make plastic products. How

much of our plastic waste feed gets converted into these products relies in part on the efficiency

of these processes, in addition to our own. Given that an estimated 300MM tons of plastic are

produced each year, our annual ethylene and propylene output of 7,980 tons seems woefully small,

but, again, if several such plants were built around the world, it is possible that we could

significantly reduce the need to create new plastic material.

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 The process itself could also be modified to increase the ethylene and propylene yield—

but as of now, that is an expensive proposition. The catalysts that we considered for our process

each had their own problems, but some of them had higher yields of light hydrocarbons, meaning

that a greater amount of pyrolytic product could be cracked in the steam cracker to produce the

desired products.

Plastic waste is not the only problem that currently threatens the environment. Greenhouse

gas emission is a huge contributor to global climate change, which poses a huge threat to humanity

and all organisms. Industrial processes are one of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas

emission. It is important for our project not to offset the good done for the environment by emitting

a large amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. A chemical plant is considered to be a very significant

greenhouse gas emitter if it produces a high-digit six-figure number of tons of greenhouse gas

annually, a significant greenhouse gas emitter if it produces a low-digit six-figure number of tons

of greenhouse gas annually, and a moderate greenhouse gas emitter if it produces 100,000 tons or

less of greenhouse gas annually. Our process produces 3,706 tons of CO2 annually, meaning that

we produce far less than even a moderate greenhouse gas emitter. So, our goal to create an

environmentally beneficial process without offsetting these benefits with greenhouse gas

emissions was successful.

ii. Safety Factors

The rotary kiln operates at high temperatures and poses a risk to plant operators if they get

too close. To prevent any dangerous accidents, it is important to monitor the temperature of the

kiln to ensure that it does not reach extreme temperatures. Devices such as UV detectors can be

used to monitor the kiln temperature.

138
 The storage tanks all contain flammable hydrocarbon gas. To prevent explosions, the

pressure of the storage tanks is maintained at 30 psia, so that in the case of a puncture, gas would

flow out to the atmosphere rather than air flowing in. It is dangerous for oxygen to enter the tanks

because it makes ignition and explosions possible.

iii. Global factors

Plastic waste is a threat across the globe. As discussed in the introduction, big plastic

buyers like China have stopped purchasing plastic waste, and now other countries, mainly in

Southeast Asia, have stepped in to become the primary purchasers. However, much of this plastic

waste is disposed of in ways that are harmful to the environment and the people who live near the

disposal plants. Incineration plants emit harmful compounds into the atmosphere that nearby

habitants may breathe in, resulting in health problems. The fumes are also unpleasant and affect

the quality of life for habitants living near the plant. Implementing recycling processes like the one

proposed in this project could benefit communities throughout the world that suffer as a result of

dangerous plastic waste disposal. For this reason, countries that are being overwhelmed with

plastic waste stand to benefit the most from chemical recycling facilities.

This was one reason that Indonesia was selected for the plant location. Indonesia is believed

to be the second-largest contributor to plastic waste ocean pollution, behind China [1]. While

Indonesia is not a major plastic purchaser like many of its neighbors in Southeast Asia, its

waterways are among the most polluted in the world, because the Indonesian population generates

tons of plastic waste annually. Building a chemical recycling plant here would allow for convenient

sourcing of plastic waste; because there is already so much plastic waste in Indonesia,

transportation of plastic waste from faraway countries would not be necessary.

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 iv. Robustness of feedstock

It is interesting to consider the feedstock as proposed by the project author. The feed to the

process is PE, PP, and PS, which are selected as they are entirely composed of carbon and

hydrogen. Introducing other types of plastic, notably PVC and PET, presents hazards due to

oxygen and chlorine content, and thus other methods of recycling need be considered for those

plastics. Due to the stability of the aromatic rings of polystyrene, polystyrene is converted to other

aromatic compounds, namely styrene, toluene, and ethylbenzene. In this sense, polystyrene is

primarily useful in the production of fuel oils from plastic waste, or in the production of styrene

itself. Additionally, polystyrene has a significantly higher melting point than polypropylene and

polyethylene, which increases electricity demands on the plastic extruder. It follows that in a pilot

scale plant, excluding polystyrene from a feedstock should be considered, as its utility for making

ethylene and propylene is minimal.

140
 Section 16. Profitability Analysis

i. Profitability Metrics

The proposed process for chemical recycling of mixed plastic waste is not a profitable

venture. The Net Present Value of the recycling plant in 2022 is -$18.8MM, and the Internal

Rate of Return (IRR) is -4.72%. In the third year of production, a -2.12% Return on Investment

(ROI) is obtained. The table below summarizes key profitability insights at a nominal interest

rate of 15%:

Table 16.1: Profitability Measures for the proposed process of chemical recycling.

Profitability Measures

The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for this project is -4.47%

The Net Present Value (NPV) of this project in 2022 is $ (18,605,100)

ROI Analysis (Third Production Year)

Annual Sales 13,875,624

Annual Costs (12,489,703)
Depreciation (2,110,551)
Income Tax 166,665
Net Earnings (557,965)
Total Capital Investment 27,825,830
ROI -2.01%

This financial assessment is based on the following timeline: the plant is designed in one

year (2022), constructed in the next year (2023), and operated for the following fifteen years (2024-

2038). The following table summarizes this trajectory:

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 Table 16.2: Chronology of the proposed plant. One year will be used for design, one year for construction, and
fifteen for production of ethylene and propylene product.
Chronology
Distribution of Production Depreciation Product Price
Year Action Permanent Investment Capacity 5 year MACRS
2022 Design 0.0%
2023 Construction 100% 0.0%
2024 Production 0% 45.0% 20.00% $0.69
2025 Production 0% 67.5% 32.00% $0.69
2026 Production 0% 90.0% 19.20% $0.69
2027 Production 90.0% 11.52% $0.69
2028 Production 90.0% 11.52% $0.69
2029 Production 90.0% 5.76% $0.69
2030 Production 90.0% $0.69
2031 Production 90.0% $0.69
2032 Production 90.0% $0.69
2033 Production 90.0% $0.69
2034 Production 90.0% $0.69
2035 Production 90.0% $0.69
2036 Production 90.0% $0.69
2037 Production 90.0% $0.69
2038 Production 90.0% $0.69

This process has a negative IRR and a negative NPV, meaning that it does not produce

value. A large contributor to these negative values is the large annual cost associated with running

this plant. At 90% capacity, variable costs for the process are $4.5MM, and fixed costs are $8MM,

equaling $12.5MM in total annual cost. Annual sales are $13.9MM, just $1.4MM more than annual

cost. With depreciation and taxes, this leads to net earnings of -$560,000 in the third year of

production. The plant earns negative dollars until 2030, when it finally begins to generate positive

net earnings.

If this plant were built, it would require one year for design (2022) and one year for

construction (2023), followed by a lifespan of fifteen years (2024-2038) of ethylene and propylene

production. During the first year of production, 45% of plant capacity is reached. During the

second year of operation, 68% of plant capacity is reached. For the remaining thirteen years of

142
operation, 90% of plant capacity is reached, where 100% capacity is 70 MT per day feed of plastic

waste. The following table summarizes the cashflow of the plant for the entire fifteen-year lifespan:

143
 Table 16.2: Cashflow Spreadsheet for fifteen years of operation of chemical plant

144
 The following figure summarizes the cumulative NPV at 15% for the two years prior to

operation and the fifteen-year operation period:

Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow ($)

Figure 16.1: Cumulative discounted cash flow for the proposed chemical recycling process. The plant has an NPV
of -$18.8MM. The process does not break even after 15 years of operation.

The following figure summarizes net earnings for the two years prior to operation and for

the fifteen-year operation period:

Annual Net Earnings ($)

Figure 16.2: Annual net earnings ($) for the proposed process of chemical recycling. The plant has an NPV of
-$18.8MM. The process does not break even after 15 years of operation.

145
 In 2030, the plant begins to generate positive annual earnings. To breakeven, the plant

would need to operate for an additional seventeen years, after which point it could begin turning a

profit. This means that a total of thirty-two years of operation are required to even reach the

breakeven point, which is an unrealistic amount of time to wait to breakeven.

ii. Sensitivity Analyses

The profitability analysis was performed using a product price of $0.69 and an annual

variable cost of $4.5MM. It would be beneficial to examine how product price point and annual

variable costs affect the profitability of the plant. Given our current annual variable costs, a product

price of $0.76 per pound would result in a positive IRR. It would be worth investigating the

possibility of pricing our product slightly above market value. Typically, ethylene and propylene

sell for roughly $0.70 per pound. However, some companies might be willing to pay a slightly

higher price for our product since it is generated using a green process; it is possible that companies

that source their plastic feedstock from a green facility rather than the typical petrol plant could

receive tax credit or a government subsidy for being more sustainable. Depending on the size of

the credit, this could serve as incentive to choose our product over other, cheaper feedstock options.

The table on the following page shows a sensitivity analysis for the Internal Rate of Return

in several different scenarios of product price and variable costs, with the current IRR scenario

highlighted in red, and acceptable-IRR scenarios (those above an IRR of 12%) highlighted in

green:

146
 Table 16.3: Sensitivity analysis for different product price points and annual variable
costs.

147
 According to this sensitivity analysis table, when annual variable costs are $5MM at 100%

(and $4.5MM at 90% capacity, which is our case), a product price of $0.76 per pound is necessary

to obtain a positive, albeit small, IRR of 2.11%. However, to reach a more acceptable IRR of at

least 12%, a product price of $0.97 is necessary. At our current product price, annual variable costs

would need to be reduced to $3.99MM to have a (barely) positive IRR. At the current product

price, not even a 50% reduction in annual variable cost would yield a suitable IRR. This project

has very high annual costs. Refer to Section 13 for the tables summarizing fixed and variable cost.

A simple balance on the ethylene and propylene sales, byproduct sales, cost of raw

materials, and cost of utilities can be performed on a per-pound of ethylene and propylene basis to

understand how variable costs affect profitability:

Eth/Propylene Byproducts Raw Material Utilities

$/lb of C2/C3 0.69 0.31 -0.29 -0.17
Total $/lb of
0.54
C2/C3 prod:

The cost of raw material and utilities equal 66.7% of the value of the ethylene and

propylene product, and the byproducts generated in the process equal 44.9% of the value of the

ethylene and propylene product. One way to increase the value of the process overall would be to

reduce the amount of raw materials and utilities required in the process, as shown in the sensitivity

analysis table above.

iii. Potential Adjustments for Increased Profitability

Despite the current process’s failure to breakeven and generate profit, chemical recycling

of plastic waste may still be a worthy process for investors to consider. There are several parts of

our process that could be modified to reduce costs and make the process more economically viable.

148
 In this process, there are several streams that have some valuable property that are not

currently being exploited. These alternatives were not considered for the purposes of this project

due to time constraints, but it would be worthwhile to investigate further if this plant were to be

designed. The distillate from the C2-Splitter and depropanizer columns exit the condenser at

roughly -30°F. These streams could be used to cool water so that it could be sold as a chilled water

byproduct. Further, all of the streams that exit the separations process are sent to be stored in

storage tanks at 30 psia. They each exit the column at fairly high pressure (ranging from 150 psia

to 300 psia). As these gases move from high pressure to low pressure, they will expand. When a

gas expands, it can be used to perform work. Gas expansion in a turbine can generate electricity.

That would be an idea worth investigating for future development of this process.

There are also opportunities to reduce the amount of utilities used in the process. For

example, in the depropanizer column, the two feed streams are fed at the same tray location. As

discussed in Section 10, these feeds could be fed into the column at different locations to reduce

the amount of cooling and heating duty needed in the condenser and reboiler of the column (see

Section 10 for a detailed explanation of this reasoning). This would lower the amount of utilities

required for the depropanizer column. However, this is only a small contribution to the utilities

cost; the compressor in the refrigeration cycle requires $2MM worth of electricity annually, which

is by far the greatest utility requirement in the process.

One drastic modification that could potentially turn this endeavor into a profitable one

would be to do away with the separations and refrigeration processes and sell the steam-cracked

product to a plant that is equipped to handle these costly separations. Petroleum and ethylene plants

use similar separations processes to produce ethylene and propylene from naphtha and other

hydrocarbon oils, but because they sell a greater amount of product, they are able to turn a profit.

149
The steam-cracked product from our process, which is comprised of the same light hydrocarbons

found in natural gas, could be used as supplemental feedstock in plants that already produce

ethylene and propylene. The utilities associated with the separations process in our project are

extremely costly; the electricity for the compressor in the refrigeration cycle costs over $2MM per

year, and accounts for almost half of the total variable cost. Eliminating these costs would save a

large amount of money annually.

With this modification, ethylene and propylene would no longer be the products; rather, a

light hydrocarbon oil would be the product. Price information for this light hydrocarbon oil would

need to be determined to analyze the profitability of the process with this modification. Another

consequence of this modification would be that some of the byproducts would no longer be

produced, and we would lose on revenue opportunity there.

Removing the separations and refrigeration sections would also significantly reduce the

total capital investment. The equipment cost for the separations and refrigeration process units is

$10MM. This represents 78% of the total equipment cost. Getting rid of this equipment, would

significantly reduce the total capital investment from $27.5MM to $17.5MM (and that’s only

considering the equipment itself—removing this section would also reduce the amount of land

required for the plant, the cost of plant start-up, and other components of capital investment that

depend on the bare module cost). With a lower total capital investment, it would be easier to

breakeven in a shorter amount of time and to start generating profit.

iv. Summary

While the proposed process for chemical recycling of mixed plastic waste is not a profitable

endeavor, the concept is still a worthy pursuit, as there are several possible modifications and

alternatives to the existing process that could make the process a profitable one.

150
 Section 17. Conclusions and Recommendation

The process described offers insight into a circular monomers’ economy. 70 MT/day of

high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene are

converted to 33,840 lb/day of 99% purity ethylene and 30,000 lb/day of 95.7% purity propylene.

Pyrolytic oil, chilled water, and high-pressure steam are additionally produced for sale. The overall

recovery is 41.4% by mass of the monomers originally in the plastic feedstock.

The innovative design combines plastic waste processing technology with established

unsaturated hydrocarbon production techniques in a two-part cracking process. Notably, the

byproducts of the cracking reactions provide a sufficient fuel source to meet the high energy

demands of cracking chemistry, which has both economic and environmental benefits.

Economically, the process is not profitable, and we do not recommend investing in the

process as it is currently modeled. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is -4.74%, the Net Present

Value (NPV) is -$18.8MM, and the Return on Investment (ROI) in the third year of operation is -

2.12%; it would not be worth investing in this project unless the IRR and ROI were much higher,

around 12-15% at least. However, chemical recycling deserves to be considered as a viable

recycling option; there are ways to make the process more profitable, and the environmental

benefits of the process are important enough to warrant further development and consideration.

Additionally, exploration into government subsidy for the environmental merits of the process may

hold potential in achieving profit.

It is recommended that a pilot-scale facility is constructed to better understand and optimize

the process, especially the rotary kiln. The true product distribution and function of the kiln, as

well as the proposed method for purifying the fuel oil product, are It is recommended that a pilot-

scale facility is constructed to better understand and optimize the process, especially the rotary

kiln. The true product distribution and function of the kiln, as well as the proposed method for

151
purifying the fuel oil product, are at this time theoretical. In scale-up, challenges will arise

surrounding heat transfer in all stages of the process, given the high temperatures of the cracking

reactions and low temperatures of the separations train.

152
 Section 18. Acknowledgments

Our team would like to thank Professor Our team would like to thank Professor Bruce

Vrana and Dr. Sean Holleran for their support throughout the completion of this project. Their

guidance—in our weekly meetings, in office hours, and in numerous email exchanges—was

invaluable, and we could not have accomplished this feat without them. We would also like to

thank Mr. Stephen Tieri for writing a problem statement that was at once challenging and

interesting; each moment of frustration was matched with many moments of excitement, and we

appreciate the chance to work on a project that reminded us why we chose our major in the first

place. We would like to thank each of the other industry consultants who offered their Tuesday

afternoons to us, even in the midst of a global pandemic. We would especially like to thank

Professor Leonard Fabiano for sharing his seemingly-boundless knowledge of chemical

engineering practices, teaching us about refractory materials and rotary kilns, and for his

willingness to spend multiple hours on Skype walking us through ASPEN simulations. The stories

he shared about his years in process engineering were an added bonus. Finally, we would like to

thank the entire CBE faculty and administration for making our education possible, and for

preparing us to complete what once felt like a Herculean task with confidence.

153
 Section 19. Works Cited

Section 2: Introduction and Time-Objective Chart

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Section 3: Market & Competitive Analysis

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Section 5: Preliminary Process Synthesis

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Laine-Ylijoki, J. (2020). Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste: Opportunities and
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[12] Williams, P. T., & Slaney, E. (2007). Analysis of products from the pyrolysis and
liquefaction of single plastics and waste plastic mixtures. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 51(4), 754-769.
[13] Chen, W. T., Jin, K., & Linda Wang, N. H. (2019). Use of supercritical water for the
liquefaction of polypropylene into oil. ACS Sustainable Chemistry &
Engineering, 7(4), 3749-3758.
[14] Wang, B., Huang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2014). Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignite, wheat straw
and plastic waste in sub-critical water for oil: product distribution. Journal of
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[15] Scheirs, J., & Kaminsky, W. (Eds.). (2006). Feedstock recycling and pyrolysis of waste
plastics (pp. 383-434). Chichester, UK:: John Wiley & Sons.
[16] Kaminsky, W., & Kim, J. S. (1999). Pyrolysis of mixed plastics into aromatics. Journal of
Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 51(1-2), 127-134.
[17] Lopez, G., Artetxe, M., Amutio, M., Alvarez, J., Bilbao, J., & Olazar, M. (2018). Recent
advances in the gasification of waste plastics. A critical overview. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 576-596.
[18] Oasmaa, A., Qureshi, M. S., Pihkola, H., Deviatkin, I., Mannila, J., Tenhunen, A., ... &
Laine-Ylijoki, J. (2020). Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste: Opportunities and
Challenges. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 104804.
[19] Wilk, V., & Hofbauer, H. (2013). Conversion of mixed plastic wastes in a dual fluidized bed
steam gasifier. Fuel, 107, 787-799.
[20] Fogler, H. S., & Gürmen, M. N. (1999). Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering.
2005. There is no corresponding record for this reference.[Google Scholar], 741-760.
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of FCC catalyst steaming on HDPE pyrolysis product distribution. Journal of
Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 85(1-2), 359-365.
[22] Sharuddin, S. D. A., Abnisa, F., Daud, W. M. A. W., & Aroua, M. K. (2016). A review on
pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy conversion and management, 115, 308-326.
[23] Elordi, G., Olazar, M., Aguado, R., Lopez, G., Arabiourrutia, M., & Bilbao, J. (2007).
Catalytic pyrolysis of high density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed
reactor. Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, 79(1-2), 450-455.
[24] Elordi, G., Olazar, M., Castaño, P., Artetxe, M., & Bilbao, J. (2012). Polyethylene cracking
on a spent FCC catalyst in a conical spouted bed. Industrial & engineering chemistry
research, 51(43), 14008-14017.

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[25] Miandad, R., Barakat, M. A., Aburiazaiza, A. S., Rehan, M., & Nizami, A. S. (2016).
Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste: A review. Process Safety and Environmental
Protection, 102, 822-838.
[26] Seider, Warren D. “Chapter Thirteen: Separation Train Design.” Product and Process
Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis, and Design. New York: Wiley, 1998.

[27] Sharuddin, S. D. A., Abnisa, F., Daud, W. M. A. W., & Aroua, M. K. (2016). A review on
pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy conversion and management, 115, 308-326.
[28] Onwudili, J. A., Insura, N., & Williams, P. T. (2009). Composition of products from the
pyrolysis of polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: Effects of
temperature and residence time. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 86(2),
293-303.
[29] Wilk, V., & Hofbauer, H. (2013). Conversion of mixed plastic wastes in a dual fluidized bed
steam gasifier. Fuel, 107, 787-799.
[30] Lopez, A., De Marco, I., Caballero, B. M., Laresgoiti, M. F., & Adrados, A. (2011).
Influence of time and temperature on pyrolysis of plastic wastes in a semi-batch
reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 173(1), 62-71.
[31] Rahimi, A., & García, J. M. (2017). Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials
production. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 1(6), 1-11.
[32] Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever
made. Science advances, 3(7), e1700782.
[33] Maisel, F., Chancerel, P., Dimitrova, G., Emmerich, J., Nissen, N. F., & Schneider-
Ramelow, M. (2020). Preparing WEEE plastics for recycling–How optimal particle sizes
in pre-processing can improve the separation efficiency of high quality plastics. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 154, 104619.
[34] “Pp Black Recycled Pellet Polypropylene Scrap - Buy Pp Black Pellet,Pp Recycle,Pp
Pellets Product on Alibaba.com.” Www.alibaba.com, www.alibaba.com/product-detail/PP-
Black-Recycled-Pellet-polypropylene-
scrap_62016385112.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.0.0.22958ec6efmCbL&bypass=true.
[35] Waste360 Staff | Oct. “Recycled HDPE Prices Climb, While PET, PP Prices Fall.”
Waste360, 17 Oct. 2019, www.waste360.com/business/recycled-hdpe-prices-climb-while-
pet-pp-prices-fall.

157
[36] Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters & Importers from the World's Largest Online B2B
Marketplace-Alibaba.com, www.alibaba.com/product-detail/lowest-price-Recycled-
Regrinded-HDPE-
Blue_62006530428.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.21.36001805R40wAf&bypass=
true.
[37] “Modest Changes in Scrap Plastics Pricing.” Plastics Recycling Update, Plastics Recycling
Update, 17 July 2019, resource-recycling.com/plastics/2019/07/17/modest-changes-in-
scrap-plastics-pricing/.
[38] “Wholesale Clean And Dry Recycled Plastic PU Foam Scraps Plastic Foam Scraps .”
Alibaba, www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Wholesale-Clean-And-Dry-Recycled-
Plastic_62506006073.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.7.6efb2d2c9taM3u&s=p&byp
ass=true.
[39] “War on Plastic Waste Faces Setback as Cost of Recycled Material Soars.” The Guardian,
Guardian News and Media, 13 Oct. 2019,
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[40] “Plastic Scrap Price Today, United States Country Averages Paid by Scrap Yards.”
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[41] Akah, A., & Al-Ghrami, M. (2015). Maximizing propylene production via FCC
technology. Applied Petrochemical Research, 5(4), 377-392.

Section 8: Process Description

[1] Vandermeersch, Steven. “Steam Cracking of Complex Hydrocarbon Mixtures.” Ghent
University, 2012.
[2] G. Schmidt, D.S.U., Dr. C. Geipel, Olefin Academy 2010 Cracking Furnace Technology, L.
Engineering, Editor. 2010.
[3] Alstom, P.E.R.G., Transfer Line Exchangers for Ethylene Plants. 2009.

Section 15: Other Important Factors

158
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www.oceanwasteplastics.com/indonesia-plastic-pollution.

159
 Section 20. Appendix

Appendix A: Calculations

Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis Unit

Average density of waste = 58.9 lb/ft3

Assume 80% empty volume to favor gas formation
19.7% of input not converted: average of 59.9% by weight non-gas in kiln
Feed rate = 6430 lb/hr, with 47.5-minute residence time = 5090 lb/47.5 minutes
(.599)(5090lb) = 3049 lb liquid = 51.8 ft3
80% void fraction: V = 259 ft3
L/D = 15: L=2.8 ft; D = 42ft
Find Angle Using the Manning Formula:

v = 0.0147 ft/s
Area for flow = 0.738 ft2
Wetted perimeter = 2.04 ft
Rh = 0.738/2.04 = 0.362 ft
K = 1.49 (English Units)
n = 0.019 (Gauckler-Manning Coefficient for rough steel due to presence of char)
S = 0.0192 ft/ft (rotary kiln standard is 0.02-0.04 ft/ft)
ϴ = 1.10
Gas generated = 5161 lb/hr = 4086 lb/47.5 min
Vgas = 259-51.8 = 207.2 ft3
T = 1112 ⁰F
Approximate molar mass of gas as 38.6 g/mol
Ngen = 48015 mol/47.5 min
P = nRT/V
Pclosed = 8610 psia (!)

160
 Thus, will use a pressure cap to operate at 73.5 psia
Cp = f(t). Values of Cp for PE, PP, PS established as functions of temperature on a per-mol basis.
Not per kg. Conversion is complex, thus approximate with:
Cp (polystyrene) = 1400 J / kg K
Cp(polyethylene) = 1900 J / kg K
Cp(polypropylene) = 1920 J / kg K
Average = 0.442 BTU/lb ⁰F

Heating need in first section:

Q = Hin – Hout

Hin (approximate) = m Cp ∆T (of molten polymer) = 2.94 x 106 BTU/hr

Hout (from ASPEN) = 4.33 x 106 BTU/hr

Assuming 40% thermal efficiency Q = 3.44 x 106 BTU/hr

Pyrolysis Oil considered as:

Styrene: C8H8 + 10 O2 -> 8 CO2 + 4 H2O (-∆HR = 4232.6 kJ/mol)

Toluene: C7H8 + 9 O2 -> 7 CO2 + 4 H2O (-∆HR = 3909.7 kJ/mol)

Ethylbenzene: C8H10 + 10.5 O2 -> 8 CO2 + 5 H2O (-∆HR = 4564.5 kJ/mol)

∆HC pyrolysis oil = 3963 BTU/mol

Adiabatic flame temperature:

4181000 J = (8.213 J/mol K) * ( + 5)

T2 = 8852⁰F

Too high, thus will need to dilute with air. Assume that the pyrolysis temperature chamber is
2732 ⁰F (1500⁰C). This temperature is non-trivially selected due to the nature of insulating
refractories.

4181000 J = (8.314 J/mol K) * ( + 5)

nair = 28 mol

Thus 1 mol of pyrolysis oil combusts to 8 mol CO2, 5 mol H2O, and 28 mol air at 2732 ⁰F.

Assume the air will cool to 1292⁰F (700⁰ C).

161
 ∆H (using above with nair = 28 and T1 = 700⁰C) = 2501 BTU gas available/mol combusted

Fuel requirement is therefore (using 100.8 g/mol mass of fuel oil): 306 lb/hr

-this is for the first 15.5 ft of the kiln, during which the heating is said to occur-

-consider the second 26.5 ft, during which the temperature need be maintained at 1112⁰F-

Assume heat loss of 500 BTU/ hr ft2

Area = (π)(2.8 ft)(26.5 ft) = 233 ft2

With again 40% efficiency, Q = 2.24 x 105 BTU/hr

With the same combustion temperature, oil demand is therefore: 19.9 lb/hr

Total Oil Requirement = 325.9 lb/hr

Castable thickness:

In a rough approximation, one dimensional heat transfer, qx” = k(∆T)/L

The heat flux in the heating region is: (1.39 x 106 BTU/hr)/(π*2.8 ft*15.5ft)

= 1.31 x 104 BTU/hr ft2

k = 10.4 BTU/h ft ⁰F

∆T (chamber to chamber) = 1620 ⁰F

Suppose ∆Trefractory should be 1000⁰F to prevent overheating in the reaction chamber and to
protect the inner carbon steel

L = 0.7 ft = 8.4 inches.

Thus, the inner wall has a thickness of 0.25 in of Carbon Steel and 8.4 in of alumina oxide
refractory.

Outerwall (assume same heat flux)

Now, ∆T (combustion chamber to outside) = 2532 (if kiln exterior is no more than 200⁰F)

∆Trefractory = 1500 ⁰F

L = 1.2 ft = 14.4 in

162
The outer wall of the kiln will be 14.4 inches of alumina oxide refractory with 0.25 in of carbon
steel exterior for support.
Solid/Liquid Splitter

The vessel needs to handle 1181 lb/hr of oil and 84 lb/hr of char. The density of the oil is an
estimated 46.2 lb/ft3. The vessel is assumed to be 60% full, and it is desired that it can contain up
to 1 residence time cycle of kiln product (1000 lb). The volume required is thus 36.1 ft3. Using
an assumed aspect ratio of 5, the dimensions of the unit are found. 36.1 ft3 = (π/4)*(D2)*(5D),
which gives dimensions of 2.09 ft diameter and 10.5 ft length.

There are two outlets of this vessel, one with liquid product and one with a slurry. The slurry is
assumed to be the char and to have 15% of liquid in it. Thus, the liquid outlet flow rate is 1003
lb/hr, and the slurry is 262 lb/hr.

Costing:

CP = FMCV + CPL

FM = 1(Carbon Steel)

CV = exp(5.6336 + 0.4599 ln(W) + 0.00582 (ln(W))2

CPL = 2275D0.2094

CPL = $2655

CV = $7973

CP = $10,628

Plastic Extrusion Screw

The extrusion screw is simply a unit purchased from manufacturers. The desired capacity used
for search is 3000 kg/hr. The full details on what is found are included in Appendix II. The cost,
estimated from online, is $500,000.

The power requirement is estimated: It should be noted that in an extrusion screw, much of the
heat generated is as a result from the friction between the plastic and the wall and viscous
heating effects. A detailed analysis on the temperature profile and heating zones of the screw are
not included.

PE: heat of melting = 287.6 kJ/kg. Cp = 1900 J / kg K. Melting point = 142⁰C.

Heat Required: Assume PE flow is 2916 kg/hr * (.511) = 1490 kg/hr

163
Heat requirement = (1490 kg/hr)*((287.6 kJ/kg)+(1.9 kJ/kg K)(225 K)) = 1065499 kJ/hr = 295
kW
PP: heat of melting = 103.8 kJ/kg, Cp = 1920 J / kg K, melting point = 158⁰C.
Assume PP flow is 2916 kg/hr * (.372) = 1084 kg/hr
Heat Requirement = (1084 kg/hr) * ((103.8 kJ/kg) + (1.92 kJ/ kg K)(225 K)) = 161 kW

Polystyrene: heat of fusion = 96.2 kJ/kg, Cp = 1400 J / kg K, melting point = 240⁰C

Assume PS flow is (2916 kg/hr) * (.116) = 338 kg/hr

Heat Requirement = (338 kg/hr) * ((96.2 kJ/kg) + (1.2 kJ/kg K)(225K)) = 34 kW

Heat required for melting = 490 kW. This is primarily supplied by the drive force to the motor.
80% efficiency is assumed, and the demand is thus 612.5 kW = 821 hp.

The two models below are used to inform power requirement and economics:

164
Bucket Elevators

The height of the bucket elevators estimated as 5 feet above the required height. For the elevator
to the silos, this means that the height is 55 feet. For the elevator to section 001 and the extrusion
screw, the height is estimated from summing the rotary kiln diameter and slant height and adding
10 feet for machinery and equipment beneath the kiln. This height is 16 feet.

For both elevators, the width of the buckets is estimated as 1 foot.

Costing:

CP = 692 W0.5 L 0.57

CP (elevator 1) = $23,534; CP (elevator 2) = $11,642

Power Requirement:

165
 P = 0.02 m (L0.63) + 0.00182 mL

P (elevator 1) = 0.626 hp; P (elevator 2) = 0.206 hp

Screw Feeder

Volumetric Feed Rate:

Assuming a 75% empty space due to packing, density is approximate as 78.5 lb/ ft3:

S = 6430 lb/hr = 81.9 ft ft3/ hr

Costing:

CP = 1094 S0.22 = $2883 (cost includes motor and belt drive)

Power Requirement:

P = 0.0146 L (m)0.85

m = 1.79 lb/s; L (approximated) = 40 ft; P = 0.958 hp

Feed Silo

Average shard density = 58.9 lb/ft3

Daily processing capacity = 70 MT = 154324 lb; space demand is 2620 ft3 for one day of plastic

Assume, due to packing, 75% empty space thus space demand is 3490 ft3 per day.

Allow each silo to store three days’ worth of material.

Vsilo = 10500 ft3

Assume an aspect ratio of 3: 10500 ft3 = (π/4)*(D2)*(3D)

Diameter = 16.5 ft; Length = 49.5 ft

Costing: CP: 646 S0.46 = $45,707

166
Blower

Sample given for B-101

Sizing:

k = 1.4; nB = 0.75; PB = 23 hp
ηm = 0.8 + 0.0319 ln(PB) – 0.00182(ln(PB))2
ηm = 0.882
PC = PB / ηm = 26.1 hp

Costing:

CP = CBFM
FM = 0.6 (aluminum)
CB = exp(7.0187 + 0.79 ln(PC))
CB = $14,700
CP = $8,820
Steam Cracker
Calculating heat required

The heat required for the radiative section of the furnace is found by adding the heat required of
the cracking reaction and the sensible heat required to heat the feed stream to the coil outlet
temperature (COT).

The heat of cracking can be found from:

where i represents all the product components, j represents the reactant components, and is the
mass flow rate. Using this equation, the heat of cracking was calculated to be 10.4 MM BTU/hr.
The temperature dependent specific enthalpies of formation of components was acquired from
NIST.

The sensible heat required to increase the temperature of the cracked gas (diluent steam and light
gas) from the crossover temperature (XOT) to the COT is:

where is the mass flow rate of steam, , is the specific enthalpy of steam at the COT, is the
specific enthalpy of steam at the XOT, is the mass flow rate of light gas, and is the average
specific heat. The sensible heat was calculated to be 2.65 MM BTU/hr.

The process duty was calculated from:

167
The heat needed to preheat the process steam to XOT is found from:

where is the latent heat of vaporization of water and is the temperature of the water leaving the
purge stream, and is the saturation temperature of water at atmospheric pressure. The heat
needed to preheat the process steam is 3.04 MM BTU/hr.

The heat needed to preheat the boiler feed water is 13.09 MM BTU/hr and is found from:

The total heat requirement from the radiation section of the steam cracker is found from:

where a 21.5% heat loss is assumed.

Flue gas requirements

The following equations show the general method of calculating the flue gas and fuel
requirements to satisfy .

Where is a fraction of radiation section duty that a specific fuel, k, will satisfy, is the specific
enthalpy of flue gas leaving the firebox into the convection section, and is the specific enthalpy
of the flue gas in the firebox. was determined from the following combustion reaction:

where k is methane, 10% excess air was assumed, and the lower heating value (LHV) is 21,433
BTU/lb. Through this combustion reaction, can be calculated:

A mass balance can be done to calculate the amount of fuel needed to supply amount of heat:

where b is 0.477.

Quench Tower

A tower diameter and height of 3.5 and 8 feet respectively is assumed. The tower would be made
from carbon steel, which has a density of 490 lb/ft3.

168
169
Transfer Line Exchanger

The heat duty of the TLE, or any heat exchanger, is determined from the desired sensible heat
changer of the stream of interest. The heat duty can be calculated from the following equation:

where is the mass low rate of the stream, is the average specific heat capacity of the stream, and
is the inlet and outlet temperature difference.

The calculated heat duty is then equated to an identical equation of the alternate stream passing
through the heat exchanger. In the second case, either or is unknown and it must be solved for.

Once specified, the area of the heat exchanger can be calculated from its overall heat transfer
coefficient U [BTU/ft2-lb-hr], heat duty Q [BTU/hr], and log-mean temperature difference.

The velocity of the stream can calculated, or one can assume a value from 1-10ft/s, the cross-
sectional area of the heat exchanger can be calculated from:

where is the density of the stream and is the velocity. A pipe inner diameter can be assumed and
the number of tubes per pass in the HX can be found from:

Assume a tube length of 8ft, 12ft, 16ft, or 20ft and calculate the surface area of one tube and
then the number of tube passes can be calculated.

170
Distillation Columns

Costing

Example: Demethanizer Column

Cp=FMCV+CPL
FM = 1
CP = 190,083 + 25,236
CP = $215,318 at CE = 567
CP = $227,850 at CE = 600

CV = exp{10.5449-0.4672 [ln(W)]+0.0.05482[ln(W)]2}
W = 69,955 lbs
CV = $190,083

CPL = 341*(D)0.63316(L)0.80161
D = 5.4 ft
L = 57.5 ft
CPL = $25,236

W = π (Di + tS)(L + 0.8Di)tsp ρ

Di = 5.3 ft
ts = 1.567 in
ρ = 490 lb/cuft
W = 69,955 lbs

Pd = exp{0.60608+0.91615[ln(Po)]+0.0015655[ln(Po)]2}
Po = 535.3 psig
Pd = 616 psig

171
 CT=NTFNTFTTFTMCBT
NT = 15
FTT = 1
FTM = 1
CT = $18,853 at CE = 567
CT = $19,950 at CE = 600

FNT = 2.251/0414NT
FNT = 1.22

CBT = 468exp(0.1482Di)
CBT = 1,027

CTOT = CT + CP
CTOT = 19,950 + 227,850 = $247,800

CBM = CTOT * FBM

FBM = 4.16
CBM = $1,030,848

172
Pumps

Sizing

Example: C2 Feed Pump

S = Q(H)0.5
S = (7.06 gal/min)*(477ft)0.5
S = 916 (gpm)(ft)0.5

H taken from ASPEN report

Costing

CP = FTFMCB
FM = 1 for cast iron
FT = 1
CP = (1)(1)(4305) = $4296 for CE = 567
CP = $4,546 FOR CE = 600

CB = exp[12.1656 - 1.144lb(S) + 0.0862(ln(S))2]

CB = 4,305 for CE = 567

Heat Exchangers
Condensers and reboilers were both modeled as U-tube heat exchangers.
Sizing
ASPEN provided heat transfer area required for each piece of equipment.

Costing
Example: Demethanizer Condenser
CP = FPFMFLCB
CP = 1.13*1*1*19,085
CP = $21,579 for CE = 567
CP = $22,835 for CE = 600

CB = exp[11.4185 – 0.9228ln(A) + 0.09861(ln(A))2]

CB = $72,388

FM = a + (A/100)b

173
 a=0
b=0
FM = 1 for carbon steel/carbon steel

FL = 1 for 20 ft tube

Storage Tanks

Sizing

Storage tanks were designed to allow for one hour’s worth of storage of gas product. To
determine the volume needed for one hour’s worth of storage, the volumetric flowrate was
determined and multiplied by the amount of time for storage (one hour). The storage tanks are
kept at 70°F and 14.7 psia, and properties of the components were calculated at these conditions.

Example: Ethylene Product Storage Tank

Volume:

ρethylene = 0.073 lbs/cuft at 70°F, 14.7 psia
methylene = 1410 lbs/hr
vethylene = methylene / ρethylene = 19,316 cuft/hr

Length and Diameter:


L = 59.0 ft
L/D = 3
D = L/3
D = 19.7 ft

174
Costing
Storage tanks were modeled as floating roof storage tanks because the contents of the tanks are
all in gas form.
Example: Ethylene Storage Tank

Cp = 475*V0.507
V = 144,494 gallons
Cp = $188,996 at CE = 567
Cp = $199,996 at CE = 600
Compressors

Sizing

ASPEN provided sizing information for the compressor. See section 11 specification sheet for
sizing information.

Costing

Example: Refrigeration Compressor

Cp = FDFMCB
FD = 1
FM = 1
CB = $2,226,011
CP = $2,226,011 at CE = 567
CP = $2,355,567 at CE = 600

CB = exp{9.1553+0.63[ln(PC)]}
PC = 5810 hp
CB = $2,226,011

175
Flash Vessels

Sizing
Flash Vessels were modeled as vertical pressure vessels and sized assuming a 5-minute residence
time. The volume needed for 5 minutes’ worth of accumulation was calculated and an L/D aspect
ratio of 3 was assumed to determine the dimensions of the vessels.
Example: Flash Vessel 1

Volumetric flow rate = 2,631 cuft/hr

5 minutes of accumulation = 219.25 cuft

L = 13.6 ft
D = 4.53 ft

Costing
Example: Flash Vessel 1

CP = FMCV + CPL
FM = 1 for carbon steel
Cv = 120,685
CPL = 410(Di)0.73960(L)0.70864
CP = $128,614 for CE = 567
CP = 136,099 for CE = 600

CV = exp{7.1390 + 0.18255[ln(W)] + 0.2297 [ln(W)]2}
CV = $120,685

176
Appendix B: MSDS Sheets

177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
Appendix C: ASPEN Report
Section 200: Compressor Blocks and Streams
LOCK: C-201 MODEL: COMPR
-----------------------------
INLET STREAM: CG-1
OUTLET STREAM: CG-2
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF
STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 455.679 455.679 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 5163.00 5163.00 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 31255.0 970025. -0.967779

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

ISENTROPIC CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 115.000
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY 0.81000
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY 1.00000

194
 *** RESULTS ***

INDICATED HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 368.950

BRAKE HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 368.950
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 368.950
POWER LOSSES HP 0.0
ISENTROPIC HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 298.850
CALCULATED OUTLET PRES PSIA 158.500
CALCULATED OUTLET TEMP F 324.318
ISENTROPIC TEMPERATURE F 284.025
EFFICIENCY (POLYTR/ISENTR) USED 0.81000
OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION 1.00000
HEAD DEVELOPED, FT-LBF/LB 114,608.
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY USED 1.00000
INLET HEAT CAPACITY RATIO 1.30401
INLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE , CUFT/HR 62,906.5
OUTLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE, CUFT/HR 24,288.8
INLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 0.99986
OUTLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00418
AV. ISENT. VOL. EXPONENT 1.28690
AV. ISENT. TEMP EXPONENT 1.28183
AV. ACTUAL VOL. EXPONENT 1.35871
AV. ACTUAL TEMP EXPONENT 1.35258

BLOCK: C-202 MODEL: COMPR

-----------------------------
INLET STREAM: CG-3
OUTLET STREAM: CG-4

195
 PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF
STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 455.679 455.679 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 5163.00 5163.00 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 533809. 978008. -0.454188

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

ISENTROPIC CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 115.000
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY 0.81000
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY 1.00000

*** RESULTS ***

INDICATED HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 174.577

BRAKE HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 174.577
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 174.577
POWER LOSSES HP 0.0

196
 ISENTROPIC HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 141.407
CALCULATED OUTLET PRES PSIA 273.500
CALCULATED OUTLET TEMP F 326.707
ISENTROPIC TEMPERATURE F 307.839
EFFICIENCY (POLYTR/ISENTR) USED 0.81000
OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION 1.00000
HEAD DEVELOPED, FT-LBF/LB 54,229.4
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY USED 1.00000
INLET HEAT CAPACITY RATIO 1.28050
INLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE , CUFT/HR 21,167.5
OUTLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE, CUFT/HR 14,162.9
INLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00308
OUTLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00731
AV. ISENT. VOL. EXPONENT 1.27956
AV. ISENT. TEMP EXPONENT 1.26772
AV. ACTUAL VOL. EXPONENT 1.35763
AV. ACTUAL TEMP EXPONENT 1.34354

BLOCK: C-203 MODEL: COMPR

-----------------------------
INLET STREAM: CG-5
OUTLET STREAM: CG-6
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF
STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 455.679 455.679 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 5163.00 5163.00 0.00000

197
 ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 539151. 820758. -0.343106

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

ISENTROPIC CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 115.000
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY 0.81000
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY 1.00000

*** RESULTS ***

INDICATED HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 110.676

BRAKE HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 110.676
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 110.676
POWER LOSSES HP 0.0
ISENTROPIC HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 89.6474
CALCULATED OUTLET PRES PSIA 388.500
CALCULATED OUTLET TEMP F 292.152
ISENTROPIC TEMPERATURE F 280.070
EFFICIENCY (POLYTR/ISENTR) USED 0.81000
OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION 1.00000
HEAD DEVELOPED, FT-LBF/LB 34,379.6
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY USED 1.00000

198
 INLET HEAT CAPACITY RATIO 1.28483
INLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE , CUFT/HR 12,339.8
OUTLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE, CUFT/HR 9,556.64
INLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00552
OUTLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00987
AV. ISENT. VOL. EXPONENT 1.29011
AV. ISENT. TEMP EXPONENT 1.27116
AV. ACTUAL VOL. EXPONENT 1.37322
AV. ACTUAL TEMP EXPONENT 1.35039

BLOCK: C-204 MODEL: COMPR

-----------------------------
INLET STREAM: CG-7
OUTLET STREAM: CG-8
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF
STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 455.679 455.679 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 5163.00 5163.00 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 386804. 665985. -0.419200

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

199
 *** INPUT DATA ***

ISENTROPIC CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 171.000
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY 0.81000
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY 1.00000

*** RESULTS ***

INDICATED HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 109.722

BRAKE HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 109.722
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 109.722
POWER LOSSES HP 0.0
ISENTROPIC HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 88.8751
CALCULATED OUTLET PRES PSIA 559.500
CALCULATED OUTLET TEMP F 258.307
ISENTROPIC TEMPERATURE F 246.232
EFFICIENCY (POLYTR/ISENTR) USED 0.81000
OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION 1.00000
HEAD DEVELOPED, FT-LBF/LB 34,083.4
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY USED 1.00000
INLET HEAT CAPACITY RATIO 1.29956
INLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE , CUFT/HR 8,258.40
OUTLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE, CUFT/HR 6,359.03
INLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00657
OUTLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.01336
AV. ISENT. VOL. EXPONENT 1.30828
AV. ISENT. TEMP EXPONENT 1.27962
AV. ACTUAL VOL. EXPONENT 1.39561

200
AV. ACTUAL TEMP EXPONENT 1.36058

201
CG-1 SFRAC 0.0
---- ENTHALPY:
BTU/LBMOL 68.5900
STREAM ID CG-1 BTU/LB 6.0537
FROM : ---- BTU/HR 3.1255+04
TO : C-201 ENTROPY:
BTU/LBMOL-R -7.6582
SUBSTREAM: MIXED BTU/LB-R -0.6759
PHASE: VAPOR DENSITY:
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR LBMOL/CUFT 7.2437-03
HYDROGEN 301.1092 LB/CUFT 8.2074-02
METHANE 37.8364 AVG MW 11.3303
MONOXIDE 0.1071
ETHANE 7.2831 CG-2
ETHENE 70.5431 ----
PROPANE 1.1792
PROPENE 30.5841 STREAM ID CG-2
BUTANE 7.0368 FROM : C-201
WATER 0.0 TO : HX-203
TOTAL FLOW:
LBMOL/HR 455.6790 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
LB/HR 5163.0000 PHASE: VAPOR
CUFT/HR 6.2907+04 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
STATE VARIABLES: HYDROGEN 301.1092
TEMP F 100.0000 METHANE 37.8364
PRES PSIA 43.5000 MONOXIDE 0.1071
VFRAC 1.0000 ETHANE 7.2831
LFRAC 0.0 ETHENE 70.5431

202
 PROPANE 1.1792 FROM : HX-203
PROPENE 30.5841 TO : C-202
BUTANE 7.0368
WATER 0.0 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: VAPOR
LBMOL/HR 455.6790 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 5163.0000 HYDROGEN 301.1092
CUFT/HR 2.4289+04 METHANE 37.8364
STATE VARIABLES: MONOXIDE 0.1071
TEMP F 324.3175 ETHANE 7.2831
PRES PSIA 158.5000 ETHENE 70.5431
VFRAC 1.0000 PROPANE 1.1792
LFRAC 0.0 PROPENE 30.5841
SFRAC 0.0 BUTANE 7.0368
ENTHALPY: WATER 0.0
BTU/LBMOL 2128.7462 TOTAL FLOW:
BTU/LB 187.8801 LBMOL/HR 455.6790
BTU/HR 9.7002+05 LB/HR 5163.0000
ENTROPY: CUFT/HR 2.1168+04
BTU/LBMOL-R -7.1457 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -0.6307 TEMP F 224.3176
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 158.5000
LBMOL/CUFT 1.8761-02 VFRAC 1.0000
LB/CUFT 0.2126 LFRAC 0.0
AVG MW 11.3303 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CG-3 BTU/LBMOL 1171.4576
---- BTU/LB 103.3912
BTU/HR 5.3381+05
STREAM ID CG-3 ENTROPY:

203
 BTU/LBMOL-R -8.4512 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -0.7459 TEMP F 326.7066
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 273.5000
LBMOL/CUFT 2.1527-02 VFRAC 1.0000
LB/CUFT 0.2439 LFRAC 0.0
AVG MW 11.3303 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CG-4 BTU/LBMOL 2146.2655
---- BTU/LB 189.4263
BTU/HR 9.7801+05
STREAM ID CG-4 ENTROPY:
FROM : C-202 BTU/LBMOL-R -8.2128
TO : HX-204 BTU/LB-R -0.7249
DENSITY:
SUBSTREAM: MIXED LBMOL/CUFT 3.2174-02
PHASE: VAPOR LB/CUFT 0.3645
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR AVG MW 11.3303
HYDROGEN 301.1092
METHANE 37.8364 CG-5
MONOXIDE 0.1071 ----
ETHANE 7.2831
ETHENE 70.5431 STREAM ID CG-5
PROPANE 1.1792 FROM : HX-204
PROPENE 30.5841 TO : C-203
BUTANE 7.0368
WATER 0.0 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: VAPOR
LBMOL/HR 455.6790 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 5163.0000 HYDROGEN 301.1092
CUFT/HR 1.4163+04 METHANE 37.8364

204
MONOXIDE 0.1071 ----
ETHANE 7.2831
ETHENE 70.5431 STREAM ID CG-6
PROPANE 1.1792 FROM : C-203
PROPENE 30.5841 TO : HX-205
BUTANE 7.0368
WATER 0.0 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: VAPOR
LBMOL/HR 455.6790 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 5163.0000 HYDROGEN 301.1092
CUFT/HR 1.2340+04 METHANE 37.8364
STATE VARIABLES: MONOXIDE 0.1071
TEMP F 226.7066 ETHANE 7.2831
PRES PSIA 273.5000 ETHENE 70.5431
VFRAC 1.0000 PROPANE 1.1792
LFRAC 0.0 PROPENE 30.5841
SFRAC 0.0 BUTANE 7.0368
ENTHALPY: WATER 0.0
BTU/LBMOL 1183.1812 TOTAL FLOW:
BTU/LB 104.4259 LBMOL/HR 455.6790
BTU/HR 5.3915+05 LB/HR 5163.0000
ENTROPY: CUFT/HR 9556.6392
BTU/LBMOL-R -9.5220 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -0.8404 TEMP F 292.1519
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 388.5000
LBMOL/CUFT 3.6927-02 VFRAC 1.0000
LB/CUFT 0.4184 LFRAC 0.0
AVG MW 11.3303 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CG-6 BTU/LBMOL 1801.1761

205
 BTU/LB 158.9692 LBMOL/HR 455.6790
BTU/HR 8.2076+05 LB/HR 5163.0000
ENTROPY: CUFT/HR 8258.4021
BTU/LBMOL-R -9.3646 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -0.8265 TEMP F 192.1519
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 388.5000
LBMOL/CUFT 4.7682-02 VFRAC 1.0000
LB/CUFT 0.5403 LFRAC 0.0
AVG MW 11.3303 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CG-7 BTU/LBMOL 848.8522
---- BTU/LB 74.9185
BTU/HR 3.8680+05
STREAM ID CG-7 ENTROPY:
FROM : HX-205 BTU/LBMOL-R -10.7230
TO : C-204 BTU/LB-R -0.9464
DENSITY:
SUBSTREAM: MIXED LBMOL/CUFT 5.5178-02
PHASE: VAPOR LB/CUFT 0.6252
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR AVG MW 11.3303
HYDROGEN 301.1092
METHANE 37.8364 CG-8
MONOXIDE 0.1071 ----
ETHANE 7.2831
ETHENE 70.5431 STREAM ID CG-8
PROPANE 1.1792 FROM : C-204
PROPENE 30.5841 TO : HX-206
BUTANE 7.0368
WATER 0.0 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: VAPOR

206
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR AVG MW 11.3303
HYDROGEN 301.1092
METHANE 37.8364 CG-9
MONOXIDE 0.1071 ----
ETHANE 7.2831
ETHENE 70.5431 STREAM ID CG-9
PROPANE 1.1792 FROM : HX-206
PROPENE 30.5841 TO : ----
BUTANE 7.0368
WATER 0.0 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: VAPOR
LBMOL/HR 455.6790 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 5163.0000 HYDROGEN 301.1092
CUFT/HR 6359.0251 METHANE 37.8364
STATE VARIABLES: MONOXIDE 0.1071
TEMP F 258.3075 ETHANE 7.2831
PRES PSIA 559.5000 ETHENE 70.5431
VFRAC 1.0000 PROPANE 1.1792
LFRAC 0.0 PROPENE 30.5841
SFRAC 0.0 BUTANE 7.0368
ENTHALPY: WATER 0.0
BTU/LBMOL 1461.5228 TOTAL FLOW:
BTU/LB 128.9919 LBMOL/HR 455.6790
BTU/HR 6.6599+05 LB/HR 5163.0000
ENTROPY: CUFT/HR 5292.0409
BTU/LBMOL-R -10.5595 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -0.9320 TEMP F 142.3075
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 559.5000
LBMOL/CUFT 7.1659-02 VFRAC 1.0000
LB/CUFT 0.8119 LFRAC 0.0

207
SFRAC 0.0 BTU/LBMOL-R -12.2194
ENTHALPY: BTU/LB-R -1.0785
BTU/LBMOL 368.0489 DENSITY:
BTU/LB 32.4835 LBMOL/CUFT 8.6106-02
BTU/HR 1.6771+05 LB/CUFT 0.9756
ENTROPY: AVG MW 11.3303

208
Section 200: Intercooler blocks and streams
BLOCK: HX-203 MODEL: HEATX
-----------------------------
HOT SIDE:
---------
INLET STREAM: CG-2
OUTLET STREAM: CG-3
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE
COLD SIDE:
----------
INLET STREAM: CW-IN3
OUTLET STREAM: CW-OUT3
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 983.009 983.009 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 14663.0 14663.0 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -0.645271E+08 -0.645271E+08 0.230929E-15

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

209
FLASH SPECS FOR HOT SIDE:
TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

FLASH SPECS FOR COLD SIDE:

TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

FLOW DIRECTION AND SPECIFICATION:

COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFIED HOT TEMP CHANGE
SPECIFIED VALUE F 100.0000
LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.00000

PRESSURE SPECIFICATION:
HOT SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000
COLD SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT SPECIFICATION:

OVERALL COEFFICIENT BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000

*** OVERALL RESULTS ***

STREAMS:
--------------------------------------
| |
CG-2 ----->| HOT |-----> CG-3
T= 3.2432D+02 | | T= 2.2432D+02

210
 P= 1.5850D+02 | | P= 1.5850D+02
V= 1.0000D+00 | | V= 1.0000D+00
| |
CW-OUT3 <-----| COLD |<----- CW-IN3
T= 1.1981D+02 | | T= 8.0000D+01
P= 1.4696D+01 | | P= 1.4696D+01
V= 0.0000D+00 | | V= 0.0000D+00
--------------------------------------

DUTY AND AREA:

CALCULATED HEAT DUTY BTU/HR 436216.3269
CALCULATED (REQUIRED) AREA SQFT 31.5791
ACTUAL EXCHANGER AREA SQFT 47.2562
PER CENT OVER-DESIGN 49.6440

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT (DIRTY) BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000
UA (DIRTY) BTU/HR-R 2526.3297

LOG-MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE:

LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.0000
LMTD (CORRECTED) F 172.6680
NUMBER OF SHELLS IN SERIES 1

PRESSURE DROP:
HOTSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000
COLDSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000

HEATX COLD-TQCU HX-203 TQCURV INLET

-------------------------------------

211
 PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 14.6959 ! 119.8091 ! 0.0 !
! 2.0772+04 ! 14.6959 ! 117.9127 ! 0.0 !
! 4.1544+04 ! 14.6959 ! 116.0163 ! 0.0 !
! 6.2317+04 ! 14.6959 ! 114.1199 ! 0.0 !
! 8.3089+04 ! 14.6959 ! 112.2234 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 1.0386+05 ! 14.6959 ! 110.3270 ! 0.0 !
! 1.2463+05 ! 14.6959 ! 108.4307 ! 0.0 !
! 1.4541+05 ! 14.6959 ! 106.5343 ! 0.0 !
! 1.6618+05 ! 14.6959 ! 104.6381 ! 0.0 !
! 1.8695+05 ! 14.6959 ! 102.7419 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.0772+05 ! 14.6959 ! 100.8458 ! 0.0 !
! 2.2849+05 ! 14.6959 ! 98.9499 ! 0.0 !
! 2.4927+05 ! 14.6959 ! 97.0540 ! 0.0 !
! 2.7004+05 ! 14.6959 ! 95.1583 ! 0.0 !
! 2.9081+05 ! 14.6959 ! 93.2628 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!

212
! 3.1158+05 ! 14.6959 ! 91.3675 ! 0.0 !
! 3.3236+05 ! 14.6959 ! 89.4723 ! 0.0 !
! 3.5313+05 ! 14.6959 ! 87.5774 ! 0.0 !
! 3.7390+05 ! 14.6959 ! 85.6826 ! 0.0 !
! 3.9467+05 ! 14.6959 ! 83.7882 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 4.1544+05 ! 14.6959 ! 81.8939 ! 0.0 !
! 4.3622+05 ! 14.6959 ! 80.0000 ! 0.0 !
-----------------------------------------------------

HEATX HOT-TQCUR HX-203 TQCURV INLET

-------------------------------------
PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 158.5000 ! 324.3175 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.0772+04 ! 158.5000 ! 319.6650 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.1544+04 ! 158.5000 ! 315.0022 ! 1.0000 !
! 6.2317+04 ! 158.5000 ! 310.3290 ! 1.0000 !
! 8.3089+04 ! 158.5000 ! 305.6452 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!

213
! 1.0386+05 ! 158.5000 ! 300.9509 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.2463+05 ! 158.5000 ! 296.2459 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.4541+05 ! 158.5000 ! 291.5300 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.6618+05 ! 158.5000 ! 286.8033 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.8695+05 ! 158.5000 ! 282.0656 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.0772+05 ! 158.5000 ! 277.3167 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.2849+05 ! 158.5000 ! 272.5567 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.4927+05 ! 158.5000 ! 267.7854 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.7004+05 ! 158.5000 ! 263.0027 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.9081+05 ! 158.5000 ! 258.2084 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 3.1158+05 ! 158.5000 ! 253.4026 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.3236+05 ! 158.5000 ! 248.5850 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.5313+05 ! 158.5000 ! 243.7556 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.7390+05 ! 158.5000 ! 238.9143 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.9467+05 ! 158.5000 ! 234.0609 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 4.1544+05 ! 158.5000 ! 229.1953 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.3622+05 ! 158.5000 ! 224.3176 ! 1.0000 !
-----------------------------------------------------

BLOCK: HX-204 MODEL: HEATX

-----------------------------
HOT SIDE:
---------
INLET STREAM: CG-4
OUTLET STREAM: CG-5
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE
COLD SIDE:

214
----------
INLET STREAM: CW-IN4
OUTLET STREAM: CW-OUT4
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 985.896 985.896 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 14715.0 14715.0 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -0.648777E+08 -0.648777E+08 0.114840E-15

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

FLASH SPECS FOR HOT SIDE:

TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

FLASH SPECS FOR COLD SIDE:

TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

215
FLOW DIRECTION AND SPECIFICATION:
COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFIED HOT TEMP CHANGE
SPECIFIED VALUE F 100.0000
LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.00000

PRESSURE SPECIFICATION:
HOT SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000
COLD SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT SPECIFICATION:

OVERALL COEFFICIENT BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000

*** OVERALL RESULTS ***

STREAMS:
--------------------------------------
| |
CG-4 ----->| HOT |-----> CG-5
T= 3.2671D+02 | | T= 2.2671D+02
P= 2.7350D+02 | | P= 2.7350D+02
V= 1.0000D+00 | | V= 1.0000D+00
| |
CW-OUT4 <-----| COLD |<----- CW-IN4
T= 1.1983D+02 | | T= 8.0000D+01
P= 1.4696D+01 | | P= 1.4696D+01
V= 0.0000D+00 | | V= 0.0000D+00
--------------------------------------

216
 DUTY AND AREA:
CALCULATED HEAT DUTY BTU/HR 438857.3039
CALCULATED (REQUIRED) AREA SQFT 31.3343
ACTUAL EXCHANGER AREA SQFT 231.4625
PER CENT OVER-DESIGN 638.6875

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT (DIRTY) BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000
UA (DIRTY) BTU/HR-R 2506.7434

LOG-MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE:

LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.0000
LMTD (CORRECTED) F 175.0707
NUMBER OF SHELLS IN SERIES 1

PRESSURE DROP:
HOTSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000
COLDSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000

HEATX COLD-TQCU HX-204 TQCURV INLET

-------------------------------------
PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !

217
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 14.6959 ! 119.8321 ! 0.0 !
! 2.0898+04 ! 14.6959 ! 117.9346 ! 0.0 !
! 4.1796+04 ! 14.6959 ! 116.0371 ! 0.0 !
! 6.2694+04 ! 14.6959 ! 114.1396 ! 0.0 !
! 8.3592+04 ! 14.6959 ! 112.2421 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 1.0449+05 ! 14.6959 ! 110.3446 ! 0.0 !
! 1.2539+05 ! 14.6959 ! 108.4471 ! 0.0 !
! 1.4629+05 ! 14.6959 ! 106.5497 ! 0.0 !
! 1.6718+05 ! 14.6959 ! 104.6523 ! 0.0 !
! 1.8808+05 ! 14.6959 ! 102.7550 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.0898+05 ! 14.6959 ! 100.8579 ! 0.0 !
! 2.2988+05 ! 14.6959 ! 98.9608 ! 0.0 !
! 2.5078+05 ! 14.6959 ! 97.0639 ! 0.0 !
! 2.7167+05 ! 14.6959 ! 95.1671 ! 0.0 !
! 2.9257+05 ! 14.6959 ! 93.2705 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 3.1347+05 ! 14.6959 ! 91.3740 ! 0.0 !
! 3.3437+05 ! 14.6959 ! 89.4778 ! 0.0 !
! 3.5527+05 ! 14.6959 ! 87.5817 ! 0.0 !
! 3.7616+05 ! 14.6959 ! 85.6859 ! 0.0 !
! 3.9706+05 ! 14.6959 ! 83.7904 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 4.1796+05 ! 14.6959 ! 81.8950 ! 0.0 !
! 4.3886+05 ! 14.6959 ! 80.0000 ! 0.0 !
-----------------------------------------------------

218
HEATX HOT-TQCUR HX-204 TQCURV INLET
-------------------------------------
PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 273.5000 ! 326.7066 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.0898+04 ! 273.5000 ! 322.0500 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.1796+04 ! 273.5000 ! 317.3835 ! 1.0000 !
! 6.2694+04 ! 273.5000 ! 312.7068 ! 1.0000 !
! 8.3592+04 ! 273.5000 ! 308.0201 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 1.0449+05 ! 273.5000 ! 303.3230 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.2539+05 ! 273.5000 ! 298.6157 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.4629+05 ! 273.5000 ! 293.8979 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.6718+05 ! 273.5000 ! 289.1697 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.8808+05 ! 273.5000 ! 284.4308 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.0898+05 ! 273.5000 ! 279.6813 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.2988+05 ! 273.5000 ! 274.9210 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.5078+05 ! 273.5000 ! 270.1499 ! 1.0000 !

219
! 2.7167+05 ! 273.5000 ! 265.3678 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.9257+05 ! 273.5000 ! 260.5747 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 3.1347+05 ! 273.5000 ! 255.7705 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.3437+05 ! 273.5000 ! 250.9551 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.5527+05 ! 273.5000 ! 246.1283 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.7616+05 ! 273.5000 ! 241.2902 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.9706+05 ! 273.5000 ! 236.4406 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 4.1796+05 ! 273.5000 ! 231.5794 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.3886+05 ! 273.5000 ! 226.7066 ! 1.0000 !
-----------------------------------------------------

BLOCK: HX-205 MODEL: HEATX

-----------------------------
HOT SIDE:
---------
INLET STREAM: CG-6
OUTLET STREAM: CG-7
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE
COLD SIDE:
----------
INLET STREAM: CW-IN5
OUTLET STREAM: CW-OUT5
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 967.744 967.744 0.00000

220
 MASS(LB/HR ) 14388.0 14388.0 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -0.627804E+08 -0.627804E+08 0.00000

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

FLASH SPECS FOR HOT SIDE:

TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

FLASH SPECS FOR COLD SIDE:

TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

FLOW DIRECTION AND SPECIFICATION:

COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFIED HOT TEMP CHANGE
SPECIFIED VALUE F 100.0000
LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.00000

PRESSURE SPECIFICATION:
HOT SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000

221
COLD SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT SPECIFICATION:

OVERALL COEFFICIENT BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000

*** OVERALL RESULTS ***

STREAMS:
--------------------------------------
| |
CG-6 ----->| HOT |-----> CG-7
T= 2.9215D+02 | | T= 1.9215D+02
P= 3.8850D+02 | | P= 3.8850D+02
V= 1.0000D+00 | | V= 1.0000D+00
| |
CW-OUT5 <-----| COLD |<----- CW-IN5
T= 1.2078D+02 | | T= 8.0000D+01
P= 1.4696D+01 | | P= 1.4696D+01
V= 0.0000D+00 | | V= 0.0000D+00
--------------------------------------

DUTY AND AREA:

CALCULATED HEAT DUTY BTU/HR 433954.0386
CALCULATED (REQUIRED) AREA SQFT 38.8363
ACTUAL EXCHANGER AREA SQFT 158.5375
PER CENT OVER-DESIGN 308.2204

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT (DIRTY) BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000
UA (DIRTY) BTU/HR-R 3106.9004

222
 LOG-MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE:
LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.0000
LMTD (CORRECTED) F 139.6743
NUMBER OF SHELLS IN SERIES 1

PRESSURE DROP:
HOTSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000
COLDSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000

HEATX COLD-TQCU HX-205 TQCURV INLET

-------------------------------------
PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 14.6959 ! 120.7836 ! 0.0 !
! 2.0664+04 ! 14.6959 ! 118.8408 ! 0.0 !
! 4.1329+04 ! 14.6959 ! 116.8980 ! 0.0 !
! 6.1993+04 ! 14.6959 ! 114.9552 ! 0.0 !
! 8.2658+04 ! 14.6959 ! 113.0123 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!

223
! 1.0332+05 ! 14.6959 ! 111.0695 ! 0.0 !
! 1.2399+05 ! 14.6959 ! 109.1267 ! 0.0 !
! 1.4465+05 ! 14.6959 ! 107.1840 ! 0.0 !
! 1.6532+05 ! 14.6959 ! 105.2413 ! 0.0 !
! 1.8598+05 ! 14.6959 ! 103.2987 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.0664+05 ! 14.6959 ! 101.3562 ! 0.0 !
! 2.2731+05 ! 14.6959 ! 99.4138 ! 0.0 !
! 2.4797+05 ! 14.6959 ! 97.4715 ! 0.0 !
! 2.6864+05 ! 14.6959 ! 95.5294 ! 0.0 !
! 2.8930+05 ! 14.6959 ! 93.5875 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 3.0997+05 ! 14.6959 ! 91.6457 ! 0.0 !
! 3.3063+05 ! 14.6959 ! 89.7042 ! 0.0 !
! 3.5130+05 ! 14.6959 ! 87.7628 ! 0.0 !
! 3.7196+05 ! 14.6959 ! 85.8217 ! 0.0 !
! 3.9263+05 ! 14.6959 ! 83.8809 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 4.1329+05 ! 14.6959 ! 81.9403 ! 0.0 !
! 4.3395+05 ! 14.6959 ! 80.0000 ! 0.0 !
-----------------------------------------------------

HEATX HOT-TQCUR HX-205 TQCURV INLET

-------------------------------------
PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !

224
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 388.5000 ! 292.1519 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.0664+04 ! 388.5000 ! 287.4937 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.1329+04 ! 388.5000 ! 282.8255 ! 1.0000 !
! 6.1993+04 ! 388.5000 ! 278.1473 ! 1.0000 !
! 8.2658+04 ! 388.5000 ! 273.4590 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 1.0332+05 ! 388.5000 ! 268.7606 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.2399+05 ! 388.5000 ! 264.0521 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.4465+05 ! 388.5000 ! 259.3332 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.6532+05 ! 388.5000 ! 254.6040 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.8598+05 ! 388.5000 ! 249.8644 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.0664+05 ! 388.5000 ! 245.1143 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.2731+05 ! 388.5000 ! 240.3536 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.4797+05 ! 388.5000 ! 235.5823 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.6864+05 ! 388.5000 ! 230.8003 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.8930+05 ! 388.5000 ! 226.0076 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 3.0997+05 ! 388.5000 ! 221.2040 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.3063+05 ! 388.5000 ! 216.3896 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.5130+05 ! 388.5000 ! 211.5642 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.7196+05 ! 388.5000 ! 206.7278 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.9263+05 ! 388.5000 ! 201.8803 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!

225
! 4.1329+05 ! 388.5000 ! 197.0217 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.3395+05 ! 388.5000 ! 192.1519 ! 1.0000 !
-----------------------------------------------------

BLOCK: HX-206 MODEL: HEATX

-----------------------------
HOT SIDE:
---------
INLET STREAM: CG-8
OUTLET STREAM: CG-9
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE
COLD SIDE:
----------
INLET STREAM: CW-IN6
OUTLET STREAM: CW-OUT6
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 1044.07 1044.07 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 15763.0 15763.0 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -0.724150E+08 -0.724150E+08 0.205774E-15

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15175.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

226
 *** INPUT DATA ***

FLASH SPECS FOR HOT SIDE:

TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

FLASH SPECS FOR COLD SIDE:

TWO PHASE FLASH
MAXIMUM NO. ITERATIONS 30
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

FLOW DIRECTION AND SPECIFICATION:

COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGER
SPECIFIED HOT TEMP CHANGE
SPECIFIED VALUE F 116.0000
LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.00000

PRESSURE SPECIFICATION:
HOT SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000
COLD SIDE PRESSURE DROP PSI 0.0000

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT SPECIFICATION:

OVERALL COEFFICIENT BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000

*** OVERALL RESULTS ***

STREAMS:
--------------------------------------

227
 | |
CG-8 ----->| HOT |-----> CG-9
T= 2.5831D+02 | | T= 1.4231D+02
P= 5.5950D+02 | | P= 5.5950D+02
V= 1.0000D+00 | | V= 1.0000D+00
| |
CW-OUT6 <-----| COLD |<----- CW-IN6
T= 1.2075D+02 | | T= 8.0000D+01
P= 1.4696D+01 | | P= 1.4696D+01
V= 0.0000D+00 | | V= 0.0000D+00
--------------------------------------

DUTY AND AREA:

CALCULATED HEAT DUTY BTU/HR 498273.0938
CALCULATED (REQUIRED) AREA SQFT 65.5513
ACTUAL EXCHANGER AREA SQFT 84.3000
PER CENT OVER-DESIGN 28.6015

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT (DIRTY) BTU/HR-SQFT-R 80.0000
UA (DIRTY) BTU/HR-R 5244.1069

LOG-MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE:

LMTD CORRECTION FACTOR 1.0000
LMTD (CORRECTED) F 95.0158
NUMBER OF SHELLS IN SERIES 1

PRESSURE DROP:
HOTSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000
COLDSIDE, TOTAL PSI 0.0000

228
HEATX COLD-TQCU HX-206 TQCURV INLET
-------------------------------------
PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 14.6959 ! 120.7539 ! 0.0 !
! 2.3727+04 ! 14.6959 ! 118.8126 ! 0.0 !
! 4.7455+04 ! 14.6959 ! 116.8712 ! 0.0 !
! 7.1182+04 ! 14.6959 ! 114.9297 ! 0.0 !
! 9.4909+04 ! 14.6959 ! 112.9883 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 1.1864+05 ! 14.6959 ! 111.0469 ! 0.0 !
! 1.4236+05 ! 14.6959 ! 109.1055 ! 0.0 !
! 1.6609+05 ! 14.6959 ! 107.1642 ! 0.0 !
! 1.8982+05 ! 14.6959 ! 105.2229 ! 0.0 !
! 2.1355+05 ! 14.6959 ! 103.2817 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.3727+05 ! 14.6959 ! 101.3406 ! 0.0 !
! 2.6100+05 ! 14.6959 ! 99.3997 ! 0.0 !
! 2.8473+05 ! 14.6959 ! 97.4588 ! 0.0 !

229
! 3.0845+05 ! 14.6959 ! 95.5181 ! 0.0 !
! 3.3218+05 ! 14.6959 ! 93.5776 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 3.5591+05 ! 14.6959 ! 91.6372 ! 0.0 !
! 3.7964+05 ! 14.6959 ! 89.6971 ! 0.0 !
! 4.0336+05 ! 14.6959 ! 87.7572 ! 0.0 !
! 4.2709+05 ! 14.6959 ! 85.8175 ! 0.0 !
! 4.5082+05 ! 14.6959 ! 83.8781 ! 0.0 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 4.7455+05 ! 14.6959 ! 81.9389 ! 0.0 !
! 4.9827+05 ! 14.6959 ! 80.0000 ! 0.0 !
-----------------------------------------------------

HEATX HOT-TQCUR HX-206 TQCURV INLET

-------------------------------------
PRESSURE PROFILE: CONSTANT2
PRESSURE DROP: 0.0 PSI
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

-----------------------------------------------------
! DUTY ! PRES ! TEMP ! VFRAC !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! BTU/HR ! PSIA ! F ! !
! ! ! ! !
!============!============!============!============!
! 0.0 ! 559.5000 ! 258.3075 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.3727+04 ! 559.5000 ! 252.9138 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.7455+04 ! 559.5000 ! 247.5075 ! 1.0000 !

230
! 7.1182+04 ! 559.5000 ! 242.0884 ! 1.0000 !
! 9.4909+04 ! 559.5000 ! 236.6565 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 1.1864+05 ! 559.5000 ! 231.2117 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.4236+05 ! 559.5000 ! 225.7539 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.6609+05 ! 559.5000 ! 220.2831 ! 1.0000 !
! 1.8982+05 ! 559.5000 ! 214.7993 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.1355+05 ! 559.5000 ! 209.3023 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 2.3727+05 ! 559.5000 ! 203.7921 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.6100+05 ! 559.5000 ! 198.2688 ! 1.0000 !
! 2.8473+05 ! 559.5000 ! 192.7323 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.0845+05 ! 559.5000 ! 187.1825 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.3218+05 ! 559.5000 ! 181.6194 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 3.5591+05 ! 559.5000 ! 176.0431 ! 1.0000 !
! 3.7964+05 ! 559.5000 ! 170.4535 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.0336+05 ! 559.5000 ! 164.8507 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.2709+05 ! 559.5000 ! 159.2346 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.5082+05 ! 559.5000 ! 153.6054 ! 1.0000 !
!------------+------------+------------+------------!
! 4.7455+05 ! 559.5000 ! 147.9630 ! 1.0000 !
! 4.9827+05 ! 559.5000 ! 142.3075 ! 1.0000 !
-----------------------------------------------------

231
CW-IN3 ENTHALPY:
------ BTU/LBMOL -1.2421+05
BTU/LB -6894.4368
STREAM ID CW-IN3 BTU/HR -6.5497+07
FROM : ---- ENTROPY:
TO : HX-203 BTU/LBMOL-R -40.7945
BTU/LB-R -2.2644
SUBSTREAM: MIXED DENSITY:
PHASE: LIQUID LBMOL/CUFT 3.4388
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR LB/CUFT 61.9503
HYDROGEN 0.0 AVG MW 18.0153
METHANE 0.0
MONOXIDE 0.0 CW-OUT3
ETHANE 0.0 -------
ETHENE 0.0
PROPANE 0.0 STREAM ID CW-OUT3
PROPENE 0.0 FROM : HX-203
BUTANE 0.0 TO : ----
WATER 527.3301
TOTAL FLOW: SUBSTREAM: MIXED
LBMOL/HR 527.3301 PHASE: LIQUID
LB/HR 9500.0000 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
CUFT/HR 153.3488 HYDROGEN 0.0
STATE VARIABLES: METHANE 0.0
TEMP F 80.0000 MONOXIDE 0.0
PRES PSIA 14.6959 ETHANE 0.0
VFRAC 0.0 ETHENE 0.0
LFRAC 1.0000 PROPANE 0.0
SFRAC 0.0 PROPENE 0.0

232
 BUTANE 0.0
WATER 527.3301 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: LIQUID
LBMOL/HR 527.3301 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 9500.0000 HYDROGEN 0.0
CUFT/HR 156.7670 METHANE 0.0
STATE VARIABLES: MONOXIDE 0.0
TEMP F 119.8091 ETHANE 0.0
PRES PSIA 14.6959 ETHENE 0.0
VFRAC 0.0 PROPANE 0.0
LFRAC 1.0000 PROPENE 0.0
SFRAC 0.0 BUTANE 0.0
ENTHALPY: WATER 530.2166
BTU/LBMOL -1.2338+05 TOTAL FLOW:
BTU/LB -6848.5193 LBMOL/HR 530.2166
BTU/HR -6.5061+07 LB/HR 9552.0000
ENTROPY: CUFT/HR 154.1882
BTU/LBMOL-R -39.3155 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -2.1823 TEMP F 80.0000
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 14.6959
LBMOL/CUFT 3.3638 VFRAC 0.0
LB/CUFT 60.5995 LFRAC 1.0000
AVG MW 18.0153 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CW-IN4 BTU/LBMOL -1.2421+05
------ BTU/LB -6894.4368
BTU/HR -6.5856+07
STREAM ID CW-IN4 ENTROPY:
FROM : ---- BTU/LBMOL-R -40.7945
TO : HX-204 BTU/LB-R -2.2644

233
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 14.6959
LBMOL/CUFT 3.4388 VFRAC 0.0
LB/CUFT 61.9503 LFRAC 1.0000
AVG MW 18.0153 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CW-OUT4 BTU/LBMOL -1.2338+05
------- BTU/LB -6848.4927
BTU/HR -6.5417+07
STREAM ID CW-OUT4 ENTROPY:
FROM : HX-204 BTU/LBMOL-R -39.3147
TO : ---- BTU/LB-R -2.1823
DENSITY:
SUBSTREAM: MIXED LBMOL/CUFT 3.3637
PHASE: LIQUID LB/CUFT 60.5987
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR AVG MW 18.0153
HYDROGEN 0.0
METHANE 0.0 CW-IN5
MONOXIDE 0.0 ------
ETHANE 0.0
ETHENE 0.0 STREAM ID CW-IN5
PROPANE 0.0 FROM : ----
PROPENE 0.0 TO : HX-205
BUTANE 0.0
WATER 530.2166 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: LIQUID
LBMOL/HR 530.2166 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 9552.0000 HYDROGEN 0.0
CUFT/HR 157.6272 METHANE 0.0
STATE VARIABLES: MONOXIDE 0.0
TEMP F 119.8321 ETHANE 0.0

234
 ETHENE 0.0 STREAM ID CW-OUT5
PROPANE 0.0 FROM : HX-205
PROPENE 0.0 TO : ----
BUTANE 0.0
WATER 512.0653 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: LIQUID
LBMOL/HR 512.0653 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 9225.0000 HYDROGEN 0.0
CUFT/HR 148.9098 METHANE 0.0
STATE VARIABLES: MONOXIDE 0.0
TEMP F 80.0000 ETHANE 0.0
PRES PSIA 14.6959 ETHENE 0.0
VFRAC 0.0 PROPANE 0.0
LFRAC 1.0000 PROPENE 0.0
SFRAC 0.0 BUTANE 0.0
ENTHALPY: WATER 512.0653
BTU/LBMOL -1.2421+05 TOTAL FLOW:
BTU/LB -6894.4368 LBMOL/HR 512.0653
BTU/HR -6.3601+07 LB/HR 9225.0000
ENTROPY: CUFT/HR 152.3132
BTU/LBMOL-R -40.7945 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -2.2644 TEMP F 120.7836
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 14.6959
LBMOL/CUFT 3.4388 VFRAC 0.0
LB/CUFT 61.9503 LFRAC 1.0000
AVG MW 18.0153 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CW-OUT5 BTU/LBMOL -1.2336+05
------- BTU/LB -6847.3957
BTU/HR -6.3167+07

235
ENTROPY: CUFT/HR 171.1050
BTU/LBMOL-R -39.2806 STATE VARIABLES:
BTU/LB-R -2.1804 TEMP F 80.0000
DENSITY: PRES PSIA 14.6959
LBMOL/CUFT 3.3619 VFRAC 0.0
LB/CUFT 60.5660 LFRAC 1.0000
AVG MW 18.0153 SFRAC 0.0
ENTHALPY:
CW-IN6 BTU/LBMOL -1.2421+05
------ BTU/LB -6894.4368
BTU/HR -7.3081+07
STREAM ID CW-IN6 ENTROPY:
FROM : ---- BTU/LBMOL-R -40.7945
TO : HX-206 BTU/LB-R -2.2644
DENSITY:
SUBSTREAM: MIXED LBMOL/CUFT 3.4388
PHASE: LIQUID LB/CUFT 61.9503
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR AVG MW 18.0153
HYDROGEN 0.0
METHANE 0.0 CW-OUT6
MONOXIDE 0.0 -------
ETHANE 0.0
ETHENE 0.0 STREAM ID CW-OUT6
PROPANE 0.0 FROM : HX-206
PROPENE 0.0 TO : ----
BUTANE 0.0
WATER 588.3894 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
TOTAL FLOW: PHASE: LIQUID
LBMOL/HR 588.3894 COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
LB/HR 1.0600+04 HYDROGEN 0.0

236
METHANE 0.0 VFRAC 0.0
MONOXIDE 0.0 LFRAC 1.0000
ETHANE 0.0 SFRAC 0.0
ETHENE 0.0 ENTHALPY:
PROPANE 0.0 BTU/LBMOL -1.2336+05
PROPENE 0.0 BTU/LB -6847.4299
BUTANE 0.0 BTU/HR -7.2583+07
WATER 588.3894 ENTROPY:
TOTAL FLOW: BTU/LBMOL-R -39.2817
LBMOL/HR 588.3894 BTU/LB-R -2.1805
LB/HR 1.0600+04 DENSITY:
CUFT/HR 175.0128 LBMOL/CUFT 3.3620
STATE VARIABLES: LB/CUFT 60.5670
TEMP F 120.7539 AVG MW 18.0153
PRES PSIA 14.6959

237
Section 200: Pump blocks and streams
BLOCK: P-201 MODEL: PUMP
----------------------------
INLET STREAM: BW-1
OUTLET STREAM: BW-2
PROPERTY OPTION SET: STEAM-TA ASME STEAM TABLE EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 13443.0 13443.0 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 242180. 242180. 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -0.161924E+10 -0.161885E+10 -0.239884E-03

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 0.00000 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 0.00000 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 420.000
PUMP EFFICIENCY 0.81000
DRIVER EFFICIENCY 0.81000

FLASH SPECIFICATIONS:
LIQUID PHASE CALCULATION
NO FLASH PERFORMED
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS 30

238
 TOLERANCE 0.000100000

*** RESULTS ***

VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE CUFT/HR 4,048.18
PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 420.000
NPSH AVAILABLE FT-LBF/LB 120.361
FLUID POWER HP 123.653
BRAKE POWER HP 152.658
ELECTRICITY KW 140.540
PUMP EFFICIENCY USED 0.81000
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 188.467
HEAD DEVELOPED FT-LBF/LB 1,010.96

BLOCK: P-202 MODEL: PUMP

----------------------------
INLET STREAM: SW-2
OUTLET STREAM: SW-3
PROPERTY OPTION SET: STEAM-TA ASME STEAM TABLE EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 10295.7 10295.7 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 185480. 185480. 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -0.126276E+10 -0.126274E+10 -0.135040E-04

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 0.00000 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 0.00000 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

239
 UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 25.0000
PUMP EFFICIENCY 0.81000
DRIVER EFFICIENCY 0.81000
HYDRAULIC STATIC HEAD FT-LBF/LB 8.00000

FLASH SPECIFICATIONS:
LIQUID PHASE CALCULATION
NO FLASH PERFORMED
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS 30
TOLERANCE 0.000100000

*** RESULTS ***

VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE CUFT/HR 2,985.66
PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 25.0000
NPSH AVAILABLE FT-LBF/LB 87.5189
FLUID POWER HP 5.42847
BRAKE POWER HP 6.70182
ELECTRICITY KW 6.16981
PUMP EFFICIENCY USED 0.81000
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 8.27385
HEAD DEVELOPED FT-LBF/LB 57.9490

BLOCK: P-203 MODEL: PUMP

----------------------------
INLET STREAM: REC-1
OUTLET STREAM: PS-1

240
PROPERTY OPTION SET: STEAM-TA ASME STEAM TABLE EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 114.680 114.680 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 2066.00 2066.00 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -0.140037E+08 -0.140033E+08 -0.283979E-04

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 0.00000 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 0.00000 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 52.0000
PUMP EFFICIENCY 0.81000
DRIVER EFFICIENCY 0.81000

FLASH SPECIFICATIONS:
LIQUID PHASE CALCULATION
NO FLASH PERFORMED
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS 30
TOLERANCE 0.000100000

*** RESULTS ***

VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE CUFT/HR 33.4752
PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 52.0000

241
 NPSH AVAILABLE FT-LBF/LB 59.0516
FLUID POWER HP 0.12660
BRAKE POWER HP 0.15629
ELECTRICITY KW 0.14389
PUMP EFFICIENCY USED 0.81000
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 0.19295
HEAD DEVELOPED FT-LBF/LB 121.327

BW-1 BW-2 PS-1 REC-1 SW-2

-------------------------

STREAM ID BW-1 BW-2 PS-1 REC-1 SW-2

FROM : ---- P-201 P-203 ---- ----
TO : P-201 ---- ---- P-203 P-202

SUBSTREAM: MIXED
PHASE: LIQUID LIQUID LIQUID LIQUID LIQUID
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
WATER 1.3443+04 1.3443+04 114.6804 114.6804 1.0296+04
TOTAL FLOW:
LBMOL/HR 1.3443+04 1.3443+04 114.6804 114.6804 1.0296+04
LB/HR 2.4218+05 2.4218+05 2066.0000 2066.0000 1.8548+05
CUFT/HR 4048.1762 4043.4331 33.4703 33.4752 2985.6609
STATE VARIABLES:
TEMP F 212.0000 212.6674 120.0596 120.0000 90.0000
PRES PSIA 64.6959 484.6959 79.0000 27.0000 35.0000
VFRAC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
LFRAC 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
SFRAC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

242
ENTHALPY:
BTU/LBMOL -1.2045+05 -1.2042+05 -1.2211+05 -1.2211+05 -1.2265+05
BTU/LB -6686.0829 -6684.4790 -6777.9843 -6778.1768 -6808.0526
BTU/HR -1.6192+09 -1.6188+09 -1.4003+07 -1.4004+07 -1.2628+09
ENTROPY:
BTU/LBMOL-R -34.9473 -34.9399 -37.5992 -37.5999 -38.5541
BTU/LB-R -1.9399 -1.9395 -2.0871 -2.0871 -2.1401
DENSITY:
LBMOL/CUFT 3.3208 3.3247 3.4263 3.4258 3.4484
LB/CUFT 59.8245 59.8946 61.7263 61.7174 62.1236
AVG MW 18.0153 18.0153 18.0153 18.0153 18.0153

SW-3 TEMP F 90.0250

---- PRES PSIA 60.0000
VFRAC 0.0
STREAM ID SW-3 LFRAC 1.0000
FROM : P-202 SFRAC 0.0
TO : ---- ENTHALPY:
BTU/LBMOL -1.2265+05
SUBSTREAM: MIXED BTU/LB -6807.9607
PHASE: LIQUID BTU/HR -1.2627+09
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR ENTROPY:
WATER 1.0296+04 BTU/LBMOL-R -38.5538
TOTAL FLOW: BTU/LB-R -2.1401
LBMOL/HR 1.0296+04 DENSITY:
LB/HR 1.8548+05 LBMOL/CUFT 3.4486
CUFT/HR 2985.4456 LB/CUFT 62.1281
STATE VARIABLES: AVG MW 18.0153

243
Section 200: Blower block and streams

BLOCK: B-201 MODEL: COMPR

-----------------------------
INLET STREAM: FU-1
OUTLET STREAM: FU-2
PROPERTY OPTION SET: RK-SOAVE STANDARD RKS EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 358.697 358.697 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 1787.00 1787.00 0.00000
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -746094. -150451. -0.798349

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 14975.0 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 14975.0 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR

*** INPUT DATA ***

ISENTROPIC CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR

PRESSURE CHANGE PSI 40.0000
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY 1.00000
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY 1.00000

244
 *** RESULTS ***

INDICATED HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 234.097

BRAKE HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 234.097
NET WORK REQUIRED HP 234.097
POWER LOSSES HP 0.0
ISENTROPIC HORSEPOWER REQUIREMENT HP 234.097
CALCULATED OUTLET PRES PSIA 54.7000
CALCULATED OUTLET TEMP F 292.893
ISENTROPIC TEMPERATURE F 292.893
EFFICIENCY (POLYTR/ISENTR) USED 1.00000
OUTLET VAPOR FRACTION 1.00000
HEAD DEVELOPED, FT-LBF/LB 259,380.
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY USED 1.00000
INLET HEAT CAPACITY RATIO 1.37987
INLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE , CUFT/HR 138,773.
OUTLET VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE, CUFT/HR 53,056.1
INLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00053
OUTLET COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR 1.00183
AV. ISENT. VOL. EXPONENT 1.36665
AV. ISENT. TEMP EXPONENT 1.36481
AV. ACTUAL VOL. EXPONENT 1.36665
AV. ACTUAL TEMP EXPONENT 1.36481

245
FU-1 SFRAC 0.0
---- ENTHALPY:
BTU/LBMOL -2080.0146
STREAM ID FU-1 BTU/LB -417.5123
FROM : ---- BTU/HR -7.4609+05
TO : B-201 ENTROPY:
BTU/LBMOL-R -1.7497
SUBSTREAM: MIXED BTU/LB-R -0.3512
PHASE: VAPOR DENSITY:
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR LBMOL/CUFT 2.5848-03
HYDROGEN 300.6131 LB/CUFT 1.2877-02
METHANE 37.3377 AVG MW 4.9819
ETHANE 0.0
ETHENE 20.7459 FU-2
PROPANE 0.0 ----
PROPENE 0.0
BUTANE 0.0 STREAM ID FU-2
WATER 0.0 FROM : B-201
TOTAL FLOW: TO : ----
LBMOL/HR 358.6967
LB/HR 1787.0000 SUBSTREAM: MIXED
CUFT/HR 1.3877+05 PHASE: VAPOR
STATE VARIABLES: COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
TEMP F 70.0000 HYDROGEN 300.6131
PRES PSIA 14.7000 METHANE 37.3377
VFRAC 1.0000 ETHANE 0.0
LFRAC 0.0 ETHENE 20.7459

246
PROPANE 0.0 SFRAC 0.0
PROPENE 0.0 ENTHALPY:
BUTANE 0.0 BTU/LBMOL -419.4368
WATER 0.0 BTU/LB -84.1917
TOTAL FLOW: BTU/HR -1.5045+05
LBMOL/HR 358.6967 ENTROPY:
LB/HR 1787.0000 BTU/LBMOL-R -1.7497
CUFT/HR 5.3056+04 BTU/LB-R -0.3512
STATE VARIABLES: DENSITY:
TEMP F 292.8926 LBMOL/CUFT 6.7607-03
PRES PSIA 54.7000 LB/CUFT 3.3681-02
VFRAC 1.0000 AVG MW 4.9819
LFRAC 0.0

247
Section 300: Separations Blocks and Streams

BLOCK: C2-SPLIT MODEL: RADFRAC

-------------------------------
CONFIGURATION JUSTIFICATION
INLETS - C2-FEED STAGE 12
OUTLETS - ETHYLENE STAGE 1
ETHANE STAGE 25
PROPERTY OPTION SET: PENG-ROB STANDARD PR EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 53.4498 53.4498 0.132937E-15
MASS(LB/HR ) 1500.00 1500.00 0.114201E-08
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 682408. 904484. -0.245528

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 180.747 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 180.747 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.306777E-05 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.306777E-05 LB/HR

**********************
**** INPUT DATA ****
**********************

**** INPUT PARAMETERS ****

NUMBER OF STAGES 25
ALGORITHM OPTION STANDARD
ABSORBER OPTION NO
INITIALIZATION OPTION STANDARD
HYDRAULIC PARAMETER CALCULATIONS NO
INSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE METHOD BROYDEN
DESIGN SPECIFICATION METHOD NESTED
MAXIMUM NO. OF OUTSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 70
MAXIMUM NO. OF INSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 10
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FLASH ITERATIONS 30
FLASH TOLERANCE 0.000100000
OUTSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

248
**** COL-SPECS ****

MOLAR VAPOR DIST / TOTAL DIST 1.00000

MASS REFLUX RATIO 10.0000
MASS DISTILLATE RATE LB/HR 1,410.00

**** PROFILES ****

P-SPEC STAGE 1 PRES, PSIA 290.000

*******************
**** RESULTS ****
*******************

*** COMPONENT SPLIT FRACTIONS ***

OUTLET STREAMS
--------------
ETHYLENE ETHANE
COMPONENT:
HYDROGEN 1.0000 0.0000
METHANE 1.0000 .12196E-10
ETHENE .99649 .35118E-02
ETHANE .73807E-01 .92619
PROPENE .51892E-08 1.0000
PROPANE .51391E-09 1.0000

*** SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS ***

TOP STAGE TEMPERATURE F -20.5717

BOTTOM STAGE TEMPERATURE F 17.2805
TOP STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 502.847
BOTTOM STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 3.00479
TOP STAGE VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 50.4450
BOILUP VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 524.493
MOLAR REFLUX RATIO 9.96823
MOLAR BOILUP RATIO 174.552
CONDENSER DUTY (W/O SUBCOOL) BTU/HR -1,968,990.
REBOILER DUTY BTU/HR 2,191,070.

**** MAXIMUM FINAL RELATIVE ERRORS ****

DEW POINT 0.16117E-04 STAGE= 18

BUBBLE POINT 0.19627E-04 STAGE= 16

249
 COMPONENT MASS BALANCE 0.18410E-04 STAGE= 12 COMP=HYDROGEN
ENERGY BALANCE 0.10868E-04 STAGE= 18

**** PROFILES ****

**NOTE** REPORTED VALUES FOR STAGE LIQUID AND VAPOR RATES ARE THE
FLOWS
FROM THE STAGE INCLUDING ANY SIDE PRODUCT.

ENTHALPY
STAGE TEMPERATURE PRESSURE BTU/LBMOL HEAT DUTY
F PSIA LIQUID VAPOR BTU/HR

1 -20.572 290.00 16554. 20210. -.19690+07

2 -19.359 293.00 16513. 20446.
11 -16.354 294.26 11421. 16869.
12 -15.563 294.40 9959.4 15793.
13 -14.288 294.54 7731.8 14157.
14 -12.667 294.68 4822.2 11934.
24 15.980 296.08 -36786. -30548.
25 17.281 296.22 -38271. -32600. .21911+07

STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE

LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 502.8 50.44 50.4449
2 505.3 553.3
11 501.3 552.8
12 559.5 551.7 53.4497
13 557.3 556.5
14 554.3 554.3
24 527.5 524.8
25 3.005 524.5 3.0047

**** MASS FLOW PROFILES ****

STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE

LB/HR LB/HR LB/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 0.1410E+05 1410. 1410.0000
2 0.1418E+05 0.1551E+05
11 0.1416E+05 0.1558E+05
12 0.1583E+05 0.1557E+05 1499.9994
13 0.1581E+05 0.1574E+05
14 0.1578E+05 0.1572E+05

250
24 0.1577E+05 0.1565E+05
25 90.00 0.1568E+05 89.9994

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.52092E-05 0.21799E-02 0.99143 0.63888E-02 0.33805E-16
2 0.64202E-06 0.68702E-03 0.99050 0.88088E-02 0.14279E-15
11 0.50923E-06 0.25772E-03 0.90403 0.95712E-01 0.42671E-10
12 0.51146E-06 0.25792E-03 0.87922 0.12052 0.16660E-09
13 0.17250E-07 0.63516E-04 0.84142 0.15852 0.16885E-09
14 0.58399E-09 0.15597E-04 0.79203 0.20796 0.17190E-09
24 0.16361E-23 0.80908E-11 0.83754E-01 0.91625 0.91450E-08
25 0.59514E-25 0.18292E-11 0.58362E-01 0.94164 0.23602E-07

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE
1 0.38339E-20
2 0.19454E-19
11 0.31625E-13
12 0.14962E-12
13 0.15119E-12
14 0.15331E-12
24 0.70499E-11
25 0.22385E-10

**** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.16229E-03 0.89337E-02 0.98643 0.44697E-02 0.72954E-17
2 0.19531E-04 0.27956E-02 0.99097 0.62138E-02 0.31388E-16
11 0.15270E-04 0.10492E-02 0.92996 0.68978E-01 0.98115E-11
12 0.15301E-04 0.10509E-02 0.91156 0.87370E-01 0.38770E-10
13 0.51422E-06 0.25931E-03 0.88366 0.11608 0.40068E-10
14 0.17344E-07 0.63860E-04 0.84566 0.15427 0.41819E-10
24 0.45442E-22 0.35831E-10 0.11901 0.88099 0.34456E-08
25 0.16451E-23 0.81267E-11 0.83899E-01 0.91610 0.90621E-08

**** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE
1 0.68522E-21
2 0.35468E-20
11 0.60079E-14
12 0.28733E-13
13 0.29561E-13
14 0.30666E-13
24 0.21515E-11
25 0.69621E-11

251
 **** K-VALUES ****
STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 31.155 4.0983 0.99497 0.69961 0.21581
2 30.421 4.0692 1.0005 0.70541 0.21982
11 29.994 4.0719 1.0287 0.72073 0.22991
12 29.927 4.0759 1.0368 0.72501 0.23266
13 29.827 4.0842 1.0502 0.73237 0.23724
14 29.722 4.0965 1.0677 0.74192 0.24318
24 27.785 4.4294 1.4210 0.96152 0.37673
25 27.650 4.4433 1.4376 0.97288 0.38392

**** K-VALUES ****

STAGE PROPANE
1 0.17873
2 0.18232
11 0.18996
12 0.19202
13 0.19548
14 0.19996
24 0.30515
25 0.31099

**** MASS-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.37450E-06 0.12472E-02 0.99190 0.68512E-02 0.50732E-16
2 0.46118E-07 0.39275E-03 0.99017 0.94386E-02 0.21411E-15
11 0.36346E-07 0.14639E-03 0.89795 0.10190 0.63576E-10
12 0.36441E-07 0.14624E-03 0.87177 0.12808 0.24779E-09
13 0.12256E-08 0.35914E-04 0.83196 0.16800 0.25043E-09
14 0.41346E-10 0.87879E-05 0.78037 0.21962 0.25406E-09
24 0.11030E-24 0.43410E-11 0.78580E-01 0.92142 0.12870E-07
25 0.40055E-26 0.97975E-12 0.54663E-01 0.94534 0.33159E-07

**** MASS-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE
1 0.60292E-20
2 0.30569E-19
11 0.49375E-13
12 0.23318E-12
13 0.23498E-12
14 0.23744E-12
24 0.10397E-10
25 0.32955E-10

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

252
STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.11705E-04 0.51276E-02 0.99005 0.48084E-02 0.10983E-16
2 0.14045E-05 0.15999E-02 0.99173 0.66655E-02 0.47119E-16
11 0.10924E-05 0.59733E-03 0.92580 0.73603E-01 0.14651E-10
12 0.10931E-05 0.59752E-03 0.90629 0.93107E-01 0.57818E-10
13 0.36649E-07 0.14708E-03 0.87644 0.12341 0.59611E-10
14 0.12326E-08 0.36119E-04 0.83641 0.16355 0.62042E-10
24 0.30709E-23 0.19271E-10 0.11193 0.88807 0.48607E-08
25 0.11091E-24 0.43603E-11 0.78717E-01 0.92128 0.12754E-07

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE
1 0.10810E-20
2 0.55794E-20
11 0.94014E-14
12 0.44904E-13
13 0.46086E-13
14 0.47675E-13
24 0.31806E-11
25 0.10267E-10

********************************
***** HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS *****
********************************

*** DEFINITIONS ***

MARANGONI INDEX = SIGMA - SIGMATO

FLOW PARAM = (ML/MV)*SQRT(RHOV/RHOL)
QR = QV*SQRT(RHOV/(RHOL-RHOV))
F FACTOR = QV*SQRT(RHOV)
WHERE:
SIGMA IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
SIGMATO IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID TO THE STAGE
ML IS THE MASS FLOW OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
MV IS THE MASS FLOW OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
RHOL IS THE MASS DENSITY OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
RHOV IS THE MASS DENSITY OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
QV IS THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE

TEMPERATURE

253
 F
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO
1 -20.572 -19.359
2 -19.359 -19.135
11 -16.354 -15.563
12 -15.563 -14.288
13 -14.288 -12.667
14 -12.667 -10.589
24 15.980 17.281
25 17.281 17.281

MASS FLOW VOLUME FLOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT

LB/HR CUFT/HR
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
VAPOR TO
1 14100. 15510. 515.12 6453.2 28.040 28.032
2 14180. 15590. 519.40 6479.5 28.063 28.053
11 14158. 15568. 520.00 6453.0 28.244 28.217
12 15830. 15740. 581.78 6523.4 28.294 28.285
13 15812. 15722. 581.74 6518.4 28.373 28.364
14 15784. 15694. 581.57 6511.3 28.473 28.465
24 15773. 15683. 604.19 6483.1 29.901 29.901
25 89.999 0.0000 3.4553 0.0000 29.952

DENSITY VISCOSITY SURFACE TENSION

LB/CUFT CP DYNE/CM
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
1 27.372 2.4035 0.64998E-01 0.93924E-02 7.6060
2 27.302 2.4061 0.64853E-01 0.93953E-02 7.5444
11 27.228 2.4126 0.65274E-01 0.94164E-02 7.4496
12 27.210 2.4129 0.65393E-01 0.94217E-02 7.4039
13 27.180 2.4119 0.65582E-01 0.94273E-02 7.3713
14 27.140 2.4102 0.65798E-01 0.94336E-02 7.2227
24 26.105 2.4190 0.64439E-01 0.94710E-02 6.0712
25 26.047 0.64137E-01 6.0187

MARANGONI INDEX FLOW PARAM QR REDUCED F-FACTOR

STAGE DYNE/CM CUFT/HR (LB-CUFT)**.5/HR
1 0.26938 2002.1 10004.
2 -.61637E-01 0.27002 2014.4 10051.
11 -.19261E-01 0.27071 2012.1 10023.
12 -.15918 0.29949 2034.9 10133.
13 -.32547E-01 0.29960 2034.1 10123.

254
14 -.14864 0.29971 2032.8 10109.
24 -.70344E-01 0.30615 2071.8 10083.
25 -.52559E-01 0.0000 0.0000

************************************
***** TRAY SIZING CALCULATIONS *****
************************************

*******************
*** SECTION 1 ***
*******************

STARTING STAGE NUMBER 2

ENDING STAGE NUMBER 24
FLOODING CALCULATION METHOD GLITSCH6

DESIGN PARAMETERS
-----------------
PEAK CAPACITY FACTOR 1.00000
SYSTEM FOAMING FACTOR 1.00000
FLOODING FACTOR 0.80000
MINIMUM COLUMN DIAMETER FT 1.00000
MINIMUM DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.100000
HOLE AREA/ACTIVE AREA 0.100000
DOWNCOMER DESIGN BASIS EQUAL FLOW PATH LENGTH

TRAY SPECIFICATIONS
-------------------
TRAY TYPE SIEVE
NUMBER OF PASSES 1
TRAY SPACING FT 1.50000

***** SIZING RESULTS @ STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER *****

STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER 24

COLUMN DIAMETER FT 2.06458
DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.18162
DOWNCOMER VELOCITY FT/SEC 0.27603
FLOW PATH LENGTH PER PANEL FT 1.08472
SIDE DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.48993
SIDE WEIR LENGTH FT 1.75667

255
 CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
CENTER WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
OFF-CENTER SHORT WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER LONG WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
TRAY CENTER TO OCDC CENTER FT 0.0

**** SIZING PROFILES ****

STAGE DIAMETER TOTAL AREA ACTIVE AREA SIDE DC AREA

FT SQFT SQFT SQFT
2 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
3 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
4 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
5 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
6 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
7 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
8 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
9 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
10 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
11 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
12 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
13 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
14 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
15 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
16 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
17 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
18 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
19 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
20 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
21 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
22 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
23 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802
24 2.0646 3.3478 2.1317 0.60802

**** ADDITIONAL SIZING PROFILES ****

FLOODING DC BACKUP/
STAGE FACTOR PRES. DROP DC BACKUP (TSPC+WHT)
PSI FT
2 76.71 0.7567E-01 0.7804 48.03
3 76.74 0.7569E-01 0.7809 48.06
4 76.74 0.7569E-01 0.7811 48.07
5 76.74 0.7569E-01 0.7812 48.07

256
6 76.74 0.7568E-01 0.7813 48.08
7 76.73 0.7566E-01 0.7814 48.08
8 76.71 0.7564E-01 0.7814 48.09
9 76.70 0.7561E-01 0.7815 48.09
10 76.68 0.7557E-01 0.7815 48.09
11 76.65 0.7551E-01 0.7815 48.09
12 78.38 0.7674E-01 0.8249 50.77
13 78.35 0.7665E-01 0.8253 50.79
14 78.30 0.7649E-01 0.8254 50.79
15 78.25 0.7631E-01 0.8260 50.83
16 78.22 0.7611E-01 0.8273 50.91
17 78.24 0.7590E-01 0.8297 51.06
18 78.33 0.7572E-01 0.8335 51.30
19 78.52 0.7559E-01 0.8389 51.62
20 78.79 0.7552E-01 0.8454 52.03
21 79.12 0.7550E-01 0.8524 52.46
22 79.44 0.7553E-01 0.8593 52.88
23 79.75 0.7558E-01 0.8653 53.25
24 80.00 0.7563E-01 0.8704 53.56

HEIGHT DC REL TR LIQ REL FRA APPR TO

STAGE OVER WEIR FROTH DENS FROTH DENS SYS LIMIT
FT
2 0.2752 0.5041 0.2460 46.88
3 0.2755 0.5039 0.2460 46.90
4 0.2756 0.5039 0.2460 46.91
5 0.2756 0.5038 0.2461 46.92
6 0.2755 0.5037 0.2461 46.92
7 0.2755 0.5036 0.2462 46.93
8 0.2754 0.5035 0.2462 46.93
9 0.2753 0.5033 0.2463 46.94
10 0.2751 0.5032 0.2464 46.95
11 0.2749 0.5030 0.2465 46.96
12 0.3364 0.5028 0.2446 47.66
13 0.3354 0.5024 0.2448 47.68
14 0.3338 0.5019 0.2450 47.88
15 0.3322 0.5012 0.2453 47.97
16 0.3313 0.5002 0.2456 48.11
17 0.3315 0.4990 0.2460 48.30
18 0.3336 0.4974 0.2462 48.57
19 0.3391 0.4957 0.2463 48.91
20 0.3519 0.4938 0.2463 49.30
21 0.3536 0.4920 0.2461 49.71
22 0.3553 0.4904 0.2459 50.10
23 0.3569 0.4890 0.2457 50.44
24 0.3582 0.4880 0.2454 50.72

257
BLOCK: DEETH MODEL: RADFRAC
-------------------------------
CONFIGURATION NOTES
INLETS - C2H4-REC STAGE 20
OUTLETS - H2-CH4-2 STAGE 1
DE-BOT STAGE 32
C2-OUT STAGE 6
PROPERTY OPTION SET: PENG-ROB STANDARD PR EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 73.3744 73.3744 0.387352E-15
MASS(LB/HR ) 2097.60 2097.60 0.386560E-07
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 258065. 403615. -0.360615

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 2281.18 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 2281.14 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION -0.421563E-01 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION -0.421563E-01 LB/HR

**********************
**** INPUT DATA ****
**********************

**** INPUT PARAMETERS ****

NUMBER OF STAGES 32
ALGORITHM OPTION STANDARD
ABSORBER OPTION NO
INITIALIZATION OPTION STANDARD
HYDRAULIC PARAMETER CALCULATIONS NO
INSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE METHOD BROYDEN
DESIGN SPECIFICATION METHOD NESTED
MAXIMUM NO. OF OUTSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 70
MAXIMUM NO. OF INSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 10
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FLASH ITERATIONS 30
FLASH TOLERANCE 0.000100000
OUTSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

**** COL-SPECS ****

258
MOLAR VAPOR DIST / TOTAL DIST 1.00000
MASS REFLUX RATIO 25.0000
MASS DISTILLATE RATE LB/HR 120.000

**** PROFILES ****

P-SPEC STAGE 1 PRES, PSIA 200.000

*******************
**** RESULTS ****
*******************

*** COMPONENT SPLIT FRACTIONS ***

OUTLET STREAMS
--------------
H2-CH4-2 DE-BOT C2-OUT
COMPONENT:
HYDROGEN .99372 0.0000 .62819E-02
METHANE .92076 .67575E-11 .79235E-01
ETHENE .23133E-01 .20315E-02 .97484
ETHANE .72976E-03 .49190 .50737
PROPENE .11939E-14 1.0000 .79918E-08
PROPANE 0.0000 1.0000 .30339E-09
BUTANE 0.0000 1.0000 .46527E-13

*** SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS ***

TOP STAGE TEMPERATURE F -129.792

BOTTOM STAGE TEMPERATURE F 57.4754
TOP STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 120.520
BOTTOM STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 12.2031
TOP STAGE VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 7.72145
BOILUP VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 129.144
MOLAR REFLUX RATIO 15.6084
MOLAR BOILUP RATIO 10.5829
CONDENSER DUTY (W/O SUBCOOL) BTU/HR -603,649.
REBOILER DUTY BTU/HR 749,187.

**** MAXIMUM FINAL RELATIVE ERRORS ****

DEW POINT 0.34770E-04 STAGE= 1

BUBBLE POINT 0.11244E-03 STAGE= 1

259
 COMPONENT MASS BALANCE 0.33906E-04 STAGE= 1 COMP=HYDROGEN
ENERGY BALANCE 0.17310E-03 STAGE= 1

**** PROFILES ****

**NOTE** REPORTED VALUES FOR STAGE LIQUID AND VAPOR RATES ARE THE
FLOWS
FROM THE STAGE INCLUDING ANY SIDE PRODUCT.

ENTHALPY
STAGE TEMPERATURE PRESSURE BTU/LBMOL HEAT DUTY
F PSIA LIQUID VAPOR BTU/HR

1 -129.79 200.00 1369.1 -20170. -.60365+06

2 -63.032 203.00 12523. 4781.8
5 -44.805 203.42 13805. 16820.
6 -44.162 203.56 12709. 16185.
7 -43.356 203.70 11095. 15153.
18 -38.984 205.24 3806.7 10232.
19 -37.940 205.38 3639.1 10142.
20 -34.323 205.52 3485.3 10268.
21 -29.695 205.66 362.63 9156.3
22 -26.598 205.80 -3897.0 5792.0
23 -23.249 205.94 -8952.0 1242.1
31 33.509 207.06 -18233. -22321.
32 57.475 207.20 -9828.5 -13226. .74919+06

STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE

LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 120.5 7.721 7.7214
2 131.5 128.2
5 135.6 143.4
6 135.4 143.4 53.4497
7 81.69 143.1
18 80.01 141.6
19 78.73 141.2 1.4150
20 173.0 138.5 71.9593
21 173.1 160.8
22 172.1 160.9
23 170.8 159.9
31 141.3 137.6
32 12.20 129.1 12.2031

**** MASS FLOW PROFILES ****

260
STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE
LB/HR LB/HR LB/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 3000. 120.0 120.0022
2 3597. 3120.
5 3801. 3916.
6 3799. 3921. 1499.9994
7 2297. 3919.
18 2277. 3904.
19 2256. 3897. 12.0557
20 5063. 3864. 2085.5432
21 5104. 4586.
22 5105. 4626.
23 5101. 4628.
31 5156. 4582.
32 477.6 4679. 477.5973

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.18494E-02 0.26007 0.73278 0.52968E-02 0.94921E-13
2 0.17643E-03 0.59178E-01 0.93003 0.10614E-01 0.87003E-12
5 0.15267E-03 0.86938E-02 0.95281 0.38340E-01 0.21962E-09
6 0.15317E-03 0.84315E-02 0.93426 0.57155E-01 0.13268E-08
7 0.15391E-03 0.83886E-02 0.90692 0.84541E-01 0.78931E-08
18 0.15802E-03 0.83840E-02 0.77876 0.20620 0.63980E-02
19 0.15743E-03 0.83051E-02 0.76561 0.20478 0.20727E-01
20 0.46952E-04 0.77543E-02 0.73220 0.19475 0.63477E-01
21 0.86232E-06 0.14602E-02 0.67844 0.25383 0.64483E-01
22 0.15992E-07 0.27228E-03 0.60499 0.32687 0.66053E-01
23 0.29923E-09 0.50226E-04 0.51771 0.41237 0.68009E-01
31 0.55309E-23 0.27057E-10 0.21419E-01 0.44446 0.52151
32 0.10876E-24 0.31495E-11 0.85277E-02 0.24270 0.72719

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.28253E-16 0.76968E-22
2 0.33175E-15 0.14779E-20
5 0.16584E-12 0.29287E-17
6 0.12584E-11 0.36274E-16
7 0.94174E-11 0.45713E-15
18 0.96714E-04 0.40130E-05
19 0.39515E-03 0.32460E-04
20 0.15129E-02 0.25884E-03
21 0.15298E-02 0.25855E-03
22 0.15587E-02 0.25982E-03

261
 23 0.15945E-02 0.26162E-03
31 0.11718E-01 0.89081E-03
32 0.18167E-01 0.34148E-02

**** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.16772 0.67824 0.15347 0.56905E-03 0.13721E-14
2 0.11837E-01 0.28525 0.69790 0.50121E-02 0.89289E-13
5 0.91759E-02 0.46111E-01 0.92051 0.24204E-01 0.33975E-10
6 0.91783E-02 0.44756E-01 0.90976 0.36306E-01 0.20780E-09
7 0.91949E-02 0.44572E-01 0.89213 0.54101E-01 0.12552E-08
18 0.92912E-02 0.44932E-01 0.80706 0.13760 0.11022E-02
19 0.93213E-02 0.45040E-01 0.80343 0.13852 0.36257E-02
20 0.28192E-02 0.43632E-01 0.80311 0.13843 0.11771E-01
21 0.50517E-04 0.83429E-02 0.78713 0.19111 0.13094E-01
22 0.92773E-06 0.15710E-02 0.72925 0.25468 0.14218E-01
23 0.17213E-07 0.29307E-03 0.65052 0.33329 0.15585E-01
31 0.31760E-21 0.22472E-09 0.47197E-01 0.67667 0.27080
32 0.60433E-23 0.29317E-10 0.22638E-01 0.46352 0.50208

**** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.28157E-18 0.33159E-24
2 0.26568E-16 0.72353E-22
5 0.20447E-13 0.22599E-18
6 0.15691E-12 0.27709E-17
7 0.11905E-11 0.34317E-16
18 0.13176E-04 0.28174E-06
19 0.54808E-04 0.22741E-05
20 0.22442E-03 0.18439E-04
21 0.24861E-03 0.19261E-04
22 0.26790E-03 0.19153E-04
23 0.29093E-03 0.18983E-04
31 0.52196E-02 0.11705E-03
32 0.11108E-01 0.65230E-03

**** K-VALUES ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 90.721 2.6082 0.20941 0.10743 0.14451E-01
2 67.086 4.8201 0.75041 0.47223 0.10263
5 60.103 5.3039 0.96610 0.63128 0.15469
6 59.922 5.3082 0.97377 0.63522 0.15661
7 59.742 5.3135 0.98370 0.63995 0.15903
18 58.797 5.3593 1.0363 0.66730 0.17227
19 59.210 5.4232 1.0494 0.67646 0.17493
20 60.045 5.6269 1.0968 0.71079 0.18543

262
 21 58.582 5.7135 1.1602 0.75292 0.20306
22 58.012 5.7697 1.2054 0.77914 0.21526
23 57.523 5.8349 1.2565 0.80823 0.22916
31 57.427 8.3057 2.2035 1.5225 0.51926
32 55.570 9.3084 2.6546 1.9098 0.69044

**** K-VALUES ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.99639E-02 0.43083E-02
2 0.80090E-01 0.48958E-01
5 0.12329 0.77163E-01
6 0.12469 0.76389E-01
7 0.12641 0.75071E-01
18 0.13623 0.70207E-01
19 0.13870 0.70060E-01
20 0.14834 0.71239E-01
21 0.16251 0.74498E-01
22 0.17187 0.73717E-01
23 0.18246 0.72560E-01
31 0.44543 0.13139
32 0.61146 0.19102

**** MASS-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.14977E-03 0.16761 0.82584 0.63984E-02 0.16046E-12
2 0.13000E-04 0.34700E-01 0.95362 0.11665E-01 0.13382E-11
5 0.10983E-04 0.49771E-02 0.95387 0.41141E-01 0.32980E-09
6 0.11003E-04 0.48199E-02 0.93393 0.61240E-01 0.19895E-08
7 0.11034E-04 0.47859E-02 0.90480 0.90404E-01 0.11812E-07
18 0.11195E-04 0.47267E-02 0.76775 0.21789 0.94614E-02
19 0.11073E-04 0.46488E-02 0.74939 0.21484 0.30432E-01
20 0.32332E-05 0.42494E-02 0.70166 0.20004 0.91246E-01
21 0.58957E-07 0.79451E-03 0.64551 0.25887 0.92030E-01
22 0.10866E-08 0.14723E-03 0.57206 0.33128 0.93686E-01
23 0.20193E-10 0.26974E-04 0.48620 0.41510 0.95804E-01
31 0.30564E-24 0.11899E-10 0.16472E-01 0.36636 0.60158
32 0.56018E-26 0.12910E-11 0.61127E-02 0.18647 0.78187

**** MASS-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.50049E-16 0.17972E-21
2 0.53469E-15 0.31398E-20
5 0.26097E-12 0.60745E-17
6 0.19773E-11 0.75128E-16
7 0.14768E-10 0.94489E-15
18 0.14987E-03 0.81968E-05

263
19 0.60796E-03 0.65829E-04
20 0.22789E-02 0.51391E-03
21 0.22879E-02 0.50968E-03
22 0.23167E-02 0.50901E-03
23 0.23538E-02 0.50905E-03
31 0.14165E-01 0.14193E-02
32 0.20469E-01 0.50714E-02

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.21756E-01 0.70012 0.27703 0.11010E-02 0.37151E-14
2 0.98080E-03 0.18809 0.80473 0.61946E-02 0.15443E-12
5 0.67732E-03 0.27087E-01 0.94559 0.26649E-01 0.52350E-10
6 0.67649E-03 0.26252E-01 0.93316 0.39915E-01 0.31971E-09
7 0.67678E-03 0.26109E-01 0.91382 0.59398E-01 0.19286E-08
18 0.67948E-03 0.26150E-01 0.82137 0.15010 0.16826E-02
19 0.68080E-03 0.26179E-01 0.81661 0.15091 0.55278E-02
20 0.20367E-03 0.25085E-01 0.80740 0.14917 0.17750E-01
21 0.35700E-05 0.46920E-02 0.77411 0.20146 0.19316E-01
22 0.65044E-07 0.87654E-03 0.71152 0.26634 0.20809E-01
23 0.11987E-08 0.16243E-03 0.63047 0.34623 0.22657E-01
31 0.19224E-22 0.10825E-09 0.39757E-01 0.61096 0.34217
32 0.33627E-24 0.12982E-10 0.17530E-01 0.38472 0.58318

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.79891E-18 0.12401E-23
2 0.48154E-16 0.17285E-21
5 0.33015E-13 0.48097E-18
6 0.25298E-12 0.58886E-17
7 0.19168E-11 0.72828E-16
18 0.21077E-04 0.59406E-06
19 0.87562E-04 0.47890E-05
20 0.35464E-03 0.38408E-04
21 0.38431E-03 0.39246E-04
22 0.41087E-03 0.38718E-04
23 0.44321E-03 0.38118E-04
31 0.69111E-02 0.20428E-03
32 0.13521E-01 0.10465E-02

********************************
***** HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS *****
********************************

264
 *** DEFINITIONS ***

MARANGONI INDEX = SIGMA - SIGMATO

FLOW PARAM = (ML/MV)*SQRT(RHOV/RHOL)
QR = QV*SQRT(RHOV/(RHOL-RHOV))
F FACTOR = QV*SQRT(RHOV)
WHERE:
SIGMA IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
SIGMATO IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID TO THE STAGE
ML IS THE MASS FLOW OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
MV IS THE MASS FLOW OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
RHOL IS THE MASS DENSITY OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
RHOV IS THE MASS DENSITY OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
QV IS THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE

TEMPERATURE
F
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO
1 -129.79 -63.032
2 -63.032 -48.675
5 -44.805 -44.162
6 -44.162 -43.356
7 -43.356 -42.655
18 -38.984 -37.940
19 -37.940 -35.319
20 -34.323 -29.695
21 -29.695 -26.598
22 -26.598 -23.249
23 -23.249 -19.471
31 33.509 57.475
32 57.475 57.475

MASS FLOW VOLUME FLOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT

LB/HR CUFT/HR
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
VAPOR TO
1 3000.0 3120.0 97.286 2208.6 24.893 24.330
2 3597.1 3717.1 121.42 2425.8 27.360 26.704
5 3801.1 3921.1 130.48 2504.2 28.023 27.350
6 3799.5 3919.5 130.50 2502.9 28.064 27.388
7 2297.0 3916.9 78.956 2501.0 28.119 27.419
18 2276.6 3896.6 78.451 2483.1 28.456 27.601

265
 19 2256.4 3876.4 77.431 2483.3 28.661 27.709
20 5063.4 4585.8 171.84 2861.1 29.274 28.526
21 5103.8 4626.2 174.10 2879.1 29.485 28.753
22 5105.1 4627.5 174.73 2879.7 29.669 28.946
23 5101.5 4623.8 175.27 2877.6 29.872 29.159
31 5156.3 4678.7 169.37 2747.3 36.480 36.229
32 477.60 0.0000 15.496 0.0000 39.137

DENSITY VISCOSITY SURFACE TENSION

LB/CUFT CP DYNE/CM
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
1 30.837 1.4127 0.86819E-01 0.83766E-02 13.439
2 29.626 1.5323 0.73398E-01 0.85167E-02 9.8717
5 29.132 1.5658 0.74237E-01 0.85563E-02 8.9424
6 29.114 1.5660 0.74374E-01 0.85610E-02 8.9190
7 29.092 1.5662 0.74569E-01 0.85651E-02 8.8919
18 29.020 1.5693 0.75457E-01 0.86095E-02 8.7241
19 29.141 1.5610 0.75895E-01 0.86442E-02 8.7409
20 29.466 1.6028 0.77036E-01 0.86899E-02 8.7934
21 29.315 1.6068 0.77462E-01 0.87026E-02 8.6017
22 29.217 1.6069 0.77873E-01 0.87130E-02 8.4923
23 29.106 1.6068 0.78232E-01 0.87224E-02 8.3794
31 30.444 1.7030 0.79582E-01 0.93477E-02 7.7081
32 30.821 0.77233E-01 7.3778

MARANGONI INDEX FLOW PARAM QR REDUCED F-FACTOR

STAGE DYNE/CM CUFT/HR (LB-CUFT)**.5/HR
1 0.20580 483.93 2625.1
2 -3.5673 0.22008 566.54 3002.8
5 -.39396E-01 0.22474 596.82 3133.5
6 -.23420E-01 0.22482 596.74 3132.1
7 -.27114E-01 0.13606 596.57 3129.9
18 0.55426E-02 0.13586 593.70 3110.6
19 0.16845E-01 0.13472 590.78 3102.6
20 -2.5151 0.25752 686.21 3622.2
21 -.19177 0.25829 693.33 3649.6
22 -.10940 0.25873 694.73 3650.5
23 -.11288 0.25923 695.60 3647.7
31 -.47288E-01 0.26066 668.74 3585.2
32 -.33030 0.0000 0.0000

266
 ************************************
***** TRAY SIZING CALCULATIONS *****
************************************

*******************
*** SECTION 1 ***
*******************

STARTING STAGE NUMBER 2

ENDING STAGE NUMBER 31
FLOODING CALCULATION METHOD GLITSCH6

DESIGN PARAMETERS
-----------------
PEAK CAPACITY FACTOR 1.00000
SYSTEM FOAMING FACTOR 1.00000
FLOODING FACTOR 0.80000
MINIMUM COLUMN DIAMETER FT 1.00000
MINIMUM DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.100000
HOLE AREA/ACTIVE AREA 0.100000
DOWNCOMER DESIGN BASIS EQUAL FLOW PATH LENGTH

TRAY SPECIFICATIONS
-------------------
TRAY TYPE SIEVE
NUMBER OF PASSES 1
TRAY SPACING FT 1.50000

***** SIZING RESULTS @ STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER *****

STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER 27

COLUMN DIAMETER FT 1.12949
DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.16808
DOWNCOMER VELOCITY FT/SEC 0.29475
FLOW PATH LENGTH PER PANEL FT 0.62194
SIDE DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.25378
SIDE WEIR LENGTH FT 0.94284
CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
CENTER WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
OFF-CENTER SHORT WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER LONG WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
TRAY CENTER TO OCDC CENTER FT 0.0

267
 **** SIZING PROFILES ****

STAGE DIAMETER TOTAL AREA ACTIVE AREA SIDE DC AREA

FT SQFT SQFT SQFT
2 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
3 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
4 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
5 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
6 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
7 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
8 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
9 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
10 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
11 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
12 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
13 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
14 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
15 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
16 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
17 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
18 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
19 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
20 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
21 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
22 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
23 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
24 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
25 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
26 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
27 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
28 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
29 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
30 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841
31 1.1295 1.0020 0.66515 0.16841

**** ADDITIONAL SIZING PROFILES ****

FLOODING DC BACKUP/
STAGE FACTOR PRES. DROP DC BACKUP (TSPC+WHT)
PSI FT
2 63.72 0.6280E-01 0.5562 34.23
3 66.58 0.6483E-01 0.5823 35.83
4 67.17 0.6523E-01 0.5879 36.18
5 67.26 0.6528E-01 0.5890 36.24

268
6 67.26 0.6524E-01 0.5891 36.25
7 65.82 0.6369E-01 0.5491 33.79
8 65.80 0.6364E-01 0.5491 33.79
9 65.79 0.6359E-01 0.5492 33.79
10 65.77 0.6355E-01 0.5492 33.80
11 65.76 0.6352E-01 0.5492 33.80
12 65.75 0.6349E-01 0.5493 33.80
13 65.73 0.6347E-01 0.5493 33.80
14 65.72 0.6344E-01 0.5493 33.80
15 65.71 0.6343E-01 0.5492 33.80
16 65.69 0.6340E-01 0.5491 33.79
17 65.64 0.6337E-01 0.5486 33.76
18 65.51 0.6328E-01 0.5471 33.67
19 65.15 0.6309E-01 0.5429 33.41
20 78.02 0.7683E-01 0.6921 42.59
21 78.85 0.7741E-01 0.7024 43.22
22 79.02 0.7736E-01 0.7055 43.41
23 79.13 0.7722E-01 0.7082 43.58
24 79.30 0.7711E-01 0.7118 43.80
25 79.55 0.7706E-01 0.7164 44.09
26 79.83 0.7706E-01 0.7213 44.39
27 80.00 0.7706E-01 0.7243 44.57
28 79.81 0.7692E-01 0.7216 44.40
29 78.85 0.7652E-01 0.7069 43.50
30 77.12 0.7623E-01 0.6795 41.81
31 76.31 0.7744E-01 0.6606 40.65

HEIGHT DC REL TR LIQ REL FRA APPR TO

STAGE OVER WEIR FROTH DENS FROTH DENS SYS LIMIT
FT
2 0.1826 0.5426 0.2539 39.67
3 0.1930 0.5382 0.2475 42.19
4 0.1952 0.5371 0.2463 42.71
5 0.1956 0.5368 0.2462 42.81
6 0.1955 0.5366 0.2463 42.83
7 0.1090 0.5364 0.2464 42.63
8 0.1090 0.5361 0.2465 42.67
9 0.1089 0.5359 0.2466 42.69
10 0.1088 0.5357 0.2467 42.70
11 0.1088 0.5356 0.2468 42.71
12 0.1088 0.5354 0.2469 42.72
13 0.1088 0.5353 0.2469 42.72
14 0.1087 0.5352 0.2470 42.73
15 0.1087 0.5351 0.2471 42.73
16 0.1087 0.5351 0.2472 42.72
17 0.1085 0.5351 0.2473 42.69

269
18 0.1080 0.5355 0.2475 42.61
19 0.1066 0.5370 0.2479 42.39
20 0.2515 0.5401 0.2223 49.82
21 0.2546 0.5384 0.2212 50.59
22 0.2552 0.5373 0.2211 50.83
23 0.2556 0.5361 0.2212 51.04
24 0.2563 0.5346 0.2213 51.33
25 0.2573 0.5330 0.2213 51.67
26 0.2584 0.5314 0.2211 52.03
27 0.2591 0.5305 0.2211 52.31
28 0.2584 0.5309 0.2213 52.34
29 0.2549 0.5343 0.2223 51.85
30 0.2492 0.5416 0.2239 50.90
31 0.2479 0.5492 0.2239 50.71

BLOCK: DEMETH MODEL: RADFRAC

-------------------------------
INLETS - SEP-FEED STAGE 4
OUTLETS - H2-CH4-1 STAGE 1
C2H4-REC STAGE 1
DM-BOT STAGE 12
PROPERTY OPTION SET: PENG-ROB STANDARD PR EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE
MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 455.421 455.421 0.00000
MASS(LB/HR ) 5164.04 5164.04 0.399150E-06
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) 162107. -0.123700E+07 1.13105

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 15164.8 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 15164.8 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.199291E-02 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.199291E-02 LB/HR

**********************
**** INPUT DATA ****
**********************

**** INPUT PARAMETERS ****

NUMBER OF STAGES 12

270
ALGORITHM OPTION STANDARD
ABSORBER OPTION NO
INITIALIZATION OPTION STANDARD
HYDRAULIC PARAMETER CALCULATIONS NO
INSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE METHOD BROYDEN
DESIGN SPECIFICATION METHOD NESTED
MAXIMUM NO. OF OUTSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 70
MAXIMUM NO. OF INSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 10
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FLASH ITERATIONS 30
FLASH TOLERANCE 0.000100000
OUTSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

**** COL-SPECS ****

MASS VAPOR DIST / TOTAL DIST 0.44800

MASS REFLUX RATIO 5.00000
MASS DISTILLATE RATE LB/HR 3,800.00

**** PROFILES ****

P-SPEC STAGE 1 PRES, PSIA 550.000

*******************
**** RESULTS ****
*******************

*** COMPONENT SPLIT FRACTIONS ***

OUTLET STREAMS
--------------
H2-CH4-1 C2H4-REC DM-BOT
COMPONENT:
HYDROGEN .99567 .43312E-02 .39198E-09
METHANE .84957 .15043 .16161E-05
ETHENE .27236 .72617 .14681E-02
ETHANE .16177 .82800 .10235E-01
PROPENE .66451E-02 .29018 .70318
PROPANE .31042E-02 .18771 .80918
BUTANE .37777E-04 .58465E-02 .99412

*** SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS ***

TOP STAGE TEMPERATURE F -131.217

BOTTOM STAGE TEMPERATURE F 205.243

271
 TOP STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 664.623
BOTTOM STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 29.7236
TOP STAGE VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 352.323
BOILUP VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 1,185.29
MOLAR REFLUX RATIO 1.56126
MOLAR BOILUP RATIO 39.8771
CONDENSER DUTY (W/O SUBCOOL) BTU/HR -5,002,050.
REBOILER DUTY BTU/HR 3,602,910.

**** MAXIMUM FINAL RELATIVE ERRORS ****

DEW POINT 0.13723E-03 STAGE= 11

BUBBLE POINT 0.13838E-03 STAGE= 11
COMPONENT MASS BALANCE 0.77778E-06 STAGE= 3 COMP=BUTANE
ENERGY BALANCE 0.67885E-04 STAGE= 7

**** PROFILES ****

**NOTE** REPORTED VALUES FOR STAGE LIQUID AND VAPOR RATES ARE THE
FLOWS
FROM THE STAGE INCLUDING ANY SIDE PRODUCT.

ENTHALPY
STAGE TEMPERATURE PRESSURE BTU/LBMOL HEAT DUTY
F PSIA LIQUID VAPOR BTU/HR

1 -131.22 550.00 3517.1 -3337.9 -.50021+07

2 19.170 553.00 4442.4 5889.6
3 63.974 553.14 1867.5 6179.8
4 131.01 553.28 2558.4 7481.3
8 177.91 553.84 -10.598 4305.6
9 183.46 553.98 -1520.6 3210.9
10 189.39 554.12 -3712.9 1659.8
11 196.50 554.26 -6757.1 -551.07
12 205.24 554.40 -10733. -3617.2 .36029+07

STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE

LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 738.0 352.3 73.3743 352.3234
2 836.8 1090.
3 738.2 1262. 455.4214
4 1015. 708.5
8 1247. 1196.
9 1249. 1217.

272
10 1235. 1219.
11 1215. 1205.
12 29.72 1185. 29.7236

**** MASS FLOW PROFILES ****

STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE

LB/HR LB/HR LB/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 0.2110E+05 1702. 2097.5990 1702.3991
2 0.2725E+05 0.2280E+05
3 0.2687E+05 0.3105E+05 5164.0430
4 0.3945E+05 0.2551E+05
8 0.5299E+05 0.5002E+05
9 0.5384E+05 0.5163E+05
10 0.5415E+05 0.5247E+05
11 0.5437E+05 0.5279E+05
12 1364. 0.5301E+05 1364.0427

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.17762E-01 0.77517E-01 0.69813 0.82060E-01 0.12094
2 0.14586E-01 0.24924E-01 0.52519 0.83510E-01 0.33813
3 0.14159E-01 0.12233E-01 0.31025 0.62028E-01 0.56654
4 0.18450E-02 0.41093E-02 0.19965 0.47406E-01 0.70580
8 0.19803E-05 0.83137E-04 0.29240E-01 0.12011E-01 0.86847
9 0.40799E-06 0.32928E-04 0.17737E-01 0.83080E-02 0.85768
10 0.85678E-07 0.13082E-04 0.10575E-01 0.56728E-02 0.83048
11 0.18282E-07 0.51938E-05 0.61585E-02 0.38082E-02 0.78585
12 0.39682E-08 0.20558E-05 0.34842E-02 0.25040E-02 0.72347

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.30215E-02 0.56793E-03
2 0.96815E-02 0.39840E-02
3 0.17905E-01 0.16881E-01
4 0.23179E-01 0.18011E-01
8 0.33236E-01 0.56956E-01
9 0.34061E-01 0.82186E-01
10 0.34231E-01 0.11903
11 0.33631E-01 0.17055
12 0.32152E-01 0.23839

**** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.85037 0.91175E-01 0.54531E-01 0.33389E-02 0.57679E-03

273
 2 0.28681 0.81930E-01 0.49016 0.56622E-01 0.82048E-01
3 0.24802 0.46470E-01 0.40389 0.61052E-01 0.23130
4 0.14753E-01 0.12746E-01 0.32312 0.64525E-01 0.55996
8 0.10145E-04 0.21713E-03 0.48772E-01 0.17561E-01 0.86637
9 0.20286E-05 0.85117E-04 0.29869E-01 0.12243E-01 0.87201
10 0.41785E-06 0.33681E-04 0.18084E-01 0.84496E-02 0.86095
11 0.87693E-07 0.13354E-04 0.10750E-01 0.57509E-02 0.83312
12 0.18640E-07 0.52725E-05 0.62255E-02 0.38410E-02 0.78742

**** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.10406E-04 0.76424E-06
2 0.20485E-02 0.38466E-03
3 0.65954E-02 0.26738E-02
4 0.17307E-01 0.75880E-02
8 0.31813E-01 0.35262E-01
9 0.33262E-01 0.52525E-01
10 0.34107E-01 0.78377E-01
11 0.34283E-01 0.11608
12 0.33668E-01 0.16885

**** K-VALUES ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 47.878 1.1762 0.78106E-01 0.40685E-01 0.47686E-02
2 19.667 3.2873 0.93325 0.67798 0.24262
3 17.519 3.7991 1.3019 0.98431 0.40828
4 7.9967 3.1019 1.6185 1.3612 0.79339
8 5.1233 2.6118 1.6680 1.4622 0.99759
9 4.9723 2.5850 1.6841 1.4737 1.0167
10 4.8774 2.5748 1.7102 1.4896 1.0367
11 4.7991 2.5720 1.7459 1.5104 1.0603
12 4.6992 2.5654 1.7872 1.5342 1.0885

**** K-VALUES ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.34435E-02 0.13455E-02
2 0.21156 0.96536E-01
3 0.36837 0.15839
4 0.74670 0.42131
8 0.95719 0.61911
9 0.97659 0.63911
10 0.99641 0.65851
11 1.0195 0.68073
12 1.0473 0.70835

**** MASS-X-PROFILE ****

274
STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.12525E-02 0.43501E-01 0.68509 0.86314E-01 0.17803
2 0.90301E-03 0.12280E-01 0.45249 0.77120E-01 0.43698
3 0.78404E-03 0.53907E-02 0.23908 0.51233E-01 0.65487
4 0.95697E-04 0.16962E-02 0.14411 0.36677E-01 0.76419
8 0.93919E-07 0.31379E-04 0.19299E-01 0.84968E-02 0.85981
9 0.19075E-07 0.12251E-04 0.11540E-01 0.57938E-02 0.83703
10 0.39395E-08 0.47869E-05 0.67668E-02 0.38907E-02 0.79711
11 0.82350E-09 0.18619E-05 0.38606E-02 0.25588E-02 0.73894
12 0.17431E-09 0.71868E-06 0.21299E-02 0.16407E-02 0.66340

**** MASS-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.46606E-02 0.11547E-02
2 0.13111E-01 0.71116E-02
3 0.21688E-01 0.26952E-01
4 0.26298E-01 0.26935E-01
8 0.34480E-01 0.77885E-01
9 0.34833E-01 0.11079
10 0.34430E-01 0.15780
11 0.33138E-01 0.22150
12 0.30895E-01 0.30193

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.35477 0.30272 0.31660 0.20778E-01 0.50232E-02
2 0.27649E-01 0.62856E-01 0.65758 0.81420E-01 0.16511
3 0.20331E-01 0.30316E-01 0.46075 0.74652E-01 0.39580
4 0.82596E-03 0.56789E-02 0.25175 0.53885E-01 0.65441
8 0.48916E-06 0.83317E-04 0.32725E-01 0.12630E-01 0.87199
9 0.96396E-07 0.32189E-04 0.19752E-01 0.86779E-02 0.86500
10 0.19566E-07 0.12551E-04 0.11784E-01 0.59018E-02 0.84155
11 0.40368E-08 0.48920E-05 0.68867E-02 0.39489E-02 0.80057
12 0.84020E-09 0.18913E-05 0.39051E-02 0.25824E-02 0.74088

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.94964E-04 0.91931E-05
2 0.43197E-02 0.10692E-02
3 0.11827E-01 0.63197E-02
4 0.21195E-01 0.12249E-01
8 0.33553E-01 0.49021E-01
9 0.34575E-01 0.71966E-01
10 0.34936E-01 0.10582
11 0.34521E-01 0.15407
12 0.33196E-01 0.21943

275
 ********************************
***** HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS *****
********************************

*** DEFINITIONS ***

MARANGONI INDEX = SIGMA - SIGMATO

FLOW PARAM = (ML/MV)*SQRT(RHOV/RHOL)
QR = QV*SQRT(RHOV/(RHOL-RHOV))
F FACTOR = QV*SQRT(RHOV)
WHERE:
SIGMA IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
SIGMATO IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID TO THE STAGE
ML IS THE MASS FLOW OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
MV IS THE MASS FLOW OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
RHOL IS THE MASS DENSITY OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
RHOV IS THE MASS DENSITY OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
QV IS THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE

TEMPERATURE
F
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO
1 -131.22 19.170
2 19.170 63.974
3 63.974 109.59
4 131.01 151.69
8 177.91 183.46
9 183.46 189.39
10 189.39 196.50
11 196.50 205.24
12 205.24 205.24

MASS FLOW VOLUME FLOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT

LB/HR CUFT/HR
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
VAPOR TO
1 21098. 22800. 619.95 8282.9 28.588 20.911
2 27246. 31046. 953.46 10248. 32.561 24.591
3 26875. 30675. 942.52 10612. 36.405 26.355

276
 4 39449. 38085. 1574.9 6470.5 38.866 38.654
8 52992. 51628. 2274.3 7708.9 42.505 42.422
9 53837. 52473. 2319.0 7766.3 43.118 43.051
10 54152. 52788. 2336.0 7763.0 43.842 43.792
11 54375. 53011. 2347.5 7729.5 44.752 44.724
12 1364.0 0.0000 58.989 0.0000 45.891

DENSITY VISCOSITY SURFACE TENSION

LB/CUFT CP DYNE/CM
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
1 34.031 2.7527 0.11472 0.10543E-01 14.770
2 28.576 3.0295 0.58216E-01 0.11099E-01 7.0114
3 28.514 2.8906 0.56979E-01 0.11519E-01 5.8932
4 25.048 5.8859 0.47095E-01 0.13253E-01 3.1884
8 23.301 6.6973 0.40905E-01 0.13920E-01 1.8705
9 23.216 6.7564 0.40664E-01 0.13994E-01 1.7748
10 23.182 6.7999 0.40656E-01 0.14067E-01 1.7437
11 23.163 6.8582 0.40838E-01 0.14157E-01 1.7299
12 23.124 0.41179E-01 1.6792

MARANGONI INDEX FLOW PARAM QR REDUCED F-FACTOR

STAGE DYNE/CM CUFT/HR (LB-CUFT)**.5/HR
1 0.26317 2457.2 13742.
2 -7.7590 0.28575 3529.0 17837.
3 -1.1181 0.27895 3564.3 18042.
4 -2.7048 0.50212 3586.1 15698.
8 -.19927 0.55029 4896.0 19950.
9 -.95711E-01 0.55350 4975.9 20187.
10 -.31175E-01 0.55560 5001.5 20243.
11 -.13731E-01 0.55814 5013.0 20242.
12 -.50694E-01 0.0000 0.0000

************************************
***** TRAY SIZING CALCULATIONS *****
************************************

*******************
*** SECTION 1 ***
*******************

277
STARTING STAGE NUMBER 2
ENDING STAGE NUMBER 10
FLOODING CALCULATION METHOD GLITSCH6

DESIGN PARAMETERS
-----------------
PEAK CAPACITY FACTOR 1.00000
SYSTEM FOAMING FACTOR 1.00000
FLOODING FACTOR 0.80000
MINIMUM COLUMN DIAMETER FT 1.00000
MINIMUM DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.100000
HOLE AREA/ACTIVE AREA 0.100000
DOWNCOMER DESIGN BASIS EQUAL FLOW PATH LENGTH

TRAY SPECIFICATIONS
-------------------
TRAY TYPE SIEVE
NUMBER OF PASSES 1
TRAY SPACING FT 1.50000

***** SIZING RESULTS @ STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER *****

STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER 10

COLUMN DIAMETER FT 4.12467
DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.21155
DOWNCOMER VELOCITY FT/SEC 0.22956
FLOW PATH LENGTH PER PANEL FT 1.94341
SIDE DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 1.09063
SIDE WEIR LENGTH FT 3.63814
CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
CENTER WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
OFF-CENTER SHORT WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER LONG WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
TRAY CENTER TO OCDC CENTER FT 0.0

**** SIZING PROFILES ****

STAGE DIAMETER TOTAL AREA ACTIVE AREA SIDE DC AREA

FT SQFT SQFT SQFT
2 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267
3 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267
4 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267
5 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267

278
 6 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267
7 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267
8 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267
9 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267
10 4.1247 13.362 7.7086 2.8267

**** ADDITIONAL SIZING PROFILES ****

FLOODING DC BACKUP/
STAGE FACTOR PRES. DROP DC BACKUP (TSPC+WHT)
PSI FT
2 41.32 0.6385E-01 0.6124 37.68
3 41.40 0.6219E-01 0.6065 37.32
4 51.12 0.9134E-01 0.9453 58.18
5 59.92 0.9561E-01 1.094 67.32
6 67.72 0.9858E-01 1.206 74.22
7 73.27 0.1005 1.287 79.18
8 76.92 0.1018 1.340 82.47
9 78.99 0.1026 1.369 84.26
10 80.00 0.1031 1.381 84.97

HEIGHT DC REL TR LIQ REL FRA APPR TO

STAGE OVER WEIR FROTH DENS FROTH DENS SYS LIMIT
FT
2 0.1483 0.5125 0.4019 22.13
3 0.1478 0.5135 0.3992 23.26
4 0.2003 0.4319 0.4324 28.82
5 0.2358 0.4202 0.4065 34.77
6 0.2608 0.4140 0.3908 39.19
7 0.2782 0.4105 0.3811 43.03
8 0.2894 0.4084 0.3752 45.70
9 0.2953 0.4073 0.3724 47.14
10 0.2973 0.4067 0.3717 47.63

BLOCK: DEPROP MODEL: RADFRAC

-------------------------------
INLETS - DP-FEED STAGE 16
OUTLETS - C2-WASTE STAGE 1
BUTANE STAGE 30
PROPENE STAGE 10
PROPERTY OPTION SET: PENG-ROB STANDARD PR EQUATION OF STATE

*** MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ***

IN OUT RELATIVE DIFF.
TOTAL BALANCE

279
 MOLE(LBMOL/HR) 41.9268 41.9268 0.169472E-15
MASS(LB/HR ) 1841.64 1841.64 0.628359E-06
ENTHALPY(BTU/HR ) -438973. -544581. 0.193925

*** CO2 EQUIVALENT SUMMARY ***

FEED STREAMS CO2E 0.245077E-01 LB/HR
PRODUCT STREAMS CO2E 0.245084E-01 LB/HR
NET STREAMS CO2E PRODUCTION 0.791071E-06 LB/HR
UTILITIES CO2E PRODUCTION 0.00000 LB/HR
TOTAL CO2E PRODUCTION 0.791071E-06 LB/HR

**********************
**** INPUT DATA ****
**********************

**** INPUT PARAMETERS ****

NUMBER OF STAGES 30
ALGORITHM OPTION STANDARD
ABSORBER OPTION NO
INITIALIZATION OPTION STANDARD
HYDRAULIC PARAMETER CALCULATIONS NO
INSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE METHOD BROYDEN
DESIGN SPECIFICATION METHOD NESTED
MAXIMUM NO. OF OUTSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 70
MAXIMUM NO. OF INSIDE LOOP ITERATIONS 10
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FLASH ITERATIONS 30
FLASH TOLERANCE 0.000100000
OUTSIDE LOOP CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.000100000

**** COL-SPECS ****

MOLAR VAPOR DIST / TOTAL DIST 1.00000

MASS REFLUX RATIO 42.0000
MASS DISTILLATE RATE LB/HR 96.0000

**** PROFILES ****

P-SPEC STAGE 1 PRES, PSIA 150.000

*******************
**** RESULTS ****
*******************

280
 *** COMPONENT SPLIT FRACTIONS ***

OUTLET STREAMS
--------------
C2-WASTE BUTANE PROPENE
COMPONENT:
HYDROGEN .99680 0.0000 .31966E-02
METHANE .98015 0.0000 .19847E-01
ETHENE .91591 .12254E-10 .84086E-01
ETHANE .87267 .65823E-08 .12733
PROPENE .85133E-02 .55470E-01 .93602
PROPANE .20561E-02 .21106 .78688
BUTANE .11597E-10 .99880 .11986E-02

*** SUMMARY OF KEY RESULTS ***

TOP STAGE TEMPERATURE F -11.3169

BOTTOM STAGE TEMPERATURE F 149.115
TOP STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 122.190
BOTTOM STAGE LIQUID FLOW LBMOL/HR 9.05243
TOP STAGE VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 3.10094
BOILUP VAPOR FLOW LBMOL/HR 78.0805
MOLAR REFLUX RATIO 39.4042
MOLAR BOILUP RATIO 8.62537
CONDENSER DUTY (W/O SUBCOOL) BTU/HR -702,345.
REBOILER DUTY BTU/HR 596,741.

**** MAXIMUM FINAL RELATIVE ERRORS ****

DEW POINT 0.48729E-04 STAGE= 28

BUBBLE POINT 0.21325E-03 STAGE= 2
COMPONENT MASS BALANCE 0.72413E-05 STAGE= 15 COMP=ETHENE
ENERGY BALANCE 0.12987E-03 STAGE= 1

**** PROFILES ****

**NOTE** REPORTED VALUES FOR STAGE LIQUID AND VAPOR RATES ARE THE
FLOWS
FROM THE STAGE INCLUDING ANY SIDE PRODUCT.

ENTHALPY
STAGE TEMPERATURE PRESSURE BTU/LBMOL HEAT DUTY
F PSIA LIQUID VAPOR BTU/HR

281
1 -11.317 150.00 -30174. -30181. -.70235+06
2 11.548 153.00 -19319. -24570.
3 37.506 153.14 -9140.1 -13583.
9 69.004 153.98 -275.34 5092.4
10 69.163 154.12 -426.14 4994.3
11 69.323 154.26 -636.44 4846.9
14 70.935 154.68 -2246.9 4223.3
15 73.234 154.82 -4350.7 3606.8
16 77.314 154.96 -6755.2 3438.2
17 78.159 155.10 -6699.2 3802.5
29 125.06 156.78 -38007. -15738.
30 149.11 156.92 -48418. -29157. .59674+06

STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE

LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR LBMOL/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 122.2 3.101 3.1009
2 113.5 125.3
3 110.4 116.6
9 112.6 115.6
10 112.6 115.7 29.7734
11 82.79 115.7
14 81.58 115.2
15 79.78 114.5 20.6520
16 101.3 92.00 21.2747
17 101.5 92.25
29 87.13 81.52
30 9.052 78.08 9.0524

**** MASS FLOW PROFILES ****

STAGE FLOW RATE FEED RATE PRODUCT RATE

LB/HR LB/HR LB/HR
LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
1 4032. 96.00 96.0000
2 4126. 4128.
3 4340. 4222.
9 4725. 4817.
10 4727. 4821. 1250.0000
11 3478. 4823.
14 3455. 4816.
15 3421. 4801. 867.8974
16 4421. 3899. 973.7426
17 4433. 3925.
29 4508. 3877.

282
30 495.6 4013. 495.6388

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.40717E-09 0.21515E-05 0.32066E-01 0.71924 0.24581
2 0.14449E-10 0.24309E-06 0.13825E-01 0.46176 0.51720
3 0.11363E-10 0.60778E-07 0.50256E-02 0.22612 0.75684
9 0.12640E-10 0.40701E-07 0.58825E-03 0.13329E-01 0.95778
10 0.12664E-10 0.40734E-07 0.58640E-03 0.12985E-01 0.95503
11 0.12690E-10 0.40779E-07 0.58558E-03 0.12861E-01 0.95123
14 0.12848E-10 0.40897E-07 0.57370E-03 0.12706E-01 0.92509
15 0.13024E-10 0.40915E-07 0.55475E-03 0.12506E-01 0.89217
16 0.35426E-12 0.57849E-08 0.20836E-03 0.64963E-02 0.85630
17 0.49594E-14 0.45683E-09 0.54011E-04 0.24146E-02 0.85798
29 0.42544E-36 0.24972E-22 0.19842E-11 0.92900E-08 0.35611
30 0.76694E-38 0.18066E-23 0.28107E-12 0.22078E-08 0.18615

**** MOLE-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.28888E-02 0.40331E-09
2 0.72111E-02 0.39609E-08
3 0.12019E-01 0.24252E-07
9 0.28219E-01 0.79075E-04
10 0.31117E-01 0.28693E-03
11 0.34284E-01 0.10392E-02
14 0.39792E-01 0.21834E-01
15 0.39681E-01 0.55092E-01
16 0.39715E-01 0.97277E-01
17 0.42228E-01 0.97320E-01
29 0.47826E-01 0.59607
30 0.27451E-01 0.78640

**** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.37916E-07 0.19315E-04 0.61328E-01 0.85447 0.83400E-01
2 0.13355E-08 0.25763E-05 0.32790E-01 0.72258 0.24179
3 0.10225E-08 0.75034E-06 0.15088E-01 0.47220 0.50567
9 0.10289E-08 0.55751E-06 0.22230E-02 0.36824E-01 0.93603
10 0.10286E-08 0.55734E-06 0.22163E-02 0.35876E-01 0.93435
11 0.10285E-08 0.55732E-06 0.22144E-02 0.35538E-01 0.93166
14 0.10326E-08 0.55943E-06 0.22173E-02 0.35485E-01 0.92060
15 0.10397E-08 0.56306E-06 0.22230E-02 0.35585E-01 0.91008
16 0.27922E-10 0.80415E-07 0.87922E-03 0.19093E-01 0.91259
17 0.38902E-12 0.63526E-08 0.22881E-03 0.71338E-02 0.92206
29 0.28667E-34 0.37524E-21 0.13386E-10 0.37525E-07 0.59532
30 0.47388E-36 0.27658E-22 0.21817E-11 0.10111E-07 0.37581

283
 **** MOLE-Y-PROFILE ****
STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.78067E-03 0.26655E-10
2 0.28366E-02 0.39399E-09
3 0.70400E-02 0.38563E-08
9 0.24903E-01 0.21169E-04
10 0.27483E-01 0.76956E-04
11 0.30304E-01 0.27924E-03
14 0.35703E-01 0.59971E-02
15 0.36478E-01 0.15637E-01
16 0.38151E-01 0.29286E-01
17 0.40918E-01 0.29655E-01
29 0.72061E-01 0.33262
30 0.50188E-01 0.57400

**** K-VALUES ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 93.273 8.9831 1.9134 1.1881 0.33925
2 92.704 10.615 2.3735 1.5654 0.46733
3 90.066 12.352 3.0029 2.0887 0.66809
9 81.408 13.698 3.7792 2.7627 0.97728
10 81.231 13.683 3.7797 2.7630 0.97835
11 81.054 13.667 3.7816 2.7633 0.97943
14 80.365 13.679 3.8652 2.7927 0.99514
15 79.817 13.760 4.0078 2.8454 1.0201
16 78.789 13.898 4.2203 2.9388 1.0657
17 78.410 13.902 4.2370 2.9542 1.0747
29 67.334 15.020 6.7449 4.0384 1.6716
30 61.775 15.307 7.7614 4.5794 2.0188

**** K-VALUES ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.27012 0.66043E-01
2 0.39318 0.99339E-01
3 0.58571 0.15896
9 0.88249 0.26770
10 0.88322 0.26820
11 0.88389 0.26869
14 0.89724 0.27467
15 0.91926 0.28385
16 0.96061 0.30109
17 0.96898 0.30475
29 1.5067 0.55809
30 1.8282 0.72992

284
 **** MASS-X-PROFILE ****
STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.24875E-10 0.10460E-05 0.27261E-01 0.65541 0.31346
2 0.80122E-12 0.10727E-06 0.10668E-01 0.38193 0.59866
3 0.58257E-12 0.24799E-07 0.35857E-02 0.17293 0.81001
9 0.60713E-12 0.15558E-07 0.39319E-03 0.95498E-02 0.96030
10 0.60807E-12 0.15565E-07 0.39183E-03 0.92999E-02 0.95723
11 0.60904E-12 0.15575E-07 0.39110E-03 0.92069E-02 0.95297
14 0.61157E-12 0.15492E-07 0.38003E-03 0.90217E-02 0.91920
15 0.61219E-12 0.15305E-07 0.36289E-03 0.87683E-02 0.87540
16 0.16364E-13 0.21266E-08 0.13395E-03 0.44762E-02 0.82570
17 0.22879E-15 0.16772E-09 0.34675E-04 0.16616E-02 0.82624
29 0.16576E-37 0.77429E-23 0.10759E-11 0.53991E-08 0.28963
30 0.28237E-39 0.52934E-24 0.14401E-12 0.12125E-08 0.14307

**** MASS-X-PROFILE ****

STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.38604E-02 0.71040E-09
2 0.87466E-02 0.63326E-08
3 0.13480E-01 0.35851E-07
9 0.29648E-01 0.10951E-03
10 0.32683E-01 0.39723E-03
11 0.35992E-01 0.14380E-02
14 0.41432E-01 0.29966E-01
15 0.40801E-01 0.74666E-01
16 0.40130E-01 0.12956
17 0.42614E-01 0.12945
29 0.40761E-01 0.66961
30 0.22109E-01 0.83483

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

STAGE HYDROGEN METHANE ETHENE ETHANE PROPENE
1 0.24689E-08 0.10009E-04 0.55574E-01 0.82994 0.11336
2 0.81711E-10 0.12545E-05 0.27920E-01 0.65947 0.30881
3 0.56922E-10 0.33242E-06 0.11689E-01 0.39211 0.58762
9 0.49792E-10 0.21470E-06 0.14971E-02 0.26581E-01 0.94553
10 0.49755E-10 0.21455E-06 0.14919E-02 0.25885E-01 0.94344
11 0.49735E-10 0.21447E-06 0.14901E-02 0.25633E-01 0.94043
14 0.49808E-10 0.21475E-06 0.14884E-02 0.25532E-01 0.92697
15 0.49967E-10 0.21535E-06 0.14868E-02 0.25509E-01 0.91299
16 0.13280E-11 0.30436E-07 0.58193E-03 0.13545E-01 0.90602
17 0.18431E-13 0.23951E-08 0.15086E-03 0.50414E-02 0.91189
29 0.12150E-35 0.12657E-21 0.78953E-11 0.23724E-07 0.52671
30 0.18589E-37 0.86340E-23 0.11910E-11 0.59162E-08 0.30773

**** MASS-Y-PROFILE ****

285
STAGE PROPANE BUTANE
1 0.11120E-02 0.50044E-10
2 0.37965E-02 0.69505E-09
3 0.85730E-02 0.61897E-08
9 0.26361E-01 0.29536E-04
10 0.29080E-01 0.10733E-03
11 0.32054E-01 0.38932E-03
14 0.37672E-01 0.83408E-02
15 0.38348E-01 0.21668E-01
16 0.39690E-01 0.40160E-01
17 0.42405E-01 0.40509E-01
29 0.66811E-01 0.40648
30 0.43065E-01 0.64921

********************************
***** HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS *****
********************************

*** DEFINITIONS ***

MARANGONI INDEX = SIGMA - SIGMATO

FLOW PARAM = (ML/MV)*SQRT(RHOV/RHOL)
QR = QV*SQRT(RHOV/(RHOL-RHOV))
F FACTOR = QV*SQRT(RHOV)
WHERE:
SIGMA IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
SIGMATO IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUID TO THE STAGE
ML IS THE MASS FLOW OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
MV IS THE MASS FLOW OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
RHOL IS THE MASS DENSITY OF LIQUID FROM THE STAGE
RHOV IS THE MASS DENSITY OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE
QV IS THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF VAPOR TO THE STAGE

TEMPERATURE
F
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO
1 -11.317 11.548
2 11.548 37.506
3 37.506 55.248
9 69.004 69.163
10 69.163 69.323

286
 11 69.323 69.544
14 70.935 73.234
15 73.234 78.327
16 77.314 78.159
17 78.159 78.529
29 125.06 149.11
30 149.11 149.11

MASS FLOW VOLUME FLOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT

LB/HR CUFT/HR
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
VAPOR TO
1 4032.0 4128.0 132.27 3470.0 32.998 32.947
2 4125.8 4221.8 130.54 3393.8 36.355 36.212
3 4340.4 4436.4 135.20 3388.5 39.319 39.090
9 4725.2 4821.2 147.99 3486.8 41.970 41.675
10 4727.2 4823.2 148.10 3484.5 41.984 41.688
11 3477.6 4823.6 108.97 3481.5 42.004 41.702
14 3454.9 4800.9 108.15 3464.4 42.350 41.946
15 3421.4 4767.4 106.86 3451.0 42.886 42.320
16 4421.1 3925.4 137.82 2811.1 43.640 42.550
17 4433.2 3937.6 138.28 2813.6 43.697 42.614
29 4508.2 4012.6 140.47 2638.3 51.740 51.390
30 495.64 0.0000 15.636 0.0000 54.752

DENSITY VISCOSITY SURFACE TENSION

LB/CUFT CP DYNE/CM
STAGE LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM VAPOR TO LIQUID FROM
1 30.484 1.1896 0.91044E-01 0.85703E-02 8.8278
2 31.605 1.2440 0.92216E-01 0.88116E-02 8.8963
3 32.103 1.3093 0.89882E-01 0.89503E-02 8.6357
9 31.928 1.3827 0.84280E-01 0.90493E-02 7.7666
10 31.920 1.3842 0.84268E-01 0.90513E-02 7.7598
11 31.913 1.3855 0.84276E-01 0.90541E-02 7.7532
14 31.945 1.3858 0.84630E-01 0.90953E-02 7.7035
15 32.017 1.3815 0.85230E-01 0.91474E-02 7.6385
16 32.080 1.3964 0.85769E-01 0.91384E-02 7.6670
17 32.059 1.3995 0.85616E-01 0.91412E-02 7.6377
29 32.094 1.5209 0.92279E-01 0.95780E-02 7.0751
30 31.698 0.93530E-01 6.4649

MARANGONI INDEX FLOW PARAM QR REDUCED F-FACTOR

STAGE DYNE/CM CUFT/HR (LB-CUFT)**.5/HR

287
 1 0.19295 699.27 3784.7
2 0.68568E-01 0.19388 686.97 3785.2
3 -.26063 0.19758 698.70 3877.2
9 -.10059E-01 0.20396 741.85 4100.1
10 -.68579E-02 0.20410 741.88 4099.6
11 -.65952E-02 0.15022 741.68 4098.0
14 -.28101E-01 0.14988 737.74 4078.3
15 -.65037E-01 0.14907 732.82 4056.1
16 -.62188E-01 0.23498 599.69 3321.9
17 -.29329E-01 0.23523 601.12 3328.5
29 -.62463 0.24458 588.44 3253.7
30 -.61015 0.0000 0.0000

************************************
***** TRAY SIZING CALCULATIONS *****
************************************

*******************
*** SECTION 1 ***
*******************

STARTING STAGE NUMBER 2

ENDING STAGE NUMBER 29
FLOODING CALCULATION METHOD GLITSCH6

DESIGN PARAMETERS
-----------------
PEAK CAPACITY FACTOR 1.00000
SYSTEM FOAMING FACTOR 1.00000
FLOODING FACTOR 0.80000
MINIMUM COLUMN DIAMETER FT 1.00000
MINIMUM DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.100000
HOLE AREA/ACTIVE AREA 0.100000
DOWNCOMER DESIGN BASIS EQUAL FLOW PATH LENGTH

TRAY SPECIFICATIONS
-------------------
TRAY TYPE SIEVE
NUMBER OF PASSES 1
TRAY SPACING FT 1.50000

288
 ***** SIZING RESULTS @ STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER *****

STAGE WITH MAXIMUM DIAMETER 10

COLUMN DIAMETER FT 1.10184
DC AREA/COLUMN AREA 0.13766
DOWNCOMER VELOCITY FT/SEC 0.31341
FLOW PATH LENGTH PER PANEL FT 0.67136
SIDE DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.21524
SIDE WEIR LENGTH FT 0.87368
CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
CENTER WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER DOWNCOMER WIDTH FT 0.0
OFF-CENTER SHORT WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
OFF-CENTER LONG WEIR LENGTH FT MISSING
TRAY CENTER TO OCDC CENTER FT 0.0

**** SIZING PROFILES ****

STAGE DIAMETER TOTAL AREA ACTIVE AREA SIDE DC AREA

FT SQFT SQFT SQFT
2 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
3 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
4 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
5 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
6 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
7 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
8 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
9 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
10 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
11 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
12 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
13 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
14 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
15 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
16 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
17 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
18 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
19 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
20 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
21 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
22 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
23 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
24 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
25 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
26 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126

289
 27 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
28 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126
29 1.1018 0.95351 0.69099 0.13126

**** ADDITIONAL SIZING PROFILES ****

FLOODING DC BACKUP/
STAGE FACTOR PRES. DROP DC BACKUP (TSPC+WHT)
PSI FT
2 73.59 0.7423E-01 0.6231 38.34
3 75.06 0.7730E-01 0.6318 38.88
4 77.49 0.8039E-01 0.6547 40.29
5 78.98 0.8211E-01 0.6694 41.20
6 79.62 0.8285E-01 0.6762 41.61
7 79.87 0.8312E-01 0.6788 41.77
8 79.96 0.8322E-01 0.6798 41.84
9 79.99 0.8325E-01 0.6802 41.86
10 80.00 0.8325E-01 0.6804 41.87
11 78.87 0.8209E-01 0.6492 39.95
12 78.83 0.8203E-01 0.6487 39.92
13 78.71 0.8190E-01 0.6475 39.85
14 78.45 0.8161E-01 0.6445 39.66
15 77.90 0.8103E-01 0.6384 39.28
16 65.21 0.6699E-01 0.5596 34.43
17 65.37 0.6714E-01 0.5610 34.52
18 65.44 0.6720E-01 0.5616 34.56
19 65.46 0.6722E-01 0.5619 34.58
20 65.48 0.6723E-01 0.5621 34.59
21 65.49 0.6724E-01 0.5623 34.60
22 65.50 0.6724E-01 0.5624 34.61
23 65.50 0.6724E-01 0.5625 34.62
24 65.46 0.6721E-01 0.5624 34.61
25 65.31 0.6708E-01 0.5613 34.54
26 64.90 0.6675E-01 0.5579 34.33
27 64.05 0.6614E-01 0.5510 33.91
28 63.30 0.6581E-01 0.5450 33.54
29 64.36 0.6705E-01 0.5537 34.07

HEIGHT DC REL TR LIQ REL FRA APPR TO

STAGE OVER WEIR FROTH DENS FROTH DENS SYS LIMIT
FT
2 0.2227 0.5637 0.2214 50.13
3 0.2304 0.5671 0.2179 51.71
4 0.2405 0.5667 0.2137 53.90
5 0.2465 0.5660 0.2114 55.60

290
6 0.2491 0.5656 0.2105 56.21
7 0.2501 0.5654 0.2102 56.46
8 0.2506 0.5653 0.2101 56.55
9 0.2507 0.5652 0.2100 56.59
10 0.2508 0.5651 0.2101 56.61
11 0.2044 0.5650 0.2101 56.37
12 0.2043 0.5650 0.2102 56.35
13 0.2039 0.5651 0.2104 56.30
14 0.2030 0.5653 0.2108 56.17
15 0.2009 0.5659 0.2115 55.92
16 0.2172 0.5662 0.2426 45.92
17 0.2179 0.5661 0.2423 46.07
18 0.2182 0.5660 0.2421 46.13
19 0.2184 0.5659 0.2421 46.16
20 0.2185 0.5658 0.2421 46.17
21 0.2186 0.5657 0.2421 46.18
22 0.2187 0.5656 0.2422 46.18
23 0.2187 0.5655 0.2422 46.17
24 0.2186 0.5655 0.2423 46.05
25 0.2181 0.5655 0.2427 45.93
26 0.2166 0.5658 0.2437 45.57
27 0.2136 0.5665 0.2458 44.89
28 0.2118 0.5670 0.2480 44.54
29 0.2178 0.5654 0.2463 46.24

291
BUTANE C2-FEED C2-OUT C2-WASTE C2H4-REC
---------------------------------------

STREAM ID BUTANE C2-FEED C2-OUT C2-WASTE C2H4-REC

FROM : DEPROP B1 DEETH DEPROP DEMETH
TO : ---- C2-SPLIT B1 ---- DEETH

SUBSTREAM: MIXED
PHASE: LIQUID LIQUID LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
HYDROGEN 0.0 8.1869-03 8.1869-03 1.1758-07 1.3033
METHANE 1.6354-23 0.4507 0.4507 5.9895-05 5.6878
ETHENE 2.5443-12 49.9360 49.9360 0.1902 51.2248
ETHANE 1.9986-08 3.0549 3.0549 2.6497 6.0211
PROPENE 1.6851 7.0919-08 7.0919-08 0.2586 8.8741
PROPANE 0.2485 6.7261-11 6.7261-11 2.4208-03 0.2217
BUTANE 7.1189 1.9388-15 1.9388-15 8.2655-11 4.1672-02
TOTAL FLOW:
LBMOL/HR 9.0524 53.4498 53.4498 3.1009 73.3744
LB/HR 495.6388 1499.9994 1499.9994 96.0001 2097.5991
CUFT/HR 15.6363 51.9239 51.5214 83.1029 61.6375
STATE VARIABLES:
TEMP F 149.1145 -40.9305 -44.1624 -11.3169 -131.2174
PRES PSIA 156.9200 300.0000 203.5600 150.0000 550.0000
VFRAC 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0000 0.0
LFRAC 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0 1.0000
SFRAC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ENTHALPY:
BTU/LBMOL -4.8418+04 1.2767+04 1.2709+04 -3.0181+04 3517.1063
BTU/LB -884.3223 454.9390 452.8657 -974.8802 123.0289
BTU/HR -4.3830+05 6.8241+05 6.7930+05 -9.3589+04 2.5807+05
ENTROPY:
BTU/LBMOL-R -89.8621 -32.7966 -32.8967 -45.5229 -39.5110
BTU/LB-R -1.6413 -1.1686 -1.1722 -1.4705 -1.3821
DENSITY:
LBMOL/CUFT 0.5789 1.0294 1.0374 3.7314-02 1.1904
LB/CUFT 31.6980 28.8884 29.1141 1.1552 34.0312
AVG MW 54.7520 28.0637 28.0637 30.9584 28.5876

DE-BOT DM-BOT DP-FEED ETHANE ETHYLENE

-------------------------------------

STREAM ID DE-BOT DM-BOT DP-FEED ETHANE ETHYLENE

FROM : DEETH DEMETH HEAVYMIX C2-SPLIT C2-SPLIT
TO : HEAVYMIX HEAVYMIX DEPROP ---- ----

292
SUBSTREAM: MIXED
PHASE: LIQUID LIQUID MIXED LIQUID VAPOR
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
HYDROGEN 1.3272-24 1.1795-07 1.1795-07 1.7883-25 8.1869-03
METHANE 3.8434-11 6.1106-05 6.1106-05 5.4964-12 0.4507
ETHENE 0.1041 0.1036 0.2076 0.1754 49.7607
ETHANE 2.9617 7.4427-02 3.0362 2.8294 0.2255
PROPENE 8.8739 21.5042 30.3781 7.0919-08 3.6801-16
PROPANE 0.2217 0.9557 1.1774 6.7261-11 3.4566-20
BUTANE 4.1671-02 7.0857 7.1274 0.0 0.0
TOTAL FLOW:
LBMOL/HR 12.2031 29.7236 41.9268 3.0048 50.4450
LB/HR 477.5974 1364.0427 1841.6401 89.9994 1410.0000
CUFT/HR 15.4960 58.9891 443.0044 3.4553 595.3505
STATE VARIABLES:
TEMP F 57.4754 205.2431 103.2282 17.2805 -20.5717
PRES PSIA 207.2000 554.4000 207.2000 296.2200 290.0000
VFRAC 0.0 0.0 0.4240 0.0 1.0000
LFRAC 1.0000 1.0000 0.5760 1.0000 0.0
SFRAC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ENTHALPY:
BTU/LBMOL -9828.5061 -1.0733+04 -1.0470+04 -3.8271+04 2.0210+04
BTU/LB -251.1288 -233.8889 -238.3598 -1277.7355 723.0350
BTU/HR -1.1994+05 -3.1903+05 -4.3897+05 -1.1500+05 1.0195+06
ENTROPY:
BTU/LBMOL-R -52.2978 -56.1697 -54.1629 -56.6729 -21.6822
BTU/LB-R -1.3363 -1.2240 -1.2331 -1.8921 -0.7757
DENSITY:
LBMOL/CUFT 0.7875 0.5039 9.4642-02 0.8696 8.4732-02
LB/CUFT 30.8207 23.1236 4.1572 26.0470 2.3684
AVG MW 39.1373 45.8908 43.9252 29.9520 27.9512

H2-CH4-1 H2-CH4-2 PROPENE SEP-FEED

----------------------------------

STREAM ID H2-CH4-1 H2-CH4-2 PROPENE SEP-FEED

FROM : DEMETH DEETH DEPROP ----
TO : ---- ---- ---- DEMETH

SUBSTREAM: MIXED
PHASE: VAPOR VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR
COMPONENTS: LBMOL/HR
HYDROGEN 299.6040 1.2951 3.7705-10 300.9073
METHANE 32.1232 5.2370 1.2128-06 37.8110
ETHENE 19.2126 1.1850 1.7459-02 70.5410
ETHANE 1.1764 4.3939-03 0.3866 7.2719

293
 PROPENE 0.2032 1.0595-14 28.4343 30.5815
PROPANE 3.6662-03 2.1741-18 0.9265 1.1810
BUTANE 2.6926-04 2.5603-24 8.5428-03 7.1277
TOTAL FLOW:
LBMOL/HR 352.3234 7.7215 29.7734 455.4214
LB/HR 1702.3991 120.0022 1250.0000 5164.0430
CUFT/HR 2242.3848 120.6316 39.1603 5275.4676
STATE VARIABLES:
TEMP F -131.2174 -129.7919 69.1628 142.5000
PRES PSIA 550.0000 200.0000 154.1200 555.0000
VFRAC 1.0000 1.0000 0.0 1.0000
LFRAC 0.0 0.0 1.0000 0.0
SFRAC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ENTHALPY:
BTU/LBMOL -3337.9202 -2.0170+04 -426.1427 355.9486
BTU/LB -690.8059 -1297.8502 -10.1502 31.3914
BTU/HR -1.1760+06 -1.5574+05 -1.2688+04 1.6211+05
ENTROPY:
BTU/LBMOL-R -12.3661 -22.8672 -51.8721 -12.2323
BTU/LB-R -2.5593 -1.4714 -1.2355 -1.0788
DENSITY:
LBMOL/CUFT 0.1571 6.4009-02 0.7603 8.6328-02
LB/CUFT 0.7592 0.9948 31.9201 0.9789
AVG MW 4.8319 15.5414 41.9838 11.3390

294